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CHAPTER 2
Studying Child Development
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The use of objective, measurable, and repeatable techniques to gather information is called
a. research. c. research design.
b. the scientific method. d. operational validity.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 42
OBJ: Measuring Attributes and Behaviors MSC: TYPE: C
2. The scientific method dictates that theories must be revised or elaborated as new observations confirm
or refute them. This means that
a. theories should be modified directly after obtaining one set of disconfirming data.
b. theories are modified only as the researchers who implement them go on to other research
areas.
c. theories should be modified after a good amount of evidence calls for different predictions
than those provided by the original theory.
d. theories are not useful for fueling new research efforts.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 42
OBJ: Measuring Attributes and Behaviors MSC: TYPE: C
3. Dr. Gupta has performed an experiment based on his theory that children cannot see in color for the
first four months of their lives. Using a discrimination task, Gupta finds that children are able to
distinguish between two colors that appear to be the same when photographed in black and white.
Based on his evidence and the dictates of the scientific method, Dr. Gupta must
a. completely disregard his original theory.
b. completely ignore his new findings because he knows his theory is correct.
c. consider that his original theory may be erroneous, try to replicate his current findings, and
revise his theory accordingly.
d. call all of his colleagues who share his view on the theory and inform them that they too
are mistaken.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 42
OBJ: Measuring Attributes and Behaviors MSC: TYPE: A
29
6. In Clara’s honors research project on the effect of video games on aggression in children, the measure
of aggression was the number of times physical contact occurred among the children being observed.
Clara’s measure of aggression is an example of
a. the operational definition of a variable. c. the reliability of a measure.
b. the validity of a measure. d. a control variable.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: D REF: 43
OBJ: Measuring Attributes and Behaviors MSC: TYPE: A
7. ________ is the degree to which an assessment procedure actually measures the variable under
consideration.
a. Independence c. Validity
b. Dependence d. Reliability
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 43
OBJ: Measuring Attributes and Behaviors MSC: TYPE: C
8. If a self-report measure and a trained observer measure of the same behavior differ from one another,
one test might not be as ________ a measure of that behavior as the other test.
a. valid c. sensitive
b. reliable d. scientific
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 43
OBJ: Measuring Attributes and Behaviors MSC: TYPE: A
9. ________ is the degree to which a measure will yield the same results if administered repeatedly.
a. Validity c. Independence
b. Reliability d. Dependence
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 43
OBJ: Measuring Attributes and Behaviors MSC: TYPE: A
10. Angela administered the same personality test on two separate occasions to the same person, but she
got very different results the second time. It is likely that Angela’s test
a. does not have high validity. c. has high inter-rater reliability.
b. does not have high test-retest reliability. d. has no operationally defined variables.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 43
OBJ: Measuring Attributes and Behaviors KEY: WWW
MSC: TYPE: A
30
11. Alisha and John conducted a study to determine how children pay attention to different television
programs. After scoring the videos separately, Alisha’s scores were very different from John’s scores,
indicating
a. low test-retest reliability. c. low inter-rater reliability.
b. high test-retest validity. d. high inter-rater validity.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: 43
OBJ: Measuring Attributes and Behaviors MSC: TYPE: C
12. If a test has high ________ reliability, it should yield similar results on two testing occasions; if a test
has high ________ reliability, two or more observers should agree about what they are seeing.
a. test; retest c. test-retest; inter-rater
b. test-retest; intra-rater d. operational; functional
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: D REF: 43
OBJ: Measuring Attributes and Behaviors MSC: TYPE: C
13. The method of collecting data in which observations of naturally occurring behaviors are observed in
real-life settings is called
a. pseudo-experimental observation. c. preservatory observation.
b. naturalistic observation. d. setting-dependent observation.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 43
OBJ: Methods of Collecting Data MSC: TYPE: C
15. Jamal wants to study children’s everyday interactions with their peers at school without directly asking
them any questions or being involved in their activities. Jamal will be conducting a(n)
a. structured observation. c. naturalistic observation.
b. unstructured observation. d. intrusive observation.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: D REF: 43
OBJ: Methods of Collecting Data MSC: TYPE: A
16. The tendency of individuals who know they are under observation to alter their natural behavior is
termed
a. participant reactivity. c. observer reactivity.
b. observer bias. d. participant bias.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: E REF: 44
OBJ: Methods of Collecting Data MSC: TYPE: A
31
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intending to visit the following day the ruins of Trassermant, I ordered
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his neck, I found a peculiar spasmodic action produced, which did
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not even on the off-side of the neck, on which fell the mane.
Ascending the lower part of the mountain chain toward the snow, the
effect was scarcely visible; but on returning to the valley, it was
considerably increased, and especially after the animal had been
well washed and dried. Approaching the sea, it became more
powerful, and at Mogadór I got several persons to witness the
phenomenon. I was here told by the kaid, who had accompanied me
from Marocco, to take great care of the animal; that there were very
few of them in the country, and that the Sultán seldom gave them
away; that it was not only a horse of high blood but of fire, and it
would never tire. It has done a great deal of hard work, and fully
bears out the character given of him. I have moreover observed, on
touching him with the spur, or when he is excited by the firing of a
gun, or the sight of other horses, that a violent action is produced on
this side of the neck. Upon entering the desert, the effect nearly
disappeared, and at the same time a great portion of his courage,
although he continued to do his work well. The difference may,
however, be owing to the great change from an abundant to a spare
diet, and to his sympathising with his master by shewing more bone
than flesh, as our meals are reduced to one a-day. Can the colour
have any thing to do with it? He is golden dun, with a black mane
and tail. I have seen but three of the same hue, two in the stables of
the Sultán, and the third in the possession of the Sheïkh of Stuka;
but I could not obtain permission to examine them. I am very anxious
to send him to England; but I fear it will be impossible, as the whole
of the persons in power in Marocco are so incensed against me for
having eluded their vigilance, and succeeded in getting out of the
empire upon the direct track of the gold district, that I am told that no
favour would now be granted, and that if I come back, I shall rue
what I have done in passing to this place. The road is now open to
me: my intention is not to follow the caravan route, but to proceed
with a small escort and a few camels by the road the couriers take,
and thus obtain a new line and bearing to establish the position of
Tumbuktú. I had made a collection for the Royal Institution of some
mineralogical and fossil specimens; amongst which were many of
copper, antimony and lead, and what they here call brass (nhas
asfer). The last was obtained, but with difficulty, for Professor
Berzelius, at the request of the consul-general at Tangiers. But
having to lighten my baggage, when passing through Lower Suse,
the mule-load of stones had to be sent away, with a promise that
they should be forwarded to Mogadór. They were addressed to
yourself, with a request to send the duplicates to the professor at
Stockholm. I fear much they will never reach you, as a Berber told
me the people will be sure to think they contain gold, and they will all
be sent to the furnace.”
It appears, however, by a letter to Mr. Drummond Hay, that Sheïkh
Alí subsequently told Mr. Davidson, that finding they were only
stones, he, the Sheïkh, had thrown them away, but had kept the
baskets.
In allusion to the project of making Agadeer the port for sending
goods into the interior of Africa, he says, that the people there
asserted that the story circulated of the insecure state of property in
that country was unfounded; that such reports were spread by the
people of Mogadór, who feared that foreigners would come and
settle there, if it was thought that trade could be carried on with Suse
better by that route than the old one. It was this very dread of the
trade being directed into a new channel, that seems to have thrown
such impediments in the way of Mr. D.’s journey to Tumbuktú.
FOOTNOTES: