68.2 Classifica hapé, naturd of edge, size ang ., Orifices may be classified according to’ the shapé, discharge ‘i Jar etc. Out of , ’ triangular etc. of al ()) According to shape : Circular, soltson ean shapes circular att tectangular shapes are. commonly te {2) According to nature of edge : Sharp edged of bell mou Eaatitis Dopasonc elty W) Sharped edged orifice; It has a sharp bevelled edge facing (ii) Bell mouthed orifice: It has edge rbunded to a specific shape. (8) According to size: Small and large. : ee (i) ‘Small orice: In this cagetha baad eon eee the orifice is ee ee si 2 vertical dimension of the orifice. ‘The velocity across the vertical dimension of aries not vary much and hence the velocity at the centre of the orifice can be taken as un, form ove the complete area, (Large orifice : The head over the orifice is small as compared to vertical dimension of the orifice. Velocity varies “ppreciably across the vertical dimension and the variation has to be taken into account, - : (4) According to condition of discharge : Free orifice, submerged orifice and partially submerged orifice. () Free orifice : Orifice said to be free when it discharges freely into atmosphere.foo % J ne eZ SS % $ KH it Hy Loy = #4 DIS liquid level @) Free . Pig. 6.16: Orifice classi (4) Submerged or drowned orifice : If the liquid level is above the top of the orifice, it is called as submerged (iii) Partially submerged or Partially downstream side of the orifice is above the b is called as Partially submerged or Partially dro $8.3 Sharp Edged Circular Orifice Di Fig. 6.17 shows’a sharp edged circ height of free liquid surface 'H’ above th crifice. The stream of liquid coming out of t it comes out of orifice contracts in arda, Thi fluid particles in this region have veloci Perpendicular to the direction of the je abruptly. They follow smooth conver, contraction continues upto a short dis Parallel to each other and perpendi luid particle has velocity porely ir ction is called as 'venacont *rpendicular to plane of "Pendicular to plane of |————— _ ee / _—— vy the plane of the orifice, where d \ Venacontracta occurs at a distance of dW/2 Pe tarek of flow and velocity normal i, diameter of the crifice. Since, the conditions of flow t reference section of the jet. Ther definitely known at venacontracta, it is an important referred to venacontracta. “After , Sill the definitions of coefficients of the orifice are Yenacontracta, the jet may diverge again. (@) Free orifice Fig. 6.17: Flow through a sharp f theorem to liquid surface and centre of orifice as datum, we get Applying Bernoulli's taking horizontal through Views ee +B ae a aa 2 Substituting the values, ae eae », Hive or the theoretical velocity of jet is given by (V, 4 Hydraulic Coefficients of an "There are four hydraulic coefficients 0 (1) Coefficient of contraction (Ce)yt of! o : Ss, fe) w Cy ~ Area of jet at venacontracta ~ Area of orifice where ag a are Bs Area of j : as Of jet at Venacontracta 8 of origi - ‘Further, i . (6.46) Ce. varies from 0.61 to 9, taken a8 0.64 or 0,65," "4 the average value for a sharp edged circular orifice may be @) Coefficient of velocity : It is the ratio of LO isdenoted by Cy. Than "locity of jet at venacontracta to the theoretical velocity of the jet a and 4 Cy. = Actual velocity of jet at vena or sel ei by where Ve = velocity of jet at yenacontracta Vth = V2gH = theoretical velocity ofjet ~. Actual velocity of jet differs from theoretical velocity orifice. For sharp edged orifice, the surface of contact is very nearly equal to 1. Value of Cy is of the order ne discharging liquids of very low viscosity like water. (8) Coefficient of discharge : "It is defined as the ratio of actual discharge throu through the orifice and is denoted by Ca, Thus, or where, Qa = actual dischar nea Qt = theoretical discharge th Thus,+ Actual area x Actual velocity = Theoretical area X Theoretical volosliy Pat wae Ve_ "xy ae ae Ve a" VogH > [Ca = G Gy] 64 Value of Cy varies from 0.61 to 0.65 depending upon size, shape and the head under