FiSTORY s FS ey Oe asa RE UDORS Discover the legendary period of British Se. history and the people who shaped it WARS OF THE ROSES * HENRY VIII * ELIZABETH I * TUDOR EMPIREAAR RAAB ARR ROO aa RRR RRR RRR aha Ra RRR RRR DRO DD aha pa RR RRR RR haha RR RR RR RRR DRA DR pha aR RA RRR RARE > aha Ra RRR RR ARR aha RAR RAR RRR ED Aaa RR RAD hha bd dd Adddddadddaad “4adaaadadadadad vv VV VW rr" rT ITV rrr rrr rr or rr rrr Vr Vr VVVVVVV rrr rrr rrrVrrVrrrVryr y y ry yr AAR PTUEVPrPrPOrPVPrFPPrPVrrr rer VVVrVrVr rr rrr rrr VV rrr TV VVrV VV VV rr rr Pr rrr VV rW rr ry a ae “aa aWelcome to HISTORY Book of the UDORS (On Bosworth lin 1485 the feud that had caused bloodshed and battle for the decades cameto an end. The vitor waste ast hope af the Lancastians, Henry Tad and by marrying Elizabeth of Yr, the daughter ofthe Yori Edward 1 he joined together two warringhouses ane created the Tudors, symbol hat has endured along with te repuzation of England's mast notorious dynasty this new edition of Book of the Tudors, yeu! discoverhow the dynasty cemented its placein story. for the redsoske fs ofthe Wats af the Roses ane thestringof Tudor monarchs ‘towhat everyday life was ike forthe lowly population ae the poopie that spent theirtimein Henry VIS rim Tewer cf London, Packed withtbeautifal llustations and insights intothe perc, thisis the perfect guide fr aryone ‘who wants o learn about legendary period of English historyzl % FUTURE 4 reBy Cnty Cromwell Perea ar eens Ce TE ar pram ig ree feet ere) Rien ee Mer eee pec ead tlt award VE Pe eRe elec Fraepieenstetrieehethesten ee as Esetseteneernes 82 Lady Jane Gr so wattle ot neared Tewkes! ceeeee! een cas eek ad Eee See eee aera Pere rr toc y 88 Philip ee ore eee ee Elpairi es mercer ts ee 10772 aad err le 102 Sir Franeis eee eet cy 50 Prince Arthur peremretemieereatin eee) eer eer SR Cd orterenr court sri eres2 4 > 7 116 Everyday life in oer | ereemeerstie titre ee Pee eel Leer) messages nis works? 130 Tales of Tudor medicine penser pers OE ew ANLay | 138 Henry versus the church eee Pore eeenr ey eg empire eee eed PeeorinsSOY aU} JO s1eyy tp payzeds Jeu aBeou Mt] a eq Soe, AyseuAp e JO SUISLIO= g = z S > d & Soey ETB a the throne The Tudor reign began with blood, as FAV e pple Nilli21 eB Ome eoBattle for the throne IASS — 1485 Henry V1 and the Wars of the Roses In war, blood is power, blood is family, blood is everything. England's Wars of the Roses split a country in two and saw the rise and fall of no fewer than four monarchs R its ld enemy France Since the legendary days of King Henry V, the warrior king who spilled the blood of the noble enemy in spades at Agincourt and secured Engle claim to the tactically important province of Normandy, both reat western powers had been fighting nonstop with England slowly but surely being pushed back toward the English Channel, English Henry Vis military affairs were being ove by the Duke of Somerset Edmund Besufort an experienced milrary coramander who was about to safer the gnoblty of losing Bordeaux and leaving Calais as Englands only remaining territory cn the shares of mainland Europe land, Henry VI~ shy, plous and ‘oncomfstant- was busy being dominated by his powerful and ruthless wife, Margaret of Anjou, the niace of the French King Charles VIL a well ashis feuding court nobles w [ was 1453 ad England was sil at war with towing toboth and leaving the affairs of England year previously the Duke of York Richard Pantagénet, had travelled to London with an army to present the court with a Ist fg they and the king wer failing. potentially explesvestuation had been handled by Margaret and with the revs that she was now Pregnant, heped to easoate York and force him to leave the capital with hi When King Henry VL i between his legs. 25 tld ofthe inal loss mental breakdown, jy unaware of who he was, wha was ‘sound him ad ow to act toward people Henry finally le the last tertative grip of contro he had over England sip tough his fingers No longer was Henry te soy spoken and pious king of old but instead a dazed halaman stumbling sound his home and cour, unable o speak cogently and lable to sudden bouts of hysteria and soingHenry VI and the Wars of the RosesBattle for the throne aggressive confusion, Henry’ ethereal grasp on realty would go onto last an entire yeat Margaret ‘dealt with im as best she could. shieking him from the circling vultures at court and making all decisions regarding the rule of the nation for him. However, even she couldn’ shield bim fem his awn demons with the king repeatedly heard screaming in the depts of night and continuously stricken with bouts of amnesia, ‘When Margaret eventually gave birth to their son wat, Henrys mental tate was so deteriorated hh dd recognise him, Duet this incapacty, fever his wilful and powerful wife Margaret was ‘unable to stop the retum ofthe Duke of York and his supporters, a group that now inched Richard evil, the Earl of Warwick one of lands major financial and political power. A Council 4 of Regency was et up and power taken by Richard a Lord Protector of England. Once installed be Immediately imprisoned his old enemy, the Duke ‘of Somerset. and backed all nobles opposing Henry stufting the balance of cout in his favour The ‘weak king bad scemingly been deposed Whi the king was sil alive even if he was sometimes litle mare than a gibberng wreck Richards position was always perilous and ‘when. on Christmas Day 1454, Henry suddenly and inexplicably regained his Senses the balance ‘of power in this game of thrones shifted yet agai. The king had gone from not being able to recognise anyone aging manicaly on his own to the quiet and shy ruler of old almost overnight ‘ith Henry now recovered, his queen ost time In challenging York forte throne and quickly re-established Hemry and herself atthe centre of ‘court Never one to sy away from a confontation ~ and well aware ofthe danger he presented - the ‘queen began scheming to remeve Richard from his reduced but still influential poston colding with ther nobles to discredit him ane undermine his ower and influence Margaret knew aw to werk the poltical system, ‘which relied! largely onthe noble hoascholds Richard soon found himself increasingly bypassee ‘when it came to decisions relegated away from London and, harried by Margareta every tun, be found his allies shiping away. Finally n ean tg 1455, he decided tat enough was enough and antiopating impending ares for reason, raised an army and marched toward London, By the standard ofthe military might that was to come, this amy of roughly 7000 men may have been sepa but these was noting small nthe strement tha it made the bart ines between the two great noble houses of England and their supporters had been drawn and the country hel its breath preparing tobe plunge headfirst into chaos. Richatd Planagenet was now no us contending for contol at court but as the nation king, and his loyal nobles gathered round him as the leader and figurehead ofthe House of York. Opposing him directly was Margaret of Anjou and he king, with the former now effectively the leader ofthe House of Lancaster While the split in support fr the wo ‘opposing sides wast just decided by eeography wih nobles fom all parts ofthe curry sing with ‘ne house o the other due to series of complex and often long staring allegiances, although with Richard marching down from tbe north where hh bad scerusted muuch of his army t seemed ike the north was coming to claim wiat it believed was rightfully property in te south To many ofthe nobles supporting the House of Yor they vere marching on the captal with ther knights, infantrymen and archers to remove a weak king from power and restore oder to a country an the ‘verge of dsintegaton and elapse “Completely unaware of who he was, Henry finally let the last tentative grip of control he had over England slip through his fingertips”‘dw the rl ie ofthe ue om Henry VI and the Wars of the Rose: Battle for the throne ‘The key players in the bloody quest for ultimate power York “heft cadet branch ofthe pre House of Panageet, descended ose of tudor at the dose ofthe Min supporters Pine of Wales {ard of reand ules f Yor, rence. Gloceter, Erund of Lange the It De of akan the Furth saving son of Keng Ee I Tre oft members ‘dwn the ages became lings ote Clnin othe throne: has euntryThefouse came te anené _lsagonet was descended fom King when Henry Tor establshedthe Edna * Duke of York parted Richard Plantagenet ato bth 21 September Stren Power and wel conece inert ge estates ndinivencen Engind dre WWennessee Asef tary vie ‘om deh nacrshingdfet ae Powen marine: © © © The second eftwonr branches of execton of he ters so, Edvard the mighey royal House of Patagere, Pace of Wales, bythe ral Hose of the owe oftancaster nas created Yor dg the Wr vst the etabisterent of the Exim Nain supporter: Ear of Lancaster, Lancaster by Henry of Engand Leicester Moray. Fees, Deby, ina67 From tht date the Howse of Salsbury Linen: Due of Lancaster Unease proved England wth tee Emblom:Aredove bins trey Hey Vand Hemy Clin tote tones Ferehead \ibefore becoming extct tthe was Hey the only san of Henry King of England { 9 Henry VI Date of bir 6 Deemer Hat Sirens Son ofthe power and popu Henry mare wal tthe French bore Marge of ju, was ererayconsiered benevolent ad ios Weaknesses: Bos of ping metal nas a Hs engom ed by others rg en ede aso Queen Consort Elizabeth Woodville Date oir 137 Streets Plea sik raid we above her staton, agraraing te fay thal and wae 3 encuned beauty esknesses: Nex power ereugh 0 Frid he tre fr herccren et ec ower be usurped by Lady Margaret eauot inter ents Power earine:6 €) © Date obi 23 March 430 Strengths Passionate, proud and song wile Margret proved te House ot ‘easter the scheming and rates er Henry aed to be Senses Ovesteed pote ‘oer late fal rm ace an power. Power marine: £9 6 Earl of Warwick (& Richard Neville Dnt oft 2 Never 28 Strengths A propa plan n nga he psc two ngs em the ree Kg esheets ait poston im tg courte pay ote in ier ys ove Greegh os ee] POWER RATING: © OOO &y Strengths Head one ofthe most Sintered. Experienced Sd respected bys pers ‘Wesinesses Por temperament, lost ‘oe bates tan he ore parson Fed withthe Oke of ork get ley 5TTC Ca ee Lea‘threat, and the whole coune e ‘was as inevitable asthe sun ring in the morning and setting in the ¢ hater the 3 lore Heath Bridge flowed and the Battle ‘confrontation saw thousands of Henry VI and the Wars of the Roses cach other ex thachit home a Lancaster or ful take denial sould rail ed into al-out civil Wat Tetook three years, bu that the pes sing The move that would 10s pe wek were summoned toa royal uy by Henry VI and Margaret the Du resting pla up with bi second s pt stately sh beer. This al forthe beginning ofthe booed ll war Engle ad ever seen. The Battle of fist, then the ttle of Lid the Battle dE Roses and bo of Lancaster smash into Pein ie ee trtariee al Beene Se cee paceman herent) Peer nerEry Pecan ean Richa taced the cy wth 2 pores Erescreneresites Seater ra cena bne oahu oe cette Let ase aoe Oran Postrel Soetoro ea een) persone Edgecote Moor 26 iy 469 ey Petersen nee ny parecer inserting Sete perenne ned See ae paren erer cet Peron eprey Wales King Edvard heard ofthe eer rd Ese nelt arr Eeeareairetnewny eres cere es pale ete percent ed eine inert ee Ppoebeemeiee este) eee Een reer serene) Eercin Wakefield 30 becerbe 1460 eer ae eee Pett eres Pe erro Peer rere res eeernoe mere tie Loans Tne eee Peer) ‘These htes down n their thou of York n Bund and ally Richard and executed Tagest Lancastrian victories ofthe War Margaret of Anjou The many Wars of the Roses thrast with a dagger or cyto the bear ofthe Hou k The balance of power shifted om ene hots to the athe, bt sometime real vetr or contoling dt ust see common or Richard Plantagenet, le be his final warfare ad finally cag ud slain in bate and bis eid was one ofthe the the ageing but powerfull wing Wakefield, the House wth the ake de Rid nk Yorks a Cea erneuns peering romeo Co eye ry Peta ora peer rreis eee] eee) Ce ey cer Petre aeeteg reer peronrenri pear eeeet ont aa eed erent a ee Pence pee ees ert remanerierl sBattle for the throne Wars of the Roses in Shak Fog eeh eng eC TEES pee eel nea and defeating them at the Second Battle of St ‘Albans. By now ll seme tobe Tost forthe ambitious House of York. ‘With Richard Plantagenet dead and the Eat of ‘Warwick having suffered a bad defeat, the House of York desperately needed a figurehead tray around and so Richards ist son, Edward of March, ‘stepped into the breach, He had already defeated Jasper Tudors Lancasrian army atthe Battle cf ‘Mortimer Cros in Herefordshire and, hearing of ‘Warwick defeat, joined his father's ally. The two of them and thei armies then madea beeline forthe capital Margaret and Henry VI were not in London, as they wer traveling northward, so the Yokists entered the ety unopposed and twa rapturous welcome. The welcome was so enthusiastic because Henry VI incompetence a5 king hd seen popular opinion sway in wards favour and the common peopie had seemingly hhad enough of being under Lancastran rulez, “Importantly though, while Margaret and the House of Lancaster were down for the count, they were not down and out” Such was the ant-Lancastrian mood that net only ci Edward receive huge support fom all the Yorkst nobles around the cy but he was ‘unofcilly crowned king in an mprempis ceremony held at Westminster Abbey Edward ‘knew though that while he had enjoyed the ‘ceremony, he would never truly be king unt erty VI and Margaret of Anjou had been disposed ‘of Vowing to Pariament that he would not ave a formal coronation until ll pretenders to the throne hha been crushed he oined forces once more wih is father od ally the "Kingaker, Ware, Together they ode forth toward the north, lading a deacly amy of over 34.000 men, thei mission to ‘ake a proverbial hammer the House of Lancaster and cut the head off ts tasman, This already large army grew even more along the way, with mare‘men and nebles drawn to Edwards cause 38 he marched toward Henry VI and Margaret, as he headed straight toward what was tobe one of the ‘Hoodiest and most decisive bates in the entirety of the Wars of the Roses Edward and his army was finally met by the House of Lancaster’ great military command Henry Beaufort. third Duke of Somerset, south of Yor atthe village of Towten, Margret had Aispatched Somerset to pat down te son of her old nemesis Richard Pantagenet once aa fo all. Beaufort tumed up tothe ling feds of Towten vith an army of 35000 soldiers ust as the fist sow began to fall and settle on the oud When the screams and the drums of war ad die vay, but the bod stil satiny viv Henry VI and the Wars of the Roses against the white snow, England had a new king The House of York had emerged triumphant and Henry VI and Margret of Anjou had been formed t le to Scotian. Edward ws ofically ‘owned the new King of England in June the same yea and slowly, one by one, the remaining Pockets of Lancasrian slders were hunted down, ether kill or forced ofave England. Margaret orchestrated an attack on Calis ater that yest but due to lack of nancial power and men at ns, her advance was repulsed by Edward's Yorks ores. He loyal Duke of Somerset was Inter defeated and executed atthe Bare of Hexham and her husbarg, Henry VI was capture and imprisoned yt again This time he was beld 2 the notorious Tower of Londen, Bankrupt and no longer in command of any military suppor, Margaret had only one option let cpen to hero return to France with her son Seting si fom Scotland in mi-165, Margaret of Anjou, once queen of England and leader of the House of Lancaster, was down fot the count. Het Poston in England ly in ruin and her dream to see her son Edward of Lancaster crowned king w rushed. Importantly though, wile Margaret and the House of Lancaster were down forthe count they were not down and cut he following years of exile did nothing to dampen Margarets amions as she would contin her plotting and scheming to take back the English throne ike never before In an audacious pliial move. she struck a deal with her foxmer enemy, the Kingmaker Ean of Warwick in an attemgx to reestablish her previous conto of ‘England, While ber husband Henry VI would lose his life in the Tower of London and Yorkist Edward 1V would goon tobe king along with bis younger brother Richard I by te ime the fighting ceased in the climactic Batle of Bosworth Field in 1485 and the curtain onthe Wars ofthe Roses was finally brought down, was the Henry Tudor ‘who would wi this game of thrones an take the crown as King of Enlai ‘The story of Henry Tudor’ rise tothe kingship of England, 20 years after Margarets eile, and his subsequent founding of the historic Tudor dynasty isa tory for another day. Tudors meteanic ‘elevation dominated the last years ofthe Wars of the Roses an his uimate vitor was far fom a certainty, with history painting a tale more at horne vith the concepts of ck and chance rater than those of vine right and martial might For that was, the end, the rel truism of Englands Wars of the Roses - that alls farm love and war and that blood i everything am Faerie .Battle for the throne The ultimate guide to England's Game of Thrones Follow our comprehensive timelipe of the, key events that decided thé outcome in the Wars of the Roses e e ° a hemy isto — ‘Tami, ygprttnane moe mre Tame Baie, Gaim Gee remywinacomeingee Reoer eo ele Laan, Nodedrmasine Tense, feet Seteccrace mgnminace Ganreoves Mebane meveae a at eee = 5 ee sore ee a ‘December 421 The Battle of Elizabeth of Yorks born eer eer Battle of Losecoat Feld aeraanganarnyto | Elmar dae lnverenre tre vou proces tbe acer ava ces (esr ol gard wee tesa noon [Thouses attend othe 4 te end of Somerset @—eHemy Vis restoredt0 vnc! anton J thetirone Soe ele retin it Kingraker exts eran ida tend raga ay ns ef tedetatthevouithne The Siriaas Battle of e—@ tothe throne. " Henry Vidies 9 Tewkesbury \auunuiand sw sped evenaton |e maint | “Egat 4p Edward V dies at 40, Sar ove ace inne Ss onewpcedy ‘rower tk ee rd ey Sipe repre ht Hany hat rere mr etre eet “ry a7 ‘Margaret of Anjou is finally defeated 175 ‘er spending mos of ere caring or her Pa eaaeareereeee —=———: Ine suceezeon to the tone of Engond is enh atthe sate ‘The Princes in the Tower die 1452 of Tewhesbury sth fal bw ‘Theory sane ave at theme of thes fathers tote cnce pone queen, leat ed Eonar V OF Egan an Rid of With er spre ken she Stroma omy nexensted inthe Tower eed back oFance where ‘fandom rng the yout nd then mystery ‘She spends the render of (4sapea bey aed to remove any pssbily of the hr ing poor elton ‘aking the throne at fre pot Who oceed the ofthe Freeh King eats isnot row,Future Yorkist king of England award theft on of chard Plantagenet nd (eal Neve Flowing Ifthe death a the Bie of Wakes, Covaré ‘oul famous gp. on Jo forces wat fathers ‘daly the Eat of Wari (tne grater) ae {ate the ew formset Inbleody ware He ‘mares the pela savy lasbetn Woedre pana — } aggre amr Tefue mateo King Coin ine therm anenabimert the tate sy Baya Battle of Edward's popular Earonation sete en gcse Snes Sa Seiten aoa The bloodiest bate Henry VI and the Wars of the Rose: York s Lord Protector argoret takes power Fotowng try rene Crs ay Frees fom hates ‘mene ae ‘fetrgas te curs top tresdown had os {entimpone th Bs once th pet tops Sr arch 53 1 prey ae English Secs coorent Cees Series ee gecesi ss essai and copy bate tree uneatran nebi Bei 55 cones tap ofa ower rn nd may pect powee ey ct {he frst tf Ears Bs Hosts resume eyes sare ace estes ek ost Farereay super fe september 459 G2 The Battle of Thetord Bridge Reanretitapgstes fepou atu here Trebroee of thekngoter awe a Newnes tereboricee Scandtosrange Ste dere 2h ‘igh se ‘a eeretonl, retrace Tremont bn ‘tte hoes the ‘arth ig of Bearer! Battle of Wakefield “hole ate or eta Phetagenes Dl Yor estimate haa ihe Samrat thentbte 30 December 1460 J czapen wont, fms ng ever Eogtonson care tennis ome ead See Sey rrupete “Fite Shemsh btn the Shee caer ‘SRB | cacao ry route rarer ry as thot stocees Sua else | bytory Ware ane Iyer fe @ © House of Yor the upper totre Lnentran a soetotbe Vaaats m ‘Ste The vous wen ‘sy ad nd ou 1360 Act of Accord signed tancoserouste Fab acer he one citensen te” para Stevia 3 rei Seer rp imamaney er ‘reinary et The king's mater Henry unites the Houses ves cours ‘loony ts fohacere terse Inte marage eae f Yor the woh wet Sears nica of lst Woe ss ‘ars ces a thr ty aay ne ngs Wot ensue Ie ea ant nerds Hen i aly unites the remnants ofthe wo waring Houses Yok and Lanaaster The pledut of ths mariage ‘mais the begga the House Tudo ante Tudo Dyas, whch wold go on ele En 28 rae fos ang patents sg, ESS ee | eens lead Pee Retebe: | Seen meen | Tebeice seers | Seer tee bees rene] persica eso rats nm baled ‘ei yan feo seuemonan aopcing be end tf isan. Tenareh 685 | Battle of Bosworth 2 August 485 ‘The cecsve anc ciacte bate of the Wars ofthe Roses, The tie of Bosworth ses the “osc ang chard led combat, Ns 10,000 song fore rots ands ener the young and charsmatic Hey Tad carves “rect path tothe wane Egan. He would becroned King Henry VI month ate Ware 603. The Wars ofthe Roses end sne 87 Truly tema tno yn trol hs “ior, egg buscar stecorgre tte oe th ey oe tig tat sorrento or st ae voy pee sty ve 0, Ste aca ctor hens oh ore alBattle for the throneBattle of Towton 29 March 1461 —_ Battle of Towton How one of the bloodiest battles in English history was fought amidst the gruesome conflict we know as the Wars of the Roses 529 Mare, Palm Sunday, M6, and the two Target armies ever assembled on English sci meet up ld that ies ate over ten mikes from the city of York. The Wars ofthe Roses, a deceptively fair sounding name for a fal confi. are stl raging on and the two armies gather in Drstlng steel ranks to fight forthe competing royal houses and their warembroiled kings The re rose ‘of Lancastris pitted against the white rose of York, King Honry VI versus King Edvard IV. The bate hardened chivalry of England ison the tel = men ‘bor to live the warriors hfe ther prowess forged in the crucible of the Hundred Years Wa. By the dy’ end they wil tain thefeshiy fallen snow swith blood ‘Arrayed along the battlfils norther rim is the Laneastian frce numbering round 25,000, which is sworn tothe cause of Henry VI. As the son and heir ofthe gest warriorking Henry V, he has been the ruler on these shores through four ‘wart decades. Approoching fom the south i Yorks troop totaling in the region of 20000, which is pledged to Henry’ rival, the newly achaimed Baward IV. “The Rose of Rouen, as he's known sa warlike young man, here o press his aim asthe rghtFl heir to the Pantagenet dynasty, and as such the lawl king of England, By nightfall these two armies will have struggled for somewhere close to ten lng