The Coordination Commi Doted 25.4.2016 has given Seat by GR No. Abhyas - 2116({Pra.Kra.43/16) SD -4 04.05.2020 and it has ‘0 prescribe this proctical notebook in its meeting held on ‘een decided to implement it from avodemic year 2020-21 Standard XII Practical Notebook Name of the Student : Muralidhay Suresh Acharya Name of the Junior College: B.S English Tuntoy Class: 2°" eesDivision. aclence Rolling eeeel menses H.S.C. board examination seat no. : Audio-Visual study material about practical can be obtained through DIKSHA APP on your smartphone by using Q.R.Code given alongside. Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune(DEX LIST OF PHYSICS PRACTICALS SR. NO. NAME OF EXPERIMENTS PAGE NO. | DATE. |GN 1, | SPRING MASS OSCILLATOR 4 sslhoaa| ain | 2. |SURFACE TENSION 7 3. | NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING 23 RolVaa) py velar 4. |SONOMETER I LAW OF LENGTH 35 Wri Tog 5. |SONOMETER II LAW OF TENSION 43 UU cE E 50 ‘ 6. RESONANCE TUBE tiated Bev | »7._ |CURRENT SENSITIVITY 39 Vey 123 +g, _ |LAWS OF RESISTANCES USING 66 23123 "| METER BRIDGE 9, _ |RESISTANCE OF GALVANOMETER BY 1 * | KELVIN'S METHOD 10. |E,/E, USING POTENTIONMETER 76 1. | INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF CELL 84 12. |u, /n, BY SUSPENSION METHOD 88 13, | CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DIODE 94 pastas Ns 14. | STUDY OF LOGIC GATES 102 SIs lag oS 15. | CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSISTOR 108 LIST OF ACTIVITIES aan 1, _ | EFFECT OF DETERGENT ON SURFACE us | aerate, ~ | TENSION Fr 2. _ |SECONDS PENDULUM 120 | a6 Fara: \\ 3. |MELDE'S EXPERIMENT 122 4, | FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF 124 ee Ta “|LOSS OF HEAT OF LIQUID 5, | DIFFRACTION 128 6. | HOUSEHOLD CIRCUIT 130 Watqura i 7. _ |VARIATION OF POTENTIAL DROP 132 u 8. | USE OF MULTIMETER 134 9,__|LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR 137 jaxtntaa|_gecfoy QUESTIONS SLIPS FOR PRACTICAL EXAMINATION - 151 @D~ éAlm : a) To determine the force constant (k) of the given spring- b) To determine the mass of the spring. Apparatus : Light spiral spring with clamping arrangement and attached hanjjer, weight box, stop watch . pointer, meter scale, Diagram : Rigid support Metre scale Weights Formula: 1) F=-ke 2) Potention energy (P.E) Where, F - is restoring force. X- is extension of the spring. k - is force constant of the spring. Theory: The period (T) of S.H.M. about the position of equilibrium 2p? P leek “{m -=| rn 3 differentiating above equation, we get T=0, 2p? c 16n°R “{u rn x(xintercept) ni A= intercept <-m, =3x(xintercept)R= Radius of spring N = No.of tums in the spring f+ Radius of the wire used for spring n+ Rigidity of the material of the spring T = __ Time period of oscillation Ref Advanced Practical Physies for students by B, L. Warsnop & Flint Procedure : PART - A To find force constant (K) & (P.I 1) Weigh the hanger and determine the mass of the hanger (m,). ) ac on the given spiral spring to a rigid support and attach the hanger with pointer at its lower end 3) Add a suitable mass to the hanger so that the spring is stretched to about triple of the unstretched length. ic cach turn of the spring will be free from cach other. 4) Note down total mass attached to the spring (M) and also note down the reading (S,) mean position on the scale according to position of the pointer. 5) Add one slotted weight of 50g in the hanger and note the position of the pointer say S. Repeat the procedure twice by adding weights in steps of 50g. (m is more than M.) 6) Remove weights from the hanger and bring the pointer to its mean position S,, Take three readings by reducing weights in steps of 50g. (m less than M) 7) Determine the extension (S, -S)= x in each case. 8) Plot the graph of F against x and determine slope of the graph. Slope of the graph is force constant (k) 1) 9) Calculate the potential energy ( ge ) for cach value of extension x and plot the graph of potential energy against extension x. PART - B To find mass of the spring m, 1) Put suitable weights in the hanger and determine the time to complete 20 oscillations by using stop watch. Repeat this step two times, hence calculate mean time (t) for 20 oscillations. 2) Calculate the periodic time (T). 3) Note down the next four observations by changing the mass in steps of 50g. Find the time for 20 oscillations in each case. Where, total mass M_ (mass of the hanger + mass kept in the hanger). 3) Determine mean time (t) in each case. Calculate periodic time (T) for each mass. 4) Plot the graph of T? against M and hence find the mass of the spring m, Observations : PART-A_ To determine force constant (k) and Potential Energy (P.1 1. Mass of the hanger (m,) = .89.. g 2. Mass attached to the hanger = m, = .!6.9. g, so that spring gets stretched to about triple of its unstretched length. Therefore total mass attached M = (m, + m,)= 289 g, 3. Position of the pointer when the spring is stretched to about triple of the unstretched length S, 29.8. om _f~To determine me constant (k) of the spring: Observations : PART -B To determine the mass of spring (m,)? + Mass of the hanger (m,) A Least count of the stop watch = 1 50 ' A 0.38 ota | 2 100 io ie 0:55 | 0.3035 | 3 180 ik 19.3 0.685 omar | 4 200 15. | 6 1s 0.75 0.5625 | is T nee Nee u 16.6 | 083 0.6 tka Calculations: 1) force constant K of the spring = slope of graph of F against extansion X gwvem. dyne/em, 1.635 66.x104 dyne sem, 2) potential energy = — a bor) C7744) = OHS. 4G wv > L667) (99.64) = 2308 3 ey ie Ue. ote) Gy) 2 Ds a2 2 ps 667) CIV.NA) = 40,76 ae DL We.61) (H2.2$) 2 392.15 2 DL 667) (84-64) 2 70.47 2 -_BD-Graphs: Agraph of F against x: A graph of P.E. against x: F(gwt) PE.=LKx? 2 a k=1 slope I, Agraph of T? against M: Ts AYP xintercept = Result : 1. Force constant of the given spring (k) 2. Mass of the given spring (m,) from thé Graph of Tagainst M=..82...9 3. The graph shows that potential energy of oscillator changes with distance x from equilibrium. The nature of graph is parabolic. Precautions : 1. Record the mean position of the pointer carefully. 2. Oscillations of the spring mass oscillator should be in a vertical plane. 3. The pointer should move freely over the scale such that it should not touch the scale. 4. Spiral spring should not be stretched beyond the elastic limit. _D~1. Wa are damped oscillations? S SSC 8H ANS iA whieh..te..anplitud.e. BFADMANY. ia Abe... nassagte..0F BANE. ATE, OE cuamats . oo decreased... fatted. 2 Define linear §, HM? NOON. SoH. de Fingd..as. the. Jingor..periodic. Mo4io.n ..of B..bOdd IN Which. she, Cpr. acceleration) AS. ALW ONS, Alxecisd, tow Mag oliude..is.., 3._ What are forced oscillations? ro. 4 TNe...bods...execU4i.g.. Mb YOtiO.,...MUALAIAL vib cades....nith 148 NMAUNAL. Frequency and..duc...te..dbe. pyesent F.extcer.agh. periodic...foxce..,.the...bods...larex..vibxares...wid,..ttre . Prequencs....0f. Ant. Opmlied...peviodic.... Loree... $u.ch....uibrations xt... KNOWN..O9..Forced...Wiby 4109.5, . seeeeee . 4, Define force constant. : The...Foxce...constant. iS oduced....pex CEOEA..o5. Ahe. reo tOXIAg.. Force, GNAHIS PACE .MeOhK oe Remark and sign of teacher :.........cooling curve. Apparatus : A thimble or calorimeter, constant temperature enclosure, a thermometer, stop clock, hot water bath etc, Newton's law of cooling : - The rate of fall of temperature (2) by a body is directly proportional to the difference of temperature (8 - 6,) of the body over the Surroundings, provided the difference is small. Diagram = << Thermometer Stirrer Water Calorimeter Doubled walled ZY <— container Theory: The rate at which a hot body loses heat is directly proportional to the difference between the temperature of the hot body and that of its surroundings and depends on the nature of material and the surface area of the body. This is newton’s low of Colling do Rate ofloss ofheat = =K (0-04) it Where, K = is the constant of proportionality K ms atso, 2 = ms 40 a a do a — =-kK (0-6, a dt eee cee dt —~- Formula : do = =-x@-9, dt ee————_———__—_—_— th . tive fig indi q yrimeter negat iCates, K'= k/ms is another constant itis water equivalent of te Calo ‘ I tenth ss of heat implies temperature decrease. procedure t experiment without wooden box- + Heat the water in water bath, Leer : / ature) by using thermome 2. Note down the temperature of the surrounding (#00™ paar upto 2 * of its cg : 3. Fill the thimble or calorimeter with hot water about x aa ° Insert thermometer such that its bulb is well inside ve ipove the room temperature, 4. Note the initial temperature which is about 75° to 80 5. start the stop watch. 6. Note the temperature after every minutes. Is about 40°C. 7. Take required numberof readings til emperatare of water flls Hatt TT uve ty 8. Plot the graph of temperature (0,C) against time (¢) in minutes- 4 the points, . 9. Plot the graph of o against temperature @.Hence determine the room temperature, it the surroundi 10. Plot a graph of rate of cooling against excess temperature above the 9 Hea verify Newton’s law of cooling. Observations : 1. Least count of stop watch = 2. Least count of thermome| unding (0,) = Observation Table (1) : Ob. | Timeinmin | Temperature of | Ob. =o Temperature of No. water °C No. 1 | o 80 16 18 2 | 1 77 17 1s 3 2 | 9s wba 4 3 | 73 Ls | ig 5 4 7 20 19 6 s 21 | 6 |X x0 6% [22 8 | 1 B67 |23 9 g oe 66 [24 fio | a 665 [25 u 10 bE 64 [26 | 12 “" | eS 63 (27 se 13 Ps | bh 69 [28 i “| B | 61 [29 1 | 4 eo [30 |Graph of Temperature vs. Time. Graph I 1&1 Scale X= — Scale X= Y= Ye Graph of (d0/ dt) versus(0-0,) Observation Table From cooling carve (II) :0, = ~2%---- (Room temp.) 0 a Obs.No. Temp 0°C rae (0-0,)Result ; 7 . a surve. It is known as ny . The nature of the graph of temperature against time is a ¢' Won cooling curve, i a wi less steep as the tempe This cooling curve will be steep at first, after it will become Peraty, “PProaches to temperature of the surrounding 5 jh origin Ne . As the graph of a against ((0 - 0,) is straight line, Passing throug! igin Newton: Slay 7 0 Of cooling is verified, 4. Room temperature by graph 0, = -2%"C Precaut i) Make sure that the bulb of thermometer is well inside the water. due to condueti 11) The enclosure should have proper insulation io avoid Toss of Heat due 10 conducong convection from hot water. ‘ iit) The water in the calorimeter should