DesignOfDoublyReinforcedBeams CE153

Reinforced Concrete Design
F e l i x V. Ga r d e , J r .
Institute of Computing and Engineering

DAVAO ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY
Fel ix V. Ga r d e, J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
DesignSTATE UNIVERSITY) 1 / 39
Doubly-Reinforced Beam: Beam with Compression
Reinforcement
Cross section of doubly reinforced rectangular beam.
Two cases where compression reinforcement is frequently used:

• negative bending region of continuous beams
• midspan regions of long-span or heavily loaded beams where deflections
need to be controlled
Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Beam with Compression Reinforcement
Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement:

1. Reduced sustained-load deflections.
Effect of compression reinforcement on deflections under sustained loading.

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL

2. Increased ductility.
Effect of compression reinforcement on strength and ductility of under-reinforced beams.

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
3. Change of mode of failure from compression to tension.
Moment–curvature diagram for beams, with and without compression reinforcement.
4. Fabrication ease.

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Analysis of Nominal Moment Strength
Steps in analysis of 𝑀𝑛 in doubly reinforced rectangular sections.

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Doubly reinforced rectangular beam.
Behavior or state of stress on tension and compression reinforcements.

Tension and compression steel both at yield stress ( 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦 ).
Compression steel below yield stress ( 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑠′ < 𝑓 𝑦 ).
Tension and compression steel both below yield stress ( 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑠′ < 𝑓 𝑦 ).

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Analysis of Nominal Moment Strength
Case I: Tension and compression steel both at yield stress ( 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦 ).
The total nominal moment strength, 𝑀𝑛 can be thought as,
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Case I: ( 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦 )
where,
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = ( 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 ) 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑 −
2
and
( 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 ) 𝑓 𝑦
𝑎=
0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏
Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Case I: ( 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦 )
Then nominal moment capacity, 𝑀𝑛 of the section under Case I is,

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) + ( 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 ) 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑 −
2

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Case II: ( 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑠′ < 𝑓 𝑦 )
Factors that would make compression reinforcement stress, 𝑓𝑠′ < 𝑓 𝑦 .
wide, shallow beams with concrete cover over the compression more than the
standard practice
beams with high yield strength steel
beams with relatively small amount of tension reinforcement

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Doubly reinforced rectangular section.
Limiting values that will ensure yielding of the compression steel at failure
• minimum tensile reinforcement ratio
𝑓𝑐′ 𝑑 ′ 0.003
𝜌¯ 𝑐𝑦 = 0.85𝛽1 + 𝜌′
𝑓 𝑦 𝑑 0.003 − 𝜖 𝑦

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Limiting values that will ensure yielding of the compression steel at failure
• (𝑎/𝑑 ′ )lim ratio
600𝛽1
(𝑎/𝑑 ′ )lim =
600 − 𝑓 𝑦

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Then nominal moment capacity, 𝑀𝑛 of the section under Case II is,

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑐 𝑑 − + 𝐶𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
where,
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′
then,
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Strain-Compatibility Check:
𝑐 − 𝑑′

𝜀 ′𝑠 = 0.003
𝑐
𝑓𝑠′ = 𝜀 ′𝑠 𝐸 𝑠 ≤ 𝑓 𝑦

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Í
Applying condition of equilibrium on internal forces, ( 𝐹𝐻 = 0)
𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′

𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 (0.003)𝐸 𝑠
𝑐
where, 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
St r e ngt h-Reduction Fac t o r, 𝜙
Strain-Compatibility Check:

𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜀 𝑡 = 0.003
𝑐
1 If 𝜀 𝑡 ≥ 0.005, the section is tension-controlled, and 𝜙 = 0.90