hours most medieval mélées ended within an hour corto. Very soon, whale sections of the neaby ‘waterway, Cock Beck wil be choked with cepses as one thong finally dissolves under the onslaught ofthe other and is put tothe sword dung a furious rout The age of chivalrous behaviour at vari long dea the batle ends in a pitiless massacre. Indeed, Tovrton stil stands asthe bloodiest encounter ever witnessed in this land The patch of ground north-east of Cas Hill Wood ‘wil ater become such a grim ilng fl thai ‘willbe renamed the Bloody Meadow. The of battle The day sl set fom the start Dawn breaks ‘beneath a sate-grey sky making even the veterans among them annus 38 men on bath ses rise from thei bills. Palm Sunday mats the start (of Holy Weck and more than a few nervous men ‘express thelr concerns about fighting on such an auspicious day - souls. aswell as lives are at ‘take, The pious King Henry VI or one, while stil sheltering behind the fritid walls of York is highly agate by the days impending tumult, Despite the unease, campfires are kindled before § men breakfast on hard bread and sft cheese i's24 Battle for the throne the middle of Lent and many have forsaken meat, though some enjoy dred or pickled fish and those with al about their person count themselves fortunate indoed, The ats biter cold and 3 ard nottherly wind blows mercilessly a storm is mest defintely coming ‘Under wind snapped pennants, the Lancastian force now takes its bart tation along a northerly ridge overlooking tract stl known as North Actes. which nestles betwen the villages of Saxton tothe souh and Tawton tothe north The Lancasttans’ youthful commander in-chie, the Duke of Somerset, arays his men in a sound defensive postion on the higher ground where his archers can rain down a storm of arrows on the enemy below forcing them ino an offensive position, The attackers mist then trax 100 ‘metres up towards them wearing thet full armour. Making matters worse, the platemall favoured by 5th-century English lords, a well as bby many oftheir knights and mer-atarms, could weigh upwards of Labs. Such isthe efficacy ofthe Engi longbow against ammoured cavalry that mest pitched battles are fought on fat. Despite the inclement weather, the Lancastlan soldiers ae in god cheet, buoyed by their 2xdvantageous postion. Fighting cse to their base in York many are rested and comparatively ell fed while some are sil used with thei ecent success aginst te Yorists atthe second Battle of Si ATbans fought a ite over six weeks before The [ancastian host is aso the lager and the Yorks, are sill wating the atval ofthe Dake of Norfolk's tuoops who are traveling northwards The red rose fore also boasts me of the lands not ensuring that it has the mest experienced and best armed fighter ints ranks ‘The Yori, meanviile count only one ex among their mimber, though itis the redouble Warwick Despite this ther warleders are not without miltary acumen and only yesterday Lord Fauconberg, rz litle man with the heart of alo’ according to one historian, won abuising encounter at Ferybrige where Edward IV's excellent gneraship saw him constantly reinforce his vanguard and eventually win the day However, Eawards amy is fatigued. suffered the exertions a Ferrybidge at the end of along, and hasty march north from London - a distance ‘of more than 200 miles, Fora is weaknesses 3s aking the Lancastian figurehead, Henry VI has reigned for almost 40 years Edward, onthe other hand was aclamed king in London aly three ‘weeks previously Tis only ada tothe unease mang some inthe Yorks horde. iil the majority of the Vorists remain fim-hearted. After al heir ew king no usurpet Far fom it, Bdward isthe rightful her to the Pantagenet crown. Iwas Henry \Vis randiather, Henry 1V, who had set the Wars ‘ofthe Roses in motion with his usurpation of the aglsh throne from the Plantagenet Richard back in 399, Furthermore a great many among the Yorkists ae stined by heartfet passions, believing that they fight fr thet homes and thet families ~ othe _men of southern England the Lancasrian force is an invading foe. Henry Vs army put into the fel by his warmongering queen, Margaret of Anjou, is populated by northerner, witha great many ‘Scots amng them, sen to war by thelr queen ary Gueldes. The Lancastrian march south to the second Bat of St Albans nd ts subsequent sjaurey back north, inched cavalcades of rape, robbery and pillage The Lancastrian leaders gave their oops fee rein to plunder at wll any towns and villages south ofthe River Tent. This incensed the common folk ofthe southern counties. ‘The Yorksupparting Far of Warwick, known to posterity asthe Kingmaker, was ever the great “The majority of the Yorkists remain firm-hearted. After all, their new king is no usurper. Far from it, Edward is the rightful heir to the crown’ Scatiane Engana propagandist and seized upon the Lancasrians Violent misdemeanours, decrying them not "nseasonably asa big upon England fair land. Fis rableosing whipped the already nervous ‘ctizenry of London into a maelstrom of hate and they bar the Lancastrans from their ety inthe aftermath of St Albans, even though the ity mayor favoured the ed ose over the white ‘Thousands of southern volunteers quickly swelled the ranks of the white rose as Edwards troops set off on ther bid to crush the northern ‘menace and pat an end to Henry and Margaret ‘Now on this cld March morning those southernBattle of Towton “Thousands of southern volunteers quickly swelled the ranks of the white rose as Edward's troops set off on their bid to crush the northern menace” vanes at rvng in poston Many = these ae lumen afar ad Yemen ety +e aa they ese ered i : Lancastrians Yorkists SEEGERS" TROOPS 25000 TAOOPS 20000 =o LOSSES 69.000 L0Ss#S 6,000 KING HENRY VIKING EDWARD LEADERS ON THE FELD The Yorkists. As they crest dhe plateaus southern ridge the by politcal intrigue and perennial machinations, * Mey Be among the nobles but alo by bloodfeuds ands tuerewersgatowen «Stay pty rvabiesamongall men. More than afew" illdt eronpe Raha Nee among the thousands of Englishmen on the il _on Mich 28) Eno Warwick are keen fo settle scores with one anche. sey Pey tot Wl Ne Soon snow begins fl eT of set. The wind chan newthwards inthe fa ekscuring ther vison and movement. Seizing the moment, Lo Fauconberg eres the Yost anc forward and a body of tops that mightBattle for the throne ‘comprise as many as 10000 men shuffles narthwards. Longbow men ae the core component ‘of every English army, having won great victories ‘nthe Handed Years War -at Crécy, Poitiers, Agincourt and Verneul The current aw ofthe land ‘demands that all men not only own a longbow bat also practise with it onthe village burs. Inthe Wars of the Roses, however, both sides ‘count excellent archers among their raumbr, which reuters their potency. This means that pitched Dates in England during he 5th century are Invariably shgaing matches between hordes of heavily armoured men - bral, bone-crushing -suggles fought with poleexe and gave, war hammer and mace Fauconberg, though, isa wily ‘ld campaigner and realises thatthe change in the winds dzection gives his men the advantage ‘Wid the wind at ther backs, thelr arrows wil cary further into the enemy host, while the driving ‘wind and slet will hinder the Lancastian archers aim and distance when they eventually lose their ‘arrows in py San ingenious plan aed his archers unleash a ‘murderous wiley that darkens farther the gloomy. leetedighted skies The Lancastians ecu ite ‘bat their ats catch in the wind and fall short of their targets. The Yorkists continue their fuse. sanding out of range ofthe Lancastianarows and causing evr greater consternation among the ‘enemy ranks; their continuous voleys begin to take ‘tol The Lancasrians maintain their on barrage ‘but thas litle effect. tn fat once the Yori ‘bowmen finish their vm sheaves, many rove forward to pluck the Lancastian artows fem the ‘ound In font and send them whistling back from ‘whence they came ‘This continoed assault maddens the Lancastian hast Shield ae no ge carried in combat and ‘even the beavily armoured fords and knights suffer beneath Fauconbergs eemtess barrage. ‘The Lancastian warlord, Somerset, realising that his casualties are growing, knows that he must ‘move his men forward though the aro storm and engage the Yorks, He holds the namerical ‘advantage, and even if he surrenders the higher ‘youd his chances are sill good, Ifhe wins the day, the Yrkist cause is surely doomed. Resoluey he orders the advance. ‘The height of battle Fauconberg having achieved his ambition ard forced Somerset fom his strategically advantageous Pasion, now orders his archers to dissolve {ough the main body of armoured troops behind, rposefullyaving behind thousands of arrows ‘stuck upright inthe ground, which the wy old led knows wl hinder the Lancasnan advance. t iste forthe plate-lad men-atarms to decide the ‘ay and the veteran Ea of Warwick along withthe ‘young King Edward ~alad of ast 19 years, buta ‘ian in size stature and military accomplishment - rally ther men before the final reckoning, "The felis now awash with seo. The Lancastian army comes thundering down the 26 =e 01 Will of the wind Asthe wind anges healing ‘het own nthe aes ae aesstrianspromping Facer, ‘witha steng wing bend ter tha sats ry epi the {nestrianine Te tanstrian lengbows ely but thar azowscteh ‘ne wind sn ls 05 Benefit of timing “The De ot Nodes dvson “4 tating when the atl ben and ares Maleymoment Heese heated ‘onthe southeastern mad ces into De ‘ne thundering tothe LanesBattle for the throne Lh SE “The Lancastrian army comes thundering down the slope, crashing in waves upon the waiting Yorkist host" ExlotNothuntetand The Lancsansgeaer Thetis now hae high with the ea and decisive and Soest Ifthe Lancastrians can push them back over the tet ne will break and a rout all 3 mumber of acing ih century, it was cammen for fight amid the press, lying their tuoops beneath ther futering insignia and now as Bard enter hero ofc he reach, breaking i constant bolster his embiin bateine {down upon the Laneasrian leftThe move is 28leave the ground carpeted with corpses, No quarter is gen; nobleman or commones all are fi game “The many Lancatians bolting nortawards became victims of their own commanders the bridge across the Cock atthe ther rim was destroyed the day before leaving the escaping soldiers nowhere to ford the river With the victorious, adrenaline fuelled Yorkists bearing down on them, many take wo the waters, though ther armour, whether tempered stel or heavily padded jacks drags them under. Huneeds dig, falling vitim to ether the freezing water o the Yorkist archers shooting the foundering men as if they wer ish ina barrel TeSnot lng before the waters are thick with dead, and both pursuers and pursued can now cross the river on a bridge of bodies. England paid the price The slaughter unleashed at Towton stands ‘unparalleled in English history. The day claimed the lives ofthe Eat of Northumberland along with Lords Dacre. Maule, Wells and Viloughby along with Sr Anthony Trollope, who all ded courtesy of ‘wounds received onthe battled, while Eward Fimselis sax to have executed 42 Lancastian "Moving up the battlefield's eastern edge they attack with fresh vigour, some mounted and some on foot, cascading down upon the Lancastrian left" Battle of Towton [knights after the battles denovement. Recent archaeological explorations have unearthed some truly gruceome finds including grave pt where evidence suggests that a good many unarmed ‘men were vicously hacked down a they sought clemency from their atackers, Many contemporary chronicles number the ‘Torton dead at more than 30000 and while modem scholars view this aban exaggeration, :most agree that somewhere inthe region of 15000 'men perished on tha snowbound fel near York. Just afew days after the bate, Lod Chancel George Neville wrote to the papal legate, Francesco Coppin, claiming that so many had fen that f eid bodies were seen to cover an area Sx mis Jong by tee broad ‘Though England paldaheavy price that day, Edward VI had claimed his kngsom, Though nat | as decisive o famous as the Battle of Bosworth ‘Tonto remains a hornfic ad sombre name worthy of remembrance in English history. 