SOUHERN AFRICAN WILDLIFE

COLLEGE

FIELD ATTACHMENT REPORT

2013

NORTH LUANGWA NATIONAL

PARK
FANWELL MUZENGEZA –
201319
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic page

1. Introduction 2
2. Park Back ground information 2
3. Section A (Management plan)
Part 1 Basic ecology 3
Part 2 Vegetation 4
Part 3 Animal 10
Part 4 Reserve heritage
Part 5 Ethics and reserve philosophy 12
Part 6 Reserve actions in law enforcement 13
Part 7 Environmental education 14
Part 8 Tourism 15
Part 9 Community involvement 16
Part 10 infrastructure and maintenance 17
Part 11 Park administration 25
Part 12 Financial administration 27
Part 13 Personal management 28
Part 14 Forms of communication 29
4. Conclusion 31
5. Recommendations 31
6. Acknowledgment 32
7. References
8. Appendices 33

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 1. Introduction

During the months of April, May, June and July students at Southern African Wildlife College are sent back to their
respective work places to do some work place assignments after having under gone both theoretical practical
trainings at the college for four months.

The objectives of the work place assignment are to:

 Give the students an opportunity to apply the knowledge and skills acquired in class during the first
semester
 To enable the student have an insight and field experience of the actual activities happening in the field
before they graduate
 To prepare the students mentally and physically for the challenges they will face once in the field
 To assess the ability of the student s to apply what they learnt in class and how they would adapt to the
actual working environment.
 To enable the college understand and appreciate if the skills and modules being taught in the college are
of relevance to the changing management of Natural resources and to make necessary changes were
need arises

During the field attachment period the reporting student was attached to North Luangwa National Park of
Muchinga Province of Zambia in the Luangwa valley.

2. Park background information

North Luangwa National Park (NLNP) is located or is situated in the Northern part of the Luangwa valley, in Mpika
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District of Muchinga Province of Zambia. The size of the park is 4,636 km lying between latitude 11° 25’’ South to
12° 20’’ South and Longitude 31° 45’’ East to 32° 40’’East.
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The park is part of the larger Luangwa valley ecosystem in a catchment area covering 144000 km with a great deal
of contrasting attributes that include the Muchinga escarpment, Luangwa valley, vegetation complexes and the
Luangwa River system.

The full eastern boundary stretch boundary stretch of the park follows the Luangwa River and on the Western side
is the Muchinga escarpment but does not necessarily form the boundary

North Luangwa National Park experiences a typical tropical climate withy moderate rainfall of between 700 –
900mm on average. There are three distinct seasons namely; hot wet season, (November to April) cool dry season
(May to August) and dry hot season (September to November)

The park is accessible by air, during the dry season through the three air strips that are strategically located around
the park and by road through out the year via the Great North road to Nakonde border from Lusaka the capital city
of Zambia. The approximate distance from the nearest town, Mpika, which links with visitors to the countries in
the eastern and southern countries of Africa, is 110km. (see appendix 1 for Park location)

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Park purpose

The main purpose of the park is to conserve and protect the biodiversity within the park in such a way as to
maintain the pristine nature state of the park.

Park significance

a) North Luangwa National Park is one of the most pristine Wilderness areas in Zambia. It protects an area
high in Flora and fauna biodiversity, which still contains populations of animal species in significant
numbers

b) North Luangwa National Park contains endangered species, threatened and endemic species, which
include among others the black Rhino, the Wild Dog, the African Elephant and the Cookson’s wildebeest

c) North Luangwa National Park has the best example of undisturbed escarpment Miombo

d) North Luangwa National Park falls within the Global 2000 eco region 102 called the Zambezian Woodlands
and Savannas that is classified as “vulnerable”

e) The Luangwa valley were the North Luangwa National Park is located have been identified as one of the
most important Bird Areas in Africa by Bird International.

Park Management

Although North Luangwa National Park belongs to the Government of the Republic of Zambia and the custody of
Zambia Wildlife Authority just like any other National Park in Zambia, its day to day operation and management is
done under the supervision of a project known as North Luangwa Conservation Project which is funded by the
Frankfurt Zoological Society.

It is one of the National Parks managed under the Private Partnership Program between the Government of the
Republic of Zambia and the Government of the Republic of Germany. Frankfurt Zoological Society is none profit
making organization interested in helping African Countries to conserve and manage their natural resources for
the benefit of the local people.

The Government of the Republic of Germany through Frankfurt Zoological Society provide financial assistance and
technical human resources in the management of the Park, the Government of the Republic of Zambia through the
Zambia Wildlife Authority provide the personnel resources, equipments such as fire arms, the Policy guidelines,
legal frame work and the actual field staff to ensure resource protection in the park.

Part 1: basic ecology of the reserve

 Reserve lentic and lotic water system – Among the Luangwa River and its many tributaries, which drain
the Luangwa Valley, it is only the Lufila and Mwaleshi Rivers that can be considered to be perennial in
North Luangwa National Park. The Luangwa and Lufila Rivers form boundaries of the park while Mwaleshi

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 River dissects the Park roughly through the center and flows in the South – easterly direction, rising to the
west in Muchinga Escarpment.

Flash flooding occurs in all the rivers in the park during the rainy season. Other rivers to note are the
Mulondonshi, Chimana, Lufwashi, and Lubonga. All these come down during the rainy season, slowly
drying up with the progression of the dry season. In addition, numerous smaller streams are flooded
during the rain season.
 Reserve geology and soils – The Luangwa valley is similar in origin to East African Lift Valley system but is
thought to be older because, like the Zambezi valley, it contains Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata, rather
than the more recent sediments of rocks that form the dominant strata of the valley floor and has been
laid down over a period of approximately 125 million years, starting 300 millions ago (Utting 1976).

During the same time faulting process also resulted in the injection of lava and gases in to the sediments,
and the combinations of basic volcanic and sedimentary rocks has produced a parent rock type rich in
nutrients and conducive to fertile soils. In addition, over the past few thousand years, the Luangwa River
has meandered extensively and deposited a wide belt of alluvium across the valley floor. These factors in
combination have produced unusually rich soils capable of supporting good quality grasslands and forests
(Bell 1984).

The escarpments on the east and west of the Luangwa valley are made up of igneous and or metamorphic
rocks that are hundreds of millions of years older than the Karoo rocks.

 The weather pattern – North Luangwa National park experiences a typical tropical climate with moderate
rainfall of between 700 – 900mm on average. There are three distinct seasons namely, hot – wet season
(November – April), cool – dry season (May – August), and the dry – hot season (September –
October/November).

Part 2: The vegetation of the Park

 The main vegetation type – Astle et.al (1969) surveyed North Luangwa National Park east of Muchinga
escarpment and surrounding areas. Habitat classification in the study was based on the physiognomic
units recognized in the series of land system representing all of the topographic units present in the
survey area.

Naylor et. al (1978) and Phiri (1998) respectively, described the vegetation of the Luangwa valley but in
both surveys the area was covered was too large and the classification was too broad to be used by the
park management. According to available information, the total numbers of vascular plants recorded in
the valley amounted to 1,348 species (from 570 genera in 145 families). In addition, 16 families of
Pteridophytes (21 genera, 30 species) had been described.

Smith (1998) published the results of a comprehensive survey of the vegetation of North Luangwa
National Park, which was carried out over a period of two years. From the surveys conducted, major
vegetation communities in the park were described and a vegetation map produced.

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 More than 200 woody plants were identified and measure and these have been documented as a
preliminary check list. Miombo woodlands predominates the Muchinga escarpment and cover an area of
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approximately 1,300km of the park. Mopane woodland is dominant type on the valley floor covering an
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area of about 600km

I. Riparian Forests, woodlands and thickets

a) Valley River line woodland and Thicket

The fringe woodland of the valley’s perennial and seasonal rivers is generally two storeyed in structure, with
canopy trees reaching 20m or higher and a well developed shrub layer which may extend to form areas of bush
land or thicket. Characteristic tall trees include, Kigelia Africana, Diospyros mesipiliforms, Trichilia emetic,
Loncoarpus capassa, Colophospermum Mopane, Combretum imberbe, Faidherbia albida, Sclerocarya birrea and
Tamarindus indica.

Commonly occurring small trees and shrubs are, Piliostigima thonningii, Ziziphus abyssinica, Oncoba spinosa,
Freretia aerugiescens, Flueggea virosa, Antidesma venosum, Phyllanthus reticulates, Acacia sieberiana and Acacia
polyacantha, Subsp campylacantha. Among the thicket forming shrubs, the genus Combretum is well represented.

b) Escarpment River line Forest

This forest is found fringing the rivers and streams of the Muchinga Mountains in the west of North Luangwa
National Park. These are dense unusually 3 – storeyed evergreen forests (locally known as Mushitu) which may
extend to adjacent swampy areas. The canopy is closed and trees from which it is formed may be 20m or higher.
The characteristic tall trees include; Syzygium cordatum, Breonardia salicina, Cleistanthus polystachyyus, S.
guineense subsp. Afromontanum, Uapaca lissopyrena, and U. sansibarica and Apodytesdimidiate. Characteristic
under storey species includes; Antidesma vogeliunum, Englerophytum megalisomonthunum, Craterispermum
schweinfurthi, Faurea saligria,

II. Bush lands and Thicket

a) Mixed Alluvial Thicket

This vegetation type is found on the alluvial soils associated with Luangwa River east of the park and is the
characteristic thicket vegetation type north of the Mwaleshi River. It comprises closed and open stands of bushes 2
– 7m high with occasional tall trees. Colophospermum mopane is present to a larger or lesser extent. Other
occasional tall trees include, Xeroderris stuhlmannii, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Stereospermum
kunthiaanum and Adasonia digittata. Common smaller trees are Boscia angustifolia, Excoecaria bussei, Schrebera
trichoclada and Diospyros quiloensis. Dominant shrubs include Croton gratisssimum, Friesodielsia obovata,
Combretum obovata and Baphia massaiensis.

b) Combretum Thicket

This is the characteristic type south of the Mwaleshi River. It is comprised of thicket forming shrubs 2 – 7m high,
which grow in a mosaic of closed and open stands. Tall trees are rare but species such as Manikara moehisia and
Diospyros quiloensis may occur frequently. Small trees found in Combretum thicket include Schrebera trichoclada

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and Combretum collinum subsp. gazense. The dominant shrubs are Combretum elaegnoides, Combretum
celastroiddes, Combretum obovatum, Holarrhena pubescens, Vangueria infausta and Markhamia spp.

