jktuhfrd laLd`fr

bdkbZ&1 jktuhfrd laL—fr

ljapuk
1-0 mís';
1-1 çLrkouk
1-2 jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k
1-2-1 jktuhfrd laL—fr dh ifjHkk"kk
1-2-2 jktuhfrd laL—fr ds ?kVd vkSj ifjorZu
1-3 jktuhfrd laL—fr dk oxÊdj.k
1-3-1 vkyeaM vkSj ockZ dk oxÊdj.k
1-3-2 Qkbuj dk oxÊdj.k
1-4 rqyukRed ifjçs{; esa jktuhfrd laL—fr
1-5 jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu
1-6 lkajka'k
1-7 lanHkZ
1-8 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

1-0 mís';
rqyukRed vè;;u djus vkSj ekè;fed lektksa ds vuqHkotU; fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy,
jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k cgqr yksdfç; jgk gSA rqyukRed jktuhfr ds fo}kuksa us
lekt'kkL= vkSj ekuo&'kkL= voèkkj.kkvksa dk mi;ksx djds bl –f"Vdks.k dks
fodflr fd;k gS A bdkà dk vè;;u djus ds ckn] vki fuEu esa l{ke gks tk,ax%s
• rqyukRed jktuhfr esa jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k dh vkèkkjHkwr ekU;rkvksa
dh O;k[;k
• jktuhfrd laL—fr ds vFkZ vkSj voèkkj.kk dh O;k[;k


M‚- cks#u Ms] lgk;d çksQslj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] fMczwx<+ fo”ofo|ky;] fMczwx< ]vle

11
rqyukRed jktuhfr ds • fofHkUu çdkj dh jktuhfrd laL—fr dks mudh fof'k"V fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk
v/;;u ds n`f’Vdks.k igpkuus esa] vkSj
• rqyukRed jktuhfr dh xfr'khyrk dks le>us esa jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k
ds ewY; dk vkdyu djus esa A

1-1 çLrkouk
lkekU; :i ls jktuhfr vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls rqyukRed jktuhfr le>us ds fy,
jktuhfrd laL—fr cgqr egRoiw.kZ –f"Vdks.kksa esa ls ,d gSA rqyukRed vè;;u djus
vkSj ekè;fed lektksa dk vuqHkotU; fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, ;g –f"Vdks.k cgqr
yksdfç; jgk gSA fo}kuksa us jktuhfrd O;ogkj vkSj mudh jktuhfrd laL—fr;ksa ds
lanHkZ esa jktuhfrd ç.kkfy;ksa dh çfØ;kvksa dh tkap djuk ilan fd;k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] yksx vius ns'k dh jktuhfr dks dSls ns[krs gSa] bldk irk jktuhfrd laL—fr }kjk
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
jktuhfrd laL—fr jktuhfrd n'kZu dk ,d fof'k"V vkSj vleku :i gS ftl esa
ljdkjh] jktuhfrd vkSj vkÆFkd thou dSls pyk;k tk jgk gS ;k dSls fd;k tkuk
pkfg,] bl ds ckjs esa lacafèkr fo”oklksa] ewY;ksa] ekunaMksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa dk ,d leqPp;
'kkfey gSA bl çdkj] jktuhfrd laL—fr jktuhfrd ifjorZu ds fy, ,d :ijs[kk
rS;kj djrh gS vkSj jk"Vªkas] jkT;ksa vkSj vU; lewgksa ds fy, vf}rh; gSA bl çdkj] la{ksi
esa] ;g –f"Vdks.k jktuhfrd fodkl ds fo"k; ds lekt'kkL=h; igyw dh tkap djrk
gSA rqyukRed jktuhfr ds fy, laHkkfor :i ls ,d 'kfä'kkyh] ,dh—r –f"Vdks.k gSA
vke rkSj ij] jktuhfrd laL—fr dks viuh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds lacaèk esa yksxksa }kjk
lk>k fopkjksa vkSj fu;ked fu.kZ;ksa ds lewg ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA blfy, bls
vDlj lHkh jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ksa dh uÈo ds :i esa] ;k de ls de jktuhfrd
xfrfofèk dh ç—fr] fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj Lrj dk fuèkkZj.k djus okys dkjd ds :i esa ns[kk
tkrk gSA bl dkj.k ls] blesa vfuok;Z :i ls ,sfrgkfld vuqHko] Le`fr] lkekftd
leqnk; vkSj jktuhfr esa O;fä] mudk vfHkfoU;kl] dkS'ky] jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks
çHkkfor djuk 'kkfey gSa vkSj bl vuqHko esa eq[; :i ls fons'kh vkSj ?kjsyw uhfr esa
çHkkoksa vkSj ojh;rkvksa dk ,d lkjka'k vkSj :ikarfjr :i gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
;g jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k fof'k"V vfHkusrkvksa] tSls orZeku jk"Vªifr ;k çèkku
ea=h ds –f"Vdks.kksa dks lanÆHkr ugÈ djrk gS( cfYd ;g n'kkZrk gS fd yksx jktuhfrd
O;oLFkk dks lexz :i ls dSls ns[krs gSa] ftlesa bldh oSèkrk esa fo”okl Hkh 'kkfey gSA
vkxs ds vuqHkkxksa esa] vkidks jktuhfrd laL—fr dh oSpkfjd le> nsus dk ç;kl fd;k
x;k gSA

1-2 jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k% mRifÙk] vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk] ç—fr vkSj