wh, flow takes pl re ssa sasha of low vices, For sharp edged circular orifice, it may be taken as 0.62, discharging liquic (4) Coefficient of resistance : It is defined as the ratio of | i u Possessed by the flowing ee oss of hinetio energy? tn’ the orifide to the aatual hinetic energ Theoretical kinetic energy per unit weight of liquid: Ci = from the value of coefficient of velocity Cy. 6:8:5 . Experimental Determination 6.8.5.1 Determination_of> 7 & a : CS Ct - tracta is found ous tom a — _ FR D From the cage diameter, areg 1g. ir0™ {he distances p, Cates, he the jet ig fou tetoen two pairs of opponite #0 Bh si rom which 'Ce' can be determined F ype jet at Venacontracta «Pl? does not pi, ‘ ined from male ee Rot very rapilant Precise value of ‘Ce’, ‘This is because the shape of be alues of 104+ and ‘9, ‘Ene on varying. Precise value of 'Ce' can be 6.8.5.2. Determinasi v' by the formula Cy » Cy + Cy, Coefficient of me Of Coofficient of velocity ¢, . Velocity j e ~ described below. As thom a Samael by "co-ordinate method” (or trajectory method) as the co-ordinates of any one of thoy es EUS: the orifice in run under a constant head 'H'. Then : the points ‘pt which Cy can be determined as eae 'P' on the jet are measured from venacontracta from Fig. 6.18 : Determination of Cy Let the velocity of jet at venacontra c- Let > Then, “Eliminating 't' from above equations “Knowing the values of s ? s ny be 6.8.5.3 Determination(6g Consider the orifice working under a head of 'H' as shown in i's "Fig. 6.19, Applying Bernoulli theorem to liquid surface and venacontracta taking horizontal through centre of orifice as datum, we get, 6.8.6 Head Loss in Orifice Vena contracts Fig. 6.19 : Loss of head in the orifice pov 2+ Yt 2g: = a a H+0+0 = i Loss of head in orifice hy, But or 6.8.7 Large Orifice As has been seen already that, if the cannot be obtained by taking velocity. for the orifice) LY Large oritice Fig. 6.20: Large rectangular orifice Consider an elementary strip of the orifice of depth ‘dh’ urface. ot a oi Area ofthe strip = L-dh Velocity of liquid through the strip = V2gh Discharge through the strip dQ. = Ca x Area. s “dQ = Cy-L «The total discharge through the orifice ta——__ 6.9 NOTCHES AND Weirs o Notch is an o, geometrical shape MiGs ome side of a tank extending above the free surface and of any - ect - . . 5 area depending upon the level wee orifice which has no upper edge ao that it has a variable heen: ‘ee surface, weir is a notch on a lar, i built to raise the liquid level Be scale. It is an obstruction built across a river or a channel. It is Notches are used to monsoon {Be Upstream side and to allow the excess liquid to flow over it re used to measure flog wey ™ Benerally of small order as that in laboratory, while weirs | a ne W of large order as that in a river ora channel. es are | 01 ‘in structures made from met tallic plates and-can have sharp edges. Weirs are large sty * vee Structures’ and may be sharp edged or may have substantial width in the direction of flow. Classification of Notches : (2) Classification based on the shape (i) Rectangular (ii) Triangular or V-notch (iti) ‘Trapezoidal (iv) Stepped or Compound notch. (2) Classification based on effect of sides of noteh. f the notch on (i) Notch with end contraction.’ (ii) Notch without end contraction or suppressed. Classification of Weirs : — (2) Based on shape : (i) Rectangular (ii) Triangular (ii) A particular type of trapezoidal weir is (2) Classification based on shape of crest (i) Sharp crested (ii) Narrow create (3) Classification based on effect of side (i) Weir with end contraction. (ii) Weir without end conti ( (4) Classification based on co" aa Senn l Gi) Heady fy called a8 heag atin oe seit of free liquid surface above the oF the oy, GW) Height of ¢ sty called ag Relghi hee re: ot of crest above the bottom of tank or the bed of the chany, Fig. 6.28 : Terms connected with _ 5 $91 Discharge Over a Sharp Crested Rectang: Fig. 6.29 shows a rectangular notch or weir length of notch or a weir, _ Consider a horizont height of the strip. tal strip of width 'L'atadi Discharge Over ® In this’ case the aerate Netch (or Weir) . * eof ji 5 Fig. 6.31. It is observed that the tse hea small and hence cannot be Measured Tae measured accurately with rec accurately. 7) . tangular not even for low discharges “re sufficiently rns and can be meas even small discharges can be measured accurately with triangular notch. Consider the triangular no ; i Fig. 6.31, snd'H' be the head on the noteh,- 0 eaten ra V-netch.. iT or like letter 'V' as shown in the lar notch for low discharges are very low discharges cannot be oy ,, Figs 6.313 Triang Consider an elementary horizontal strip of he quid surface, 4 Now, width of the strip = AB = 2AD = 2 “But from the'triangle ‘CDB' DB CDsTit metual decane Eeremgh the warp bn givers ley Pym Cy x Apes af ably. a Mele of Tew through ey, & Oy CE = hte 3 ih aah - " Total dichorrs > June foe-anaen tan 65g uw R= acu VRe enw | tthe nea rf The sborw forrautne ean be ate Wanproach modifies aeCoe teger a engular Notch ‘and a Rectangular Netch 695 (advantages of : : Srlangvlar Notch ever Recanguler Neteh) 3 Notch Trinmgulac Notch The wetted perimeter varies with hy traction and 5 ii it 7 i ead} 1. si}l to cause contra (as in variation of Gx" "Therefore!" pense wetted. perimetor varies dltecHl | cq varies with hend for a rectangular| with hend and hence C. aa well an "Ca" 3# notch. fairly constant for triangular notch." “low discharges cannot be messured| 2, “Low discharges can be measured accurately". This is due to very low heads| accurately." This is because, the heads | on the notch which cannot be measured|” even for low discharges are sufficiently | accurately. high and can be measured accurately. . 3, ‘Ventilation ts required." 3. "Ventilation #s not necessary.” 7. For low heads, effects of surface tension| 4. “Effects of surface tension are may affect the results. ae | Formula cannot be simplified, _ '|5. For right angled formula is very much ever be the size of simple formula can be — From the above comparison, it can be’ seen that the triangular rectangular notch, However, for very large discharges,rectangular: since they can pass large discharges at comparatively low heads. 5.9.4 Trapexeidal Notch — _ As shown in the Fig. 6.82 trapezoidal notch is the combi jangular noteh. q ‘ @ = @3@ oe! Qs 204, Vig: LH? +e D4, and Cg, are coefficients of discharge for ctively, : ee6.1) MOUTH PlEcES : i di Definition : A mouth piece is a short piece of a tube having the same diameter as » orifice and lengt! Of h about 2.5 to 3 times the diameter of the orifice attached either interna), externally to the orifice in o der to increase the discharge through the orifice, 1. Classification ; Mouth pieces are classified as follows : G) Based ‘on mode of attachement - (a) External mouth piece, (b) Internal mouth piece, Gi) Based on shape, (a) Cylindrical mouth piece, (b) Convergent mouth piece, (c) Convergent - divergent mouth piece, Based on mode of discharge at thie Gutlet iii) (a) Running free. (b) Running full, 2. External cylindrical mouthpiece :_ Fig. 6.38 shows an external cylii ul mouth piece first contracts upto vena fills the complete cross section of thein the tube atoutlet 8 due to sug “ iden enlargement from section C. C to section'2-2 fead 1k . Head Joss Hy « We~Vor But _ 2g Q = ae Vew mV, ns y, Vy eras , © Sly 7ap But Be & 7 Cee » the coefficient of contraction , ¥, Vo = DF fo : ¢ : Tea Hy =(=-1) 2 us (ory) TfCe is taken as 0,62 then u Hy+H = 2 ad Where Hg is the atmospheric pressure head, ‘ if -Ziosmi oH ie 108p ze ‘area = 13755 «. Coefficient of velocity, Qs Since the area of jet at the outlet an he piece Co = 1. Therefore the coefficientof dPressure at vena contracta Applying Bernoulli's equation to section 1-1 andc-c 2 Ha+H = Hes Ze, neglecting loss between 1-Lande., Ys He = Hy+H-5! 