III. Miombo Woodlands

a) Brachystegia – Julbernada – isoberlinia upper escarpment and plateau Miombo woodlands

i) Upper Escarpment Miombo Woodlands

These are dominant vegetation type of the upper Muchinga escarpment in the Western part of the North Luangwa
National Park. It is two storeyed with open to light closed canopy of semi – evergreen trees 15 – 20m high.
Characteristic of the woodlands include canopy trees such as; Julbernardia paniculata, Brachystegia spiciformis,
Brachystegia utilis, Isoberlinia angolensis, Marquesia macroura, Parinari curatellifolia, Brachystegia manga and
Pericopsis angolensis. Common lower trees include Brachystegia stipulate, Uapaca kirkiana and Combretum
zeyheri. Frequent shrubs are Keetia gueinzii, Keetia venosa, Rothmannia engleriana, Landolphia parvifolia and
protea spp.

ii) Plateau Miombo Woodland

These occur in isolated patches in the far west of North Luangwa National Park and are of single storey structure
characterized by stunted Brachystegia – Julbernardia interspersed with Uapaca, protea, Faurea and Monotes spp.

iii) Rupicolus Miombo Woodland

These occur in the rocky out crops and granite kopjes of the Muchinga escarpment with additional species such as
Brachystegia micophylla, Pterocarpus rotundifolius, Schrebera trichoclada, Kirkia acuminate, Laudolphia parvifolia
and Tarrena neurophilla, Carphalea pubescens is a characteristic sub – shrub.

b) Julbernardia – Brachystegia lower escarpment and hill Miombo Woodland and scrub woodland

This woodland covers much of the lower Muchinga escarpment and its attendant foot hills – Chinshende and the
Mvumvwe range. It is also found on the upper valley floor.

i) Brachystegia Stipulata – Julbernardia Globiflora Miombo Woodland

These are the most extensive vegetation type of the lower Muchinga escarpment, taking form of 3 – 5m tall scrub
woodland, in which there are very few tall trees, Brachystegia bussei being an infrequent exception. Julbernardia
Globiflora, Brachystegia allenii, and Brachystegia stipulata in stunted form dominate vegetation. Brachystegia
manga is locally dominant in Chinshende Hills. Other common small trees are Brachystegia boehmii, Diplorphyncus
condylocarpon, Combretum zeyheri, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia and Monetes africanus.

c) Julbernardia – Brachystegia Open Miombo Woodland

These are found in the deeply dissected terrain of the lower Muchinga Escarpment and foot hills, were it occurs in
mosaic with Miombo scrub woodland. It also occurs on the upper valley floor. It takes the form of open woodland
with scattered tall trees (15 – 20m) and a well developed grass layer, dominated by tall species. Characteristic tall
tree include, Burkea africana, Julbernadia globiflora, Pericopsis angolensis, and Brachystegia allenii. Common small
include Brachystegia stipulata, Combretum zeyheri, Combretum psidioides, Terminalia sericea and Oldfieldia

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dactylophylla. The shrub layer is reduced but includes Ozoroa insignis, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Vernonia
glaberrima and Lannea discolor.

IV. Combretaceae Woodland and Wooded grassland

a) Combretum Terminalia Woodland

This is found in close association with thicket types occupying a belt of deep sandy soil running parallel to Luangwa
River. In the western areas of the park, this woodland integrates with Miombo woodland. It covers large areas of
the valley floor and is generally associated with flat terrain.

It takes the form of open one or two storeyed deciduous woodland. Canopy species may be up to 20m tall. The
trees found in this habitat are dominated by fire tolerant Terminalia sericea (up to and above 15m high),
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Pericopsis angolensis, Burkea africana, Erythrophetum africanum, and
Amblygonocarpus andongensis. Common small trees and shrubs are Combretum molle, Combretum collinum
subsp. gazense, Combretum zeyheri Bridelia carthatica, Crossopteryx febrifuga and Baphia massaiensis.

b) Combretum – Terminalia – Diospyros Wooded Grassland

This occurs in mosaic with mopane and hill Miombo through out its range. Well developed grass/herb layer
scattered with small trees and shrubs covering 10% to 40% of the surface defines it. Dominant small trees are
Diospyros kirkii, Terminalia stenostachya, Terminalia stuhlmannii, Combretum apiculatum, Combretum fragrans,
Combretum zeyheri, Crossopteryx febrifuga and Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia. Small species include Bauhinia
petersiana, Acacia hockii, Acacia gerrardii and Ximenia caffra subsp. caffra.

V. Colophospermum Mopane Woodland and shrub woodland

a) Colophospermum Mopane Woodland

This woodland occurs on the alluvial soils associated with Luangwa River and its tributaries, in the eastern part of
the park. It grows as a single dominant species in open two storeyed woodland comprising a canopy layer of
mature trees (10 -15m tall) and an under – storey of trees in various stages of development. Tress and shrubs
associated with Colophospermum mopane are comparatively few, mainly species found in the thicket habitats.
Other associated species are Afzelia quanzensis, Balanites aegytiaca and Ximenia americana.

b) Colophospermum Mopane Scrub Woodland

This woodland occurs in discrete patches through out all habitats of the valley floor forming distinct islands of
vegetation. Colophospermum mopane is dominant in this vegetation type, but its growth is stunted and it rarely
exceeds 3m in height. Characteristics associated with these shrubs are Commiphora spp. Maerua angolensis and
Lannea humilis.

VI. Grasslands

a) Chlrois – Dactyloctenium – Echinochloa Secondary Grassland

This type takes the form of short, annual grass land punctuated with occasional clumps of Combretum obovatum
thicket. It is found on the degraded mopane woodlands as a result is often scattered with the skeleton of dead

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mopane trees. The important grasses in this habitat are short to medium sized, nutritional species such as Chloris
virgata, Dactyloctenium aegytium, D. giganteum, Urochloa mossambicensis, Digitaria accuminastissima and
Eragrostis gangetica. Echinochloa colona, Brachiaria deflexa and Sporobolus pyramidalis favors the wetter sites in
this habitat.

b) Valley Riverine Grasslands

These grasslands are associated with the larger rivers of the valley floor. The Mwaleshi, Mulundashi, and Luangwa
Rivers all have the extensive flood plains within their belts as well as numerous attendant drainage channels,
oxbow lagoons and dambos.

c) Cynodon – Eragrostis Grassland and Sand Soils

These occur on the sand bars and sandy deposits of the inside curves of the valley rivers and streams. Commonly
tall grasses are Andropogon gayanus, Cymbopogon excavates, Digitaria milanjiana, Hyparrhenia filipendula,
hypeethelia Dissoluta, pennisetum perpureum, Phragmites mauritiananus, Setaria sphacelata and Themeda
triandra. Common medium sized grasses include the Stoloniferous perennial, Cynodon dactylon, which frequently
carpets sandbars and abandoned river channels.

d) Setaria – Hyparrhenia Grassland and wooded Grasslands on Clay

The brown and black clay soils associated with the flood plains of the valley’s large rivers support distinctive tall
grasslands. An important species on the brown clay loam soils is Hyperrhenia rufa where as on the black clays
Setaria incrassate grows in pure stands, interspersed with stand of Hyparrhenia and Setaria. Riverine clay soils
support areas of herbaceous vegetation dominated by the family Acanthaceae.

Aquatic Association: these are water grass associations found on the seasonally water logged clays of the Luangwa
River’s oxbow lagoons and dambos. In these areas, which remain under water for most of the rain season, water –
loving grasses such as Oryza barthii, Echinochloa colona, Sporobolus pyramidalis and Setaria spp. dominate.
Common sedges in this habitat include Cyperus esculentu, Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus distans and Kyllinga alba.
When water remains in the lagoons and dambos, the aquatic waterweed Pistia stratiotes is the dominant grass.

e) Loudetia – simplex – Hyparrhenia Dambo Grassland

On the Muchinga Escarpment and hills of North Luangwa National Park (Chinshende, Mvumvwe, and Soma) the
rivers and streams do not have a well – developed belt meander belt and as a result, the herbaceous riverside
vegetation is less well defined than in the valley. However, the numerous dambos and drainage channels
associated with these water courses do have a characteristic grass and herb component.

Early in the rainy season the dambos of the upper escarpment are characterized by the grass species that include,
Loudetia simplex, Setaria sphacelata and Setaria pumila. Later on in April/May, Hyparrhenia species are dominant.
Other late season dominants are Andropogon chinensis, Diheteropogon filifolius, Monocymbium ceresiiforme and
Pennisetum unisetum. The dominant grasses and herbs found in the upper escarpment, however a number of
water associated grasses and herbs from the valley may also occur.