2330 Battle for the throne 4 May 1471 Battle of Tewkesbury The bloody showdown between the House of York and House of Lancaster is seen as one of the decisive battles of the Wars of the Roses the marrarch of the Lancastian cause an ‘wile ofthe forme kin, Margaret of Aniou was ack in the county seeking support. {Landing in Weymouth England, she went on the march, quickly gaining suppor from Conall, Devon, Somerset and elsewhere. After Jeaving Bristol which she briey mace her bas, she made cowards the city of Gloucester, inthe hope she coul gin entry to its essential bridge crossing over the River Severn and into Wales. However, te city refused 0 ‘open its gates to Margaret's force, and she was forced to ‘march further north tothe next crossing which was located at Tewhesbury Margaret wasn' the only recent arrival in England, however. Edward of York ot Edward IV of England, landed sn the noth of Erland in ‘March 147 He held the backing of his brothers ‘the Dukes of Gloucester and Clarence, and was himself bent on taking back the cro he had only recently lost during revolt ciety by the Earl cof Warwick, so-called ‘the Kingmaler: Warwick hha previously supported the Yarkst cause, so his bbeayal had cut Edward to the core and ulumately ‘ost him his cw, On the very day Margaret landed in Weymouth Edward and Warvric faced one another atthe Battle of Barnet just days after the Voit force had. ‘occupied London. Soon after the queen and her "He was bent on taking back ‘sissies me the crown he had only recently lost" ‘son, Eard Prince of Wales landed in the west of England, they were immediately greeted by the news of Warwick's defeat andl death atthe hands of the Yorks force. Now the queen was desperate to find safety, winerever she could find i Tor the now-estoed King Edward IV and bis, renewed fore, buoyed by ther victory at Ramet, ‘Margaret was the only obstacle stanling inthe ‘way ofa lasting peace. Pursuing the Lancastians ear the Welsh border, they finally caught up with thelr prey near Tewkesbury ‘where the Duke of Somerset (the commander ofthe to tur and fight rather than attempt a potentially disastous crossing while “under attack. After the battle had. lied down, many soldirs fled to Tewkesbury Abbey to see sanctuary fom the pursuing Yorks - ‘among them as the Duke of Somerset who had ‘miraculously survived the battle despite being right inthe tick ofthe fighting, However, soon Edward and his men caught up with the fleeing army, broke Sno the Abbey and tok every Lancastran prisoner They were put on shows and promptly executed just days later. Soon Margaret herself was taken prisoner and her husband Henry VI died in suspicious circumstances in his London cll. looked t all hat the Laneastrin threat had finaly assed, and the wars would be over Tetlbener ape wens Sonbeteeines Te penal poe82 Battle for the throne tees beth ely na O2kna ‘Along withthe cannon fire, ines of archers con both sides step a forward and let loase Teferyhexctinetanase racy [overt ents id not ad eto pesca, but she ey held wget th yay of te ay across the fl, ‘epin pressure is Strengths Her pereivediegtimary as queen put on Somerse’s onmanced wdespreed popuantyané | unit andhismen leyaty inte treo ow beginning to Weaknesses waver as cannon Without bing on the tela als and arrows Penonay Margret tte slater rain down on frst er commanders them from Weaknesses Tirintes umber mest they wese auch} se) manoeuvres sakes 5 EDWARD PUSHES BACK Nntontivverstiamm jt'Saestandiene With the element of surprise Sones pies” tind mse nie ‘ Smilgcpottocmtinnl —oqenattieteoncrtienat, GON, and now heavily ey weapon ‘devastating weepen aan bth Adar me si Iishtedighentenees — dovatstay = GutMMbered, Somerset and his ‘rest towards mend res on Nevers they chase aiierghoftetanastan HadkginoEdvawseewe. men are forced back, into the eon Gea Lane log the ‘em by sure tutkalne —Jepft flank of the Yorkist army, ‘making his way to King Edward Seeing Somerset’ charge in ‘under command of Richard ‘lstaction forthe main ary lineupanddeendties sing’ —-_ Duke of Gloucester. ‘Neng each and eae lade was 35y Unwiely mcose quarters ndvery eae to march wthBattle of Tewkesbury 10 THE PRINCE OF WALES IS SLAIN In the chaos, Edward Prince of Wales, the Lancastrian heir to the throne, is caught and killed while trying to escape. The Duke of Somerset, is later captured and executed days later, accused of treachery. 09 The a rout "he Yorkists gaining send uct pamc and there Edward's cavalry 07 Somerset ‘The Yorkists OG Size ger OS vance ‘The 200 cavaky Edvard had kept hidden Sevng hat als ost Seeing the enemy wavering, further to the west, beyond the path Sts en tin edna orders his forces to Somerset and his men had taken. now alliectons Many head———_agvance. Al tree of his ates ‘west no the tree Chareinto the fay Cosirgthehedgrons tot teow cage arn th ald Carty, they emerge atte tp ofthe il” SEIRBSEFENN Yard the enemy, wth the fn cold to the ef Somerset and Soin simemangs — Kingand hs beth the Dike Homen The smal Lncstin re isnow smpintirmmy wee of Coeetr the Beas of Compete sureunded Meni thevest_ ‘bese tet gre, Tey acy gain the Cf tsar, urs conrad of Werock Gromftng thee eof edger at the fo of and Devon, donot conmt tothe mele to STEINER. ey gery pin, and ress Sunpor theese Beare fowardreenesy Yorkist army Troops: 5,000 Cavalry: 200 Edward IV eader ‘er rcenty reskin tone, the “ors hing was prepared oral wipe ‘atthe oppastion ‘Strengths “The leyaty ofan experienced amy buoyed bps teen vary dar hidden unt of mounted tops prove fatale te Lancserian eco apy chro om cover to easly ‘Weaknesses Uneven tran strewn wth hedgerows ssre fet oe arose ‘Rey weapon “The oss ol tering ot ays relbl weapon ‘nary, drag motte nenerey ‘Weaknesses ire and ck of acuracy rade thse urs ss sel for caus cases 334 Battle for the throne Dawn of the Tudors During the Wars of the Roses, many vied to wear the crown of England, but an unlikely claimant silenced the battle drums to become king he small leet set sail fom France on 1 August 485, Seven days ltr the babble of mostly French waces and Scottish accents were heard on Welsh sil as ‘he force made land at Millord Haven. They were sole of fortune, 2000 sttong at mos, employed to full a simple mission - seize the crown of England for ther figurehead, This'man who would be king was Henry Tudor. His father Edmund Tuder, had ded before Ihe was born However his mother, Margaret Resufcrt, was very much ale. Both a widow and a mother bere her Hath birthday, she later came to see that events and circumstances turned sufficiently in her ony son's favour, Englans throne coukl be his, On 7 August, the Pembrokeshire coast, he was loser than bel ever been. ‘The royal blood in his veins was thin his mother was a desoendant of on of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster and hs mises, Katherine Swynfor, the pa ater marrying to legitimise the line ~ but was there. The Milford Haven landing ite was near to were Henry as bor, at Pembroke Cast in 457 King Henry Vi had been the teighing monarch then. Edmund, Henry Tudors father, and his unc, laspe, shared the same mother a te king ‘who Joked favourably upon the offspring of her second ‘marriage. Treating his hal roshers well was one of Henry ‘Vis few virtues. Hiner by bouts of mental ess, his eign was il stared. During t,he weaky allowed courtiers especially the Beaufort family. and his wife ‘Margaret of Anjou, to grab power and wealth, ‘The kings aiminisation was increasingly incompetent and corrupt. The Hunted Yeas’ War with France, so bly prosecuted by his father Henry V, had been lot in 1453, leaving the economy badly damaged. The Huse of Lancaster, fom which Henry VI hailed, was hugely clscreited especially among many ofthe unfavoured nobility, When mertalilnes incapacated the king, a power strugale began for control of the country. The ‘queen, supported bythe Duke of Somerset» Margaret Beauforts uncle - pushed tobe made tegen, but it ‘was Richard, Duke of York, one of the country richest Tandowners, who was made protector ofthe realm. Asa rect descendant of Eaward Il, Yor had aimest as ston claim to the throne as the present Lancastian king, yet at that time he remained loyal As protect, he imprisoned Somerset and attempted to curb te comupton within the administration However, when King Henry VL recovered his faculties. York was dismissed and Somerset release to resume his role at cour. ‘Sidelined, watching his decisions as protector reversed, and vulperabe opts against him by Somerset, York acted, Together withthe Earls of Warwick and Salisbury they raised an army of some 3000 men. This force intercepted Henry and his supporters, traveling from London to Leicester, t St Albans, The Yorist demands for Somerset to be arested were rejected, anda bri battle through the street ofthe town began. Somerset was ‘led, as were other Lancastrian nobles, while the king ‘was inured by an arrow twas 1455, ane the Wars of the Roses had begun, "They might have ended there and then had York taken the crown but, pethaps proving bis loyalty, he didn Instead be reafirmed Henrys ight tothe thyone and ‘once again acted as protector when the king suffered further mental problems. An uneasy peace prevailed until the queen and aes gathered an army of Lancatrian ‘sympathise to challenge the Yorkists agin forcing York and Salsbut to fle the county. The viet was fllowed§ 3 s = Ss > = 836 Battle for the throne by the atainting of lading York nobles, wich ‘meant they were lose thelr tes and lands to ‘the crown Ruined ifthe lt it stan, the Yrksts rallied ad fought back, with the Ear of Warwick, who had been garrisoned in Clas, returning to England to bolster thee cause Warwik wer a ey battle at Northampton, defeated the king, and York at ast formally Iai claim tothe throne via Parliament's Act of Accord. This allowed Henry VI to remain king, but on his death, succession would ass to Yor’ fam. ‘Yet before 1460 was out, York was dea. killed at the Battle of Wael. Hs tile passed to is eldest son, Edward. Seemingly in the ascendancy the ‘queen's Lancastian army marche on Leno. but the city sealed its gates to er instead proclaiming the new Duke of York as monarch. Weeks ltr March 1461, he won a crucial conflet at Towton Moot Iwas the bodies arl f the Wars tft ‘the Lancatran amy in tatters, while the victor returned to London as King Edward IV Aged four atthe time, Henry Tudor was in the car of his unele Jasper at Pembroke Castle in ‘Wales, lsper was loyal Lancastrian fighting in vain fo keep the castle out of Yoris hands