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~loldal solution_of.proteio whlch_works as biolog~cataly..slis..knOWlU1S..~J.~Y.'!1 ·

All enzymes are globular proteins.

th
Some enzymes a~ a;sociated ~ith some non-protein component, called the cofactor of eir activity. These
cofactors are of two types:
(i) Inorganic ions such as zn++, Mg++, K+, Na+, Fe++, cu++, co++, Mo++ etc.
Oi) Organic Molecules : They are of two types :
(a) Coenzymes: They are small organic molecules cofactor is held with ~ro~ein ~y very_wea~ b~nd. In
most of the cases these cofactors are derived from vitamins such as, thiamine, nboflavme, nracm etc.
(b) Prosthetic Groups: These are also organic molecules (mainly vitamins) and are bonded to protein
by covalent bond.
Thus all enzymes are conjugated proteins.
Name of enzyme Reaction catalysed
Glucose and Fructose ➔ C2 H50H
0) Zymase
Sucrose ➔ Glucose+ Fructose
(ii) lnvertase
(iii) Maltase Maltose ➔ Glucose+ Glucose

(iv) Lactase Lactose ➔ Glucose + Galactose

(v) Emulsin Cellulose ➔ Glucose

(vi) Urease Urea ➔ CO 2 + NH 3

(vii) Pepsin Proteins ➔ a-amino acids

(viii) Trypsin Proteins ➔ a-L-amino acids

(ix) a-Amylase Starch ➔ Glucose

Temperature Dependence of Enzyme Activity :

The enzymes work be~t at an optimum temperature range of 298 K to 313 \•Their activity decreases with dea
or increase in temperature and stops at 273 K.
Efficiency : Even a small amount of enzymes are highly efficient. This is because their molecules are regene
during their catalytic activity. -

• Those chemical substances which tend to reduce a~~ity of a particular enzyme ~ ~lied enzyfl!_e_inhib
Disease albinism is caused by deficiency of tryosinase.
PhenyJketone urea is caused by defici.eo~y of enz.v....me_phenylalanine hydroxylase.
Streptokinase enzyme is used to dissolve the blood clot.

Example 3 : Name the molecules which catalyses biological reactions.

Solution : Enzymes catalyses biological reactions.
 directly in the bl .

'ol:bormones:
(i) They help to maintain the balance of biological activities in the body. For ex
blood glucose level within the range, epinephrine and norepinephrine mediate
stimuli. growth hormones and sex hormones play role in growth and development;

(ii) The hormones released by gonads are responsible for development of secondary sexual characterS'.
(iii) Adrenal cortex release glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. The glucocorticoids control tbt.
carbohydrate metabolism, modulate inflammatory reactions and are involved in reactions to stress.
The mineralocorticoids control the level of excretion of water and salt by the kidney.
·'\lo-
 l?,. pert'
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Vttnmms ltrc clu,ss,•'fled·mt n two gmups depending upon their solubility i11 fat or water:
(r1 ~a~sol~bl_t ,•~tamlns: V~tnmin~ A. D, H nnd K nro soluble in fut und oils but insoluble in water.
•u-e stornl l1l I" er und ud1pnsc t1/isuc.~.
(ii) Water-soluble \'ltmnins: Vitamins belonging to group B and vitamin C ore soluble in water
mu~t be ~upplkd fegulnrly in diet because they arc rcudily excreted in urine and cannot be·
(eX\.'Cpt Vllmnin 8 12 ) in our body.

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(1) Water Soluble Vitamins : Vitamin-8-complex and vitamin-Care water soluble.

/itamln B1 : Thiamine ( ckt. l'l\1° cc,.\ ~t-1-1\-e.. ) )

• Its natural sources are green vegetables, soyabeans, dried pea , milk, cheese etc.

• Its deficiency causes Beri-Beri.

(a) Vrtamin-B 2 : Riboflavin

< -- ~----
Natural Sources: Grains, ~ereals, Almonds, Curd, Milk etc.
Deficiency Diseases: Skin swelling around the mouth. Cracking of lips at the edges, bulgfng of eye

cells.
(b) Vitamin-B : NJacin {Nicotinic Acid) and Nicotinamide
3
Natural Sources : Mushroom, Ground nut, Bread etc.