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  Fire Management in the Park

In the mid 1980s, illegal wild fires burned almost 80% of the NLNP annually. Food and Agricultural Organization
reported in 1973 that frequent occurrence of fire has a degrading effect on the vegetation and the soils of the
Luangwa valley. More than 50% of the dead trees in the Combretum Terminalia communities of the valley floor
show signs of fire damage. The park has insufficient fire control plan in place.

Limited early burning and firebreak construction along the Mwaleshi River has been conducted. There is need
however for an extensive early burning and fire break program in NLNP.

The Park however is very often affected by fires from the surrounding communities during the hot season when
the communities burn their fields in preparation for the farming season.

The communities around the park practice the Chitemene Cultivation system, which is cut and burn fields, from
which they grow millet. This system makes the communities to cut huge portion of a bush and then collect and
heap the cut branches which they burn in the center of the field. In most cases, the communities do not make fire
brakes around these fields hence the fire strays in to the park.

 Condition of the veld in the Park

The condition of the veld in the Park is generally good and enough to support both browsers and grazers. This is
attributed mainly to the rich soils from the volcanic and sedimentary parent rock that has produce rick nutrient
soils in the valley. The result of the flooding of the Luangwa river and many of its tributaries coupled with the
extensive meandering of the Luangwa river has deposited a wide belt of alluvium across the valley floor. These
factors in combination have produced unusually rich soils capable of supporting good quality grassland, woodlands
and forests.

 Problem plants species in the Park and Control Action

North Luangwa National Park has bee managed in such a way that it is kept as a prime Wilderness with very little
accessibility by the outside world. Not so many people or tourists visit the park in a given year and those that visit
it are given all precautions not to introduce any plants in the Park. As at the time of writing this report, no problem
plants or alien plants have been recorded in the Park. However, management is always on a out look out for any
alien species and monitoring of alien plant species are done by officers conducting anti-poaching activities in the
park especially in the Rhino sanctuary were Rhinos have been reintroduced in the park.

Part 3: Animals of the Park

The rich soils and diverse vegetation types of NLNP support a wide variety of large mammalian species. However,
there is currently no comprehensive list of mammals, birds, amphibians and fishes of NLNP.

North Luangwa Conservation Project (NLCP) has been assisting Zambia Wildlife Authority in conducting large
mammal censuses in the park since its inception in the year 2000. Another organization that has been assisting
Zambia Wildlife Authority with conducting wildlife census is the Wildlife Conservation Society of Zambia. However
the data on the numbers of large mammals reported by the Owen Foundation for Wildlife Conservation between
1989 and 1994 do not show the standard error but only shows population estimates. Large mammal species that
are known to occur include elephant, buffalo, zebra, bushbuck, Oribi, warthog, Bush pig, baboons, Vervet
monkeys, Reedbuck and Klipspringer.

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  Abundance and population trends

A census for all large mammal species in NLNP was last conducted in October 2011 and the results are illustrated in
Table 2 below.

Standard 95 % Confidence
Species Population Estimate
Error limits
Elephant 2,414 66  131

Buffalo 14,565 3,591  7,182

Puku 1,450 188  376

Impala 3,923 297  594

Waterbuck 383 94  188

Wildebeest 1,960 658 1 315

Zebra 1,811 242 484

Table2. Population Estimates for Common Large Mammals in North Luangwa National Park,
October 2011

The other species of antelope known to occur in NLNP, but which are not included in the above table due to
relatively low density numbers or difficulties in observing during aerial survey are Lichtenstein’s Hartebeest, Eland,
Roan, Sable, Oribi, Reedbuck, Bushbuck, Grysbok, Klipspringer and Common Duiker.

Intensive poaching pressure during the 1970s and 1980s drastically changed this situation around, and extinction
of the elephant population in NLNP was feared. Probably due to a combination of the increased law enforcement
capability of ZAWA with financial support of NLCP, and the ban on ivory trade imposed in 1992, elephant poaching
has almost been eliminated and there is a positive trend in population numbers.

Black Rhinos have been reintroduced into a central sanctuary in NLNP since May, 2003 from South Africa and the
population of the Black Rhinos has risen to 29 by 2013.

Hippos occur in high densities in the Luangwa River. A count of hippo in the Luangwa River bordering the NLNP
was conducted in 1999 and the average density were 30.5 animals/ river km. Hippos also occur in the other rivers
of NLNP during the wet season, but retreat to the Luangwa River or the upper reaches of the respective rivers in
the escarpment as the rivers dry up. The Mwaleshi River have some pods of hippo on the valley floor in some of
the pools remaining upstream from its confluence with the Lufwashi and Lubonga Rivers throughout the year, and
the perennial Lufila river also harbors hippos throughout.

Except for isolated sightings, giraffes are not commonly seen in NLNP. Carnivores are well represented with
healthy populations of lion and leopard. Smaller cats such as serval, caracal and African wildcat are also
occasionally sighted. NLNP still harbors a population of wild dog, although the current population size is not
known.

 Census methods used and frequency

Two methods of animal census are used to count animal population in the North Luangwa National Park and the
surrounding Game Management Areas. The methods used are aerial surveys through the use of a light plane and

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ground counts through walking through established transects. Aerial surveys are mainly used for large mammals
such as elephants, buffalos, hippos etc while for smaller animals, walking ground counts are used.
Although animal census are supposed to be conducted every after two to three years, financial constraints makes
the conducting of both ground counts and aerial surveys impossible. However, officers on patrols record some
sighting of animal species while on patrols especially the large mammals that can easily be seen from a distance.
This data is very unreliable in most cases as one and the same group is normally recounted by the patrolling
officers. Both ground counts and aerial surveys are conducted after five years in the North Luangwa National Park.

 Population control (stocking, culling, harvesting, hunting game capture)

No population control measures have ever been conducted in the North Luangwa National Park. This is mainly due
to high levels of poaching especially for such species as elephants and the Rhinos. Rhinos in the North Park actually
became extinct due to poaching they were on reintroduced late in the year 2003. The population of elephants in
the North Luangwa equally also dropped drastically in the 1980s.

No culling or hunting is done in National Parks in Zambia unless when there is an out break of a disease such as
anthrax and or just for educational purposes only. There is no program for live game capture is currently
conducted in the North Luangwa National Park due to small population in animal species. No wildlife harvesting is
allowed in National Parks in Zambia unless for the purpose of education. National Parks are however the reservoirs
were wild animals reproduce and are then hunted in the surrounding Game Management Areas by both the local
communities through licenses and through Safari hunting companies.

Restocking has however been done in the North Luangwa National Park were the Black Rhinos has since been
reintroduced. As has been mentioned earlier on, five Rhinos were first reintroduced in 2003 and since then, the
numbers of Rhinos has increased to 35. The Rhinos are nevertheless in the sanctuary and have not yet been
released in to the wilderness of the Park for the fear of high levels of poaching being experienced in the Park

 Disease monitoring and management

The research department of Zambia Wildlife Authority does conduct disease monitoring in the Park especially for
the newly introduced Rhinos. However, the monitoring is not adequate as this could be seen when three Rhinos
died in the Park without the knowledge of the Park Management. The carcasses were only discovered after some
time by some officers conducting patrols.

The Park has no veterinary doctor placed within the park but only comes in when there is a report of a Rhino being
seen to be behaving strangely. In most cases, the veterinary doctors come all the way from South Africa were the
Rhinos were brought from.

The only known disease that occurs in North Luangwa National Park is Anthrax. The disease dose not only occur in
the park but do occur in the whole Luangwa valley along the Luangwa river and Luangwa river is known to be the
major source of anthrax in Zambia especially in the dry season when the water levels of the Luangwa valley
becomes so low and most of the water ponds dry up forcing animals to crowd up in the fewer ponds left in the
river basins.

 Part 5: Ethics and Philosophy of the Park

First respondent

The first respondent believes that all natural resources were made for man to benefit from. His belief is based on
the fact that the Bible in the book of Genesis says that after God had completed his works of creating every thing
in the Garden of Eden, he saw it not to be complete, hence he said lets create Man in our own image. After

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creating Man, God made man responsible or rather in charge of every creation and told him to make use of all the
resources in the garden. (Genesis: 2:15) the respondent strongly feels that human kind is special and is above all
creation and that the rest of the creation must satisfy man’s basic needs.
The respondent said working in a Conservation organization does not change his belief but only does so just for a
salary. He feels arresting people for eating what was given to them by God the creator is wrong but these are laws
put in place by human beings and have no blessings from God. He further said that the Government itself does sell
the same animals and other natural resources to Safari operators and other industries that utilize them for
monetary gains.

Second respondent

The seconded respondent said that nature takes very good care of itself and does not need man to manage it. He
believes that man is part of the environment. He said man is only there to exploit the natural resources in the
environment and does so very unsustainably.

He said his belief is drawn from the fact that nature does not depend on man for survivor whilst man’s life entirely
depends on nature for survivor. He said man depend on nature for oxygen, rain that is made by natural process,
food in the forest and forest products such as mushroom, fruits, building materials for homes, soil for cultivation of
crops, medicine from plants roots and other plants parts and in the process disturbs other living organisms that
depend on the resources in the natural environment.

He further said working for a conservation organization like Zambia Wildlife Authority strengthens his belief as it
enables him enjoy nature to the fullest and makes it possible for him to educate other people as to why it is
important to conserve nature but important to let nature manage itself.

Comparison of the two respondents

The two respondents have very different ideas and approaches to conservation. The first respondent has a Man
centered approach that believes that Man is more important to nature and that all natural resources are meant to
satisfy man’s needs. There is even a miss interpretation of the Bible as the Bible in Genesis says that man should
keep and look after the Garden of Eden on behalf of God and not to destroy it.

The second respondent has Nature centered approach as he believes that nature is a very important component
of the complex ecosystem and that man’s life and whole being depends very much on the natural processes that
take place in the natural phenomena while nature does not depend on man. He also believes that nature can
manage itself without the influence of man. He believes that nature must be left to manage itself for the benefit of
man’s survivor for oxygen, rain, food and shelter and also for the benefit of other living organisms that depend on
each other for their survivor.

Part 6: Law enforcement

 Nature crime in the Park

North Luangwa National Park just like any other national Parks in Africa is faced with a lot of challenges in terms of
illegal activities in terms of illegal harvesting of wildlife and other natural resources such as fishing and
encroachment. The fact that North Luangwa National Park is surrounded with communities whose populations are
growing so quickly hence creating pressure for more demand for natural resources and land for agriculture.

There are three big rivers that run through the Park and this makes the surrounding communities have the desire
to go in to the park to catch the fish. The communities once lived in this part of the land before it was gusseted as

12
National Park and hence the communities feel that the land and the natural resources were taken away from them
by the Government.

 Law enforcement activities

To overcome illegal activities in the Park, Zambia Wildlife Authority with the support of Frankfort Zoological Society
through the North Luangwa Conservation Project ran anti-poaching programs. The park has camps for Wildlife
Police Officer around the Park who conduct patrols both in the Park and the adjacent Game Management Areas
were people and Wildlife live along side each other.

The Officers conduct four types of operations; (i) long patrol of 15 days involving four (4) officers (II) Short Patrol of
up to 8 days involving four (4) (iii) 1 day patrol involving two (2) and (iv) information gathering in the communities
involving two officers. Other law enforcement activities that takes place include village sweeps and road blocks
when ever information is collected that a crime is about to be committed or has been committed in a certain
village or area.

 Counter poaching strategies

As a counter poaching strategy, North Luangwa Conservation Project employees as many youths as possible from
the surrounding communities in its different works as a means to reduce the community exerting pressure on the
park through poaching. Another strategy used by the project is that the project provides ready market for most of
the crops that the communities around the park grow such as maize, beans rice. The project then uses these food
stuffs for anti-poaching activities while at the same time improving the livelihood of the local communities.

 Law enforcement with tourists

As has been mentioned area on North Luangwa National Park is not yet very much open to the public. However, it
does receive some clients through the three bush camps that operate in the park on seasonal basis. Each of the
camp receives not more that six clients at a time and these are supervised by the tour operators. The three lodges
mostly operate strictly guided walking safaris in the park. However, Zambia Wildlife Authority officers provide
security during the walking safaris in case of dangerous and wounded animals.

However, there has been some cases were some operators have brought in clients without following the proper
immigration procedures and such clients have been sent out of the park. In most cases the tourists have been very
supportive to the law enforcement activities and have supported in terms of operational costs.

 Checks and balances within the staff

The intelligence department of the Zambia Wildlife Authority conducts investigations not only about the
communities likely to break the law but the staff as well. All those found wanting and properly investigated and if
found to wanting, they are subjected to tribunal and depending on the gravity of the case, one is either suspended,
demoted or employment terminated and black listed not to be employed in Conservation ever again.

Officers are provided with all the required field equipments for operations and those that perform to expectations
are rewarded by sending them for further studies at Mweka Wildlife College in Tanzania or locally or are
recommended for promotion to higher positions of a Senior Wildlife Police Officer and or Park Ranger or even Area
Wardens.

Officers are also rewarded with cash bonuses at the end of every year in different categories such as most hard
working, most improving, those with more operations man days, those with more arrests and etc. This keeps the

13
spirits of the officers high and always competing for either an opportunity to be recommendation for promotion or
scholarship to advance in terms of career advancement.

Part 7: Environmental education

 Environmental activities

North Luangwa conservation project runs an environmental awareness program in schools around the Park.
Mostly the program is concentrated on creating awareness about the importance of looking after newly
introduced Rhinos in the Park. The program is mostly targeted at the younger grades.

School competition and quiz are organized for school pupils on annual basis and the schools that do well are
presented with awards while individual pupils participating in the quiz are also awarded small token of
appreciation in term of certificate and monies for the good performances. The older members of the community
are not covered in such programs. This help the children to grow up with some knowledge as to why is important
to conserve the Rhinos in a National Park.

 Park environmental issues

Although North Luangwa National Park boosts of being a pristine Wilderness due to its remoteness, it has however
in the recent past been faced with serious environmental issues that need serious attention.

(i) Encroachment – due to increasing population in the surrounding Game Management Areas, some
parts of the park has been encroached as people are looking for more land to cultivate. This is
necessitated by the farming methods of farming that the local community uses, shifting cultivation.
Cut and burn or Chitemene as locally known.

(ii) Poor fishing methods – the park shares boundary along the Luangwa River were the local
communities do their fishing. It has been observed of late that the communities use such things like
mosquito nets and poison to catch and kill fish in both the Luangwa river and the rivers right inside
the Park. The fish population has reduced in size and numbers and some species have come to an
instinct.

(iii) Water pollution - This has great effects on other living creatures such as animals and birds that drink
from the same sources of water causing death to animals such as hippos etc. further more as a result
of some farming activities taking place on the upper land of the river line, the Luangwa river and
many of its tributaries is polluted with chemicals from such as insect sides, pests sides and fertilizers
used in the farming process.

 Personal involvement in environmental education

As an Extension Officer, my personal involvement in environmental education is at a much higher level. Unlike the
programs being run by the project in schools, I am in charge of all community conservation education program in
the Game Management Area. My role is to work with the communities through community organizations known
as Community Resources Boards in management of Natural resources in the Game Management Area.

The boards are responsible for planning, development and implementing of Game Management Plans in the Areas.
Within these plans, the areas are zoned for different activities such as farming, hunting, tourism and settlements
and commercial activities. The boards also puts in place by-laws that must be followed by all community members
as to how natural resources are to be managed in the area in conjunction with the Zambia Wildlife Authority.

14
From these activities, the communities derive direct benefits from the sustainable utilization of their Natural
resources such as hunting, levy of forests and forestry products and collection of grass and sand for commercial
uses. I also work with other government departments, the local council, and other Non- Governmental
organizations working towards conserving the environment.

PART 8: Park tourism

 North Luangwa National Park is considered or regarded as the reservoir of the Luangwa valley in terms of
wildlife resources. Its relative pristine state has made North Luangwa the least marketed and promoted in
terms of tourism. The park has big potential for ecotourism development due to its abundant wildlife and
diverse vegetation species but this has not yet been promoted.

 However, during the recent past, some operators have been granted concessions to operate in the North
Luangwa National Park. Mainly providing walking safaris. These operators operate seasonal tourism with
no permanent structures in place as the park is considered to be a wilderness.
 Road network in the park is limited to management access roads only. The absence of designated game
viewing loops has resulted in into off road driving by the operators in some cases as well as limiting the
game viewing on the main road. The use of vehicles in the walking safari areas are restricted to operators
vehicles only using the designated management roads. There is no need to construct additional game
viewing loops in this area as the principle form of game viewing is through walking safaris.

 The important point to note is that that driving in the walking safaris areas is restricted to tour operator’s
vehicles only because this is after visitors using their own vehicles have gained access to the lodges.
Subsequent to their arrival by their own vehicles at these lodges, they are not allowed to use their private
vehicles as this may cause conflict in certain instances with walking safaris.

 There are only four lodges that are operational in North Luangwa National Park and these are; Shiwa
safaris offering eight comfortable chalets , Remote Africa Safaris offering six bed capacity, Dawn Safaris
offering six bed capacity and Luangwa North Camp ( feeling Africa Safari) offering eight bed capacity.

year ZMK US Dollar Tourists arrivals

2008 31,994,780.00 76,662.00 1,014
2009 34,357, 370.00 83,548.00 756
2010 25,650, 200.00 70,271.00 2,143
2011 35, 615, 540.00 65,732.50 845
2012 355, 797.84 4, 670.00 814
Tourism arrivals and income

 It would be important to establish village cultural villages in the surrounding communities so that the
tourist visiting the park could have an opportunity to interact with the local communities that live and
looked after these wild animals that they come to see and also understand and appreciate the problems
and challenges the local communities face in their day to day livelihood as they live along side these
wildlife estates. The interaction will enable the remote communities learn about the various, different
divergent dynamic cultures world wide.

 (Personnel organogram see appendix)

15
PART: 9 Association with local Communities

 North Luangwa national park is surrounded with four communities namely; Chikwa, Nabwalya, Lundu and
Chifunda. The Park has formal engagement with the local communities through their elected local boards
known as the community resources boards. The boards hold meetings with the park management to
discus among other issues conservation management in both the park and the Game Management Areas
and the development projects such as construction of Schools, provision of safe water for drink.
 The boards also employ village scouts that help the park management in law enforcement activities an
others such book keepers who manages books of accounts for the community.

 The communities in adjacent surrounding do not directly benefit, use or remove of any natural resources
from the Parks as the law in Zambia does not allow any harvesting or hunting to take place in National
Parks unless for educational and research purposes only.

 However, local communities’ benefits indirectly through employment in the lodges and other job
opportunities that is available in the park. The communities hunt the animals when they come out of the
park that acts as the reservoir for animal species.

 Safari hunting takes place in the surrounding Game Management Areas where the Communities live. The
revenue from the hunting of the wildlife is directly shared between the communities through the
Community Resources Boards and the Zambia Wildlife Authority on a fifty percent share. The receiving of
revenue from hunting is backed by the Wildlife Act of 1998 under part iii that allows the formation of
Community Resources Boards by communities that live along side the wildlife Estates.