I fell © Wiliam Herbert. and young Henry found himself in Hebert’ household in 1468. That year, however, the Wars resumed following a fal out between Edward 1V and Warwick The liter switched ses to cachestrate a coup against the king vio ed to the continent. Henry VI. a prisoner in the Tower of London for five years, was eased ard restored 0 the throne In this brief Lancastrian revival, Herbert was executed after the Battle of Edgscote Moot, and Henzy Tudor went back to his uncle vents turned sly again when Baan retumed to England. Gathering followers he faced ‘arse ot the Battle of Bam, and urmphed ‘Warwick the kingmaker, was kil. The same fate befell Hey VIs hei, the 7yearold Edward Prince of Wales, atthe next bate at Tewkesbury Shortly afte, the recaptured Henry VI died. possibly of Death, but most tkely murder. The Yorks grip ‘on the crown as now vice ke. Any Laneastian noble or supporter was at risk Jasper Tudor, one ofthe most prominent sil alive fled to Britany in 147i taking Henry with im, Partly under protection, partly under house ares, they lived inex tthe behest of Duke Francs who viewed the pair as usehul pwns in his dispte with King Louis X1 of France and Frana’s dispute with England In 475, Edward IV seemed to have persuaded Francis to hand the alr back fora payment, but a eter fom Margaret, Beaufort alerted Jasper and Henry ofthe plan before it could be carried out. Henry feigned ‘illness before they escaped to sanctuary Henry's mother had married tice more by then. Despite her Lancasian roots, her marrage to Henry Stafford ‘was harmonicus.even though be fought forthe Yorksts ane died fom wounds helping Edward 1V triumph at Barnet. Her next, ‘manage sn 1472, seems. a calculated alliance. Her new husband was Thomas Lord ‘Stank, a wea landowner fom the north west of agand, and prominent “The fighting was brutal and close-quartered, pe ang spike hackin; tnd jabbing” weDawn of the Tudors The Wars of the Roses ‘The corrupt court of weak Henry VI. dominated by his favourite the Duke of Somerset and the ‘queen, led disaffected nobles to fight for change yas ‘Tudor CY victory QP victory" “DY cry Pred Bsmtar aBattle for the throne in Baward I's cout Given access to itby her ‘mattiage, Margaret scon impressed the queen lizabeth Woodvile, beeoming gximather to one lof her daughters. No doubt ade by her husband's nQuence with the king she sought to end her sons cele and secure his fate I Henty could return to Bngland and regain his tie ~ Ft! of Richmond he might become a husband to Edwarts eldest daughter, Princess Elizabeth of York potentially neutralising some of the bad bod bexween the ‘wo Houses. Before any of that happened. though. Edward IV unexpectedly ded, A commanding fire. tal ‘00d loking and fond of high ving the excesses (of his ie simply took their tol. Ewards her, the 12-year-old Prince of Wales, was set forthe throne 23 Edward V.A Regency Counc dominated by his uncles would be needed toad him, bu those uncles were at loggerheads. The late kings brother, Richard, Duk of Gloucester, moved to seize the inate ‘The prince was traveling to london with his smother’ brother “Anthony, Ea vers, when Gloucese, supported by the “While his nephews lived, they posed a threat to Richard's position as opponents could use ther as figureheads’ Duke of Buckingham, intercepted them a Stony ‘Stratford. Rivers was arrested for pting against Gloucester and would be executed, Gloucester and Buckingham rode into London wih the prince. Gloucester was declared protector ofthe realm, Next. aa meeting supposedly to plan Edward ‘Vs coronation, Gloucester accused his dead brothers trusted confidante Loré Hastings, of plowting against him, While Hastings was beheaded ‘without trial ethers were arested and impsoned, Incuding Thomas Lod Stanley, With Hastings silenced, Gloucester’ supporters then aerted that ‘the promiscuous Baward IV had promised to marry another woman before his wedling to Elizabeth ‘Weodvile, invalidating the marrage and rendering any offspring from illegitimate. Paiament agreed and declared the late kings mariage invalid, Jeaving Glovcester asthe Yrkist bet He was ‘crowned King Richard Ion July 1483. Stanley, released days eater. was reinstated and took part in the coronation as di his wife, Herry Tudors ‘mother. The new kings nephews, however, dd not ward V and his younger brother remained in the Tower, supposedly under the new king’ A medieval knight With battles decided by fierce close- quarters fighting, it was important fora knight to have protection from head to toe Helmet Ea tet ingests eared ‘osbn when neces theneck opening acompcte cree nakocoureparttbe ‘Svces an trum, Heavy armour ‘Trew st cola 250 pecs “sweighuptosO tigre The lnigitcolfbe cohen tt hecoud "rym iene ‘Sword tha seg doable aed tet ae stnghtsswordcouldbe been 2 and2eetongand wwe between ants Idan Cuisses Thesemetpltes protected ‘hehe and gees coveredthe lowerpre ota leganahes Protection. But while his nephews ive, they posed threat to Richa position because opponents ‘ould use them as figureheads for a rebellion. He had a clear mative to eliminate them. Shakespeare's version ofa chilling, deformed Richard Is ‘often acrepted as fat yet though it was writen to please a ater royal household - portraying the pitless monarch as virtually a pantomime villain the central charge that he had his brothers sons murdered may have the ring of rth about Rumouts ofthe demise ofthe princes could not ‘be contained and Richard Il sid or did nothing publicly to stop them, Disstsiacion with how he had come othe throne grew, especialy beyond his power base of supporters inthe north. A rebelion seemed likely When it care, was led by at unlikely foe ~femer aly Buckingham, Me reasons fr Buckingham vlteface are unclear but he had come under the infence (ofthe persuasive Dr Morton. Bishop of Ely This shew politician had served both Edward TV and the previous Lancastlan regime equally well His ‘course appears toh Buckingham, whale Morton had aso contacted Margaret Beaufort.Dawn of the Tudors ORE CRC icom ctl -tg ‘They shared a battlefield at Bosworth and the crown of England, pete nts a scenietonr ed Ee40 UTM LR Richard's wounds Researchers identified atleast 1 injuries onthe recently discovered king's skeleton Some may have been inficted after death toabuse the bodyTorry ‘illness and remained absent, even though his son, Lord Stange, as with the king’ court an cdfectively a hostage against his father's defection The two armies converged in the Fast Midlands, whl the oops of the Staneys shadowed both tut stayed uncommitted. On the morning of 22 August 1485, the inevitable battle began. A ‘efntve narrative of what append cannot be agreed as contemporary accounts ae sparse Even the battlseld location long believed to have been at Ambion Hill neat Market Bosworth, is now ‘thought to bea mile away at Fenn Lane Farm, ‘Yeti likey that Tors force, by then some 53000 strong, had the seasoned eld commander the Ea of Oxford in the vanguard, with suppert, ‘on the flanks and Henry Tudor himself leading a ‘small mounted fore tothe rear. Facing them were the Duke of Norflks men font and centre, with artillery on bth flanks and the ng’ horsemen fn behind, Northumberland’ amy sa deeper, covering ether Nank. Richard Il had more than tle the men at Tudor’ disposal, yt to one i, still uncommitted, were 6000 Stanley men, After cannon ite and ran of arrows, both ‘vanguards tammed into each ete, The fighting ‘was brutal and clse-quartored, halberd and pike hhacking and jabbing agunst meta plate armour The kings superonity of numbers counted for Iie as Northumberlanas men stayed back, never landing a blow Oxfords men held up well an Norflr was killed, but Tudor, seeking support. rode towards the Stanly army. Richard I saw both the ‘movement of Tudors sandard and opportunity Teas sky and bol, but if his mounted knights swooped to engage Tv’ smaller groun his val ‘ould be eliminated and the day wen, The king charged ahead ne impos cared the king's men deep into Tudor’ retinue. The fighting was desperate, the ‘king hacking and Slashing to get to his nemesis ‘Tudor saw his standard-bearer was cut don Richard Il was geting cose, close enough for “Tudor tose the citlt crown around his bel, when suddenly the king’ lank came under attack Sir William Stanley 2 last acting, betrayed the king by throwing his loin with Tart erred the he king. some say yeling "weason, treason was sepaate from his men and unseated. He Fought on bravely but was enveloped by Wels foot soldiers. As he was hacked down and killed Jeger bas thatthe cele Fle from his helmet and was retrieved by Thomas Lord Stanley, who laced itn his stepsn's head to proclaim him King Henry VIL. Ther oder dead, many Yorkst soles suttendered, bringing the bate to an end fer barely to hours It wasn't quite the lst in the Wars ofthe Roses, butt proved the decisive one ‘Given the turbulent history of recen rmanatcs, the fac that the new king! throne was tenuous and that he had s time on the run and in exile than in England, the Prospects for Henry VI actully lasting lang onthe throne were not good. Nevertheless, he set about the task His wilt mariage to Princes Elizabeth uniting the Houses of Lancaster and Yrk trough the Tudor name, helped appease Yarkst host. An ei, Arthur, was orn ess than a year after his ‘official coronation, cementing the new king's reign Additonal, while Henry Vit was rthless with the lsding players who had supported Richard be Tet most ofthe middle ranking Yorkists alone. This ‘meant the administration ofthe country cermin smoothly. The new king also benefited from the fact thatthe country was hearty sick ofc tif. When several pretenders to his poston emerged he was ale to snl out rebellions adit lecause the impostrs were unable to gather sufficent port. Important, Henry VI att strong alliances with other counties, particulary France and Spain. This negated the need for varfunding, taxes allowing the nation's finances to recover. 1n 1508, afte almost 24 years on the throne Heny Vl died in his bea, Lady Margaret Beauor, vo sw ite of her son when he was young but ‘hi pleny to see him to the throne ay him fo res, culiving him by two months. hough Arthur the heir died young the spar’ took the erown as Henry VIL The Tudor dynasty had begun. 