Deficiency Disease : Pellc!9.@_

(c) Vitamin 8 5 (Pantotheni~ ~~}

Natural Sources: Ground nut, Soyabean, wwar, ~
Deficiency Disease : Swelling in ~tQ(Tlach and intestines
------

I
 ~ ) Vitamin B8 : Pyrldoxlne / 'P'I-Yi:,~o 'Rey
Natural Sources : Yeast milk, Egg yolk, Cereals, Grams
Deficiency Disease: ~-,-~rrvo-tA.~ ~·'>~blAY b0-'Y'\~QS I A'Y'\o...e__m\'°' /
yitamin 8 12 : £Y.~o~!llamlne ~ ~ . , \
61
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1
j ti »0e1< CP.:T-1 ~
Natural Sources: f\1_eat, Fish, Egg, Curd, Milk etc. )
Deficiency disease : P~rnicious!_nemla~egrac!ation of neryous system. L d-L.~J ~ ~ '1!._
(f) Vitamin C : Ascrobic Acid ' / i__ " 1
~n,"'-\1 (.trr q_ /

---
Natural source · Citrus fruits, Amla and Green leafy vegetables.
.
Deficiency disease : Scurry, toQ!h decrease bleeding of gums.
(2) Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin-A : Retinol

Natural Sources . Fish liver oH, Carrots, Butt~!:.._~d Milk , C0 4 ~1· \At."r' o , l,

Deficiency Disease : Blindness (Hardening of cornea of eye) , 'D ~~"1\~ ~.J ~ s l.u.'Yl, 11 ,a,u-!::,P.,.,J_'\'\Q..~
Vitamin-0: Calciferol £..~°'-'G-de.~ C-ru~ +e--
Natural Sources : Milk, Butter, CheeJ;e,. Cod liver oil, Egg.
Deficiency Disease : Rickets in children and osteomalaci9 in adu!ts, brittleness of bones.
Vitamin-E : Tocopher~

Natural Sources : Edible oils, nuts, spinach, potato, milk, egg.

Deficiency Disease : Degeneration of ree_r~uction power! Anaemia.
Vitamin-K : Phylloquinone bM~ "<\CAJ. ,o'f)

Natural Sources : Spinach and other_g!een leafy vegeta~les, to~ato., potato, cabbage, edible oil.J!v~r ett

Deficiency Disease : Uncontrolled bleeding hamorrhag~.

Example 4 : The disease beri-beri is caused due to deficiency of which vitamjn?

Solution: , 'itsmtn A B\

Try Yourself

12. Which vitamin contains cobalt? ~

is it called?
13. If a vitamin is neither soluble in water nor in fat then what
14. Give the name of one water soluble vitamin.

Some vitamins like C, D and E act as antioxidant. . . f lucose

• d •t inc is a derivative o 9 •
Vitamin D2 is a derivative of stecoid i.e., ergostero1an v1 am - - ..... . . exception in
• . f months and therefore it is a!!._ ____ J
Only vitamin 812 c§_!l_b~e~stored in the 11ver_QLJn..9.!1Y--- - .
•
the water soluble vitamins.
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 DNA and RNA have different secondary structures.
SD'llcture of DNA : A Double Helix
James Watson and F. Crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA in 1953 for which they were awarded
noble prize in 1962. The salient features of this model are
(i) DNA molecule consists of two linear polynucleotide strands coiled round the same central axis giving a
double helix structure to the DNA molecule with major and minor groves (Fig. 14.18).
(ii) The entire DNA molecule has a diameter of 2 nm.
(iii) The two strands are antiparallel i.e., running in opposite directions. One of the strands with phosphodiester
bonds advances in S' ➔ 3' direction.
(iv) The bases are stacked inside the helix in planes perpendicular to the helical axis.

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(a) The double a-helix structure of DNA (b) Base pair in DNA
Fig. 14.18 The double helix structure of DNA

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