oxÊdj.k
rqyukRed jktuhfr ij lkfgR; esa ,d iqjkuk rdZ ;g gS fd jktuhfrd laL—fr dk
jktuhfrd yksdra= ds mn~Hko ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+rk gSA vkaf'kd :i ls]
12
jktuhfrd laL—fr ij è;ku nsuk jktuhfr foKku esa O;ogkfjd Økafr dk LokHkkfod jktuhfrd laLd`fr
foLrkj gS vkSj vkÆFkd vkèkqfudhdj.k dk ,d mRikn gSA vkèkqfudhdj.k ds lkFk
jktfufrd O;oLFkk esa O;fä dh Hkwfedk ds ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu vk;kA
jktuhfrd laL—fr ,d ljy voèkkj.kk gS] ysfdu bls vklkuh ls xyr le>k tk
ldrk gSA ;g rF; gS fd ge fdlh fn, x, jk"Vª dh laL—fr dks fdlh rjg ls
fpf=r dj ldrs gSa] gesa blds Hkhrj fofoèk milaL—fr;ksa ds egRo dks de dj ds
ugÈ vkaduk pkfg,A blh çdkj] ;g rF; gS fd jktuhfrd laL—fr ,d O;k[;kRed
dkjd gks ldrh gS] gesa bl laHkkouk dks ut+jvankt+ ugÈ djuk pkfg, fd fdlh ns'k
ds Hkhrj oLrqfu"B fLFkfr;ka vDlj laL—fr ds fy, ftEesnkj O;ogkj ds fy, mÙkjnk;h
gks ldrh gSaA
ge jktuhfrd laL—fr dk vè;;u djrs gSa D;ksafd ;g gesa jktuhfrd thou dks
le>us esa lgk;rk djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fLoV~tjySaM esa fofHkUu u`tkrh; lewg
;Fkksfpr lg;ksx D;ksa djrs gSa ysfdu cksfLu;k ;k yscuku esa ugÈ\ ,d loZ&'kfä'kkyh
jktuhfrd usrk dk leFkZu djus ds fy, :lh dukMkà yksxks dh rqyuk esa vfèkd
bPNqd D;ksa gS\ esfDldks esa jktfufrd Hkz"Vkpkj ,d xaHkhj vkSj yacs le; ls pyh vk
jgh leL;k D;ksa gS ysfdu fpyh esa ugÈ\ jktuhfrd laL—fr de ls de vkaf'kd mÙkj
ns ldrh gS ¼,fFkzt ekdZl] gkoMZ gSaMsyeSu] 2010½A jktuhfrd laL—fr 'kCn dks
ifjHkkf"kr djuk vR;ar dfBu gSA ;g ,d gh le; esa leos'kh vkSj O;kid gSA
jktuhfr foKku ds ekStwnk lkfgR; esa] jktuhfrd laL—fr dks dà rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k x;k gS ysfdu vfuok;Z :i ls blesa jktuhfr ds ckjs esa vkèkkjHkwr ewY;] fopkj]
fo”okl] –f"Vdks.k vkSj vfHkfoU;kl 'kkfey gSA blesa lgh vkSj xyr] vPNs vkSj cqjs ds
eqís rFkk jktuhfr esa D;k Lohdk;Z gS vkSj D;k ugÈ Hkh 'kkfey gSaA jktuhfrd laL—fr
dh xfr'khyrk dks le>us ds fy,]*laL—fr* 'kCn dk vFkZ ls vkjaHk djuk mi;ksxh
gksxkA laL—fr 'kCn ds dà vyx&vyx vFkZ gSa vkSj ;g mu lHkh phtksa dks çHkkfor
djrk gS tks yksx vius lekt esa djrs gSaA dYpj 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk teZu 'kCn ÞdYrwjÞ
ls gqà gS A dYpj ,d lekt ds Kkuksn; ds fof'k"V mPp ewY;ksa dks bafxr djrk gSA
bl çdkj laL—fr dks Þç—fr ij euq"; ds çHkko Þ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k Fkk
¼Økscj] vYÝsM vkSj Dy[kksu] 1952½A
*laL—fr* 'kCn dk ç;ksx loZçFke ,MoMZ ch- Vsyj }kjk viuh iqLrd] fçehfVo dYpj
¼1871½ esa fd;k x;k Fkk] tks vxz.kh vaxzst ekuo'kkL=h FksA Vsyj us laL—fr 'kCn dk
ç;ksx lkoZHkkSfed ekuo {kerk ds lanHkZ esa fd;kA ;g lai.w kZ :i ls tfVy gS ftlesa
Kku] foÜokl] dyk] uhfr] uSfrdrk] dkuwu] ijaijk,a] y{k.k] çFkk vkSj lekt ds lnL;
ds :i esa euq"; }kjk vÆtr vU; {kerk,a vkSj vknrsa 'kkfey gSaA laL—fr thfor jgus
ds fy, 'kfä'kkyh ekuo midj.k gS] ysfdu ;g ,d uktqd ?kVuk gSA ;g yxkrkj
cny jgh gS vkSj vklkuh ls yqIr gks xà gS D;ksafd ;g dsoy ,d fopkj esa ekStwn gSA
bl çdkj laL—fr lkekftd fo"k;ksa ds çfr lekt ds yksxksa ds lk>k euksoSKkfud
vfHkfoU;kl dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSA ,d lekt ds yksx vfèkd ;k de lkekftd
fo"k;ksa ds çfr >qdko dk vyx Lo:i çkIr djrs gSa vkSj cukrs gSaA ;g okLro esa
lekt ds yksxksa dh laL—fr ;k *lkekftd laL—fr* gS vkSj *jktuhfrd laL—fr* bl
lkekftd laL—fr dk ,d vyx fgLlk gSA

13
rqyukRed jktuhfr ds jktuhfrd laL—fr ds –f"Vdks.k dks 1960 ds n'kd esa jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k esa
v/;;u ds n`f’Vdks.k O;ogkfjd –f"Vdks.k dh mit esa ,d çk—frd fodkl ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
vfèkd fo'ks"k :i ls ;g voèkkj.kk lw{e&fo'ys"k.k vkSj eSØks&fo'ys"k.k ds Lrj ds chp
O;ogkfjd –f"Vdks.k esa c<+rs varj dks lekIr djus dh vko';drk dks iwjk djus ds
fy, fodflr dh xà FkhA ;g yksxksa }kjk èkkfjr –f"Vdks.kksa vkSj çFkkvksa dk ,d
leqPp; gS tks muds jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks vkdkj nsrk gS ftl esa uSfrd fu.kZ;]
jktuhfrd feFkd] fo”okl vkSj fopkj 'kkfey gSa tks ,d vPNs lekt dk fuekZ.k djrk
gS ¼, vkj c‚y] 1971½A ;g ljdkj dk çfrÇcc gS] ysfdu blesa bfrgkl vkSj ijaijk ds
,sls rRo Hkh 'kkfey gSa tks orZeku 'kklu dh Hkfo";ok.kh dj ldrs gSaA bls egRoiw.kZ
dgk tkrk gS D;ksfa d ;g yksxksa dh jktuhfrd èkkj.kkvksa vkSj dk;ks± dks vkdkj nsrk gSA
;g jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk] jk"Vªh; yksdkpkj vkSj Hkkouk] jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd euksfoKku]
yksxks ds ekSfyd ewY;ksa vkfn dh voèkkj.kk ls tqM+k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] la;qä jkT;
vesfjdk vkSj xzsV fczVsu nksuksa yksdra= jgs gSa] ysfdu çR;sd dh ,d fof'k"V jktuhfrd
laL—fr gSA vesfjdh ljdkj ,d fyf[kr lafoèkku ls viuh 'kfä çkIr djrk gS vkSj
blds ikl nks jktuhfrdksa nyksa dk çHkqRo gSA blds foijhr] fczVsu esa jkt'kkgh dk ,d
yack bfrgkl jgk gS vkSj bldk dHkh dksà fyf[kr lafoèkku ugÈ jgk gSA
jktuhfrd laL—fr vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds chp ?kfu"B lacèa k gSA jktuhfrd laL—
fr lHkh iqjkuh vkSj vkèkqfud jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds vfLrRo dk vkèkkj gSA ,d
jktuhfrd leqnk;] *jkT;* ds fcuk Hkh] ,d jktuhfr ;k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds :i esas
vfLrRo esa jg ldrk gSA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk dksà Hkh :i gks &fodkl'khy ;k
fodflr] blesa jktuhfrd laL—fr dk dksà u dksà :i ;k Lo:i gksrk gSA la;qä
jk"Vª laxBu tSlh jkT;foghu jktuhfrd ç.kkfy;k¡] dà varjkZ"Vªh; vkSj {ks=h; laxBu
de ;k vfèkd fdlh u fdlh jktuhfrd laL—fr dh dqN 'kSyh ds vkèkkj ij dk;Z dj
jgs gSaA
1-2-1 jktuhfrd laL—fr dh ifjHkk"kk%
fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk jktuhfrd laL—fr dh dà ifjHkk"kk,¡ nh xà gSa ftudk lacèa k
fofHkUu –f"Vdks.kksa ls gSA lkekftd foKku dk varjkZ"Vªh; fo”odks'k jktuhfrd laL—fr
dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS Þ–f"Vdks.k] fo”okl vkSj Hkkoukvksa dk lewg tks ,d jktuhfrd
çfØ;k ds fy, vkns'k vkSj vFkZ nsrk gSÞ vkSj tks varÆufgr èkkj.kk,¡ vkSj fu;e çnku
djrk gS tks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa O;ogkj dks fu;af=r djrk gSaAÞ 1963 esa xsfcz;y ,
vkyeaM vkSj flMuh ockZ us dgk fd jktuhfrd laL—fr fo'ks"k :i ls jktuhfrd
O;oLFkk vkSj blds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds çfr jktuhfrd >qdko vkSj –f"Vdks.k vkSj ç.kkyh
esa Lo;a dh Hkwfedk ds çfr –f"Vdks.k dks lanÆHkr djrh gSA
flMuh ockZ us jktuhfrd laL—fr dks Þjktuhfrd laidZ vkSj jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa ds
Lo:i ds ckjs esa fo”oklksa dh ç.kkyhÞ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSa vkSj os fo”okl
ekSfyd gSA vkerkSj ij vfLFkj] vkSj vifjorZuh;] èkkj.kk,a ;k vfHkèkkj.kk,a jktuhfr ds
ckjs esa gSA mUgksaus ckn ds jktuhfrd laL—fr vè;;uks ds fy, jktuhfrd laL—fr dk
,d lwpd ekinaM Hkh LFkkfir fd;k tks bls vU; fof'k"V jktuhfrd euksoK S kfud
fuekZ.kksa tSls fd i{kikriw.kZ lac)rk vkSj –f"Vdks.k ;k ?kjsyw vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; uhfrxr