 The funds or revenue from hunting is used by the community to improve their livelihood through self help
projects such as construction of Schools, Clinics, roads and procurement of hummer mills to provide
services to the communities. Children who qualify to go to colleges from the communities but have no
funds to pay are sponsored by the community using funds from Safari hunting in their respective areas.

 These come and work in their areas for a certain period during which they are bonded by the community
until such a time that they may leave to and work some where else. However, the process of selecting
such student is faced with a lot of challenges such as not having adequate resources to pay for all school
leavers. Those closer to influential leaders such as Chiefs, in the community have an upper hand than
others. Others just opt not to come back and work in their areas after graduating from colleges as they
prefer to work in urban areas.

 To redress poaching of natural resources by the communities in the surrounding areas the following
would be important steps undertake;

- Strengthen the capacity of the local community to manage the natural resources in their areas

- Improve and strengthen the capacity of the community leaders through trainings to manage the
revenue received from the hunting for the benefits of the whole community

- Ensuring that the community receive adequate trainings in other livelihood skills that will enable
them generate sufficient income for their livelihood and stop to exert pressure on Natural Resources
for survival

16
 - Making the community develop a sense of ownership of the natural resources just as they do with
cattle, goats and other livestock and to start viewing natural resources as natural assets for
development.

- Allowing the local community opportunity to collect some of the most important resources they need
from the park in a most sustainable manner.

- The Government to exhibit a strong political will by providing commitment through sufficient budget
allocations towards conservation.

Part: 10 - Park maintenance of infrastructure

 Park annual work Frame

No Out come Activity Units(tangible Planned Means of Time Comment

out put) verification frame
Out come 1 Threats reduced
Strategic them 1.1 Direct interventions to mitigate threats
2
1 Effective Fire Fire breaks burnt Breaks/blocks 150km Aerial survey June,
Fire Fire breaks done
management and management burnt by mapping July,
burns undertaken management Aug
Strategic them 1.2 Resource Protection and law enforcement
1.2.1 Effective and well Strategic LE effort patrols 68 Law Jan to Limited man power
managed law and deployment patrols enforcement Dec affects patrol
enforcement patrols with adequate per data deployment
in the wider rations and month
ecosystem equipment
1.2.2 Patrols planned and Patrol analysis position 45/mont analysis reports Jan to As above
integrated into a carried out reports h Dec
wider network Patrols planned LE database 1 annual reports Dec As above
and integrated into
wider network
1.2.3 IPZ for black rhino Patrols deployed Patrols 68 Law Jan to
secured/maintained within the IPZ with patrols enforcement Dec
adequate rations per data base
and equipment month

1.2.4 Aerial support Fixed wing aerial hrs flown 150 aircraft log Jan to Weather condition and
enhancing law support to LE book Dec high cost of fuel affect
enforcement operations No of flights
effectiveness
1.2.5 LE staff numbers Lobby ZAWA HQ to scouts maintain ESSENTIAL and
maintained with well- maintain required minimu numbers indicted are a
trained and equipped man power m 140 minimum. Mano Sector
officers numbers Mano, has WPO identified for
25 promotions. Names to
Kanele, be submitted to the
25 Warden

17
 Chifunda
, 17
Fulaza
In-service training curriculum 3 Training Completed in 2012
syllabi and manuals
instructors
identification
In-service training scouts 165 certificates/trai Completed 2012
for NLNP/GMA ning report
WPOs - general
refresher
In-service scouts 60 certificates/trai Completed 2012
advanced tactical ning report
training for rhino
protection unit
Investigations and rangers/scouts 20 certificates/trai Mar 2013
intelligence in- ning report
service training
Equipment and sets 165 distribution Completed 2013
uniform signing sheets
distribution

Strategic theme 1.3 Ecosystem, species and threat monitoring

1.3.1 Status and condition Rhino monitoring sightings 60/mont Rhino database Jan to
of rhinos monitored teams deployed h Dec
and maintaining
sighting targets
1.3.2 Ecological status of Browse browse On going Jan
sanctuaries monitored assessment assessments To
conducted Dec
1.3.3 Rhino adaptation Rhino improved n/a Rhino database Jan to
managed (nutrition supplementary rhino Dec
and disease) feed condition
Rhino pest control targets 300 meters of Feb,
material Apr,
purchased June,
Aug,
Oct,
Dec

Strategic Theme 1.4 Direct intervention to improve ecosystems and species viability
1.4.1 Sanctuary fence kms fence 170 fence Jan to
maintained maintenance Dec
Rhino Sanctuary checks
integrity maintained Fence integrity kms fence 170 fence Jan, Head of Rhino
maintained - slashing maintenance Feb, Monitoring must take
checks Mar responsibility
and

18
 Dec
1.4.2 Veterinary support for Veterinary support days worked 20 Rhino ops- Apr
Black Rhino implants/health
population checks
143 Physiological status of Veterinary support days worked 20 samples Apr
rhinos monitored taken/analysis
results
1.4.4 Helicopter aerial hrs flown 20 horn Apr
support to BR transmitter
Aerial support for BR operations implants
protection/monitoring
Fixed wing aerial hrs flown 150 aircraft log Jan to
support to BR book Dec
operations
1.4.5 Facilitate Translocate animals rhinos 1 translocation Apr
Opportunities for to outside sanctuary
expansion of BR in to relieve nutritional
Luangwa ecosystem and social pressure.

1.4.6 De-horning of rhinos rhinos all Completed Apr As recommended by

BRMP
Out come 2 effective, transparent and adaptive management
Strategic theme 2 specific management planning
2.1.1 2.1.1Tourism Agreed scope, plan 1 NL Tourism Dev Jan, Awaiting Chilanga to
Development plan investor attraction, Plan Feb, endorse Consultancy
lease signing, Mar
revenue retention?
Strategic Theme 2.2 Administration and management systems
2.2.1 Database for LE computers n/a reports Jan to
monitoring Dec
Database for Rhino computers n/a reports Jan to
Management systems monitoring Dec
supported with Database for computers n/a purchase and CTA and SIO to
effective databases Investigations training research and identify
best suitable for NLE
needs

Strategic Theme 2.3 Infrastructure and equipment provision

2.3.1 Integrated road current road kms of road 750 roads May, Permanent Road Signs
network for network graded BR graded/mappe June, needed throughout
management and roads improved d July network
tourism Aug.
Bridge and drift drifts 10 Contract May, Nakawele- Falls- Ele
construction for BR completed June, Playground Route,
management July Funding applied for
Aug
bridges 2 Contract June, Kawilo and Chipembele
completed July Rivers, Funding already
Aug secured
kms of 2 Contract July Funding applied for IPZ

19
 graveled road completed Aug Roads
NLNP All Weather Design 1 Engineers May Proposal drawn up and
Road network Design and Cost circulated to possible
improved Report donors
Completed
2.3.2 Airstrips operational Airstrips inspected airstrips 3 field visits/DCA Jan,
and opened licenses May,
2.3.3 Scout houses built houses 30 Field visits Apr Funding secured for 5
and maintained built/refurbish May houses in Fulaza Sector
Improved ZAWA ed June in 2013, Further funds
building infrastructure July being sort for 25
Aug
Sept
Scout base radio radio 0 contract Not
camp rooms/offices completed plann
improvements ed in
2013
2.3.4 Effective radio Radio network radios/base Jan to We shall seek for
Communications maintained and sets/repeaters currently Dec funding for a digital
expanded if ± 100 in network
necessary/possible operatio
n

2.3.5 Vehicles maintained Vehicle vehicles 11 l- workshop Jan to Maintenance costs

for effective maintenance cruisers/ maintenance Dec should be reduced in
management 3 records 2013 as 7 new cruisers
tractors/ and 5 new motorbikes
3 trucks/ will replace older costly
1 power vehicles
grader/ 5
motorbik
es/ 2
quad
bikes/ 5
trailers/
2 fuel
bouzers
2.3.6 Tourism access across Luangwa pontoon pontoon 1 gate fees May
the Luangwa river put in

Strategic Theme 2.4 Training, mentoring, experience-sharing visits

2.4.1 ZAWA mid-level Mweka training for student 0 certificate July

management trained SWPO
Mweka & KWS student 2 Diploma July Chiweshe and Nyambe
training for SWPO (CTA & DCM to visit
and Inspect KWSTI Feb
2013
2.4.2 Capacity building ZAWA mentoring days 52 improved Jan to

20
 through mentorship communication Dec
s/effectiveness

Outcome 4. Policies, legislation, partnerships and awareness

Strategic Theme 4.1 Policy and legislation

4.1.1 Bangweulu Area ZAWA memo Document/bus 1 Jan to

Management Unit - requesting area iness plan Dec
Business Centre business planning.
Strategic Theme 4.2 Local or national forums and grass root activities

4.2.1 Rhino Experts Email Forum 1 Jan to

Forum Dec
Strategic Theme 4.3 Networking, partnerships, dialogue and advocacy

4.3.1 Better coordination NLCP/NLNP meetings 2 Feb

with ZAWA HQ for Management and
NLCP activities Planning Aug
4.3.2 Better coordination in NLNP Management meetings 4 May ,
management activities Planning July
within NLNP Oct
visits 3 June ,
Aug
Sept
4.3.3 Better coordination in NLNP Sector Field visits 4 May
management activities Planning Aug
within NL ecosystem Sep
4.3.4 Better coordination 2 Mpika and Apr, AW & CTA to facilitate
with judicial Magistrate visits to field visits Lundazi Aug and aim for two trips to
authorities in NL NLNP one of the lodges and
ecosystem allow opportunity of
ZAWA & FZS
Presentations
4.3.5 Better coordination DJOC Visits to field visits 1 Mpika and Apr,
with DJOC NLNP Lundazi Aug
4.3.6 Better coordination SAN Parks dialogue field visits 2 Apr,
for ongoing BR with NLNP BR Sep
management management
4.3.7 Rhino Tourism Safari and meetings 2 Apr, Meeting needed in May
opportunities Commercial Sept 2013. Viewing deck
Protocol completed at spring.
4.3.8 AW & CTA to Field Trip 1 Report Apr With new tar link road
undertake review from Chinsali to Chama
Musalangu/Mwakana/ of Musalangu GMA across Luangwa Valley
Chama Development Security Status, there is urgent need for
Requirements and security review and
Strategy strategy. CTA agreed to
assist AW with this.