4its one tates = Meet the extraordinary people who hold the key to our clcaler-lsOemiyUOmen MRE lomp elect aes ce a Hohe Tuer kg costed spleen the Lae arenes peters sroeersnestenes 50 Prince Arthur Penrod craietastats eae Doser soot et ori kng he eters Pre tor Tee oi et eee ree em ee ee etn eet eee aren tet esis Ce oa Trg erect en ts a ee 74 Henry VIII's tower of terror eee ion tree errs the cea? 80 Edward VI ey nee teeta PPR CENCE g en rtd caer Boas oe etree tnd eee et Beasts tog tey lores eunerrne tree nena Manresa leper eG cn ne ety See ene ee SUPE S 3 tay St eee ‘was wing oot protect the Vipin Quen from DenaThe key figures IAS7 - 1509 Henry VI The king who won his crown through battle and had to fight throughout his reign to keep it, and in doing so established the mighty Tudor dynasty rninvasion force st of frm France and landed in Wales before heading into the dart of England itsell. The year was 1485 and at tbe head of tis ragiag amy was ‘man who, for most of hs 28 years on Earth hha been on the run had been constantly king ‘over his shoulder and unable to find peace This ‘man was called Henry Tudor and wen he first set foot on the wet said of Wales, hei said tohave fallen to his knees and uttered, “ge me Lord ane favour my cause” was, “unsurprising that he was praying, forthe odds seemed stacked against him: his aim to the throne was wealeand the any ofthe King of England, Richard IL was much stronger than his own, “There were two reasons why the free landed in Wales Henry wanted to remain undetected for as long as possible to sive him time to build up suppoet anit ‘was alo the land where he had been born in 1457, at Pembroke Castle. The man who would go on to found tbe Tudor dynasty was born to an eat and countess and hada minor claim tothe throne through his mother Lady Margaret of Beaufort Aadesoendant of Edward Il. Despite this tenuous royal lineage, by the early 1470s be was the main “Lancasrian claimant remaining, asthe Wars ofthe Rose - battle or the craw beteen the houses of Lancaster and York hat began in 1455 and saw ‘the frcunes ofthe two rival houses ebb and flaw ‘had resulted inthe deaths ofthe rest. ‘When the course ofthe Wars of oses changed again in 171 with the reclaiming ofthe throne by the odes king Edward IV, Henry fled to Betany ere Discs tas ON Rem nen gts alert Coren for safety, He would noe set foot n Elan again for 14 years and this life of constant being under threat, of never feeling safe, would affect how be ruled when he became King of England, In Britany (@ duchy independent ofboth France and England) Henry was under the protection of Francs ‘who resisted Edwards attempts to send Henry to “England and in the process probaly saved his fe [nas Edward himself who ded unexpectedly in 183 and Rchard of Gloucester, who would ‘become Richard I, ook contre and ‘imprisoned Edwards tw sens in the Tower of London, To this day, debate still ages about what ‘exactly happened to them, but there was no doube that Richard ‘was now in conto of England. Richard was now king, ‘but many were unhappy that awards sons wouldnt get the chance to succeed ther father. This Increasing potical division in England ‘meant that after years in the wilderness Henry was thrust back into the politcal spoiht ‘with many believing he should asset his clara to te throne This situation was managed with ‘what would become typical pola cunning by ‘Henry, who announced that fhe did retum and ‘become king then he would marry Elizabeth of York ane thus unt the two warring houses When dhe lame that Richard was exerting pressure on Francs to release his val to ir, Henry escaped to France dressed asa servant. was n Pars that his supporters gathered around him and made ‘their plans for an invason of Eland and to put tan end tothe Yorkst king who ha niy been siting onthe throne for two years On 7 August "M85 Henry landed at Milton Haven Waterway inet ers co os vyBoer TM Nts Cree oa Pasig “Henry's forces were in danger of being overwhelmed when William Stanley threw his men into battle and instructed them to attack Richard" Wales and sald his prayer to God while kneeling on the publ glare Against all dds, the man who the wet sand of the beach, Henry invasion frce dint stay secret for long and soon Richard’ large army wasn pursuit ‘and eventually intercepted Henry's forces south of Market Bosworth in Letestersite On 22 August ‘what would turn out tobe the last confrantaton of the Wars of the Roses tok place asthe 60 rivals met each other on the battlefield Henrys forces were in danger of beng overwhelmed when Wiliam Stanley who had been watching from the sidelines, threw his men into batle and instructed them to atack Richard. This action by one of the ‘mest powerfull men in the and was the decisive ‘moment inthe batle and the King of England was cot down, murdered by commen men, bateed to death and then stripped naked and talento Letester, where his dead body was exposed to hha been living in exe for most of his if had ‘won, The crown was his, but Henry knew that if the had wen iin bate thee could also lose iin battle. The struggle to keep hold of his crown and ‘establish a legacy had only just begun. ll the years that Henry had pent in exlle hha robbed him of an intimate knowledge ofthe ‘workings of royal cout, but had made him a sharp observer and his keen mind immediatly ‘grasped bow important appearances wore it was ot enough to just be king he had to look, act. and sound ikea king 1s often sad that history s ‘writen by the Viters an following his coronation (030 October, thats exactly what Henry di He used his st parliament to change the date that he became king toa day before the Battle of Boswoath thereby making Richard the attempted usurper and ensuring that everyone who had ‘opposed Henry could in the future be tried with treason. His marriage to Elizabeth of Yor, daughter (of Bdvard IV, une the warring houses of the ‘white rose of York and the red of Lancaster and ed tothe creation ofa powerful symbot: the Tudor rose, which incorporated the two colours. He also ‘commissioned the fist ever pound coin, a gold sovereign with an image of Henry sting ona throne in all his splendour on the obverse and a “Tudor double rose on the reverse While these symbols were powerul propaganda toals important in trying to legitimise the new “Tudor rule, they were nothing compared to the Importance of producing a male het So wien. in 1486, Prince Arthur was born to Henry and izabeth, the new king could breathe a Ite easier ‘While the nation rejoiced athe birth ofthe prince ‘who had been named after the mythical King of Camelo, there were sil those who werent buying Into Henry's image ofthe legimacy ofthe Tudors In 487 a rebellion began in ireland around a boy called Lambert Simne! who claimed tobe the ‘Yorks fal of Warwick, son of Edward IVs brother George, Duke of Clarence. The fore imvaded England but was no match for Heny’s batehardened troops, who decimated the rival army at the Battle of Stoke. Simnel wso was merely ‘puppet inthe pn, was pardoned by Henry. ‘However, te fact that Henry ad been forced into bate to keep his crown was futher indication ‘that is place on the throne was no secure Just four years ater, history repeated stselfand Henry had to deal with Another rebellion; this tinea young ‘man called Perkin Warbeck ane Increased. The spying network was increasingly ‘wel funded and Henrys Privy Chamber, his personal ice where he worked and let, became harder to gain admittance to as the number of people whom he trusted decreased. The king became obsessed with to things money and security His style of government ‘became increasingly personal, with his signature required forall substantial financial es Se inst ‘This was a serious problem for bani dhs who had been a constant Henry ashe knew that much of his support had only come because of the disappearance of ‘the two princes - wil Warbeck’s claim was widoly discredited it would ‘rove a good excuse for people ose up against him. Hen responded by sting up an extensive survellance network With spies across ‘the courty ad the continent keeping a close eye ‘on anyone who seered likely to cause trouble Henry had always been a suspicious, even paranoid king. and with Warbecks claim tis enly RE os Eso thorn in Henrys side = was captured, and executed two years Ite, twas a vinication ofthe king’ esa loosen his sp on government. However, with ‘Warbeck led and the king having been ‘on the thrane fr move thana decade, he could ‘begin to focus more attention on matters outside ofthe stand nation and lok to further lgicimise his dymasty. Marriage alliances were a formidable diplomatic tool and Henry had given customary ‘ate and attention to whom Arthur would marry Old enemies France and nga ad onghstry of ‘nfl fore Hey bear ig sch 35. the Hundred Years War of 371983 As Henry ‘re fit an foremost terested sein strane. he ost pusued a statogy of peace with Fane but di lunch a smal fovesion in 492 whch edo teeny of ales the tems of whch halpd 0 set ene cles Power of the nobles Inland many roble fas were very powerful ad possessed nd and ares hat ‘auld penal calnge ten Henry ‘ed wa mn tae tot the pone out operated usualy uc fore te and woul et gina hoe v0 power tha ordinary courts weal converte. However et stone wer aid on sacet cul be used tyranny by es The New World 19 152 Genoan explorer Christopher ‘Clubs (aces by Spansh mone landed inthe New Worl an aeon tht woul range the wok forever: The dscorey of apt from Evope to thse es woul dt many of te major Euopean ations rng (lonse ands 2a of aidan exe ‘20d Mood mothe carter Money, money, money Yess of wa wth Fance ad led to Eran being in severe debt and Henry werked Rad ‘ould wis own personal tances ane that ofthe nan He as personaly volved Ins aspect of goverment aa Stade agrarents and alc were desgred to tos frances Byte endo his i tae revenes were sft high and many who fad gore before. Anew world power ‘The mariage of Ferdinand of Aagp cad abe of Caste in 468 eaan the process of uting Spin one county aloush ‘xragon and anti ean independent {fom each ther in some way) an eres ie power Span wou emerge a power Player on the worl aniston sae ‘ada county that Eran Pd tobe incressingly waryThe key figures The Tudor spy dete Moron ws sneane wise pote super arty he (Geng 2 cation spt ecurped ste wie taweloe Sein eae ‘nate les Brahe taste an cu "or Hey ned coe enond Somtin te retoan pstin Tren creo Noes Stren eco pena ree Sostap sop an sels et ‘ch woud port del ote ng wathetg sone oh aes ugha ope ands atone craps itracinnacl ics tase ge onthe wo mgt pe sore Te Spyecerome ec tao eras nent Poin Matec si met ft Hen new Gf trptcenis wheter doh teaypotanen ses olla Neary ed ee reg tern areca ian Sey ou sya eat Sento econ Bonet ‘is potg wi os and sheeted su up the Star Wetinwaxnses” ACRE Teatay deyoenenbirghme iuueseten nes ener ty Stayonthe tone aaa : Cayo) away with their Defining moment Invasion of England 1485 Cf feg mercenaries and xed Enlishnen irl we ears epee a Henry {stored tog at Rose Fed on 2 Aus Rehr sy ral bei ond dow ‘he oppston However, when tla Wily (oe Staley trace i octet hard he ‘ieofthe bt uns Hey saowoed ig oo reign the hing heb bali sr kes 3 om el ow Bosworth tothe cpt apd ns pew toe imeline — “ae,He favoured a union with a Spanish princess, thereby uniting two enemies f France, and 2s farback as 489 (when Arthur was just three the treaty of Medina del Campo had betrothed him Catherine, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. By the time of Warbeck’ death, Arthur was nearing the age when he could mary and so repaations for the lavish wedding could begin ‘On Ht November 1501 the two were maried by the Archbishop of Cantey in St Pals Cathedral ‘Ths was a momentous occasion fr Hen the wedding legtmised his ule, as it meant a foreign ower soch as Spain saw him as the true king and ensured that his dynasty would continue long after his death The lavish two-week weeing celebrations turned London into party ety and all commented on how beautiful Cerne looked. Henrys joy would be short lived, though, as mete months Iter Arthur contracted an illness aed ied, something that caused an immense politcal impact. ‘Werse wuld come fer Henry \when in 1503 Elizabeth died rine days after chair, wit the baby also not surviving ‘Many had supported Henry out of loyalty to Elizabeth and with ber joining Arthur in the grave it seemed that the kings crown, which he had worked telssly to secure, was sipping, ‘through his fingers ke gyains of