be gently stirred continually. Questior , oa 1. Certain quantity of water cools form 70°C to 60°C in the first 5 a aoe 54°C in the next min. Then what well be the temperature of the surrounding (Ans. 45°C). : eee Le ceseneeneeh i 2. You take an ice-cream out of the freezer, ketp at - 18°C. outside it is 32°C After one minute, the ice creeam has warmed to - 8°C what is the temperature of the icecream ofter five minutes? (Ans, = 15.6°C). | THB pasa, Bs -soe eae Ato OT 32) ‘a Ten ear Bch b yb One 3. State Newton's law of cooling. write its expresion in the form of specific heat. The. wot... OF FON of pte pe naar. AD SIGAT BY g pad¥. i. cue Aivectly.... P10 pOtsio. Nal, Fh evenke. ob tem pevoture 492. O0)...08...4N2....bod. SO7X9UN ING... provded....Ahe.. AM Le RM... SMa Remark and sign of teacher = Rigs Brelesr :a ee ee eeTo study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under constant tension using sonometer, Al Apparatus : Sonometer, slotted weights with hanger, set of tuning forks, rubber pad, light paper rider, meter scale, Wooden box with holes H-H — 1 Slotied weights on hanger. —> (a) sonometer (N:Node, A:Antinode) (b) vibrating wire Theory: Law of Length: The frequency of stationary transverse vibrations of a stretched string is inversely proportional to its vibrating length when the tension and mass per unit length of the wire are kept constant. Thus nat s.né= constant when T and m are constant. t Formula: Where , n frequency of vibration of the wire. T tension applied to the wire. m mass per unit length of the wire t vibrating length of the wire. Procedure : 1. Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure that it has minimum friction, Stretch the wire by placing a suitable load on the hanger. 2. Add suitable mass to the hanger to the sonometer wire. Keep it constant throughout the experiment. 3. Place a light paper rider on the wire midway between knife edges. 4, Take a tuning fork of highest frequency, strike it on the rubber pad and set into vibrations. 5. Put the stem of vibrating tuning fork gently on the sonometer box. _B-ee & Sloxty, change the distance berween two knife edges ond adjust portculr g m ‘Senthem so that paper rider falls off. —_ orth 7. Measure the distance between two knife edges which is the vibrating length of the wir 7, vibrating length (€ One More reading with the same tuning fork ond find mean vib ae N * Repeat the procedure with different tuning forks with decreasing OF CY. Not Corresponding length of vibrating wire. 9 Calculate “ne” for _ ‘ach tunning fork. a 10, Plot o graph of reciprocal of vibrating length —- on (Y-axis) against frequency n on x te 11. Determine unknown frequency from the graph and calculations. 12. Calculate linear density of the wire using mean né. Tension applied to the wire T aia Observations: Mess of the banger Mi ee 2099... ‘To measure vibrating length: : Sia 10.6 | 19.8 | 90995 | sena.g om 4BO a6 12.8) 29.79 [00784] G20 ° but ns | - 14.9 0.0680) $0129 : AES 184) 1865 [0.0936 garta ane Late t ates aa | | [eaawes $500.37 To find né wens (270426) 2oer | 9.5397 | aHsas Log f= 10236 | 11065 [yet | ares o-b=e 374266) 43867 4ac00) 49908, Antilog ¢ = nf 2528 120 Mean (nf) = 55.0.4. 37 Umknown frequency n'== Hz $012.7 | 6394.2 | (aL)mean _ (ei)meor _aD~ HHzGraph + A graph of 1/2 angainst n Result : 1, n€ = 85.98..32.. = constant, when T and m are kept constant, Hence law of length is verified. 2. The graph of reciprocal of vibrating length against frequency of vibrations of wire is straight line. Hence no 1 £ . Unknown frequency of tuning fork by calculation n'= $40.98. Hz . Hz © paper rider mid — way between knife edges. . Paper rider should be light and dry. |. Strike tuning fork on the rubber pad gently. . Place the stem of the vibrating tuning fork gently on the sonometer box. . Measure the distances between the knife-edges accurately. 1. State the law of length of vibrating string. Statement... The. Cundamensal,..£requencr. odo. the...seeonating....\ength..Cl). og. 2. 3, 4, 5. oPLo.poxkle nat mee ct ‘mode of vibration? Ok... wibby otOn...0F....s15400...aN. high... Prequenct.of AB. MOLMOW.M...19.. Called... fundamental. mede...of3._ What is resonance? PSC Mado. of. ably ect. stb... MAKHOLM-y I RREDOT. OF. Abe. appli. edo MALE: eiysel suing, SFA bj eet Bo coma@litude..y tie. 4. What is forced vibrations? HSKACT OAL. end, enh Aatee. AHO Forced. i he. -8.8....0 5. Explain why holes are kept on one side of sonometer box? Tbs... boled....n... dhe... seno.meden. hax. pxoui.de ds...Aim: To study the relation between the y length of a given wire and tension for constant frequency. Apparatus : Sonome! neler, slotted weights with hanger, a turning fork of known frequency, rubber pad, light paper rider, meter scale. Wooden box with holes Hl] ——7 Slotted weights ‘on hanger. —> (N:Node, A:Antinode) (a) sonometer (b) vibrating wire Formula: 1 jr n= 20m n om frequency of vibrations of the wire. = tension applied to the wire, m = __ mass per unit length of the wire t = vibrating length of the wire T - 4n-ém i.e. Ta €? when nand m are kept constant Theory: The frequency of statinary transverse vibrations of a stretched string is directly