21
Strategic Theme 4.4 Environmental education
4.4.1 Conservation school visits 140 feedback forms Jan,
Education Program from teachers Feb
Mar,
Apr
May,
Improved June
dissemination of July,
conservation Sept
education through the Oct,
school system Nov
Annual District days 3 prize giving Oct
celebration days

Monitoring and review 1 Nov

evaluation of CEP

Teachers Training workshop 1 Mar With ZSL and SRI

Workshop
4.4.2 Improving education Mano school Open Boarding 1 Jan Need to install water
access for children of development Facility pump, solar and lights,
ZAWA officers bunk beds, kitchen
equipment and trunks.

Strategic Theme 4.5 Dissemination, marketing and publicity

4.5.1 Improved awareness Black rhino articles 2 publications Apr
of NLNP conservation information and
issues locally, dissemination Aug
nationally,
internationally

Outcome 5.Sustainable Financing

Strategic Theme 5.1: Business planning

5.1.1 Management Model 1 Jan Awaiting Chilanga

Improved model to be Feb endorsement for
management model developed and Mar consultancy since 2010
for NLNP developed proposed with
ZAWA

Strategic Theme 5.2: Tourism development and management

5.2.1 Tourism returns to NL Tourism plan 1 reports June, Waiting for Chilanga to
ecosystem improved development plan July endorsement the
Aug consultancy since 2010

22
  Five priority maintenance issues

1. Effective fire management

This is a very important activity as it will assist in preventing fires that come from the surrounding GMAs as the
communities do their field burning in October crossing over in to the park as has been discussed under fire
Management control. The fire at this time of the year is very hot and burns all grass and herbs creating shortage of
food for animals to eat.

2. Law enforcement/patrols

These are normal and very important daily patrols that are conducted by the officers both in the National Park and
the surrounding Game Management Area to prevent illegal harvesting of wildlife resources. Law enforcement
patrol is one activity that can not be compromised in any protected area if the resources are to be protected from
illegal activities. The rate of poaching especially of elephants has now reached an alarming rate.

3. Rhino monitoring patrols

Rhinos in the park are very special and important species that have added value and significance to the Park in
terms of tourists coming to the Park and hence revenue generation by the Park. It is very important to ensure
protection of these Rhinos as huge sums of money has been spent to have them re-introduced in the park after
they were completely wiped out through poaching. Out side countries and organizations have also spent a lot of
money to ensure that Rhinos are brought back in to the park.

4. Rhino sanctuary integrity

The Rhino sanctuary is the area where the Rhinos are located in the park. It is therefore very important that the
integrity of the sanctuary is well and properly looked after for easy monitoring of the Rhinos in terms of sighting
and disease controls. Otherwise it will be very difficult to guaranty that the Rhinos are still there if the sanctuary is
not looked after. Maintaining the integrity of the sanctuary will also ensure that the electrical fence is working
properly and ensure that the Rhinos are kept within the sanctuary without which the safety of the Rhinos will be
compromised making the Rhinos become vulnerable to poaching by people around the Park once they are out side
the sanctuary.

5. Park road net work grading

As mentioned in the earlier chapters that North Luangwa is managed as a pristine Wilderness, meaning that the
area is not yet opened up and hence has very limited road net work. Most of the roads in the park are
management roads though the tour operators working in the park use the same roads for tourism activities. It is
therefore very important that the few roads available are always maintained to accepted standards so that the
tour operators do not open up new roads and that management monitoring by both the Project and Zambia
Wildlife Authority Officers is very easy. Good road net work will make the few tourists that visit the Park want to
come back again or encourage other tourists to visit the Park.

23
 Annual Operation plan

No Goal Out put Resources Quantity/u Unit cost Total cost Time frame
nit
2
1 1 team of 6 officers 150km -food staffs -3packs -K6000.00 -K18,000.00 Jun, July and Aug.
to conduct early stretch early and
management burning perishables
patch/block done -fire kit -6 sets -stores
burning done -fuel -210 liters -K8.70 -K1,827.00
around the park (diesel) K19,827.00
2 5 patrol teams of 4 10 foot long -Food staffs -10 packs -K2000.00 -K240,000.00 Jan - Dec
officers to conduct patrols and
2x 10 days long conducted perishables
foot patrols in the in the park a -Fire arms -20 each -armory
park in the park month and ammos
every month -Filed -20 sets - stores
equipments K240,000.00
3 2 patrol team of 4 4 long foot -food staff -4 packs -K2000.00 -K96,000.00 Jan - Dec
officers to conduct patrols and
2x10 days long conducted in perishables
monitoring foot the -Fire arms -8 each -armory -
patrols in the sanctuary and ammos
sanctuary area each month -Filed -8 sets -stores -
every month equipments
-fuel -1200 liters -K8.70 -K10,440.00
(Diesel) K110,440.00
4 1 maintenance 4 check ups -fuel -1000 liters -K8.70 -K8,700.00 Jan - Dec
team of 4 officers maintenance (diesel)
conduct weekly made -wires -stores
check and around the -batteries -stores
maintenance of the fence a -Vehicle -workshop
sanctuary fence month
170km -K8,700.00
5 Workshop team of 750km -fuel -1500 liters -K8.70 -K13,050.00 May, June,
4 officers conducts stretch of (diesel) July, August.
end of rain season roads -tractors -workshop
grading of the graded -Graders -workshop
750km road net
work in the park
using tractor pulled
graders by August

Grand -K392,017.00
Total

24
Part: 11 Reserve administrations

North Luangwa National Park is administered from Mpika town the head quarters of Bangweulu Area
Management Unity were the office of the Area Warden is located. There is a distance of 110km from the Park.
Bangweulu Area Management Area is responsible for two National Parks namely ; North Luangwa National Park
and Lavushi Manda National Park. It is also responsible for managing four Game Management Areas namely;
Bangweulu Game Management Area, Munyamadzi Game Management Area, West Musalangu Game Management
Area and Chisomo Game Management Area.

This therefore means that all these protected areas mentioned above have a centralized kind of administration
that is conducted under the office of the Area Warden based in Mpika. The Warden is then assisted to ran the Area
Management Unit by heads of departments such as the department of Operations headed by the Ranger
Operations, Investigations and intelligence headed by the senior investigation Officer, Research department
headed by the Ecologist, the Planning department headed by the Planning Officer, the department of Public
Prosecutions headed by the Senior Prosecutions Officer and the Department of Extension Services headed by the
Extension Officer.

The Ranger operation deputizes the Area Warden and is responsible for supervising of all anti-poaching activities in
the Area Management Unit. Ant-poaching activities in all the protected areas are supervised on a daily basis by the
Park Rangers who are directly based in the Sector offices that are located in the Sectors around the Park in Camps.
The senior investigations officer is assisted by investigations Officers based both in the Sectors camps and at the
Area Management office.

The Ecologist and the Planning Officer are based at the Area Management Office but are assisted by some Wildlife
Police Officers who carry out some specific functions as may be delegated by the heads of departments in
question. The senior prosecutions officer is assisted by prosecutions officers all based in Mpika were the
Magistrate court is located. The extension Officer has no staff in the field meaning that he attends to all matters of
community based natural resources management in the surrounding communities.

This therefore means that all correspondences that come in to the Area Management Unit are addressed to the
Area Warden, filed in the appropriate file by the registry officer and sent to the Warden’s office who will then
direct it to the relevant officer who is supposed to attend to that matter in question. The office of the warden is
also responsible for all correspondences going out of the Area Management. The registry at the Area warden’s
office files all documents using alphabetical order and the use of title of correspondences.

Weekly work schedules are completed on time and are filed in the registry. There is a committee established under
the office of the ranger operations that is responsible for compiling monthly, quarterly and annual reports for the
Area Management Unit with inputs from all the departments and all the sectors. The reports are submitted to the
office of the Area Warden who does the editing and then submit the report to the office of the Regional Manager
who in turn submit it to the office of the Director Conservation and then to the Director General who now compile
a final report for the whole institution.

Vehicle log books are completed by drivers who then submit them to the registry and the registry complete the
monthly man days or man power returns sheets for every officer with inputs from heads of departments. These
are then submitted to the Warden for endorsement and are then submitted to head office in Chilanga. The
monthly man days or man power returns are used by the head office accounts pay roll section to prepare monthly
salaries.

The procurement system starts with each department filing in a procurement requisition book indicating what the
department wishes to procure and then these are processed by stores department and submitted to the office of

25
the Warden for approval and when such is approved then the procurement will take the books to accounts for
payments for the items.

The accounts will prepare payment for the items and the procurements will go ahead and procure the items which
are then put in stores. The individual department will then fill in another document known as the store requisition
requesting for the items to be taken out of stores for use by the department. All departments will have to indicate
what they want procured in a meeting that is called to discus how the monthly allocation will be utilized.