2 If 𝜀 𝑡 ≤ 0.002, the section is compression-controlled, and 𝜙 = 0.65
3 If 0.002 < 𝜀 𝑡 < 0.005, the section is in the transition zone, and
250
𝜙 = 0.65 + (𝜀 𝑡 − 0.002) ×
3
Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Design of Rectangular Section:
Design Procedure:
1. Calculate the maximum moment that can be resisted by the
under-reinforced section. (Set 𝜌 = 𝜌max or 𝜌 = 𝜌0.005 )
𝑎 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑 − where; 𝑎=
2 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏
2. Find the excess moment, set 𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑛 from step 1.
𝑀𝑢
𝑀1 = − 𝑀2
𝜙
𝐴𝑠 from step 1 is now defined as 𝐴𝑠2 .
3. Assume 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦 . Then
𝑀1
𝐴′𝑠 =
𝑓 𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Design of Rectangular Section:
Design Procedure:
4. Add an additional amount of tensile steel 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴′𝑠 . Thus, the total tensile
steel area 𝐴𝑠 is
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
5. Analyze the beam. If (𝑎/𝑑 ′ )lim > (𝑎/𝑑 ′ )act , then 𝑓𝑠′ < 𝑓 𝑦 and the
compression steel area must be increased.
6. Revise the compression area using
′ ′ 𝑓𝑦
𝐴s,revised = 𝐴s,trial
𝑓𝑠′
where,
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓𝑠′ = 600
𝑐
Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Maximum Reinforcement Ratio, 𝜌¯ max
𝐴′ 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡

𝐴𝑠 0.003
= 𝑠 + · ·
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.003 + 𝜀𝑡
Let,
𝐴𝑠
𝜌¯ = ; tension steel reinforcement ratio for doubly-reinforced
𝑏𝑑
rectangular beam
𝐴′
𝜌′ = 𝑠 ; compression steel reinforcement ratio
𝑏𝑑
1 For 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑦 , 𝑓 𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦
Then,
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐶𝑐
0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡

𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝜌¯ = 𝜌′ + · ·
0.003
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.003 + 𝜀𝑡
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
0.003𝑑𝑡 From ACI 10.3.5, for maximum ratio, 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.004
𝑐=
0.003 + 𝜀𝑡 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡

0.003
𝜌max = · ·
0.003𝑑𝑡 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.003 + (0.004)
𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑏𝛽1
0.003 + 𝜀𝑡
Therefore,
divide both sides by, 𝑏𝑑 𝑓 𝑦
𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑏𝛽1 𝑑𝑡

𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 0.003
= + · ·
0.003 + 𝜀𝑡
𝜌¯max = 𝜌′ + 𝜌max
𝑏𝑑 𝑓 𝑦 𝑏𝑑 𝑓 𝑦 𝑏 𝑓𝑦 𝑑

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Maximum Reinforcement Ratio, 𝜌¯ max
Let,
𝐴𝑠
𝜌¯ = ; tension steel reinforcement ratio for doubly-reinforced
2 For 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑦 , 𝑓 𝑠′ ≠ 𝑓 𝑦 𝑏𝑑
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐶𝑐 rectangular beam
𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑠′ + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝐴′𝑠

𝜌′ = ; compression steel reinforcement ratio
𝑓 𝑠′ = 𝜀𝑠′ 𝐸𝑠
𝑏𝑑
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 Then,
𝑓′ 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡

0.003𝑑𝑡 0.003
𝑐= 𝜌¯ = 𝜌′ 𝑠 + · ·
0.003 + 𝜀𝑡 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.003 + 𝜀𝑡

0.003𝑑𝑡 From ACI 10.3.5, for maximum ratio, 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.004
𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑠′ + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑏𝛽1
0.003 + 𝜀𝑡
0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡

0.003
divide both sides by, 𝑏𝑑 𝑓 𝑦 𝜌max = · ·
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.003 + (0.004)
𝐴′ 𝑓 ′ 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑏𝛽1 𝑑𝑡

𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 0.003 Therefore,
= 𝑠 𝑠 + · ·
𝑏𝑑 𝑓 𝑦 𝑏𝑑 𝑓 𝑦 𝑏 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.003 + 𝜀𝑡
𝐴′ 𝑓 ′ 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡

𝐴𝑠 0.003
= 𝑠 𝑠 + · ·
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑓 𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.003 + 𝜀𝑡
𝑓′
𝜌¯max = 𝜌′ 𝑠 + 𝜌max
𝑓𝑦

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Example
1. Compute the design moment strength of the beam shown below if 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 MPa
and 𝑓 𝑦 = 420 MPa, Check the maximum permissible 𝐴𝑠 to ensure ductile failure.