14
eqíksa ds ckjs esa fo”okl ls vyx djrk gSA blds vfrfjä] vkyeaM vkSj ockZ us jktuhfrd laLd`fr
jktuhfrd laL—fr ds ikap egRoiw.kZ vk;keksa dh igpku dh gS tks gSa%
¼d½ jk"Vªh; igpku dh Hkkouk
¼[k½ jktuhfrd thou esa ,d Hkkxhnkj ds :i esa Lo;a ds çfr –f"Vdks.k
¼x½ vius lkFkh ukxfjdksa ds çfr –f"Vdks.k
¼?k ½ ljdkjh mRiknu vkSj çn'kZu ds lacaèk esa –f"Vdks.k vkSj vis{kk,a rFkk]
¼M+½ fu.kZ; fuekZ.k dh jktuhfrd çfØ;k ds ckjs esa Kku ds çfr –f"Vdks.kA
iSfVªd vks* uhy us lekt esa jktuhfrd laL—fr dks jktuhfrd xfrfofèk ds ekunaMksa ds
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA ;g ,d fuèkkZj.k dkjd gS ftlesa jktuhfrd 'kklu dh
fopkjèkkjk,a ns'k ij gkoh gksx
a hA ;g fdlh fn, x, ns'k ;k yksxksa ds lewg ds fy,
vuks[kk gSA ,aMª;w gsoqM dgrs gSa fd jktuhfrd laL—fr yksxksa dk euksoSKkfud
vfHkfoU;kl gSA bldk rkRi;Z jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa tSls fd fo”oklksa] çrhdksa vkSj ewY;ksa esa
O;ä ljdkjsa vkSj lafoèkku nyksa ds fy, vfHkfoU;kl dk ,d Lo:i gSA
nwljh vksj] j‚cVZ , Mkgy ,d jk; nsrs gSa fd jktuhfrd laL—fr dkjd ds :i esa
jktuhfrd fojksèk ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dh O;k[;k djrk gS ftlds çeq[k rRo gSa%
 leL;k&lekèkku dk mUeq[khdj.k
 lkewfgd dk;ks± ds fy, mUeq[khdj.k
 jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fy, mUeq[khdj.k vkSj
 vU; yksxksa ds fy, mUeq[khdj.k ¼Mkgy] 1971½A
vkyeaM vkSj i‚osy ¼1966½ us jktuhfrd laL—fr dh voèkkj.kk dks jktuhfrd O;ogkj
dh O;k[;k esa pj ds :i esa ekuk gSA ;g jktuhfrd vfHkfoU;kl jktuhfrd ç.kkyh
vkSj blds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds çfr –f"Vdks.k vkSj bldh ç.kkyh esa Lo;a dh Hkwfedk ds
çfr –f"Vdks.k dk ,d fo'ks"k Lo:i gS ¼vkyeaM vkSj i‚osy] 1966½A os bls rhu
fn'kkvksa esa foLr`r djrs gSa%
 ewy lkexzh% bl dh O;ofLFkr laL—fr] çfØ;k laL—fr vkSj uhfr laL—fr ds
:i esa O;k[;k dh tk ldrh gSA
 vfHkfoU;kl dh fdLesa ¼laKkukRed] HkkokRed vkSj ewY;kadukRed½
 bu ?kVdksa ds chp O;ofLFkr lacèa kA
yqfl;u ikb ¼1965½ ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd laL—fr esa ,sls xq.k 'kkfey gksrs gSa ftuesa
O;ogkj] Hkkouk,a] fo”okl vkSj ewY; 'kkfey gSa% tks jktuhfr dh ç—fr ls lacafèkr gS
vkSj tks jktuhfr çfØ;kvksa dks :i vkSj lkj çnku djrh gSA
mijksä ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfrd laL—fr HkkoukRed vkSj
O;ogkfjd okrkoj.k dks fu:fir djus ds fy, ,d vk'kqfyfi vfHkO;fä gS ftlds
Hkhrj jktuhfrd ç.kkyh lapkfyr gksrh gSA bl çfØ;k esa] jktuhfrd fo”oklksa] ewY;ksa

15
rqyukRed jktuhfr ds vkSj –f"Vdks.kksa dk ,d lewg yksxksa ds jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djrk gS vkSj
v/;;u ds n`f’Vdks.k muds jktuhfrd O;ogkj rc ,d Lo:i vkSj mudh jktuhfrd laL—fr cu tkrs gSaA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;g jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa ds fy, ukxfjdksa ds mUeq[khdj.k dk leLr
forj.k gSA ;g fdlh nh xà jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dh cgqr gh jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa dh
Nki nsrk gSA bl çdkj] jktuhfrd laL—fr ds bl –f"Vdks.k dk mi;ksx ,d
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks nwljs ls vyx djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy,]
rqyukRed jktuhfr ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dks le>us esa ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ –f"Vdks.k gSA
1-2-2 jktuhfrd laL—fr ds ?kVd vkSj ifjorZu
jktuhfrd laL—fr rqyukRed jktuhfr ds fy, ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed –f"Vdks.k gS tks
ç—fr esa leos'kh gSA ;g igys gh mYys[k fd;k tk pqdk gS fd jktuhfrd laL—fr dh
ckSf)d iqjkrurk dk irk çkphu dky ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA blds rRdky iwoZo`Ùk
eksVa sLD;w ¼1689&1755½] tksgku x‚VÝkbM gcZj ¼1744&1803½ vkSj ,ysfDll Mh
Vksdsfoy ¼1805&59½ gks ldrs gSaA vkèkqfud rqyukRed jktuhfr esa bldh mRifÙk dk
irk vkyeaM ds 1956 ds çkFkfed ys[ku Þ dEisjsfVo i‚fyfVdy flLVeÞ ls yxk;k
tk ldrk gSA ckn es]a jktuhfrd laL—fr vuqlaèkku us jktuhfrd foKku ds mi&{ks=
ds :i esa 'kq#vkr dh vkSj 1963 esa vkyeaM vkSj ockZ us Þn flfod dYpjÞ çdkf'kr
fd;k] tks ,d varjjk"Vªh; vè;;u gS vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkjrk vkSj yksdra= ds fl)kar
dks çLrqr djrk gSA fu%lansg :i ls blus ,aXyks&vesfjdu çfrfufèk ljdkj dk t'u
euk;k x;kA ;g jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k dk ,d çeq[k dk;Z Hkh cu x;kA rc
ls] bl –f"Vdks.k us rqyukRed jktuhfr esa xfr çkIr dh A
1950 vkSj 1960 ds n'kd ds nkSjku bl voèkkj.kk dk mn; lkekftd foKkua vkSj
bfrgkl esa O;k[;kRed çeq[krk ds fy, laL—fr ds vfèkd lkekU; mnxe dk fgLlk
FkkA çkjaHk esa] jktuhfrd oSKkfud fofHkUu jk"Vªksa dh jktuhfrd laL—fr;ksa ds chp
fHkUurkvksa dks ekius dh laHkkouk ls mRlkfgr FksA ysfdu mUgksaus varr% *dqyhu
jktuhfrd laL—fr*] *u`tkrh; jktuhfrd laL—fr* vkfn tSlh laLFkkvksa ds vè;;u dh
vksj #[k fd;k A 1966 esa] ,yktkj us çLrkfor fd;k fd çR;sd vesfjdh jkT; esa rhu
çdkj dh jktuhfrd laL—fr&O;fäoknh] ijaijkoknh ;k uSfrdrkoknh esa ls ,d laL—fr
'kkfey gS ftlls jkT; jktuhfrd laL—fr ds vè;;u us ljdkjh xfrfofèk;ks]a
ç'kklfud y{;ks]a uohu {kerk] pquko esa yksdfç; Hkkxhnkjh vkSj ny çfr;ksfxrk esa
jkT;ksa ds chp fHkUurkvksa dh tkap dh ¼Q‚Æelkuks] 2001½A
1970 ds n'kd esa ns[kk x;k fd jktuhfrd laL—fr lkfgR; esa fu;ked i{kikr fufgr
gS fd lkaL—frd çrhdksa dks lekt esa lHkh ;k vfèkdka'k vfHkusrkvksa }kjk xgjkà ls
vkdkj fn;k tkrk gS] bl çdkj fLFkjrk vkSj ,d :f<+oknh fopkjèkkjk dks c<+kok
feyrk gSA
;g èkkj.kk fd jktuhfrd laL—fr ds vè;;u us ;FkkfLFkfr dks fo'ks"kkfèkdkj çnku
djus dh ço`fr dks c<+k;k] ;g –f"Vdks.k ekDlZoknh vkSj rdZlaxr fodYi –f"Vdks.kksa ds
mn; ds chp etcwr gqvkA tcfd jktuhfrd laL—fr dh dkj.k lacèa kh çHkkodkfjrk ds
fy, ,d etcwr rdZ ds lkFk ,dLVhu vkSj baxygkMZ us vkyeaM vkSj ockZ ds Øe dk
cpko fd;k vkSj rdZ fn;k fd fofHkUu lekt LFkk;h lkaL—frd –f"Vdks.kksa dks viukrs