No payment will be made without the office of the Area Warden approving that for that expenditure. However, to
ensure that there is transparency in the payments. Any payment will be initiated by one person, approved by head
of department, passed or checked by a different person before it is finally approved by the Area Warden. All the
financial documents are kept by accounts department and these are regularly audited by internal auditors from
the head office. The assets and equipments registers are compiled and kept by accounts department.

All meetings agendas are drawn and circulated by the secretary in the office of the Area Warden. The minutes of
all meetings that take place both within the Area Management Unit and out side are filed in the registry office
after verification by the

The operations budgets are prepared by November and submitted to the head office. However, the AMU receives
monthly allocations for operations but these are not spent in the North Luangwa National Park as the Park receives
grants for operation from Frankfurt Zoological Society through the North Luangwa Conservation Project.

This centralized kind of administration has both its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages
and disadvantages of centralized administration are;

Advantages

 One person makes decision of the institution on different matters

 There is no consistence and no confusions in the decisions made as one person is aware of what decision
that were made on a matter in case of future references.

 There is discipline among the officers in case of who makes decision on matters.

 One person is held accountable for what ever happens on the decision made and the out come of such a
decision.

 The warden is aware of all the correspondences coming in the different departments and those going out
of the different departments and what actions has been taken and what matters require attention make
follow up with relevant department.

Disadvantages

 There is too much power invested in one person and it is easy for that person to abuse his/her powers

 The other officers will not be able to exercise their powers on matters that happen in the department

 A lot of time and resources are wasted in management of the Park supervision in terms fuel and while
waiting for a final decision to be made by an individual who could at time be out of office.

26
  It is easy that some correspondences may not get to the right department when there is a strong
difference between the boss and the head of department.

 It can be a source of conflict if the boss feels a sense of not being respected by the subordinates.

Part: 12 Reserve financial administration

Budgets

As was mentioned in the introductory part of the report, the North Luangwa in managed by Zambia Wildlife
Authority with the financial support from the Frankfurt Zoological Society of Germany through the North Luangwa
Conservation Project, this therefore means that Zambia Wildlife Authority bears the cost for all salaries for Wildlife
Officers working in the Park while the cost for the day to day operations of the Park are covered by the North
Luangwa Conservation Project. These include funds for vehicles maintenance, operational fuels, patrol rations,
uniforms and other operations.

The pay roll for staff is prepared and kept at Zambia Wildlife Authority head quarters in Chilanga Lusaka hence
could not be accessed from the Park. The funds from Frankfurt was administer by North Luangwa Conservation
Project and was said to be fluctuating in amounts depending on the funds available at the head quarters in
Germany for each particular year.

Budget allocation

However, the funds received by North Luangwa Conservation Project are allocated in the following ratios once
received by the project. 45% went in to vehicle maintenance, fuels, 25% went to procurement of patrol rations and
30% went to staff uniforms and patrol equipments and salaries for the project staff such as drivers, workshop and
other casual works.

Preparations

The budgets for the park operations are prepared by the technical Manager of the North Luangwa Conservation
Project and are compiled in the month of November and submitted to Frankfurt for approval within the same
month for the coming year.

Sources of Revenues

The only sources or funds for North Luangwa National Park are the Tourism contracts paid by the tour operators
operating in the Park and the gate takings paid by the tourists entering in to the Park. These funds are collected
and deposited in to the main account of Zambia Wildlife Account in Lusaka. The Area Management is then sent
allocation for operation on monthly basis though at times two months can pass without receiving such an
allocation.

The other revenue is the grant provided by Frankfurt Zoological Society for the operations of North Luangwa
Conservation Park. The funds generated are not directly retained for use in the park’s operation but rather the
operations in the park completely depend on the funding from the North Luangwa Conservation Project which is
grants from Frankfurt Zoological Society. This is not a healthy situation in case of pull out by the donor as the case
has been in many other areas or projects where donors have pulled out suddenly.

27
Auditing

The funds for Zambia Wildlife Authority are first audited regularly by the internal auditors based at Chilanga before
the office of the Auditor General from the Government of the Republic of Zambia comes to audit them. The funds
received by North Luangwa Conservation Project are audited regularly by an internal auditor from Tanzania and
the final auditing is done is done by auditors from Germany the head quarters of Frankfurt Zoological Society.

 (Personnel organogram see appendix)

Part: 13 Personnel administration

Recruitment, selection, placement and affirmation

Recruitment, selection, placement and affirmation of employees under Zambia Wildlife Authority is a mandate of
the department of Human Resources and Administration which is entrusted with this king of responsibility.
However, department will submit staff levels of its department indicating the current levels, the required levels
and give a recommendation for either increasing the levels to the levels by employing or adjusting by reducing.

In the current position of the reporter, he does not get involved in any of these activities although it would be very
important to play a role and have a contribution as in the process as the position is involved in the daily
supervision of the some of the employees.

Stuff performance appraisal

Being in the middle management, the reporter is involved in the performance appraisal of the staff in the general
staff level within the Area Management Unit. These are either elevated to senior position of the general staff or
sent for training to improve on their performance or are simply written to improve. Only when one fails completely
to improve is that employee laid off but this does not often happen in Zambia Wildlife Authority.

Training and development

Zambia Wildlife Authority has a training policy. This is also the responsibility of the Human Resource department.
However, limited funds tend to hinder the implementation of this policy. Individual employees look out for training
opportunities that are in line with their duties from different colleges and Universities and then Zambia Wildlife
Authority will look for sponsorship from its partners to sponsor that particular individual employee. Other
employees sponsor themselves while Zambia Wildlife Authority will put these employee on paid leave to enable
the employees attend the course. The reporter is not involved in the implementation of this training policy
although it would be important to get involved as he is responsible for supervising those in the general staff level.

Disciplinary procedure

Zambia Wildlife Authority has laid down guidelines and procedures for handling grievances and disciplinary
matters. This is to ensure that the employee’s rights are not infringed upon but that a transparent fair trail is held
and a fair punishment is suctioned on the employee. Being in the middle management level, the reporter is
involved in such process. The main purpose of the tribunals is not to lay off employees but to take corrective
measure so that the employee is guided and refrain from committing such offences.

In a normal case, first offenders are given verbal warning, followed by first written warning and a final written
warning and if the employee does not change then he is relieved of his duties. However, in some cases the
employee may be dismissed just with the first tribunal depending on the gravity of the offence as out lined in the
code of conduct and grievance procedure manual.

28
Employees are made aware of these guidelines before and during any tribunals that it was not the intention of the
organization to punish any employee but to assist employees perform their duties within the confines of the laws
of the organization and if found wanting, a corrective measure be taken to bring back that officer to the normal
and expected conduct so as to instill discipline in the organization both while at work and away from work.

HIV/AIDS Policy

In 2006, Zambia Wildlife Authority adopted an HIV/AIDS policy for its employees. In the same year it sent some of
its employees for training in peer education courses to conduct sensitizations in the HIV/AIDS. Others were also
sent to train as counselors to counsel those that were already infected with HIV. The reporter is one of the peer
educators of HIV/AIDS in the organization.

The policy provides that no staff shall be laid off from employment on the grounds of suffering from HIV/AIDS but
rather such an employee shall be assisted to acquire all medications they shall be placed on light duties. It also
further provides that an individual shall not be denied employment because one has a record of being an HIV/AIDS
patient and that all such records shall be treated as confidential matters between he supervising management
staff and the affected staff unless the individual employee wishes to announce his/her status to the public.

No employee shall be segregated by other employees and management on an account that he/she is and HIV/AIDS
patient in the organization and that one shall be provided with every opportunity to rise to any position in the
organization and advancing in terms of career academic as long as one shows ability to perform his/ her duties.

Part: 14 Forms of communications

Internal Communication

This is communication that takes place within Zambia Wildlife Authority offices between departments. This
communication either comes from the top management to the general staff on the lower levels and also from the
lower levels to higher management level. Issues mostly discussed in this kind of communications include; staff
meetings, notices to all members of staff, debriefing and briefing by supervisor about important events in the
organizations and performance activities in the organizations.

At times letters are written to individuals requesting them to take up certain assignments or to congratulate them
for a job well done or even to warn staff for wrong things done and letters are meant to serve as a warning. In
some instances it is used to communicate a promotion to a higher position and at times to demote some one for
failure to perform to expectations. Some times internal communication takes place just to get some information or
clarification from another department about certain information or matter while in some cases it is meant to give
instructions to officers to do certain tasks.

Channels mostly used in internal communication in Zambia Wildlife Authority include; letters, memos, staff
meeting, monthly reports, briefing and debriefing, telephones, emails and both base and hand held VH radios. In
some cases verbal communication is used in internal communications within offices and between officers.

Internal communication ensures that all members of staff are kept informed about what is happening in an
organization including changes that could have taken place in the organization and every worker knows what is
expected of him to do every moment. Management is also kept informed about what progress is taking place in
the entire department and what challenges are being faced by each department and helps to quickly make
necessary decision to correct the situation as quickly as possible.

This helps check out which policies and procedures are no longer working and that would require changing or
replacing so that the organization can continue to achieve its objectives. This is very important especially in the

29
modern world were adaptive managements is inevitable in a competitive market and were change is happening
nearly every day in terms of technological advancement is concerned.

External Communication

This is communication that takes place between Zambia Wildlife Authority and out side organizations such as line
ministries, cooperating partners, business houses that do business with the Authority, the local communities
surrounding the protected areas. Mostly this kind of communication relates to matters of policy issues with
regards conservation, procurement of services by the Authority and issues of problem animals and also the
disbursement of funds by the Authority to the community, procurement of different services from other service
providers within the country and out side the country.