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Solution:
The nominal moment strength is,

Given:
assume, 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦 , then,
𝑓 𝑐′ = 21 MPa
𝑎
𝑓 𝑦 = 420 MPa 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) + ( 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 ) 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑 −
2
𝑑 ′ = 70 mm
( 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 ) 𝑓 𝑦 (4, 024 − 774)420
𝑑 = 700 mm 𝑎= =
0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85(21) (400)
𝑏 = 400 mm
𝑎 = 191.176 mm
𝐴′𝑠 = 2 × 387 = 774 mm2 𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 = 224.91 mm
𝐴𝑠 = 4 × 1, 006 = 4, 024 mm2 Verify assumptions:

Required: 𝑑−𝑐
𝜀𝑠 = 0.003 = 0.00634
𝑐
1 Design moment strength, 𝜙𝑀𝑛
𝑐−𝑑 ′
2 Check 𝐴𝑠 (max) within limit, i.e., 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.004
𝜀𝑠′ = 0.003 = 0.00207
𝑐
𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑦 = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
The maximum tension steel reinforcement ratio is when,
Since, 𝜀𝑠 ≥ 𝜀 𝑦 and 𝜀𝑠′ ≥ 𝜀 𝑦 , thus 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦 . 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.004 to maintain ductile behavior.
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 𝜌¯max = 𝜌′ + 𝜌max
𝑀𝑛1 = (774) (420) (700 − 70) = 204.8 kN · m where,
0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = ( 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 ) 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑 −

0.003
2 𝜌max = · ·
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.003 + (0.004)
191.176
𝑀𝑛2 = (4, 024 − 774) (420) 700 − = 825.02 kN · m 0.85(21) (0.85) 0.003
2 𝜌max = ·
420 0.003 + (0.004)
The nominal moment strength is, 𝜌max = 0.015
𝑀𝑛 = 204.8 kN · m + 825.02 kN · m and,
𝑀𝑛 = 1, 029.82 kN · m 𝐴′𝑠 774

𝜌′ = = = 0.00276
𝑏𝑑 (400) (700)
Determine the strength reduction factor, 𝜙
The maximum tension steel reinforcement ratio for
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑠 = 0.00634 doubly-reinforced rectangular beam is,
The section is tension-controlled, therefore,

𝜌¯max = 0.00276 + 0.015
𝜙 = 0.90 𝜌¯max = 0.018
The design moment capacity of the section is, The total tension reinforcement ratio 𝜌 is
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 × 1, 029.82 kN · m 𝐴𝑠 4, 024

𝜌= = = 0.014
𝑏𝑑 (400) (700)
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 926.84 kN · m
Since, 𝜌 = 0.014 < 𝜌¯max = 0.018, then ductile behavior is
ensured.

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
The minimum tension steel reinforcement ratio is,
√
0.25 𝑓 𝑐′
√︁
0.25 21 1.4 1.4
𝜌min = = = 0.00273 and not less than, = = 0.0033
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑓𝑦 420
Thus, the minimum tension steel reinforcement ratio is,
𝜌min = 0.0033
𝜌 = 0.014 > 𝜌min = 0.0033 Okay.

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Example
2. Compute the design moment strength of the beam shown below. If 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 MPa
and 𝑓 𝑦 = 420 MPa. Check the maximum permissible 𝐴𝑠 to ensure ductile failure?