16
gS ftuds egRoiw.kZ vkÆFkd vkSj jktuhfrd ifj.kke gksrsa gS] vkxkeh iqLrd esa mUgksaus jktuhfrd laLd`fr
dgk fd mÙkj&vkèkqfudrkoknh lekt esa lkaL—frd ifjorZu çkjafHkd dky ds
vkS|ksxhdj.k dh rqyuk esa dgÈ vfèkd egRoiw.kZ Fkk ¼,dLVhu] 1988½A bl rjg
]jktuhfrd laL—fr ds bl –f"Vdks.k dh çHkko'khyrk ds ckjs esa vyx&vyx er gSaA
nwljh vksj] lexz :i ls jktuhfrd laL—fr ds lkFk&lkFk dqyhu oxZ dh jktuhfrd
laL—fr gS ftlesa mu yksxksa }kjk] tks jktuhfrd lÙkk ds dsæa ksa ds lcls fudV gSa vkSj
vk;ksftr jktuhfr ds ckjs esa foÜokl] –f"Vdks.k vkSj fopkj 'kkfey gSaA vfHktkr oxZ ds
ewY; cM+s iSekus ij tula[;k dh rqyuk esa vfèkd lqlaxr vkSj ifj.kkeh gSaA ;èkfi]
jktuhfrd laL—fr ds vfèkdka'k vè;;u jkT; ds Hkhrj bldh xfr'khyrk ij è;ku
dsfa ær djrs gSaA oSf”od jktuhfrd laL—fr dk egRo ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; gSA oSf”od
jktuhfrd laL—fr ds O;kid igyqvksa dks le>us ds fy, leLr fo”o dh lhek dks
o`gn –f"Vdks.k ls ns[kk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lSeqvy ih gaÇVxVu us vius Js"B
dk;Z Þn DyS'k v‚Q flfoykbts'kuÞ esa jktuhfrd laL—fr ds fo'ys"k.k dks varjjk"Vªh;
{ks= ij dsfa ær fd;k gSA ysfdu oSf”od jktuhfrd laL—fr eq[; :i ls ,d if'peh
mRikn gks ldrh gSA
mijksä ls] ;g le>k tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfrd laL—fr ds –f"Vdks.k dks fofHkUu
fo}kuksa }kjk vyx&vyx :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA ,d ç.kkyh dh jktuhfrd laL—fr dÃ
dkjdksa dk ifj.kke gSA le; dh vofèk esa ;s dkjd jktuhfrd laL—fr dks vkdkj nsrs
gSa ;k u;h vk—fr çnku djrs gSaA uhps dqN cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ?kVd lwphc) gSaA
 jktuhfrd fo”okl vkSj ewY;
 jktuhfrd çfØ;k
 laiw.kZ ç.kkyh vkSj fofHkUu ,tsfa l;ksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq, fu.kZ; ysuk ftlesa
ny ç.kkyh] ncko lewg vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
 çrhd
 jktuhfrd dkjZokÃ
 vfHkfoU;kl
o laKkukRed vfHkfoU;kl & Kku] ;FkkFkZ ;k vU;Fkk ]jktuhfr ç.kkyh]
o çHkko'kkyh vfHkfoU;kl & yxko dh Hkkoukvksa] Hkkxhnkjh] vLoh—fr] vkSj
jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa ds leku] vkSj
o ewY;kadukRed vfHkfoU;kl& jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; vkSj fopkj
ftl esa vkerkSj ij jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ds fy, ekud ewY; ykxw
djuk 'kkfey gS
 ijaijk vkSj vkèkqfudrk
 laL—frokn
 lkekftd lajpuk
17
rqyukRed jktuhfr ds  Hkwxksy
v/;;u ds n`f’Vdks.k
 u`tkrh; okLrfodrk,a ;k erHksn
 jkT; dh Hkwfedk
 fopkjèkkjk
 jkT; dk bfrgkl
 lkekftd&vkÆFkd lajpuk
 'kklu dk :i
 dqyhu oxZ dh Hkwfedk

cksèk ç'u 1
uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk ç;ksx djsAa
ii½ bdkà ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls vius mÙkj dh tk¡p djsAa
1½ jktuhfrd laL—fr dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa \
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2½ dqyhu jktuhfrd laL—fr D;k gS \
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1-3 jktuhfrd laL—fr dk oxÊdj.k

fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk muds 'kksèk vè;;uksa ds vkèkkj ij çLrqr jktuhfrd laL—fr ds
fofHkUu çdkj çLrqr fd;s x, gSaA buesa ls dqN çdkjksa dh le> ges fofHkUu ç.kkfy;ksa
dh jktuhfrd laL—fr esa varj djus esa gekjh lgk;rk djsxhA vkÃ;s] ge jktuhfrd
laL—fr ds oxÊdj.k dh tkap djsAa ftl esa nks çeq[k jktuhfrd vè;;u fd, x,]
,d xsfcz;y , vkyeaM vkSj flMuh ockZ }kjk vkSj nwljk lSeqvy à Qkbuj }kjkA