The authority reports to the line ministries about the progress it is making and the challenges it is facing so that the
Government can resolve such challenges in time. The Authority also receives new instructions about any changes
made by the Government on issues of Conservation. The community is informed about how much money had
been generated from hunting in their areas during the previous year and when the funds would be disbursed to
them so they can start planning as to how they would use the revenue in the communities. Communities also
communicate to the Authority about any problem animals in the areas so that the Authority can take necessary
measure to reduce the conflicts together with the communities.

Most used channels of communication in external communication include; letters, emails, faxes and to some
extent telephones though normally these are followed by written documents such as letters. Workshops and
seminars are also used to impart new skills and information to officers from out side organizations.

External communication keeps the line ministry, cooperating partners, donor organizations and the Government as
a whole well informed about the operations of the Park and Zambia Wildlife Authority as a whole and helps to
maintain transparence to all interested organizations.

Areas that need improvement

There are however short falls in terms of communication both internal and external. There are at time when
information at high management levels is disseminated to the lower levels through emails. Not all staff work
within offices and have access to emails to receive and see this information being circulated. The use of emails has
lead to a lot of information loss especially information that is affecting certain officers at high levels who would not
want others to hear about their short falls as such information is kept on lap tops or computers with pass words.

At times information that is supposed to be sent to officers in the field is held for fear that they may react. At times
information with regards monthly operations funds allocations are just known by few individuals close to the office
of the head of department and those in accounts. This has lead to loss of use for the filling systems of the
organization as most information is now kept on computers and lap tops.

The communication bureaucracy on problem animals in the community especially on elephants needs to be
revised as the current one is were authority to control an elephant threatening human life is only sort from the
office of the Director General. This has caused a lot of deaths to local people while waiting for authority to kill such
an animal is being acquired from the DG’s office thereby creating tension between the community and the officers
in the field.

The use of radios and printed letters and medias such as news papers to disseminate information would be very
helpful unlike the use of emails to inform all the staff about any information that is sent from the head office such
as monthly operations funds, how much has been disbursed to communities from safari hunting as this
information can easily be retrieved from files in the registry office.

30
Reports of internal audits of funds sent to AMUs (Area Management Unit) should be circulated to all members of
staff so they know how the funds are being used. Monthly debriefing must be made a must and not just when the
head of department wants to have it held. This will improve on the information flow and clear any issues that the
general staff may have.

Personal weakness and strengths

The reporter has one weakness of not being a good fighter to achieve or finish a started activity especially when
faced or confronted with opposition and resistance from those he feels just want to frustrate his ideas. He easily
gives up and avoids confrontational situations, unhealthy competition and fighting for recognition by
Management.

On the other hand the reporter is a good leader with very good leadership skills, good communication skills and
able to work, interact easily with people from very wide and different traditional, religious beliefs and back ground
and able to work and accomplish assignments with minimal supervision within stipulated time frame. He learns
and appreciates new innovations very quickly and adapt very quickly to new changes.

4.0 Conclusion

The field attachment or summative exercise was conducted successively though with some challenges here and
there especially when it came to collection of data from the Park. This was so as it required transport and other
logistics to get to the park which is 110 km from the central office of administration where the reporter is located
and operates from.

However, it was an eye opener to so many issues that the reporter did not know about despite having been
working in this area for more than ten (10) years now. It was interesting to learn how the park was being managed
and some of the challenges and short falls that happen in the administration and operations of the park. The
reporter also learned that there was a lot more difference between class material and practical field work. The
most important lesson learned is that while one need to adapt to the prevailing situation but the use the principle
guidelines of doing things is very important.

5.0 Recommendation

From the lessons learnt and observation made during the four months of field attachment the reporter wishes to
make the following recommendations to the park management and Zambia Wildlife Authority as a whole if the
operations and administration in North Luangwa National Park are to improve and become effective.

 The park administration needs to be within the Park for easy administration, cut off on fuel expenses to
conduct supervisory visits and also to ensure that decisions are made just there and then.

 Zambia Wildlife Authority needs to decentralize its operations such that each park must be managed by
one Area Warden with his different heads of departments. This will make Area Warden and heads of
departments concentrate on smaller areas of operations and will make them be more effective. Unlike
the current situation where one Warden runs two National Parks and four surrounding Game
Management Areas. (From Serenje to Nakonde boarder)

 There must be transparent in the manner resources are distributed and utilized by management at the
Area Management Unit by way of holding meetings to discus the use of funds each the operational funds
is received unlike what is prevailing at the moment.

31
  The Park Management Plan urgently need to be revised and up dated to include certain information that
is not available and also to remove information that has become of no use as at now. The GMP has no
maps showing the soils of the Park and the list of large mammals is out dated as back as 2000 when it
was made and yet several aerial surveys have been conducted in the recent past.

 Information about the operations and the budgets (Annual Operations Plans) must be made available
easily and accessible from the cooperating partners to all members of staff and any other persons
interested so that they are can see what is being done in the Park. This will prevent suspicion, mistrust
and rumor mongering but instead build confidence and trust among staff and stake holders. (of course
the reporter is very mind full that certain information with regards security can not be made available to
every body)

 Officers coming back from school for field attachment needs to be given support, attention and must be
treated as saving employees of the institution and not left to figure out things for them selves. If any
thing, they need to be kept even much more busy by assigning them with extra duties.

6.0 Acknowledgement

The reporter wishes to acknowledge the following organizations and individuals for the support during the field
attachment;

1. The team leader (Dr. Graham) and staff of CREAT project for the financial and material support that
enabled the reporter to go to School and collect information from the Park during the field attachment.

2. Chief Technical Advisor,(Edy) and staff of North Luangwa Conservation Project for the financial loan and
all the information about the Park and the operations of the Project in the Park.

3. Office of the Area Warden and all members of staff especially those that I had interviews with for the
information and support and encouragement during the attachment time.

4. Department of Forest in Mpika, for all the information about trees.

5. Individual Mukungule Community members who I had interviews with for the information provided.

6. All individuals and groups that I have not mentioned here but did provide information and support in one
way or another that lead to the success of this report.

7. Last but not the least my family members for having provided me with the support and an enabling
atmosphere at home.

7.0 References

1. General Management Plan for North Luangwa National Park – 2000.

2. Zambia Wildlife Act – 1998

3. www.google earth.com

32
8. Appendices

1. Map of Park location

2. Map of Park water system

3. Map of Park vegetation

4. Plant and grass species- Plant species – 1

-Plant species – 2
- Plant species – 3
-Grass species – 1
-Grass species – 2
- Grass species – 3

5. Personnel organogram

6. Park orthophoto

33
 N

Mpika
#
#

Lusaka
#
#

North Luangwa National Park

National Parks of Zambia
Zambia

100 0 100 200 Kilom eters

Zambia
Afr ic a

Appendix 1 – Location of North Luangwa National Park

34
 L ufil a

Lu

fi l
a
N
Ch
im
an
Ka a
nk olo

Lub

F it
ang

u
a
M wa l es h i

Ch
Mwa im
le bw
e

a
w
sh

g
an
i

Lu
Lu
t ab
a

a s hi
Lu tw

wa
M

ng
w
al

Lua
e
sh

Ka
i

ba
le

Lu
Mu ko
kw
f un u a
M

gu o
l

s do
n

sh
L ub

i
w aw

Seasonal rivers
a ta

Permanent rivers
NLNP boundary
a
gw

10 0 10 Kilom eters
an
Lu

Appendix 2 - Water system

35
 N

10 0 10 Kilom eters

NL N P b o un d a r y Co m b re tu m - Te r m in a lia w o o d la n d

Mo p a n e wo o d la n d a n d scr u b wo o d la n d
NL N P H a b ita t
S ec o n d ar y g r a ssl a nd o n a ll u viu m
E sca r p m e nt m i o mb o w o o dl a n ds
V al le y r iv e ri ne c o m pl e x
Hi ll m i o mb o w o o dl a n ds
V al le y r iv e ri ne g r a ss la n d
W o o d e d gr a ss la n d m o sa ic
Mi xe d a ll uv ia l th i ck et
W o o d la n d /wo o d e d g ra s sla n d m o sa ic
Co m b re tu m th ic ke t
W o o d la n d m o sa ic

Appendix 3 – Park Vegetation

36
Appendix 4.1 - Vegetation Sample 1

Common name; Buffalo thorn, catch thorn

Botanic name; Ziziphus abyssinica

37
Appendix 4.2 - Vegetation Sample 2

Common name; Spiny monkey, Daringklapper

Botanic name; Strychnos spinosa

38
Appendix 4.3 - Vegetation Sample 3

Common name; Silver cluster-leaf

Botanic name; Terminalia sericea

39
Appendix 4.4 - Grass Sample 1

Common name; Guinea grass, Buffalo grass

Botanic; name; panicum maximum

40
Appendix 4.5 - Grass sample 2

Common name; Stinkgrass, Candy grass, grey love grass

Botanic name; Eragrostis cilianensis

41
Appendix 4.6 - Grass Sample 6

Common name; Bushveld signal grass, white buffalo grass

Botanic name; Urochloa mosambicensis

42
Area Management Unit personnel Organogram

Area Warden
1

Ranger operations
1

Senior Prosecutions Senior Investigations

Park Ranger Planning Officer Ecologist Extension Officer Assisatnt Accountant
officer Officer
2 1 1 1 1
1 1

Senior Wildlife Police

Prosecutions Officers Investigations Officers registry clark stores/amorrer Secretary Drivers
Officer
4 11 1 1 1 3
32

Wildlife Police Officer Office messengers

162 3

Drivers/ 6
Typist

Appendix 5. Park Personnel organogram

43
Appendix 6 – Park Orthophoto

44