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Solution:
The nominal moment strength is,

Given:
assume, 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦 , then,
𝑓 𝑐′ = 21 MPa
𝑎
𝑓 𝑦 = 420 MPa 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) + ( 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 ) 𝑓 𝑦 𝑑 −
2
𝑑 ′ = 70 mm ( 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 ) 𝑓 𝑦 (4, 095 − 1, 290)420
𝑑 = 500 mm 𝑎= =
0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85(21) (200)
𝑏𝑤 = 200 mm 𝑎 = 330 mm
𝐴′𝑠 = 2 × 645 = 1, 290 mm2 𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 = 388.235 mm
𝐴𝑠 = 5 × 819 = 4, 095 mm2 Verify assumptions:

Required: 𝑑−𝑐
𝜀𝑠 = 0.003 = 0.00086
𝑐
1 Design moment strength, 𝜙𝑀𝑛 ′
𝑐 − 𝑑
𝜀𝑠′ = 0.003 = 0.00246
2 Check 𝐴𝑠 (max) within limit, i.e., 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.004 𝑐
𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑦 = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠
Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Since, 𝜀𝑠 < 𝜀 𝑦 and 𝜀𝑠′ > 𝜀 𝑦 , thus 𝑓 𝑠 ≠ 𝑓 𝑦 and 𝑓 𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦 . Consider where,
internal (horizontal) forces.
∑︁ 𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) = (1, 290) (420) (500 − 70)
𝐹𝐻 = 0 𝑀𝑛1 = 232.97 kN · m
𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 2

264.763
where, 𝑀𝑛2 = 0.85(21) (264.763) (200) 500 −
2

𝑑−𝑐 𝑀𝑛2 = 347.47 kN · m
𝑓 𝑠 = 𝜀 𝑠 𝐸𝑠 ; 𝜀𝑠 = 0.003
𝑐
The nominal moment capacity is,
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝑀𝑛 = 232.97 kN · m + 347.47 kN · m
substitute values and solve for 𝑐 ,
𝑀𝑛 = 580.45 kN · m
𝑐 = 311.486 mm; 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 264.763 mm
Determine the strength reduction factor. Since,
Calculate reinforcements strains.
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑠 = 0.00182 < 𝜀 𝑦 = 0.0021

𝑑−𝑐 500 − 311.486
𝜀𝑠 = 0.003 = 0.003 The section is compression-controlled, then
𝑐 311.48
𝜀𝑠 = 0.00182 < 𝜀 𝑦 ; 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐸𝑠 = 364 MPa 𝜙 = 0.65
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.65 × 580.45 kN · m
𝑐 − 𝑑′

311.486 − 70
𝜀𝑠′ = 0.003 = 0.003 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 377.29 kN · m
𝑐 311.486
𝜀𝑠′ = 0.00233 > 𝜀 𝑦 ; 𝑓 𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦
The maximum tension steel reinforcement ratio is obtained
The nominal moment capacity of the section is,
when 𝜀𝑡 = 0.004 to maintain ductile behavior.
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2 𝜌¯max = 𝜌′ + 𝜌max

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
where,
𝐴′𝑠 1, 290
𝜌′ = =
𝑏𝑑 (200) (500)
𝜌′ = 0.013
0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝛽1

0.003
𝜌max =
𝑓𝑦 0.003 + 𝜀𝑡 = 0.004
𝜌max = 0.015
The maximum tension reinforcement ratio for doubly-reinforcement rectangular beam is,
𝜌¯max = 0.013 + 0.015
𝜌¯max = 0.028
and the total tension steel reinforcement ratio is,
𝐴𝑠 4, 095
𝜌= =
𝑏𝑑 (200) (500)
𝜌 = 0.041 > 𝜌¯max = 0.028
Or,

𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 500 − 311.486
𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.00182 < 0.004
𝑐 311.486
The section exceeds the maximum tension steel reinforcement ratio. To comply the requirement of ACI 10.3.5, increase the amount of 𝜌′ .

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Example
3. A rectangular beam that must carry a service dead load of 35 kN/m and a
calculated live load of 15 kN/m on a 5.5m simple span is limited in cross section
for architectural reasons to 250mm width and 500mm total depth. If 𝑓𝑐′ = 25 MPa
and 𝑓 𝑦 = 420 MPa, what steel area(s) must be provided?