18
1-3-1 vkyeaM vkSj ockZ dk oxÊdj.k jktuhfrd laLd`fr
vkyeaM vkSj ockZ ¼1963½ }kjk flfod dYpj la;qä jkT; vesfjdk] fczVsu] if'pe
teZuh] bVyh vkSj eSfDldks esa 1959&60 ds nkSjku fd, x, muds losZ{k.kksa ij
vkèkkfjr gSA mi{ks= ds :i esa jktuhfrd laL—fr ds vè;;u dk lapkyu djus okys
bl vè;;u us rhu 'kq) çdkj dh jktuhfrd laL—fr dh igpku dhA ;s bl çdkj
gSa%
1½ ladh.kZ jktuhfrd laL—fr% ;g ml jktuhfrd laL—fr dks lanÆHkr djrk gS tgka
ukxfjd dsoy dsæa ljdkj ds vfLrRo ds ckjs esa nwj ls gh tkurs gSa& tSls fd nwjLFk
tutkfr;k¡ ftudk vfLrRo dsUæh; ljdkj }kjk fy, x, jk"Vªh; fu.kZ;ksa ls vçHkkfor
çrhr gksrk gSA blds vfrfjä] jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa ds çfr dksà jktuhfrd
vfHkfoU;kl ugÈ gSA yksxksa dks u rks Kku gS vkSj u gh jktuhfr esa #fpA
jktuhfr ds lHkh ?kVdksa ds çfr mudk dksà >qdko ugÈ gSA bl çdkj dh jktuhfrd
laL—fr ikjaifjd jktuhfrd lajpuk ds vuqdwy gSA bl çdkj dk vfHkfoU;kl ,d
fuf"Ø; lekt esa ik;k tkrk gS tgka Hkwfedkvksa dh 'kk;n gh dksà fo'ks"kKrk gksrh gS]
vkSj blfy,] yksx ljdkjh çkfèkdj.k ds çfr mnklhu gksrs gSaA bl çdkj] jktuhfrd
laL—fr esa yksxksa dh tkx:drk] vis{kk,a vkSj Hkkxhnkjh de gksrh gSA
¼2½ çtk jktuhfrd laL—fr% bl jktuhfrd laL—fr esa ukxfjd Lo;a dks jktuhfrd
çfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus okyksa ds :i esa ugÈ cfYd ljdkj dh çtk ds :i esa ns[krs
gSa&tSls fd ,d rkuk'kkgh ds rgr jgus okys yksxksa ds lkFkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] bl
jktuhfrd laL—fr ds rgr ukxfjd dk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vksj ,d fuf"Ø;
>qdko gksrk gS vkSj os Lo;a dks jktuhfrd çfØ;k ij U;wure çHkko ds :i esa ekurs
gSA bl çdkj dh jktuhfrd laL—fr esa ukxfjd dsæa ljdkj ls voxr gksrs gSa] vkSj
vlgefr ds fy, cgqr de xqatkb'k ds lkFk vius QSlyksa ds vèkhu gSaA O;fä
jktuhfr] mlds vfHkusrkvksa vkSj laLFkkuksa ls voxr gksrk gSaA ç.kkyh ds mRiknu
igyqvksa dh vksj ukxfjdksa dk >qdko gksrk gSA yksx fu.kZ; ysus ds ra= ds ckjs esa tkurs
gSaA ,d jktuhfrd tkx:drk gS] ysfdu jktuhfrd fopkjksa dks gok nsus dk lkgl
ugÈ gS] bl çdkj Hkkxhnkjh ekunaMksa dk vHkko gSA bl çdkj dh jktuhfrd laL—fr
,d dsæa h—r lÙkkoknh lajpuk ds vuqdwy gSA bl e‚My esa] tkx:drk vkSj vis{kk,a
vfèkd gksrh gSA ysfdu Hkkxhnkjh de gksrh gSA
¼3½ çfrHkkxh jktuhfrd laL—fr% bl jktuhfrd laL—fr esa ukxfjdksa dk ekuuk gS fd
os O;oLFkk esa ;ksxnku ns ldrs gSa vkSj os blls çHkkfor gksrs gSaA blfy,] os lHkh
jktuhfrd mís';ksa ds fy, ldkjkRed çfrfØ;k nsrsa gS vkSj jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ksa ds
fy, ,d lfØ; vfHkfoU;kl j[krs gSA ;gka ukxfjd fofHkUu rjhdksa ls ljdkj dks
çHkkfor dj ldrs gSa vkSj os blls çHkkfor gksrs gSaA O;fä jktuhfr ds lHkh pkj
?kVdks] vFkkZr fuos'k] mRiknu] jktuhfrd ç.kkyh vkSj Lo&Hkwfedk ç.kkyh dh vksj
mUeq[k gksrk gSA ;g vfèkd ls vfèkd Hkkxhnkjh dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS vkSj Hkkxhnkjh
dk lcls vfèkd ewY; gSA jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dh vksj çkfèkdj.k dh vkykspuk djus
vkSj ldkjkRed vfHkfoU;kl j[kus dh {kerk gSA bl e‚My esa] yksxksa esa mPp Lrj dh
tkx:drk] vis{kk,a vkSj Hkkxhnkjh gksrh gSA

19
rqyukRed jktuhfr ds vkyeaM vkSj ockZ dk rdZ gS fd dHkh Hkh dsoy ,d jktuhfrd laL—fr ugÈ gksrh gSA
v/;;u ds n`f’Vdks.k jktuhfrd vfHkfoU;kl dh rhu Jsf.k;ka] ftudk Åij mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] os ges'kk
'kq) :i esa ekStwn ugÈ gksrh gSa( cfYd os jktuhfrd laL—fr dh dà fLFkfr;ksa esa
ijLij tqM+s gq, gSaA bl çdkj] mUgksaus jktuhfrd laL—fr dks rhu mi&çdkjksa esa iqu%
oxʗr fd;kA budh ppkZ uhps dh xà gSA
¼1½ ladh.kZ vkSj çtk% bl çdkj dh jktuhfrd laL—fr ladh.kZ vfHkfoU;kl ls çtk
vfHkfoU;kl esa ,d ifjorZu dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSA ;gk¡ ladh.kZ fu"Bk,¡ èkhjs&èkhjs
{kh.k gksrh tkrh gSa vkSj fuokfl;ksa esa dsæa h; lÙkk ds ckjs esa vfèkd tkx:drk fodflr
gksrh gSA
¼2½ çtk vkSj çfrHkkxh% bl çdkj dh jktuhfrd laL—fr çtk jktuhfrd vfHkfoU;kl
ls çfrHkkxh jktuhfrd vfHkfoU;kl rd ,d cnyko dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSA ,slh
jktuhfrd laL—fr esa] vke rkSj ij yksx ,d vksj ,d lfØ; ço`fÙk fodflr djrs gSa
vkSj bl çfØ;k esa Hkkx ysrs gS( ysfdu nwljh vksj] ,sls O;fä Hkh gSa tks fuf"Ø; >qdko
j[krs gSa vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k çkIr djus ds vafre Nksj ij cus jgrs gSaA
¼3½ ladh.kZ vkSj lgHkkxh% bl çdkj dh jktuhfrd laL—fr O;fä;ksa esa ladh.kZ
vfHkfoU;kl dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gS tcfd 'kq: fd, x, ekunaMksa esa çfrHkkxh
jktuhfrd vfHkfoU;kl dh vko';drk gksrh gS A bl çdkj dh jktuhfrd laL—fr esa
jktuhfrd laL—fr vkSj jktuhfrd vkn'kZ ds chp lkeatL; dh leL;k mHkj dj
lkeus vkrh gSA gkyk¡fd] vkyeaM vkSj ockZ lq>ko nsrs gSa fd ,d lgHkkxh jktuhfrd
laL—fr ,d mnkj yksdrkaf=d 'kklu ds fy, mi;qä gSA lgHkkxh jktuhfrd laL—fr
,d çdkj dh ,slh jktuhfrd laL—fr gS tks ,d yksdrkaf=d jktuhfrd lajpuk ds
vuq:i gS vkSj mlh dks muds }kjk Þukxfjd laL—frÞ cqyk;k x;k gSA
1-3-2 Qkbuj dk oxÊdj.k
fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh] jktuhfr esa lSU; gLr{ksi dh ifj?kVuk dks le>us dk ç;kl
djrs gq,] lSeqvy à Qkbuj ¼n eSu v‚u n g‚lZcd S ] 1962½ us ukxfjd&lSU; lacaèkksa dks
jktuhfrd laL—fr ds lkFk tksM+kA muds fo'ys"k.k esa] jktuhfrd laL—fr ds pkj Lrj
gSaA
¼1½ ifjiDo jktuhfrd laL—fr% bl çdkj dh jktuhfrd laL—fr esa lÙkk ds
gLrkarj.k dh çfØ;k dh O;kid lkoZtfud Loh—fr gksrh gS( ,d fo”okl gSa fd lÙkk
esa cSBs O;fä;ksa dks 'kklu djus vkSj vkns'k tkjh djus dk vfèkdkj gS( yksx jktuhfrd
laLFkkuksa ls tqM+s gq, gS vkSj ,d vPNh rjg ls laxfBr tuer gSA
¼2½ fodflr jktuhfrd laL—fr% bl çdkj dh jktuhfrd laL—fr esa] ukxfjd laLFkku
vR;fèkd fodflr gksrs gSa vkSj turk 'kfä'kkyh :i esa vPNh rjg laxfBr gksrh gS
ysfdu le;&le; ij bl ç'u ij fookn iSnk gksrk gS fd laçHkq çkfèkdj.k dk xBu
fdls vkSj D;k djuk pkfg, vkSj lÙkk dk gLrkarj.k dSls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
¼3½ fuEu jktuhfrd laL—fr% jktuhfrd laL—fr ds bl Lrj ij] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk
detksj vkSj ladh.kZ :i ls laxfBr gksrh gS( jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dh ç—fr ij vke