proportional to the square root of the tension in the wire, when lengh of vibrating string and mass per unit length of the wire are kept constant. cmaF FE for verification ta JT or YT = constant é constant Procedure : 1. Apply a weight of about 0.5 kg (500 gm) including hanger to the sonometer. . Place a light paper rider on the wire midway between the knife edges. . Strike the given tuning fork on rubber pad gently and set it into vibrations. . Put the stem of vibrating tuning fork gently on the sonometer box. . Slowly change the distance between knife edges and adjust distance between them so that the paper rider falls off. VaRYeNa ;prating length of wire, 7 * Measure distance between two knife edges which i the Erarealea Tenth (e). “4 More reading for the same tension, Find the mean a ym applied to the wire. N, Repeat the same procedure with increasing tension by 500 8! % Corresponding vibrating length. g 9, Caleulate — in each case. Plot a graph of € against T - e Determine the unknown mass by calculation and graph 10. Determine the linear density by calculation. Observation : g=980cm/s? Frequency of tuning fork 9 ~~ Obs, |_Mass attached | Tension wire T=Mg yne including hange Mgm fem fom a 1 $00 hao ?| 10 1S 18 16.66 eELED 2 1000 apoxw? | 12-5 fb 14. [aes 11856 Sstuiy 3 1$00 invexww?| ye | 17:5) 16.75 | 28056 sagq.¢¢ 4 2000 ta40 a 205 | 19-75 | 390.06) sony.ay 60S [a 3__| Unknown ra 6,150 | Calculations : 3 _ S.A G16 74. 6.2923 | i 2. 6098 2.4 hh 2.44 80 2,541) | | pattie BOE | amas | 2.7ON | 1 Antilog ¢= i ; 4240. . 62 39,8T $023.53 we Hame32T 6g a | Graph : Agraph of F against T Scale Y xResult : 1, As = = constant, when n and m are kept constant. The law of tension is verified. 2. The graph of €? against T is straight line -. ‘Tae? Hence law of tension is verified. 3. Unknown mass by calculation =.5989 4. Unknown mass by graph » V2.1 Precautions : 1, Wire should be free form kinks and of uniform cross seation, 2, Keep the paper rider at the mid point of knife-edges. 3, The stem of tuning fork should rest on the sonometer box. 4, Strike the tuning fork on the rubber pad gently. 1. State the second law of vibrating string. ANON LIOR oes sssesssstesecseseessnrssesegsecensuisisssnsesesseessussassassnsesensaseeeecccua The...Fondamental, frequeacs..oF Axansueyse...vibyo4i0.0...0F..HO8.. SAredched. String. As. ding AY, POPOV ALON.AY.... 40. Ae. SALE... Boot Bf AR AR NET ON LTD. AN the Shrd.0g.. NE MORO, Pen sids....6.) OMA. MIBLAATOG... Lengthy OW) .of,.. Ae. SAYEN GOI Kept... canetont 2. Why do we kcep frequency con; n na ee Seen nstead of keeping vibrating length constant to verify second law of vibrating string? Ko NVBYOM ODM... SAXING...18...0. HOVE. BebODONLL... LOVSES....9. wibyat SAVLO,...$0...pTO.AUEE....0...50.00d...with....CONSOnd..Fue.Quency, 1.0.0, 60. 058004... pith. TE...Ahe.. Ne.ng th.....0Y.., Ag O8).90,...0F the. String.A9...correcdla...od jUSAtd..,..the...doun d.produce dis MUSTO OL. AOR... are formed when the wire vibrates in fundamental mode? d...one.ontinode....is...hormed....awhen.ane... Ao. dhe... Kuo domsnt a)....rode.. Two....nodes MITE, box Remark and sign of teacher6 EXPERIMENT NO. RESONANCE TUBE temperature fork using Resonance Tube ‘Nim () To determine the speed of soune! in air at room Gi) To Find out the unknown frequency ofa tuning Apparatus : A long plastic jar filled with water, resonance tube, set oF tuning forks, reton Stay ermomieter meter scale, vernier calliper, rubber pad, thermony Diagram ; Tuning fork Formula : (i) End correction e = 0.3d where d is the inner diameter of resonance tube Gi) -V=4 (nL) n= frequency of tuning fork = 4n (e+e) L = correct resonating length of air column. = 4n (€+0.3d) £= observed resonating length of air column Gi) Veax 1 (if graph is | against n) slope (iv) 7 {nt )oene (where L, is the correct resonating length for fork of unknown frequency) Procedure : 1, Measure the inner diameter of the resonance tube with the help of the upper jaws of vert calliper. Take three readings and hence calculate end correction of resonance tube. 2. Note down the room temperature using the given thermometer, 3. Hold the resonance tube vertically in the plastic jar filled with water with the help of ret | stand (as shown in the diagram).4, Immerse the resonance tube in the plastic jar filled with water as deep as possible so that the length of the air column is minimum. 5, Arrange the tuning forks in descending order of frequency. 6. Strike the tuning fork of highest frequency gently on the rubber pad and hold it near the mouth of the resonance tube, so that the prong of the tuning fork vibrate in vertical plane. 