77 a Ve = Me nan erar 8 : ‘2 Coa 2g a AS He = Hy +1995 3 3 aes) oe : os a But Ve a 0 ae ‘ 35 * Lae Above equation shi head by 0.89 H. discharge as comp: ‘ows that the pressure head at om ey This ~ ve pressure head at ared to the orifice, If cavitation is assumed to take place at the pr under which an external cylindrical miouth Piece He = 0=H,— 0.89 0 = 10,33_ 0,89 H = 161m. | In actual practice, the pressure at, section the liquid. From the vapour pressure, the corr Yena cont head or which the mouth piece can work eas be found 3. Convergent - Divergent mouth pjn this type, the shape of the mouth piece i — aD iad divergent as shown in Fi h piece is made convergent upto vena contracta (section on 2-2 losues in Fig. 6:39 By making the expansion between section ¢ - ¢ and ction ed are reduced to very great extent, Thus, the coefficient of discharge is further improved as compared to external cylindrical mouth piece. Actual value of Cg depends upon the flare (expansion) and the length of the tube, By following exactly similar steps as in case of an external cylindrical mouth piece, various quantities like the coefficient of dischargo Cq, the discharge and the pressure head at ¢~c can be obtained. The governing factor again is the pressure head at ¢ - c, which should not fall below the vapour pressure of the liquid. 4. Internal Mouth piece or Borda's Mouth piece : Borda's mouth piece is a cylindrical tube attached interially es shown in Fig. 6.40. If the jet of liquid comes out without touching the sides of tute the mouth piece is said to be running free Fig. 6.40 (a). If on the other head, the jet expands after vena contracta and fills the complete area of tube at outlet, the mouth piece is said to be running full. ~ ‘ “Fig. 6.40: Borda’ (a) Borda's Mouth piece running mouth piece due to head of 'H’ But according to Newton's second law, momentum as liquid passes from inner. fé ce2 YH.a = p.a,..Ve ®.eH.a = p.a, (2gH) sad es Begeo ao eeint of contraction 0, =0.6, Furth er, if there is no loss of head, Cel r Borda's mouth piece runni ing free Ci =C.. Cy = 06 For and discharge Q = 0.5 x a x Vig (©) Borda's Mouth piece running full: ad loss * i? vile ‘ee my, « Gawd In this case, He: But Q=a,V, 2aVy Va Vos ava But se eg 205 ag ee wee2v, - 8% aan i: Therefore, H, = G¥e-Ve) 2g Now applying Bernoulli's equation to Vv, = *. Coefficient of velocity ‘oil But since mouth p forA tank has two identical orifices one vertically above the other and 3 m apart in one of its vertical sides. The water surface is 4 m above the upper orifice. It is found that the “F Jets issuing from the two orifices intersect 3m each other at a horizontal distance of 8.7 m from the venacontracta. Determine the value Y; Of C, of orifices. frien iE — Fig. 6.53 1g Venaconteata Solution : - ‘Two orifices are as shown in the figure. Coefficient of velocity, Os an 5 aaa 1 Yi Coefficient of velocity Gy, = Vie — Vi ma ; Ve Since the orifices are identical Cy, = A (8.7% (8.7? ax4x(34¥) ~ V4x7xy . Y; = 4m Oy, = Ov = “Vara * Example 6.18: A closed vessel contains water ‘upto height of 2m 88.3 kPa above atmospheric, Orifice at ig base of the te Find the discharge. Solution: Applying Bernoulli's equation to liquid surface (1) we get,eg * on either side ter surface has wa a ischarge. Ags, A deep imate the disc! ng A large rectangular orifice 2 m wide and 1 m ing. Estim open and 0.5 m respectively above the lower edge of the Pe Ca = 0.6 in both cases Solution : Example 6.19 : 0 Fig. 6.55 Discharge Q through partially submerged orifice i Q@ = a+Q Q = 30 Ve .L. (iy @ pxample 6.22 5 Show that an error of discharge over @ recta} triangular notch: '% in the gular notch ond raiment of head produces an error of 1.5% in the Produces an error of 2.5% in the diacharge-over a Solution : (P.U. 1993) 1. For rectangular noteh : 2 Qos Fy V2g. LH oye ao Differentiating equation (i) we get aq = Sku ay From (i) and (ii), we get, aQ dH QA eee 2. For triangular notch’ @ = Ce Vie. tand. Differentiating equation (iii), we get Lv dQ = 3 KHS? di From (iii) and (iv), we get, dQ aH Qinn 25 Jxample 6.23: ‘A rectangular weir is used to measure flow alculated from the formula Q =1.84 LH, w alculate the coefficient of discharge for olution : " First prove the formula for