20
lgefr dh deh gSA vkSj jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ds fy, çfØ;k,a vkSj lkoZtfud vuqjkx jktuhfrd laLd`fr
Hkaxqj gSA
¼4½ U;wure jktuhfrd laL—fr% jktuhfrd laL—fr ds bl fuEu Lrj ij] jktuhfrd
ç.kkyh esa Li"V tuer ekStwn ugÈ gS vkSj ljdkj tuer dks vklkuh ls vuns[kk dj
ldrh gS( jktuhfrd laL—fr;ka cy ;k èkedh ls r; gksrh gSaA ,d O;fä ;k laLFkk tks
Lo;a dks eq[kj djus esa l{ke gS] og viuh bPNk dks cy çnku dj ldrk gS vkSj
fdlh ds vfèkdkj dh lhek lhèks mlds fuiVku esa cy ds Lrj ls lacafèkr gksrh gSA
Qkbuj us rdZ fn;k fd detksj oSèkrk okys fodkl'khy ns'k cykr jkT; ifjorZu ;k
lSU; gLr{ksi ds pje :iksa dk vuqHko dj ldrs gSaA

1-4 rqyukRed –f"Vdks.k esa jktuhfrd laL—fr

xsfcz;y ,- vkyeaM ds jktuhfrd laL—fr ds oxÊdj.k vkSj fofHkUu jktuhfrd
ç.kkfy;ksa esa blds ykxw dkjdksa dks muds fo'ys"k.k ds vkèkkj ij fuEufyf[kr igyqvksa
ij çdk'k Mkyk x;k gSaA vkyeaM ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dk pkSxquk oxÊdj.k
dqN 'krks± ij vkèkkfjr gS vkSj ;s gSa%
o lcls igys] ,d jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dkjZokà dh ,d ç.kkyh gSA
o jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dh bdkà Hkwfedk gSA
o jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dh fof'k"V laifÙk fdlh fn, x, {ks= vkSj tula[;k ij
'kkjhfjd cy ç;ksx dk oSèk ,dkfèkdkj gSA
o pkSFkh voèkkj.kk jktuhfrd dkjZokà dh vksj mUeq[khdj.k gSA jktuhfrd laL—
fr lkekU; laL—fr ds leku ugÈ gS] gkykafd ;g blls lacafèkr gSA
vc] ;gk¡ jktuhfrd ç.kkyh vkSj lacafèkr laL—fr ds ckjs esa vkyeaM ds oxÊdj.kksa ij
çdk'k Mkyus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA
1½ ,aXyks&vesfjdu jktuhfrd O;oLFkk% if'pe ds mUur ns'kksa ls tqMh] ;gka rd fd
bls ifjiDo jktuhfrd laL—fr ds :i esa Hkh dgk tkrk gS] blesa jktuhfrd
loZlEefr vkSj laxBu dk mPp Lrj 'kkfey gSA ;g lapkyu ç.kkyh gS tks ekunaM ds
:i esa dk;Z djrh gS ftls vU; jk"Vªh;rkvksa }kjk mèkkj fy;k tk jgk gSA bl ç.kkyh
dh jktuhfrd laL—fr ltkrh;] èkeZfujis{k gksrh gSA
o ,d cgq&ewY;oku] rdZlaxr&x.kuk] lkSncs kth vkSj ç;ksxkRed jktuhfrd laL—
frA ;g bl vFkZ esa ,d ltkrh; laL—fr gS fd jktuhfrd mís';ksa dh
lka>snkjh gksrh gS & Lora=rk] tu dY;k.k] vkSj lqj{kk ds ewY;& vkSj lkèkuA
o ,d èkeZfujis{k jktuhfrd ç.kkyh esa fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa ds chp O;fäRo vkSj
Lok;Ùkrk dk ,d mik; 'kkfey gSA blfy, cksyus ds fy,] çR;sd Hkwfedk
jktuhfrd O;olk; esa Lok;Ùkrk ls Lo;a dks LFkkfir djrh gSA jktuhfrd
ç.kkyh cktkj ds ekgkSy ls lar`Ir gSA èkeZfujis{k jktuhfrd çfØ;k esa
ç;ksx'kkyk dh dqN fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa( vFkkZr] mEehnokjksa }kjk çLrqr dh xÃ
uhfr;ksa dks ifjdYiuk ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS] vkSj dkuwu ds ifj.kkeks dks
21
rqyukRed jktuhfr ds ç.kkyh ds Hkhrj rsth ls laçfs "kr fd;k tkrk gSa vkSj ijh{k.k ifjdYiuk dk
v/;;u ds n`f’Vdks.k dPpk :i curk gSaA
o ç.kkyh ds ewy fl)kar% Lora=rk] lekurk] yksdra=] ukxfjd drZO;] O;fäxr
ftEesnkjh] VªsM ;wfu;uokn] vkfnA lkSnsckth dh jktuhfr% 'kkldksa vkSj 'kklu
ds chp ¼fuokZfpr vkSj fuokZpd] usrk vkSj mlds vuq;k;h½
o cgqy lekt& lekt fo"ke gS vkSj blfy, fofHkUu ny vkSj #fp lewg vius
lacafèkr fgrksa dh çfrfØ;k esa fu.kZ; fuekZ.k çfØ;k dks çHkkfor djus ds fy,
dk;Z djrs gSaA
o fu;a=.k vkSj larqyu& tgka 'kfä vkSj çHkko dk çlkj gksrk gS tulapkj vkSj
tu f'k{kk ds pSuyksa }kjk dkuwuh laLFkkuksa dh tk¡p dh tkrh gS rkfd
lÙkkoknh 'kklu dh laHkkouk dks de fd;k tk lds] ;gk¡ rd fd lekIr Hkh
fd;k tk ldsA
o 'kfä dk i`Fkôj.k vkSj foHksfnr Hkwfedkvksa dh fLFkjrkA
o jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk,¡ & cgqlaL—frokn] mnkjokn] dY;k.kdkjh jkT;A
o mi;ksfxrkokn] O;fäokn] lerkokn vkfnA
o jktuhfrd yksddFkk,a& çrhd dk ç;ksxA
o ukxfjd opZLoA
2½ egk}hih; ;wjksih; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk& ;s ;wjksi ds if'peh ns'k gSa tSls bVyh]
Ýkal vkSj u‚osZ vkfnA bls fodflr jktuhfrd laL—fr Hkh ekuk tkrk gS D;ksfa d bu
lektksa esa turk vR;fèkd laxfBr gSA
 [kafMr jktuhfrd laL—fr& jktuhfrd laL—fr [kafMr gS tgka lekt ds
fofHkUu oxZ lkaL—frd fodkl ds fofHkUu Lo:i LFkkfir djrs gSa] tcfd dqN
nwljksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd fodflr gksrs gSaA bl çdkj ]jktuhfrd laL—fr
fof'k"V mi&laL—fr;ksa dks 'kkfey djrh gSA
 dksà jktuhfrd lkSnsckth ugÈ& jktuhfrd lkSncs kth dh çfØ;k oLrqr% u ds
cjkcj gksrh gS tks ,slh fLFkfr iSnk djrh gS ftlesa jktuhfr ,d [ksy tSlh
gks tkrh gSA ifj.kke ;g gS fd fofHkUu mi&laL—fr;ka ;q) esa gSaA ;g Js"Brk
vkSj 'kfä dh ,d nkSM+ gSA
 visf{kr ekunaM& yksdra= dh xkjaVh nsus okyh laLFkkvksa dh fLFkjrk] dkuwu dk
'kklu] ekuokfèkdkj] vYila[;dksa dh lqj{kk vkfnA
 'kklu dk :i& ;g jktra=okn] x.kra=okn] jk"Vªifr] vèkZ&jk"Vªifr] lalnh;
x.kra=] vkfn nksuksa dks vkRelkr djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] csfYt;e]
uhnjySaM] LohMu vkSj Lisu vkfn esa laoSèkkfud jktra= gSaA
 varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dk xBu% mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;wjksih; la?kA
 laLFkkvksa dh oSèkrkA
22
  ukxfjd ljdkjA jktuhfrd laLd`fr
3½ fodkl'khy ns'k jktuhfrd O;oLFkk& bl Js.kh esa os ns'k 'kkfey gSa tks yacs
vkSifuosf'kd çHkqRo ds fnuksa ls mHkjs gaSA
 ekfyd vkSj çtk& ekfyd dh jktuhfrd laL—fr çtk dh jktuhfrd laL—fr
ij vkjksfir gksrh gSA jktuhfrd laL—fr vkSj 'kkldksa dh jktfufrd laL—fr
dk vfr vfèkjksi.k ifj.kke dk fo?kVu gS ftls lHkh ekeyksa esa Js"B ekuk tkrk
gSA
 le; ds lkFk fu;e }kjk oSèkrk dk u;k lzksrA
 ,dy lajpuk cgqfHkUu:ih jktuhfrd laL—frA
 bfrgkl dh lekurkA
 ernku ds vfèkdkj vkSj 'kklu esa yksxksa dks Hkkxhnkjh çnku djus ds }kjk
fo"k; dh çèkkurkA
 —f"k&vkS|ksfxd tqM+s lektA
4½ ,dnyh; jktuhfrd ç.kkyh& ;gk¡ 'kkfey ns'k lksfo;r la?k vkSj phu gSaA
 dsæa dh oSèkrk% oSèkrk dh Loh—fr dk xq.k —f=e :i ls fuÆer gksrk gSA
çkfèkdj.k ds fy, fof'k"V vfHkfoU;kl dsæa h; fu;a=.k ;k lapkj ds lkèkuks vkSj
Çglk dh ,tsfa l;ksa }kjk fuÆer vuq:irk ;k mnklhurk dk dqN la;kstu gksrk
gSA
 'kfä dk dsæa hdj.kA
 vfèkdkjh oxZ] iqfyl vkSj lsuk dk inkuqØeA
 çkfèkdj.k }kjk ncko dk ç;ksxA
 lkaL—frd fodkl dk ,dy Lo:iA
 ,dkRed ç.kkyhA
 de yksxksa dh HkkxhnkjhA
vr% mijksä ls Li"V gS fd fofHkUu jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa cqfu;knh dkjdksa ds vkèkkj
ij jktuhfrd laL—fr ds fofHkUu lewg gksrs gSa tSls fd igys ppkZ dh xà gSA