7. Raise the resonance tube slowly along with the fork till a loud sound is heard indicating that the air column is vibrating in resonance with the fork. Clamp the tube. 8. Measure the length of air column from the surface of the water level to the open end of the resonance tube using meter scale 9. Repeat the procedure and measure the length (€) three times for the same tuning fork and calculate mean length (£) j : 10. Set the next tuning fork in to vibrations, hold it near the open end of the resonance tube, raise it slowly from the previous position till resonance is obtained and measure the corresponding length (£) three times and calculate the mean length 11, Repeat the complete procedure for the rest of the tuning forks 12, Similarly find the mean resonating length (¢,) for the unknown frequency tuning fork (n,) 13, Add end correction (¢) to mean resonating length (£) and calculate corrected length (L) for all tuning forks. Calculate L, for the tuning fork of unknown frequency 14, Calculate nL for all tuning forks except the tuning fork of unknown frequency 15, Calculate the speed of sound at room temperature and also unknown frequency 16, Plot a graph of n (y axis) against | (x axsis) and calcualte the speed of sound by graph. L Observations : 1, Least count of vernier calliper (i) Smallest division on the main scale of vernier calliper, Mh... (ii) Total number of divisions on the vernier scale of the vernier caliper, y= ...\0... div. (iii) Least count (L.C) of vernier caliper, x/y = ..9.9.!. em (iv) Zero error (¢') = ....9.... em n table : ner diameter of resonance tube MSR /(a)em VSD VSR Diameter / Corrected (byem | (c=bxL.C) | (total reading) reading cm (ate = d') cm (d=d'—e')cm ! 3.4 te i007 347 BAT GP oros aM 3.45 Ce 0; 0S | 945 Bs Mean d= 3:45 4m End correction ¢ = 0.3 d=2) For resonating length : 7 Sa Sia E | Neve ‘16.7 | le. al 1687 | _ 10s © | g.09la wae “fie 188 jab 10.8 i — —— i q a5 | or04eS [Base SO Bw we [2h a5 Sut jams aa ana] 1 Unknown 1) M1878 | Mean (nL) =8'366,4Hz—cm or cm/s Graph : 1 Plot a graph of n (y axis) against TL (axis) and calculate the speed of sound by graph, Seale X =--0-(4e1_ y=-L fm J em"! "om ) = %27¥% + $00-400 > IO = Bang. X2—%, 0,087 - 0.0475 — .0N12 =4x slope =38714 cm/s = 367.14 ms | Also determine the unknown frequency (n,) from the graph a. 17 70.0598 | 888042) For resonating length : Length of air column Corrected {i aL Tength Ey Wz | | L=¢+ecm fem |¢,em ]é,em |Mean ¢ 7 ! | | | cm | Sia V6.6 16.9 jek) 16:7) 167 0-0598 “BSS04 Hob th 19-5 9b ag 15 [oosta [£307 eee] | 4 SB (hy wh 2b a and [0.0465 8256 Unknown | | (ny MU8.78 | 1,- RBS out ana fans 94.7 96.5 24.5 Mean (nL) =$366,4Hz—cm or cm/s Graph : 1 Plot a graph of n (y axis) against [~ (x axis) and calculate the speed of sound by graph. ote) ftom" Slope = 22% +$00-HOO = WO = Baag.s 27%) O.0887-0.0H75 0.0112 V=4x slope =367)4 cm/s = 857.14 mis Also determine the unknown frequency (n,) from the graph. _—_D-Calculations : Loo atbeac “Antilog (¢) = 4nL- () h 2.7093 1.2997 3.9310 3950.8 2.690% 1.2900 3.9194 8307.0 | RS THy | 4904 B.aste7 | 9296.0 | 289H¢ | oraa gaaa | 8354-0 Mean (nL) = ___Hzem or cm/s % 366-7 (1) Speed of Sound V= ACL geen 4x 9366.75 =33467_Hz em or cm/s ms (2) Unknown frequency n= mean (nL) = 9366.79 Corrected length corresponding to the unknown frequency (L,) 20.5 =hor4 Hz Result: 1) Speed of sound in air at room temperature ) By calculation : V = 334,67 ms b)Bygraph =: V =39' 2) Unknown frequency of fork a) By calculation =: ni b) By graph ron! Precautions: 1. Strike the tuning fork gently on rubber pad 2. Hold the vibrating tuning fork just above the mouth of the resonance tube 3. Do not bring ear close to the tube 4. While adjusting the resonating length, start with the minimum length of the air column and the tuning fork of highest frequency . Tuning fork should not touch the resonance tube 6. The prongs of the tuning fork must vibrate in vertical plane 1. What is meant by the term resonance ? The. pheno menon...ia..which..the. bods..m1Ot.0o..vuad.ex. TACHIO.0...0F..0X ART MALPONLAMIc. .FONCR..thast FreqgueOs*..is... ual... 40...HNe.. DOAV YAN... PLE GUVENLE. of. the. dave. ved. 90...AOS....aMpPNAVTL....We COMES... MARE Y.ON.. 48. KONE, OB... FES.9, MANE. a HOTIMHZ 1$Hz——— ~ 2. What are forced oscillations 2 p.91.0.9.- BFWENCEd When a. body..oge tates... “called...08. forced “BY. exter nar periodic..kosge 1" : SCAM ation, : 3. What are the sources of errors in this experiment ? deg. 27 OSU Ment gy goes Comman source....of..erxor.. 610. Sa exvar. « Cvitoomendial.. procedura.l....0nd.. hem srandom ox AM..OF the se. eva s can..be. chbner AE Frecd. rhe SY. S4eM Otic depending.....o0...how tet. BET Totes secssneecesneetee 4. What are nodes and antinodes ? core BL MOLE. AB uhere,...Abe. am ptidede...of Ae-wave i8...2eYx0, ee fe A AtNode.i6. uber... He. .onpliaeds ie MaxiMVM hal fuer... PCA wEEA,...AWO...odgacent..codes 5. What is end correction ? How do you eliminate it ? Ae The. distance....aF antino.de.... from. 0e....0p.Eh.0 OF the. pine..i8. Knowd...28...4e...end....Covvecdon., o-3d.. Corrected....Jeng th. a 6. State the factors on which velocity of sound depends ? Velocity. Of seund. depend s...00..20m pey.ature..0o MOM ds. the medivm...thxou.gh....which...0...a0uod wave is Mopagaied, plese 7. How does the speed of sound in the given medium vary with the temperature ? Temptrature 38 also. & Condisiun..thad. afhecds. the spetd of sound... Molecules..ak higher. tem. fe yotuves .rore more eotrq yx. thus they con vibyete. Faster Since. abe molerules vibyade, foster, soued..waves.con.. t¥ouel more quickly -The speed of sound in yoorm “teme. aly is 446 mis. Remark and sign of teacherAim: To determine the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer. Apparatus: Moving coil table galvanometer, cell, plug key, reversing key, high resistance box, connecting wires etc, . 