sand Fenty. who normally aa stron pokerface could not contain his grief and shut himself away for six weeks, He was mentally and pystaly exhausted, but when he returned to normal Margaret have Defining moment Defeat of Warbeck 1497 Teton atcha pte shes ‘Thom win castles es Sentient Steischmnn non up and pans SSertfon the so sa ey oe ines’ sano nnn nd ar omelet as Boe fevhcuniinfon base eo fee ‘Stent rn oe yes tha angle ph pat Hn ttc Gp sag Came are bevonay ene 22 neato Sia ee Set Soo, beseet Saea Sexes Rearers Save Puke Set ce EE oo Henry VII “Henry, who normally had a strong poker-face, could not contain his grief and shut himself away for six weeks. He was mentally and physically exhausted" ir Pre Cieerncg esienebneettg Coren erea Prenttensy government life he was even more ruthless than before. He saw conspiracy theories everywhere and decided that fis subjects would not ve him ‘then they would fear him. He used a series of huge financial bonds on lading ctizens and merchants ‘to ensure thet good behaviour - fr many the cast of betraying the king became financially impossible ag well as the Coun Learned in the Law oss the most notorious expression of his ‘ule, Ths counell had unprecedented powers and was answerable only 10 the king It could overae normal legal proceedings to lok at any cases i wished and was not above extorting money, eer asa punshment or simply to swell the kings coffers. From 1503 the council was run efficient and rthlessiy by Edmund Dudley, who later wrote that the king wanted, “Mary persons in danger at his pleasure. ound to his race for great sums of money. Genuine fear and unease swept the country at this repressive regime, but Henry's dynasty was further secured thanks to a stoke of outrageous ood fortune: in 1506 a ship carrying Philp the Fat of Burgundy was shipwrecked in England, een Henry ensured Philip had everything he wanted a the royal ort but through this thin veneer it was clear that Philip was effectively a prisoner unt he agoed to release to Hen’ care the Duke of Suffolk, who had been agitating on the continent forarebelion in England. Philp agreed and ‘wien the boat containing Sul arrived, he was Prompt escorted to the Tower of London. This lst feo years, Henry became increasingly ‘and withdrew rom pubic fe Al eyes turned to is prince and heir Henry, who seemed io be ‘ery efferent rom his father - where the king was cold and calculating the young prince was a ‘Ane physical specimen intrested in honour ad val. After the paranoid repime of his father, the people were looking forward to amore traditional king, tut fit hadii been for Henry VIts shrew ction, there would have been no crown to pass dwn, When in 1508 the ight in Henry was fading fas, he could reflect on a jb well done: aman who had spent much o his early Iifeon the run had won the English ctown and been able to hold onto it is people may have celebrated the passing of the penny-pinching king, bu the fact that there was no opposition towards his son becoming monarch was probably his greatest achievement and one that was won through cunning, hard work, ‘reed uthiessness and ambition, Defining moment The king is dead, long live the is ng, king ‘nes (ow hough be tubes) ies a Richard Pace di red i Westie ey net i ie Haat en kaves end a pesperus count wih money he Caesars rer of seal pate nd re ere. Tis teseved that on ene fhe ast igs hse be calsMis ton en tian stu ote the aan ith ‘jin tog by amrving Cather of Aagon the wo of Ate Thermos that son Hey oy sh 3 peat {Xession tothe hone tho nator olin ether “tes sre ht 3 70 iter det ‘Stubs the Toes a bing: and qucens of Egan. epeatnota, © Scottih union fine wy mares Fite Henrys ‘Seger Margret of 0 fier ‘etch rg ome, er ‘Meeanatengoend Fis retge ‘etme non nee eae ot mnamuges part of Deseo He a Speornt tea The Aye ‘sy of Perpenal Pee:key figures 1486 - 1502 Prince Arthur The tragic story of Henry Tudor's first-born son, the boy who would. have been king Je firstborn son of Henry Vil and Elizabeth of York. Arthur was next in ine to become king of England, His father was Laneastrian and his mother fram the house of York, ‘meaning the royal baby united the opposing actions in the Wars ofthe Roses, The prince was born just over a yar afer the Battle of Bosworth at ‘St Swthun's Priory in Winchester, ane baptised in ‘the great Norman cathetal there Henry was obsessed with the tale of King Arthur and prior othe birt, he assigned genealogists to trace is origins to the ancient Welsh king Cadwallader and he believed Winchester was built ‘on the ruins of Camelot Asa result Arthurs name ‘was chosen to evoke memories of the legendary King of England whose round table was located in the city ‘once the capital ofthe kingdom cof Wessex. Henry abo valued strong tes with Wales and ‘made Artur the head of the supervisory jurisdiction the regen that was advised and marily ran by Jasper Tudor. Eni of Bader Although now the undisputed ruler ofthe county, Henry Tudor ‘was buened with rebellions aginst the crown, 50 he desired a strong line of potential his. The young Arthur was assigned the Earls of (Oxford and Derby as his godfaters, and the ters wile presented baby Arthur witha fose that had gating of white and red upon it symbolising the joining of the Hoses o York as Lancaster, which had happened upon Henry's mariage Arthur would go on to ave eight younger siblings including a certain younger brother called Henry. 50 At the age of thee. Arthut was appointed the fst ever Prince of Wales and also the Eat of (Chester. wo yeas lar he would became a Knigh ofthe Garey, n alton to his tile as a Knight ofthe Bath that he had held since childhood As he grew up, the young prince was taught by a selection of personal tutors such as hn Rel, the blind poet Bemard Andeé and Thomas Linacre, The teachings of André in particular helped Arthur Jean both Greek ad Latin, and he was introduced tol the clase ators from antiquity Despite his ater problems, Arthur i reported as hhaving no significant health issues in his eal fe ‘An inteligent prince, he was quiet and somewhat fall So was nowhere near the athlete ung bother Henry was, edi show some sl n chery, Arthur’ father was a big influence and ensured that his sons teachings Included music and poetry as well as dlassks and languages Eager to improve rations with Spain the testy of Medina del Campo was signed in 148, Both nations were concerned by the poner of France so an allance was sought to combat the potential ‘threat This was not the fis time the Spanish _mcnarchy ha tied to forge favourable ali ‘with other ations, and their eagerness to ala deal with England was parally moavated by thelr lnvolvement in the aban Wars, (One ofthe clauses inthe treaty was for Arthur to marry Gazalna de Aragon, or Catherine of “Aragon, the daughter ofthe Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Kabel This wasnt the fst meThe nearly- monarchs Harald Hadrada ory. We a Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia Cn ea ae ed roo aes pao une tok pone Rihieiwckeewm Lady Jane Grey en fr the Tor morrehy to stay erreur a co. Ange eet lsc beeen cert a and alot82 The key figures this sort of danse had been inserted ina treaty, under Edward V's egn in the Isth century, Spain had tried (unsucessfully to marry the forure edward V to Infanta Isabel Princess of Asturias “The mariage of arthur and Catherine was delayed fora few years afte the Spaniards became anxious thar Henrys eign was not as sturdy as they once thought, with a eres of uprisings. These concerns ‘were quickly put to bed by the English ‘monarchy as the Wabeck Rebelion was crushed 1S:yearold Catherine atved in Bngland in October 1501 after teams were finally agreed at a meeting in Calas. Prior her coming to English shores, ‘Antnur use the Latin he was taught by his personal advisors to send the princess lters. More Polite than they were romantic. (Catherine sil found the time to wnt back as the prince and princess got to know each other, (On the day of the wedding. lavish ceremony was pat on by the famously frugal Henry Tdce aS Pauls Cathal. Stands were pa up in the nave for the most prestigious guests, fanfare of trumpeters played, and ard bnize platform was ‘roctod forthe bride and groom to say thei wows, ‘After the wedding the newlyweds relocated to Ladiow Castle to begin marie fe safe inthe Tudor rebellions ‘Atough the War ofthe Roses ed ground toatuleat the decave bate of oavorth Fl, lea forte new many was st fein Engr. The Sina rebion eral boy bythe are of amber Seno! Edvard, Thi ares Yorkist eben bythe Ea of Uncla at was ventualy put down by Here ifs 2m SStoia Feld. The bt rsoretier refered toa the fina seh ofthe Wat ofthe Roses “here were sre further beans across the rato, predominant in ark Sed Coral but perhaps the gest pring was the Warbec rete of 9. ‘young Fencan bythe name of Pen ‘Wavbeck cme ta he waste le of ‘eran therefore ant the hone Mach ete ear Sel belo, this reveltion caused uvoar in Scotian Irae ad ome prtsf Erod. 35. Henry’ apl ey reg was teatened once agar After many fase das. ‘Ware nde ora hoping to Ignite more at-norarcy enter ter {he ener Cah ebellon. 6.000 men vanced northes f Taurton but were ees when te eached Hapa. arbedk’ssabsequent esecton proved to ‘he pan tht the Tae monary wat. ongenaigho sanction the matage of Cathe of apn to Prnce At. no Dregne etree oman to each otheras they had leamt different pronunciation ofLatin ‘knowledge tat their mariage was a diplomatic (ream for both England and Spain, Laud was specally chosen so the Prince of Wiales cou strengthen tes in the region be ruled ‘over While nthe castle, Arthur learnt the teas ‘of kingship to get him ready fr the throne for ‘when his father passed away, Having never seen Catherine in person before their marriage, Arthurs ‘ai to ave been smitten with the princes from Aragon and to have written his parents saying chat he would ‘bea true and loving husband. ‘The English monarchy was Inialy uncomfortable with the idea ofthe 1Syearald Arthar ‘cohabiating with Catherine bout this was allowed after coeicn from Spain. Tragically, Arthur el in March 1502 and died less than a month ater His coniion as beloved to have been tuberculosis, though ther theories claim tat he died from lagu, othe socalled ‘sweating sickness that ‘was fein Europe at the time (which may have been form ofhantavirus eis argued by some that his disease was genetic and would later affect bis nephew Edward Vis heath His father didnot tend the funeral, with some accounts suggesting that it was down tothe distance to travel whe ‘hers belive that he was simply too upset o be “Arthur fell ill in March 1502 and died less than a month later. His condition was believed to have been tuberculosis’ Defining moment Knight of the realm May 1491 athe ender ae of for ice 5.GogChpe nvon Ti 2 ight ofthe ath being me theta ver Peat Was = rn, retin smatmge nat Eas ne a Eee =| meee, ania couse Beams, Satie ie | Ot CECE EE Siok, aire Eaeae fear Eee, ioe aac | ee |G Ec, Seine crim, Se Geein un = Gee: Gae Soe = Ek soos seen Soe” Kinethere. An account fom the time stats:"When his Grace [Henry Vil] understood that sorrowful heavy ‘yeings, be sent forthe Queene [Elizabeth of Yor saying that he and his Queene would take the pinfl sorts together” A procession was held In London six days later and on St Georges Day Arthurs body made the journey from Ludlow to ‘Worcester Cathedal, where he