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑤𝐷 + 1.6𝑤𝐿
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2(35 + 2.95) + 1.6(15)
𝑤𝑢 = 69.54 kN/m
then,
69.54(5.5) 2
𝑀𝑢 = = 262.95 kN · m
8
Given: c) Calculate the maximum design moment strength that can be

achieved by singly reinforced section. Set 𝜌 = 𝜌0.005 so that
1 𝑓 𝑐′ = 25 MPa 5 ℎ = 500 mm 𝜙 = 0.90.
0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡

0.003
2 𝑓 𝑦 = 420 MPa 𝜌= · ·
6 𝑤dead = 35 kN/m 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.003 + 𝜀𝑡 = 0.005
3 𝐿 = 5.5 m
𝜌 = 0.0161
4 𝑏 = 200 mm 7 𝑤live = 15 kN/m
from,

Required: 𝜌 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑓 𝑦 𝑏𝑑 2 1 − ′
Steel areas, 𝐴𝑠 and 𝐴′𝑠 1.7 𝑓 𝑐
Solution: assume, 𝑑 = 437.5 mm

a) Calculate the weight of the beam (0.0161) (420)
𝑀𝑛 = (0.0161) (420) (200) (437.5) 2 1 −
𝑤beam = 𝐴beam × 𝛾conc 1.7(25)
𝑤beam = (0.25 m) (0.5 m) (23. kN/m3 ) 𝑀𝑛 = 272.463 kN · m

𝑤beam = 2.95 kN/m 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 245.23 kN · m < 𝑀𝑢 = 262.95 kN · m
b) Determine the required moment, 𝑀𝑢 Since, 𝜙𝑀𝑛 < 𝑀𝑢 , therefore compression reinforcements
are necessary.
𝑤𝑢 𝐿 2
𝑀𝑢 =
8
Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
The total tension steel area,
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴′𝑠 = 125.09 mm2
𝐴𝑠2 = 1, 763.92 mm2
𝐴𝑠 = 1, 889.01 mm2
Let, Select bars:
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌bd Try 16 mm𝜙 for compression reinforcement.
𝐴𝑠2 = 0.0161(250) (437.5) 𝐴′𝑠 125.09
No. of bars = =
𝐴𝑠2 = 1, 763.92 mm2 𝐴16 mm𝜙 𝜋 (16) 2
𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑛 = 272.43 kN · m 4
No. of bars = 0.622 pc, say 2 pcs 16 mm𝜙
Calculate the excess moment, 𝑀1 ,
Try 20 mm𝜙 for tension reinforcement.
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀1 + 𝜙𝑀2
𝐴𝑠 1, 889.01
𝑀𝑢 22.95 No. of bars = =
𝑀1 = − 𝑀2 = − 272.463 𝐴20 mm𝜙 𝜋 (20) 2
𝜙 0.9
4
𝑀1 = 19.702 kN · m
No. of bars = 6.013 pc, say 6 pcs 20 mm𝜙
Assume, 𝑓 𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦 , then
𝑀1 d) Verify the design moment strength of the section with the

𝐴′𝑠 = selected reinforcements.
𝑓 𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝐴′𝑠 = 2 pcs 16 mm𝜙 = 402.12 mm2
19.702 × 106
𝐴′𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 = 6 pcs 20 mm𝜙 = 1, 884.96 mm2
420(437.5 − 62.5)
𝐴′𝑠 = 125.09 mm2

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Since, 𝜖𝑠 > 𝜖 𝑦 and 𝜖𝑠′ < 𝜖 𝑦 , then 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑦 and 𝑓 𝑠′ ≠ 𝑓 𝑦 . Consider
internal forces,
𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑠′ + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏
𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 ( 𝜖𝑠′ 𝐸𝑠 ) + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ (𝛽1 𝑐) 𝑏
𝑐 − 𝑑′

𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 0.003 𝐸𝑠 + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ (𝛽1 𝑐) 𝑏
Where, 𝑐
𝑓 𝑐′ = 25 MPa 𝑑𝑡 = 440 mm Substitute values and solve for 𝑐 ,
𝑓 𝑦 = 420 MPa 𝐴𝑠 = 1, 885.96 mm2 𝑐 = 144.13 mm, then, 𝑎 = 122.51 mm
𝑏 = 250 mm 𝐴′𝑠 = 402.124 mm2 Check steel strains,
𝑑 ′ = 60 mm

𝑑 = 417.5 mm 𝑑−𝑐
𝜖𝑠 = 0.003 = 0.00569
𝑐
Assume, 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦
𝑐−𝑑 ′
( 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 ) 𝑓 𝑦 (1885.96 − 402.12) (420) 𝜖𝑠′ = 0.003 = 0.00175
𝑎= = 𝑐
0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85(25) (250)
The nominal strength is,
𝑎 = 117.231 mm; 𝑐 = 𝑎/𝛽1 = 137.92 mm
Verify assumptions;
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝑑−𝑐 𝑀𝑛1 = (405.124) (0.00175) (200, 000) (417.5 − 60)
𝜖𝑠 = 0.003 = 0.00608
𝑐
𝑀𝑛1 = 50.35 kN · m

𝑐−𝑑 ′
𝜖𝑠′ = 0.003 = 0.00169
𝑐
Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Try this section.
𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
2

122.51
𝑀𝑛2 = 0.85(25) (122.51) (250) 417.5 −
2
𝑀𝑛2 = 231.86 kN · m
𝑀𝑛 = 50.35 kN · m + 231.86 kN · m
𝑀𝑛 = 282.21 kN · m
where,
Determine the strength reduction factor, 𝜙
𝑓 𝑐′ = 25 MPa 𝑑𝑡 = 440 mm

𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝑓 𝑦 = 420 MPa 𝐴𝑠 = 1, 885.96 mm2
𝜖𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.00616
𝑐
𝑏 = 250 mm 𝐴′𝑠 = 942.478 mm2
The section is tension-controlled, therefore 𝑑 = 417.5 mm 𝑑 ′ = 60 mm
𝜙 = 0.90 Assume, 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑦 and 𝑓 𝑠′ ≠ 𝑓 𝑦
The design moment strength of the section is, 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑠′ + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏

𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 × 𝑀𝑛
𝑐 − 𝑑′

𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 × 282.209 kN · m 𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 0.003 𝐸𝑠 + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ (𝛽1 𝑐) 𝑏
𝑐
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 253.988 kN · m < 𝑀𝑢 = 262.95 kN · m Substitute values and solve for 𝑐 ,
Since 𝜙𝑀𝑛 < 𝑀𝑢 , REDESIGN the section!
𝑐 = 115.27 mm, and 𝑎 = 97.98 mm

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Since 𝜖𝑡 > 0.005, the section is compression-controlled. Then
the strength reduction factor is, 𝜙 = 0.90
Verify assumptions; 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 × 288.7 kN · m = 259.83 kN · m

𝜙𝑀𝑛 < 𝑀𝑢 = 262.95 kN · m
𝑑−𝑐
𝜖𝑠 = 0.003 = 0.007865 The section is inadequate!
𝑐
′ Try this section.
𝑐−𝑑
𝜖𝑠′ = 0.003 = 0.00144
𝑐
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝑀𝑛1 = (942.478) (0.00144) (200, 000) (417.5 − 60)
𝑀𝑛1 = 96.94 kN · m
𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
2
𝐴′𝑠 = 2 pcs 16 mm𝜙 = 402.12 mm2
97.98
𝑀𝑛2 = 0.85(25) (97.98) (250) (250) 417.5 − 𝐴𝑠 = 6 pcs 25 mm𝜙 = 2, 945.243 mm2
2
𝑀𝑛2 = 191.82 kN · m Verify if compression steel will yield, from
𝑓 ′ 𝑑′ 0.003
Then, 𝜌¯ 𝑐𝑦 = 0.85𝛽1 𝑐 + 𝜌′ = 0.02475
𝑓 𝑦 𝑑 0.003 − 𝜖 𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2 = 96.94 kN · m + 191.82 kN · m 𝐴𝑠 2, 945.243
𝑀𝑛 = 288.7 kN · m 𝜌𝑠 = = = 0.0286 > 𝜌¯ 𝑐𝑦
𝑏𝑑 (250) (412.5)
Determine the strength reduction factor, therefore, 𝑓 𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦

𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 440 − 115.27 Verify the design moment strength.
𝜖𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.00845
𝑐 115.27

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Consider internal forces,
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐶𝑐 Determine the strength reduction factor,

𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 𝜖𝑡 = 0.003
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
= 0.00255; 𝜖 𝑦 < 𝜖𝑡 < 0.005
𝑐
Substitute values and solve for 𝑐 ,
section is transition-zone,
𝑐 = 236.54 mm, then, 𝑎 = 201.06 mm
250
𝜙 = 0.65 + ( 𝜖𝑡 − 0.002) ×= 0.696
Check steel strains, 3
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.696 × 288.7 kN · m = 273.254 kN · m
𝑑−𝑐
𝜖𝑠 = 0.003 = 0.00223 > 𝜖 𝑦 𝜙𝑀𝑛 > 𝑀𝑢 = 262.95 kN · m
𝑐
′ The section is adequate!
𝑐−𝑑
𝜖𝑠′ = 0.003 = 0.00224 > 𝜖 𝑦 Check ACI 10.3.5 requirement. The maximum area of tension
𝑐
reinforcement for doubly-reinforced section.
The nominal strength is, 𝜌¯max = 𝜌′ + 𝜌max
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2 𝐴′𝑠 402.12
𝜌′ = = = 0.00390
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) = (402.12) (420) (412.5 − 60) 𝑏𝑑 (250) (412.5)
′
0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡 0.003
𝑀𝑛1 = 59.53 kN · m 𝜌max = · · = 0.01955
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.003 + 𝜖𝑡 = 0.004
𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − ) 𝜌¯max = 0.02345
2
𝐴𝑠 2, 945.243
201.06 𝜌s(actual) = = = 0.02856
𝑀𝑛2 = 0.85(25) (201.06) (250) 412.5 − 𝑏𝑑 (250) (412.5)
2
𝑀𝑛2 = 333.22 kN · m Since,
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2 𝜌s(actual) > 𝜌¯max , The section in non-ductile. REDESIGN!
𝑀𝑛 = 392.755 kN · m

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Try this section.
Check the steel strains.

𝑑−𝑐
𝜖𝑠 = 0.003 = 0.003563 > 𝜖 𝑦 ; 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑦
𝑐

𝑐 − 𝑑 ′
𝜖𝑠′ = 0.003 = 0.002045 < 𝜖 𝑦 ; 𝑓 𝑠′ = 𝜖𝑠′ 𝐸𝑠
𝑐
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑠′ (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) = (942.48) (409.077) (412.5 − 60)
𝑀𝑛1 = 135.905 kN · m
𝐴′𝑠 = 3 pcs 20 mm𝜙 = 942.48 mm2 𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − )
𝐴𝑠 = 6 pcs 25 mm𝜙 = 2, 945.243 mm2 2

160.27
Verify if compression steel will yield, from 𝑀𝑛2 = 0.85(25) (160.27) (250) 412.5 −
2
𝑓 ′ 𝑑′ 0.003 𝑀𝑛2 = 282.99 kN · m
𝜌¯ 𝑐𝑦 = 0.85𝛽1 𝑐 + 𝜌′ = 0.02869
𝑓 𝑦 𝑑 0.003 − 𝜖 𝑦 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
𝐴𝑠 2, 945.243 𝑀𝑛 = 418.897 kN · m
𝜌𝑠 = = = 0.0286 ≦ 𝜌¯ 𝑐𝑦
𝑏𝑑 (250) (412.5) Determine the strength reduction factor,
therefore, 𝑓 𝑠′ ≠ 𝑓 𝑦

𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜖𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.00396; 𝜖 𝑦 < 𝜖𝑡 < 0.005
𝑐
Verify the design moment strength.
section is transition-zone,
250

𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝜙 = 0.65 + ( 𝜖𝑡 − 0.002) × = 0.813
𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 0.003 𝐸𝑠 + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ (𝛽1 𝑐) 𝑏 3
𝑐 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.813 × 418.897 kN · m = 340.729 kN · m
Substitute values and solve for 𝑐 , 𝜙𝑀𝑛 > 𝑀𝑢 = 262.95 kN · m
The section is adequate!
𝑐 = 188.56 mm, and 𝑎 = 160.27 mm
Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
Try this section.
Assignment:
Check the adequacy of the section
Check ACI 10.3.5 requirement. The maximum area of tension

reinforcement for doubly-reinforced section.
𝐴′𝑠 942.478
𝜌′ = = = 0.00914
𝑏𝑑 (250) (412.5)
0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝛽1 𝑑𝑡 0.003
𝜌max = · · = 0.01955
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.003 + 𝜖𝑡 = 0.004
𝜌¯max = 0.02869
𝐴𝑠 2, 945.243
𝜌s(actual) = = = 0.02856
𝑏𝑑 (250) (412.5)
Since,
𝜌s(actual) < 𝜌¯max , The section in ductile. OKAY!

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL
END OF PRESENTATION

Reinforced
DAVAOConcrete
ORIENTAL

DesignOfDoublyReinforcedBeams CE153

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Reinforced Concrete Design

Institute of Computing and Engineering

Fel ix V. Ga r d e, J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Cross section of doubly reinforced rectangular beam.

Two cases where compression reinforcement is frequently used:

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement:

Effect of compression reinforcement on deflections under sustained loading.

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement:

Effect of compression reinforcement on strength and ductility of under-reinforced beams.

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Moment–curvature diagram for beams, with and without compression reinforcement.

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Steps in analysis of 𝑀𝑛 in doubly reinforced rectangular sections.

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Behavior or state of stress on tension and compression reinforcements.

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Case I: Tension and compression steel both at yield stress ( 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓 𝑦 ).

Steps in analysis of 𝑀𝑛 in doubly reinforced rectangular sections.

The total nominal moment strength, 𝑀𝑛 can be thought as,

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Steps in analysis of 𝑀𝑛 in doubly reinforced rectangular sections.

Steps in analysis of 𝑀𝑛 in doubly reinforced rectangular sections.

Then nominal moment capacity, 𝑀𝑛 of the section under Case I is,

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Steps in analysis of 𝑀𝑛 in doubly reinforced rectangular sections.

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Doubly reinforced rectangular section.

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Doubly reinforced rectangular section.

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Doubly reinforced rectangular section.

Then nominal moment capacity, 𝑀𝑛 of the section under Case II is,

Doubly reinforced rectangular section.

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Doubly reinforced rectangular section.

𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Doubly reinforced rectangular section.

1 If 𝜀 𝑡 ≥ 0.005, the section is tension-controlled, and 𝜙 = 0.90

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 0.85 𝑓 𝑐′ 𝑏𝛽1 𝑑𝑡

Fel ix V. Ga r d e, J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

𝐴𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓 𝑠′ + 0.85 𝑓 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝐴′𝑠

Fel ix V. Ga r d e, J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

The nominal moment strength is,

Fel ix V. Ga r d e, J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

𝑀𝑛 = 204.8 kN · m + 825.02 kN · m and,

𝑀𝑛 = 1, 029.82 kN · m 𝐴′𝑠 774

The section is tension-controlled, therefore,

𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 × 1, 029.82 kN · m 𝐴𝑠 4, 024

Fel ix V. Ga r d e, J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Thus, the minimum tension steel reinforcement ratio is,

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

The nominal moment strength is,

Fel ix V. Ga r d e, J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Fel ix V. Ga r d e , J r . (Institute of Computing and Engineering

Given: c) Calculate the maximum design moment strength that can be