0 Formula: — (i) S= 7- 1,, = Current through galvanometer S = Current sensitivity © = deflection in galvanometer Circuit diagram: K, : four way key . G: Galvanometer Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure. 2. Select high resistance from box and close key K and key K, so that current flows through galvanometer. Note the deflection @ in the galvanometer. |. Repeat the procedure for 3 different values of’ R' so that successive readings differ about by 310 4 divisions and it covers entire scale of galvanometer. Note down current I, in each case. 4. Calculate current sensitivity $ for each observation. Find its mean value. 5. Plot a graph of @ against l,. Hence determine the current sensitivity of the galvanometer Observations: (1) Resistance of galvanometer (G) = ..198.. 2. Q)EME. of cell (E)= -.8.--volt. _D~0.06 X10" divin __ JOORA 19,000 49 uA 20,000 8THA_ e7xwSA _ 21,000 BQHA kp xw PA 9 x10%di y 0.06 UIA 0-04n5y, 6.04S9 X10Giy ip divth 0.0365 X10 ‘dw IA Claculations: Current sensitivity of galvanometer $= goniot div/A Graph : Results : Current sensitivity of e moving col table galvanometer, (S) S= _0.0485 x ‘div/Amp. ( by calculation, ) . S= div/Amp. ( by graph) Precautions: Check that oll connection at terminal screws are tight, Check that key (K) and key (K,) ore tight. Check that cll keys in resistance box are tight except which you remove from the resistance bo Check that deflection in the galvanometer when you remove rep Poss the current through circuit only at the time of of — from the resistance b* me adjust the resistance in the box so thatthe pos ae Pointer galvanometer does not go 0% ¢ seale. Aww1. Define current Sensitivity of the galvanometer. Current. x OF... ares Naduceed (gakuas emerey. Mote.d below’ “bs The. .mogaitude... “of. aa seb COU OFRA.. wo Ds TOFLURALE..0F 0 \nagnet. Laty Ng... mae 3. How can the current sensitivity increase? The. SOx 2204. Sen Sitiwsds....0F 0 movin: be.incre.eotd brs ae . 4. TNE9.£084.09 ane magntiie Held of ale. ba. Tnev cos ng. the...07.0.0...06..4h £2 TAKEO. 0G. Abe Os. Increosin.g..Ane PLMe Oe. Remark and sign of teacher =of resistances using a meter bridy rheostat, cell, jocke ries and parallel) Ivanomet Aim : To verify the laws of combination ( s° ‘stance BOX, Apparatus : Meter bridge, two resistances, 9 plug key, connecting wires. Cireuit diagram : jer, res 1) Resistances in series (X,) Resistance box Formulae : ZL, 1} X=R (4) Where, L, and L, are balancing lengths corresponding to X and R. 2) For series combination; Xs =X, + X, 3) Forparallel combination, x, = 1% %2 XX, Procedure : 1. Arrange and connect the circuit for series combination. Take some suitable value of resistance form the resistance box and then close the plug Key: plug key: 2. 3. Touch the jockey at point A and C of the meter bridge wit deflection on either side of zero. Ige wire, so that the galvanometer ‘i 4, By touching the jockey at various points along the wire AC, lo . shows zero deflection. This point is called as ‘NULL arses the point where galvanome” 5. Measure the length L,, and L, as shown in the figure. Hence, cal & By changing the resistance inthe resistance box, take THREE s, culate the value of X, way. sets of observations in the sa™ 7. Repeat the experiment by interchanging the positions of x, of Xy. s and R. Hence, calculate, the val# 4, Repoat the experiment by cnecting X, and Xin paral, iy | and hence calcul late the value of %Observations : left gap Series in right gap Mean X, Parallel in i iy SS 4S left gop | 2 14.6 gos | Uab ama} 3 44 36 2 38 | a Parallel in 5 ae aus am i 1 9 nl . right gay ; vid | eal 3 $4 46 3.90 a 0.6900 vf ttt 06-6490 1 b Lana | 826 | 1.7160 1.3802 1.5798 | 17160 | 2.g261| 28921 | 2.0792 | 2.574¢ | 28421 Log L, = [aga 15185 | 1ba12 | Leeog | 7944 | 1.6812 c-d=e [1.3430 13076 | p2teg | o-t9a4 | o7gtH| 12104 Antiloge =X, | aa.or | 20.30 | 16.25 87 bln 16.25 Log R = ° | escro | O4771 ° oor LogL, = b [nTeek eqns | 1.6has | 16385 1.6902 | 1-734 lc=at+b [| w7Hok | aqse | Zir06 | 163R5 | Hagia | 2.2095 LogL,= d (1.6532) 7033 | t74t2 | q1sa0 | 11-7076 | Leong lic-d=e [eogsn | 0:2923 | 03724 | Z.886S | 0.2836 | 0.5467 Antiloge =X, | raz | a6 enone: 0-76 1.92. 3.50 | 2VC ———— Caleulations ; )X=R (& %aR (i) Mean X,=-I8:75.__.9 (experimental vatuc) 2) X,=R(4 ) X, R(4) Mean X, LAs. (experimental vatue) Result : 1) In series 4) Experimental value of X, b) Theoretical value of X,=X, +X, 2) In parallel @) Experimental value of X, b) Theoretical value of Xp = Hence laws of series and parallel is verified. Precautions : 1. All the connections and plugs in the resistance box should be tight. . Null point is obtained in the middle ay portion of the metre bridge wire. 2 3. Do not slide the jockey on the wire. 4. Remove the plug key after completion of experiment. 1, What is a balance point in meter bridge? The....poind....when...Galvanomerery....shous...Null. Dekleck wb. CaMed....49..... Balanced....poins 2. Resisitance of a wire is x ©, The wire is stretched to triple its length, then the resist becomes ? 