would be buried ‘Ther are theories that Henry Vil wanted his second born son, Hen, to be his heir nstead of Arthur Henry was bth piysicaly and mentally stronger, and it was thought tbat he would have the best chance of cantinuing the Tudor line ‘Some historians believe that Ludlow Caste with its emote locaton far from the best medicine in ‘London, was an ideal vay to il Artur off This theory, however, sn the minorty and many see Defining moment Ludlow Castle occupation 1502 Themen tet ti Ehotin tes ch Prince Arthur 45 Ath cecupation of Ludlow asa way to extend Tudor rule over England and Wales, rather than a place for him todie Rumours persist over Henry's treatment of Arthur’ funeral Is boleved the king spent aot ‘mere ie, money ard effort ‘on the funerals ofthe Eal of Northumberland in 1489 and Bizabeth of Yorkin 1503 Bis not koi whether this was {down this apparent ds of hs son or whether he was simply too grieftrcken to pat ona lvish funeral for im Passing aay at just 15, Arthur was buried in ‘Wercester Cathedral. Catherine was now a wow, butt would not be lng unt she marie again, this time to Arthur’ brother, Prince Henry ‘who would become Henty Vill after his father’ death, ad Arthur become king t is questionable whether be would have ruled with as, ‘much sucess and vigour as his brother. Henry, tall. strong and athletic man. ac an ara out im that prevented any succesful upisings this tein. However, t's posible that Tudor land may not have spt from the Roman Catholic Church a the time t i, such was Henry VII dsie to proiue a sale hei, Burial in Worcester 25 April 1502 bony itaken to Were oe Shy Achy chapel src Speciyo house te pee ete fer sv ie me © Worsningsckness © Newsreacher London © Fmeratintondon © Thekingl dec. ong, ‘Arthurs tomb cated © Toate ant Cponeoingat Rorecsson Tete king Shas ater ns ea, ‘um a nr ant eat ‘Rimeney ones Entry Vl mover los gel tind ea eg ree rong aay ‘dese ore Seay on dono ipetered is younger sn ioecivestie CGheinemsnine ‘aca he bay found ‘scone compel ‘aparso2 ‘ae tyes ‘rs yng ber ew eet Bow he bre Became ing Her Vi “Karate neds ‘Sapso2 102 2008 53of The key figures ‘HENRY Vill Ceca 1491 - 1547 Henry VIII In pursuing dreams of victory in France, Henry threw England into decades of war and the chaos of a Europe in conflict erry VIE was born dreaming of war. When he took the tone in Apri 1508, with his bride Catherine of Aragon at his side, Henry new exactly what kindof king he wanted 0 he, His would bea glorious reign that would restore England tothe magnificence it deserved His father, Henry VI, had become unpopular by Jevying punishing tates to resto the country’s finances, br the new king had no intention of focusing on matters as petty as the treasury. He ‘would be a conqueror By th end of his life Henry was a bloated and frustrated mockery of the athletic youth that he hhad once been, He had grown up justing ing And hunting, and woul often participate in chivalry tournaments in disguise, He had grown ‘uphearing the stories of the grea Henry V =the dro of Agincourt - and had dreamed ofthe bates that years of peace had deprived him of He was determined that he would repeat his ancestors triumphs in France and expand Englands terery ‘beyond Calais perhaps even as far as Paris. He ‘wholly beloved that France belonged to him and "He had grown up with stories of the great Henry V - the hero of Agincourt and dreamed of such battles’S 5 4The key figures fortunately forthe English monarch ~he dino have to wat ng to Sake hs cam “Wolsey was the perfect righthand man, ractmisanibasssnnrce — AIC tO counterbalance the king's violent and Aragon in Spain. Meanwhile, just across the Tages with his own. skilled diplomacy’ (Channel. the continent vas in the throes of war “The powers of Europe cashed over the possession of Naples, essentially curing tal into ane big was not the penny-pinching tyra that his father himself and directed his trogs in that cretion, bateground. A quarrel verte region of Romagna was. The Haly League would enable him to serve _thoquipped and ravage by dysntery, the English hha set Venice aginst the Vatican and so ope his God and show France the power of Englands troops were foros to rettent. ery was furious Sulu rallied Franos the Holy Roman Empire might. The fl force ofthat might but resolute Less than a yer ltr a second invasion plan was underway and Spain under Ferdinand I) in the final weeks would be delved by Henry's '0f 1508, planning to splitthe Venetian terntonies expanding Royal Navy which among them, would boast the word angest with mach of the organisation Venice fl but lus feared French occupation and most advanced warship It left in the hands of the invaluable fal. He mounted an impulsive attack on his important not to underestimat Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. Wolsey allies which bacfied as French forces stormed the importance ofthe pope's was the perfect righthand South in etalation. tered Julius formed the blessing He was still a devout man fora king ke Benry able Hoty League and Span and tbe Holy Roman Catholic and would go on to to counterbalance the kings "Empire sided withthe papacy in 151 condemn the Protestant Martin Violent ages with his wn Henry VIE ad now been on the thrane for Lather so harshiy thatthe pope shied diplomacy while sharing a ‘wo years with his queen Catherine of Aragon would give him the tte Defender simi rabid ambition, Wolsey (esdinand’s daughte) at his side A strong royal ofthe Fath His eigion also was fixe he made sure that whatever Henry wanted, Henry sot What Hemry wanted was vial to his dream ofa glorious England included the concept of Divine and he announced that he would marry her shordy Right France was his God-given ater is father ded, Catherine was fecely loyal property. The Holy League should France ands, in Apel 513, an ane determined to meet her king’ expectations. _ have been undefeatable my was ase ad an attack was She became pregnant almost immediately but However, the first attack ended made on ‘heir chld was stilbor. It asa matter cf weeks in disaster An English force saled This incursion proved ever ntl Catherine was with child again, and she gave to Gascony in June 15. de to ‘more disastrous than the attempt birth to a son, Henry, on New Years Day 15, Sadly, meet up wit Ferdinand army on Aquitaine but Henry would Henry would survive for just seven weeks and claim the region of Aquiaine not be dissuaded and personally At this point, Henry was a youn king ns for Henry Unfortunately, Ferdinand accompanied the Enis landing 2 Calais in June. With his feet on ench sol and standing atthe beginning histeign He was the head ofa proud decided that he was mare royal family and he had shown his subjects that he interested in claiming Navate for 56Henry VHT Victory at Flodden Field cr ee thetining was rpe for an attack om the orth ng Lous a eahed out tos ayn ‘sor that hey tensed invade [poezed the sane of Fone he {ortheEngsh tops at eden, ‘ater of Aragon was ating 2 regent her histond waa arin France amy at Fen Fl and sojected ther 02 ‘cushne efat The umber of Sati dead umberedin the thousand ond King mee Ise was aren the tales ‘While Henry's rest love France may ove bean the fin ston that prompted the slack Re had very tet do wh te est “The Scottish king fell on the battlefield, and his cloak was sent to France as a trophy for Henry”58 The key figures Father of the Royal Navy ene mit be know 3 the founder of te Royal Navy butts creo had beg ing the reign of Henryl Fv royal artpr hd ‘been Buby the tine Henry il ook he thre, but the youn ng wanted mre from ‘sary mht Hen ke hat Scotland a ives tha own nat ad tht he was ptertaly tng two nog aa by, Hey ‘rr the conucton of wo rt ‘rss theinamous Mary Rose whch ebarasingy and mystery sak whe leaing the defence agaist the French atthe Solr an the Pater Poregrnat Heys ‘ton knew no sad he Engh Nay ‘wold be the biggest. the most acanced and ‘the mos fearsome. He equpped Ns ships th te atest guns andthe heaves aor, ‘hie employing new noraters tke hged fun ports. By the end of Henry eg, NS feat numbered Enormous psi side, perhaps te ‘mestimpstantnsvatirs Herr made to the ny were on nd He rested the fst ‘aval dock n Prot egae the Gant ofthe Roya Crna Tty Hoare teh {evloped bears. boys ane lighthouses ‘ad hecretes he Navy Board ae the Offer rly. Here known the father of ‘the Royal Navy becuse he jst BU up ‘emul, he ested ts backbone. dead ofan English army, Henry was exilrated, He mate straight forthe tow of Thérouanne and promptly lad sige to it The Holy Roman Emperor and fellow Holy League leader, Maximilian, joined Jum soon afterwards, heping to assure Henry that he was on the side ofthe angels. Finally, Fenty tasted glory on 16 August 153 wen the French attacked in the Bate ofthe Spurs The light French cavalry were unable to withstand the combined forces ofthe invaders and ld, Henry claimed the day as great veto, which was consolidated when Thérouanne surrendered on 22 ‘August. The subsequent capture of Tourna was Just as important to Henry, and he pt that town asan English suonghold whe giving Théreuanne {o Maximilan asa gesture of thet aeance ‘What had Henry actully achleved? Het taken «wo rowns from the French, but Paris was along way avy. Noting he'd done would tp the scales In ether direction, but this was us the beginning Henry vas in his element He was re-enacting the glories of Henry Vand who knew baw far he could go? Bven as Henry celebrated his victories in "France trouble at home soon threatened to bing everything toa halt, Al to aware ofthe English forces currently on thor si the French reached fut to King James IV of Scotland and suggested Hold Sooo saa ‘tha this might be the perfect opportunity to ‘mount an atack oftheir own. James marched south to Fledden Ridge with his armies to await the English. While England may have seemed weak, Queen Catherine acting as regent. had no intention of allowing such a challenge to go ‘unanswered. An army was raised and me the Sees on 9 September. ‘The English victory was bratally decisive and King James was Jel, The gleful queen sent the fallen monarchs bloody cloak to her husband in France with ‘the message "In this your Grace shal see how [keep my promise, ‘sending you for your banners a ‘kings coat" ery was conguering this eneries abroad while his ‘queen was seing off atackers at home. Sadly forthe warrior king, peace was ust around the comet ‘whether Henry wanted it or not He fad been acting asa war chest to his alle and Englands THOMAS MORE Reremernr cofers were so depleted that there was simply no way that he could carry on alone He would have to make peace. The next few years presented Henry with a new potential aly and a ew enemy, The ambitious Francs [tok the French crown, ‘while the Austrian King Chaes V vas elected Holy Roman Emperor (Glding Spain and 3 hge portion of aly to is lingdom Wolsey, aware ofthe fnancal sinkhole that ‘the wars had been, worked hard to keep the peace. He managed 10 ur qui to paper with the Treaty of London in 1518, while friendship would be forged atthe Pel of the (loth of Gold on 7 June 1520. The plan was that Henry and Francis ‘would spend a week enjoying the festivities and setting their ferences, wile Wolsey met with Chaties Vt ld not wo according tophn, Forall Wolsey’ good intentions, thisatempt at endship was ore from the start. Henry had ever wanted peace to tart with,