1-5 jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu

jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k] dqN fo}kuksa ds fy,] rqyukRed jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k esa
dHkh Hkh vafre 'kCn ugÈ gks ldrk gS ysfdu] lkoèkkuh ls laHkkyk tk ldrk gS] ¼muds
fy,½ ;g ,d mi;ksxh ÇLçxcksMZ gks ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh vU; –f"Vdks.k dh rjg]
rqyukRed jktuhfr ds vè;;u ds fy, ,d –f"Vdks.k ds :i esa jktuhfrd laL—fr

23
rqyukRed jktuhfr ds ds vius Qk;ns vkSj uqdlku nksuksa gSaA ;gk¡ fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk bafxr jktuhfrd laL—
v/;;u ds n`f’Vdks.k fr ds –f"Vdks.k dh dqN 'kfä;ksa vkSj dfe;ksa dks mtkxj djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k
gSA
rqyukRed jktuhfr ds bl –f"Vdks.k ds fo:) egRoiw.kZ vkykspuk ;g gS fd bls
vkèkqfud jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ds :ikRed vè;;u esa çLrqr djus ds fy, ,d cgqr gh
lVhd pj ds :i esa oÆ.kr ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl –f"Vdks.k dks O;fäxr
O;ogkj ds lgh ekid ds :i esa ugÈ fy;k tk ldrk D;ksafd ;g cgqr gh fof'k"V vkSj
fofoèk ç—fr dk gSA ywfl;u ikà us bl –f"Vdks.k dh vkykspuk djrs gq, dgk fd
fdlh Hkh lekt esa 'kkldksa dh laL—fr vkSj turk dh laL—fr ds chp ekSfyd varj
ugÈ gSA blfy,] mUgsa vyx djus dk dksà Hkh ç;kl dksà mRiknd ifj.kke ugÈ yk
ldrk gSAdqN vU; yksxksa dk rdZ gS fd ;g –f"Vdks.k vLi"V gSA jktuhfrd laL—fr
vius vki esa lkekU; :i ls laL—fr dh ,d miç.kkyh gSA okLro es]a jktuhfrd
laL—fr –f"Vdks.k vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj fodkl fl)karksa dk miksRikn gSA ;g fuf'pr
ugÈ gS fd os bls Lora= pj ;k vkfJr pj] dkj.k ;k çHkko ekurs gSA bl çdkj]
laiw.kZ ifjçs{; :f<+oknh] fLFkj vkSj dkykuqØfed gks tkrk gSA nwljh vksj] dqN vU;
bl èkkj.kk ij gh loky mBkrs gSa fd ljdkj dh ,d ç.kkyh tkjh jgrh gS D;ksafd ;g
ns'k dh jktuhfrd laL—fr ds vuq:i gSA ,d jktuhfrd laL—fr ds dà fooj.k çk;%
#f<c)rk esa vH;kl ls FkksM+k vfèkd gksrs gSa tks ges'kk lacafèkr ns'k ds Hkhrj fofoèkrk
dh mis{kk djrs gSA dqN ekeyksa es]a jktuhfrd laL—fr ds o.kZu fLFkj gksus ds
lkFk&lkFk ljyh—r Hkh gksrs gS] jktuhfrd vuqHkoksa dh çfrfØ;k esa ,d laL—fr
fujarj dSls fodflr gksrh gS bl ckjs esa laons u'khyrk gksrh gSA ;g –f"Vdks.k
çxfr'khy ugÈ cfYd çfrfØ;koknh gSA
rqyukRed jktuhfr dh xfr'khyrk dks le>rs gq,] jktuhfrd laL—fr ds –f"Vdks.k ds
uqdlku dks le>us ds ckn] ;g –f"Vdks.k xq.kksa ds fcuk ugÈ gSA jktuhfrd laL—fr
ds –f"Vdks.k us fuf'pr :i ls jktuhfrd foKkudksa dh O;kid vkSj oSKkfud :i ls
jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ds euksoSKkfud okrkoj.k dh tkap djus dh {kerk dks c<+k;k gSA
bl us ,d 'kSyh] vPNh rjg ls fodflr voèkkj.kk esa lafgrkc) vkSj la'ysf"kr fd;k
gS] tks fd jk"Vªh; eukscy] jk"Vªh; pfj=] jk"Vªh; euksfoKku vkSj blh rjg dh ikjaifjd
voèkkj.kkvksa ds ekè;e ls] ,d vewrZ vkSj vkjafHkd QS'ku esa vè;;u fd;k x;k FkkA
jktuhfrd laL—fr ds –f"Vdks.k us jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa ds fy, jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ds
lkekftd] euksoSKkfud vkSj lkekftd okrkoj.k dk O;ofLFkr vkSj O;kid :i ls
fo'ys"k.k djuk vklku cuk fn;k gS( blus jktuhfrd ç.kkfy;ksa ds lw{e vkSj LFkwy
nksuksa vè;;uksa dk lapkyu ds lkFk&lkFk lw{e&LFkwy jktuhfr ds chp ds varj dks
le>us esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA blds vfrfjä] jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k ds ekè;e
ls] jktuhfrd oSKkfud fofHkUu jktuhfrd ç.kkfy;ksa ds O;ogkj esa varj dks O;ofLFkr
:i ls le>k ldrs gS fo'ks"k :i ls fofHkUu lektksa esa dke djus okyh leku
jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ds O;ogkj esa varj gksrk gSA
jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k us jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa dks ml çfØ;k esa vè;;u djus
ds fy, Hkh –<+ fd;k gS] ftlds ekè;e ls lekt dh jktuhfrd laL—fr ,d ih<+h ls
nwljh ih<+h rd tkrh gS] vFkkZr jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh çfØ;kA bl dk mi;ksx
24
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds jktuhfrd fodkl ds iFk dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, fd;k tk jktuhfrd laLd`fr
ldrk gSA
jktuhfrd laL—fr –f"Vdks.k dk mi;ksx dà jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa }kjk dÃ
jktuhfrd ç.kkfy;ksa esa laHkkfor jktuhfrd ifjorZuksa] Çgld ifjorZuks& Økafr;ks vkSj
cykr jkT; ifjorZu dh ç—fr vkSj xfr'khyrk dh tkap ds fy, Hkh fd;k x;k gSA