7 LThe. edi 8a nce... OF. UX. Anv.erd ely 1... Ave. CHM... PYOPOXHO.Aat ie ANI pled... AMEN... KI SANE, dhxee. armed, teetteeeeecenes PLOpoxtonal. he NO... Len Remark and sign of teacher =Aim: To study the character breakdown voltage ppl Theory: The Zener diode is in the supply or load current. rectifier with the filter & the I connected in series with the in load R, . The Zener diode desired acros in the breakdown region & out Cirenit diagram: I Ry Variable DC. Power Supply EXP. CHARACTERE reverse biased. Itis the load. R, = V,~ V, As long as MEI eeics oF ZEN sae in reverse Bi sot zener diode in revers reter, Voltmeter, tnsed fo regutate the voltage * The Zener regulator is COM Z . - oad.The Zener regulator © 7 ch » V, & the Zener dio biased 1 Jected with a y, Milliam put voltage remains constant. 13 NT NO. oR DIODE ‘as and determine its reverse Connecting across a 10 ted between jc is con Vv, is greater the! wires etc ‘ad when there are Variation the output of the brid, ts of a current limiting resistor p nected in parallel with yp breakdown voltage V, 6qual to th n V,, is the Zener diode operat v= Variable input voltage R, = Resistance mA = milliameter Z = Zener Diode R, = Load Resistance Procedure: . Connect the circuit as show! Vary the voltage (vi) of the | Measure the voltage across . Plot a graph of Iz (-ve Y axi min the circuit diagram. 1 2 D.C. supply as shown in the observation table. 3. Note the current through the Zenerdiode (Iz). 4 5 Zenerdiode (Vz) is) Vz V (-ve X axis) Note the breakdown voltage (V,,). Observation table: Sr. No. | INPUT VOLTAGE| CURRENT THROUGH ZENER | OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Vi) volts Iz(mA) ACROSS ZENER L (Vz) volts 1 iv ov 2 av OTS 3 av aon [4 _ hv 5 | 6 by 7 dv 8 gv 9 ay 10 to ¥- a 4.AS mA oS x 12 “3.95 A | ws 3 5 5.0 mA | us 4 M 3S mA WIsV 15, w mn sy Graph Result: Breakdown voltage of zener diode (V,) Precautions: 1. All the connections should be tight, 2. Input voltage should be adjusted in suitable range. 3, Increase reverse voltage gradually. 1. How is the breakdown voltage related to doping level of a diode? voHagt..i8..inuexselt... propnytiana.\..do...the. square 45 volt (6ns of Zener diode. Ab,.0.,.ua ko ge. .KeQulator.. Cis...U50d...1n. cll npiing...eivreuits GO. TALS. u8e8, 40. SRUEL.. vIEOQe. 3. Distinguish between zener diode and rectifier diode. AN, .CONAUEH...LUNXENE. 1. appOsts. .diveckion..wi trout, Nz... 8. Xea.ched: . a The xaxitnurn...fevey.se...valdage...of: weehiBiey. Adode..is. uch “nignew. joke... condved..oniy..speciied..veldage...i.. sontyast. Ae .rechitied.. Eelleat. dorna ging.EXPERIMENT NO.14 STUDY OF LOGIC GA . of logic gate, ‘im : To identify given IC's and to verify the truth table for each Uae ie 3 o —_ Theory: Gate is a logic circuit with one or more input oe ee o or high (1) vie are digital circuits because the input and output signals are CN ruumber ofcombinains truth table shows all input and output possibilities for a logic circuit yates, NAND is 2n variables the number of inputs. OR, AND and NOT are the basic 9 ae are derived gate the OR get has «high output ifany input is high. The ae piled high output only when al inputs are high. For Not gate output i always OPPOSE NO Provide light output when its input is low The NAND gate has a high aie ‘when ol Ofits inpus is low. The NAND gate has a high output when all inputs are 'ow- | : The ICs 7400, naaied 7408, 7432 ‘ore from standard TTL family. For TTL devices, any voltage from 0 to 0.8 V is considered low input and any voltage from 2 to SV is consider hig input. Any voltage from 0 to 0.4 V is low output and any voltage from 2.4 to 3.9 V is high outpy, For 7400 series supply voltage rage is 4.75 to 5.25 V over a temperature range of 0 C to 70°C, Logic gates can be used to build flip-flops, digital counters etc. which can be used calculators, computers and other digital systems. Apparatus : SV DC power supply, IC block ,probes, digital multimeter. 1C7408 (AND Gate), IC 7432 (OR Gate), IC 7402 (NOT Gate), IC 7400 (NAND Gate), IC 7404 (NOT Gate) Procedure: 1, Mount the IC to be tested on the IC block. . Connect the positive of the supply to pin 14 and negative to the 7* pin of the IC. . Consider any one of its gate out of four gates. . Give different combinations of input from 0 to 1. Here 0 indicates zero voltage and 1 indicate +5V. . Connect a voltmeter across the output terminal of IC and the ground terminal to pin no’ Measure the output voltage, which will be zero for 0 and around +5V for I state. Repeat the same procedure to test the other gates. . Verify the truth table and observation table for different input combinations. . Repeat the above procedure to test the other IC’s i.e. 7408, 7404, 7400,7432 etc. Pin Diagram and observations : (1) Quad ~ dual — Input OR gate IC . RYN wwr ayR Gate no.1,pin nos, 1 por 0! 