cksèk ç'u 2
uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk ç;ksx djsAa
ii½ bdkà ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls vius mÙkj dh tk¡p djsAa
1½ vkyeaM ds fo'ys"k.k esa] vfèkuk;doknh jkT;ksa esa jktuhfrd laL—fr dh D;k
fo'ks"krk,a gSa\
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2½ rqyukRed jktuhfr ds –f"Vdks.k ds :i esa jktuhfrd laL—fr dh dqN çeq[k
dfe;ksa dks bafxr djsAa
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1-6 lkjka'k
mijksä esa] rqyukRed jktuhfr ds vè;;u ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ –f"Vdks.k ds :i esa
jktuhfrd laL—fr dh fofHkUu xfr'khyrk ij ppkZ dh xà gS tagk ls ;g çkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfrd laL—fr us jktuhfr foKku dks la;qä lw{e&LFkwy –
f"Vdks.k ij vius tksj ds ekè;e ls lkekftd foKku dh vfèkd laiw.kZ 'kk[kk cuk fn;k
gSA blus gekjk è;ku jktuhfrd leqnk; ;k lekt] tks ,d xfr'khy lkewfgd lÙkk ds
:i esa O;fä ls vyx gS vkSj dqy jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ij gSs]a ds vè;;u ij dsfa ær
fd;k gSA blds vfrfjä] ;g jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa dks lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd
dkjdks dk vè;;u djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrk gS tks fdlh ns'k dh jktuhfrd
laL—fr dks O;kid vkdkj nsus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSaA ,d –f"Vdks.k ds :i es]a blds
i{k vkSj foi{k ij Hkh ppkZ dh xà gS fd tagk ;g ik;k x;k Fkk fd rqyukRed
jktuhfr dh xfr'khyrk dks le>us esa bldh mi;ksfxrk ds i{k vkSj foi{k nksuksa esa

25
rqyukRed jktuhfr ds rdZ gSaA rdZ dqN Hkh gks ysfdu lqjf{kr :i ls la{ksi esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd bl –
v/;;u ds n`f’Vdks.k f"Vdks.k dh le> ds ekè;e ls fofHkUu ç.kkfy;ksa dh jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa dks lcls
vPNh rjg ls tkuk tk ldrk gS & budh rqyuk dh tk ldrh gSA

1-7 lanHkZ
, vkj c‚y- ¼1971½- ekMZu i‚fyfVDl ,aM xouZeVsa - yanu% eSdfeyu-
vkyeaM] xsfcz;y , vkSj flMuh ockZ- ¼1972½-flfod dYpj- u;h tlÊ%ÇçlVu
;wfuoÆlVh çsl-
vkyeaM] xsfcz;y vkSj i‚osy] Çc?ke th- ¼1966½-daijs sfVo i‚fyfVDl vçksp- cksLVu(
fyfVy czkmu ,aM daiuh-
,aMª;w gsoqM-¼2019½-i‚fyfVDl- yaMu% jsM Xykscy çsl-
,fFkzt à ekdZl] g‚oMZ gSaMsyeSu-¼2010½- i‚fyfVDl bu psaÇtx oYMZ% , daijs sfVo
baVªksMD'ku Vw i‚fyfVdy lkbal- cksLVu] eslkpqlsV~l(
oM~loFkZ lsx
a t
s yÉux-
lkekftd foKku dk varjkZ"Vªh; fo”odks'kA ¼1968½] jktuhfrd dh ifjHkk"kk laL—frA
U;w;‚dZ- eSdfeyu
iSfVªd vks* uhy- ¼2017½- b'ksuf'k;y'k v‚Q dEisjsfVo i‚fyfVDl- U;w;‚dZ u‚VZu ,aM
daiuh-

1-8 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

cksèk ç'u vH;kl 1
1½ jktuhfrd laL—fr dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds dà rjhds gSaA vkyeaM vkSj osjck
bls jktuhfrd ç.kkyh vkSj blds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds çfr jktuhfrd >qdko vkSj
–f"Vdks.k ds :i esa lanÆHkr djrs gS vkSj ç.kkyh esa Lo;a dh Hkwfedk ds çfr –
f"Vdks.k gSA
2½ dqyhu laL—fr esa ftl ds }kjk vk;ksftr jktuhfr ds ckjs esa foÜokl] –
f"Vdks.k vkSj fopkj 'kkfey gSa og jktuhfrd lÙkk ds dsæa ksa ds lcls fudV gSaA
;g vke rkSj ij vfèkd lqlaxr vkSj çHkko'kkyh gSA

cksèk ç'u vH;kl 2

1½ vfèkuk;doknh jkT;ksa esa jktuhfrd laL—fr dks dsæa h; fu;a=.k ;k lapkj ds
lkèkuks vkSj Çglk dh ,tsfa l;ksa }kjk mRiUu vuq:irk ;k mnklhurk ds dqN
la;kstuksa }kjk fpfàr fd;k tkrk gSA ckè;dkfjrk vfèkdkj ds ç;ksx dh igpku
gSA vkSj blesa de yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh gSA

26
2½ vkids mÙkj esa fuEufyf[kr dh lwph gksuh pkfg,% vkèkqfud jktuhfrd ç.kkyh] jktuhfrd laLd`fr
vfHktkr oxZ vkSj tu laL—fr esa varj djus esa dfBukb;k¡] laL—fr dh ,d
miç.kkyh gksus ls mRiUu gksus okyh vLi"Vrk ds vè;;u ds fy, ,d lVhd
pj ugÈ gS] ifjorZu dh O;k[;k ds fcuk oxÊdj.k djus dk dk;Z ugÈ gks
ldrkA

27