1 and 2 are i Jc 7432 (OR GATE) MPUts and pin no. 3 is output. Logie Eavation yeAtB ‘Truth table for ‘OR’ Gate Observation table 1c 7408 (AND GATE) Logic Equation Y=AB Truth table for'AND’ INPUT -lol-lolwIC 7400 (NAND GATE) Logic Equation yo B Truth toble for 'NAND* Gate OUTPUT A B Y 0 0 1 | 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 _0 IC 7402 (NOR GATE) Logic Equation A=B Truth table for NOR’ Gate Observation table OUT PUT ie amy, pam | BO yo" ° a es ee To K-o= = \ | 7 \ o Observation table OUT PUT AW) | BW) YO) |1c 7404 (HEX INVERTER) NOT GATE Logic Equation y=A Truth tobe for ‘NOT’ Gate Observation table precautions : 1. Input voltage must be 5 volts, 2. Connections should be joined correctly. 3, Grounding should be proper for input, O' volt 4. Connections must be tight Result: The different given logic IC’s are tested and their truth table is verified. 1. Explain what are the basic logic elements? AN... dagvial. St stems. can. pasit..logic..garers Onsrrcu.cted...0t..only. AIT ee... eee WOSie. LHe. GOres....Ave called AHL. AND-Faae, Ae..O®., Qe A9.0,...Abe NOT, gate. : : veces 2. What are the gppfications _ gates? Qares AVA USER AM. MIETO.COMATONNENS pecs MINONVASSETS .ytlectvanic and electrical pyoject CIV CUIAS yond embedded..cradem..applicarh ods... 3, NAND Gote is combination of which two basic Gates? The WAND .qateis.a combina otieg...oF..00... AND ee O00. NOT..gare, . tion of which two basic Gates? sa comblo.atiod 06.00, 0% gabe. A0d.... Remark and sign of teacher HE A 105,water by capillary rise method, nsion of io J, water, detergent powder. yn surface stand Aim : To study the effect of detergent o : : vaker, index pin Apparatus: Travelling microscope, be' Formula; Diagram : “¢— Rubber Tube <— Capillary Tube Field of view Pin meniscus Pointer of water Procedure : 1. Determine the least count of travelling microscope Immerse the capillary tube vertically in the beaker containing water. Remove the air bubbles by pressing the rubber tube. Adjust the level of water in the beakerso that meniscus in the bore of capillary should be above the edge of the beaker and below the yp lower edge of the capillary stand. 4. Adjust the tip of the pointer so that it just touches the level of water. Focus the travelling microscope on the meniscus such that the horizontal cross - wire is tangential to the convex. surface of the meniscus. Note the reading on vertical scale (h,) of travelling microscope 5. Remove the beaker without disturbing the position of the capillary tube. 6. Adjust the microscope such that the horizontal cross - wire is tangential to the tip of the point- er. Record the reading on the vertical scale (h,) of travelling microscope 7. Repeat the steps 2 to 6 for solution of detergent powder . Observation: L.C. of travelling microscope: Smallest division of main scale (P) = Total no. of divisions on the Vernier segle(N) L.C. of travelling microscope (PIN a __ aConclusion : Rise of water in capillary is greater than rise of soap solution in capillary. ‘There- fore Surface tension of water is greater than that of soap solution. Thus surface tension decreases duc to the addition of detergent. precautions = 1. The capillary should be thoroughly cleaned. 3, There should be no air bubbles inside the capillary. Capillary must be immersed in the liquid. 3. The capillary should be vertical. 1, Why surface tension of a liquid decreases due to presence of detergent ? ob nelps..ta.Feduce tbe. surkoce.AC9i00. OL. NOEG cco 9x... UE Oss t smOAC.r.,. oobesiu le, Jawers...dP je DAVOS... AU ES... HE od hea... nO At2. £004 eR AAEY E01 9.649, .3, shM. 6E1991.09Alm : To determine the length of the seconds pendulum Apparatus; Metal sphere (bob), inextensible siring, retort calliper 1and, meter scale, stop watch, ernie, —— Diagram ; eee cad or Formula: L (F) Procedure : 1. Suspend the bob (radius given) from the fixed support of a retort stand by means of inextensibl string Adjust the length of the string to 80 em. Displace the bob to its equilibrium position and release, so that it performs linear S.H.M Measure the time (1) for 20 oscillations. Record the observation for two sets of oscillations... Hence find the time period T = 20 (seconds). Repeat the steps 4 to 7 by adjusting the lengths of the string 90 and 100 cm. ryan Observations: Radius of the bob Length of Length of the] _ | the string |y u cateutations * a) Le i q ear aybrat.29 ba 5 tol v Ot (urasyt Oe re — : 2 hes oe ha(4) s4x < Result Length of seconds pendulum T,= 9. seg precaution: 1, Amplitude of oscillations should be small 3, string used in the experiment should be inexter le and light 1 Define Amplitude in SHM = LTH. AK MVN, ARAN Aad... oW{tCr...MOMES.... LYE. eqili. bus. POMATON. Asim ple. ban MONES..WALK..A00.. Forse thy, of... MAX. di splaceme nd, ONiC...05 C1 MaLOY oeAMes Hot. FW 0.90.9..8.09 seed PP AN KEP tore 2. State the nature of vibrations of a pendul : (Lsum : A. S800,0N8.... 9.0.80). u Mega OF eA LOA vel. OSBIVE -ob ect 09... 1.9... BUONO. AEG SUP PONA DA. jueuaaay CONST AD NS. CAVA DT9.00., DoAA etter... @ostAlan..n hen. Ae bob... M.A 48 pO.ced.... x90. QUANTI. AICO. LEASE... WQS... 149... 80.08 8.0 4, Define force constant FUttH vibration about Fixed position. FOXEE..COMPAGMA..... OF... 2PLG...A5. ALOE, ..8..ANE Foret. SQ uixed...AB..910.d.0.6.6... NO. Peto shan..10..dne -AP.0.9 oe What is a seconds pendulum ? . Sends... pendylym....48....0... AR MTEC DRUK, AW... 90,600.0.5.. Remark and sign of trarer : A a) adulust...eh.ose....peniod