Truancy Chapter 2

Saint Theresa College of Tandag, Inc.
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

Telefax (086) 211-3046
Website: http://www.stctandag.edu.ph
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the literature and studies done prior to
this research. This will provide the background and the current
issues related to the research topic. It will also offer enrichment
to the basic concepts being established in this research.
Related Literatures
Foreign
Regular school attendance and high school graduation rates are
associated with better life quality and greater success in social,
academic, occupational, and other facets of functioning over the
course of a person's lifetime than low educational attainment rates
are. Youth who skip school frequently or drop out before graduating
are also at risk for a wide range of economic and related problems
when they reach adulthood(Kearney, Heyne & Gonzálvez, 2020).
Thus, it is imperative to prevent truancy at all means. There
are, however, a variety of reasons why a student would skip class.
One of them is a family matter. There are numerous reasons why

Telefax (086) 211-3046
students might decide to skip class when they are dealing with
personal concerns at home(Spencer, 2019).
According to Perry (2023), a hostile school climate is another
cause of truancy. Students who are bullied or lack friends are more
prone to skip class. This element is particularly relevant to pupils
who act, dress, or look differently. Furthermore, some children could
experience peer pressure to skip class.
Whatever the reasons, these are more complicated justifications
for truancy and will need assistance from outside sources to address
the underlying problem, which originates at home (Spencer, 2019).
The first step in the school's duty is to make its attendance
policies clear and enforce them. Additionally, schools must maintain
accurate data, let parents know about issues, and attempt to remedy
the unfavorable conditions there. The correct professors should be
assigned to each student, and when necessary, they should receive
extra attention from the staff (Gabbey, 2019).
Schools should explore public partnerships as outlined in the
third-tier strategies, they should also be careful in that approach —
as some external organizations can needlessly overcomplicate things.
Partnering with external organizations can be helpful, particularly
for serving students facing complex challenges such as health needs,

Telefax (086) 211-3046
but it can also increase the number of people and offices involved
and make it harder for schools themselves to do the work (Gottfried,
2022).
Local
Regularly attending students fare better on exams than their
colleagues who miss school regularly. For young people to succeed in
school, attendance is crucial. Higher academic achievement has been
shown to be correlated with better student attendance. Regular
absence is a key indicator of unfavorable outcomes such academic
failure, dropout, drug abuse, involvement in gangs, and criminal
behavior. Truancy serves as a warning sign for students who are about
to drop out of school (Dapadap, 2019).
Maglaqui (2017) listed the causes of pupils skipping class.
These include: a lack of interest in education and alienation from
school; falling behind academically in school; fear of violence on
the way to school or at school; alienation from authority; lax
parental supervision; a lack of parental support for education; drug
and alcohol abuse; working long hours while attending school that
cause chronic exhaustion; the lack of significant consequences for
not attending school; and issues at home that necessitate watching
over younger children. Parent and teacher collaboration must be

Telefax (086) 211-3046
improved if this issue is to be solved. To reduce truancy, parents
should keep a tight eye on their kids and give them continuous
direction.
Cepada and Grepon (2020), in agreement with this, underline that
parental participation in both the home and school has an impact on
student absenteeism in public schools. Parental participation at home
allowed parents to raise their children well, follow up on their
education, keep track of their progress, and provide them with the
assistance they needed. Knowing that their parents are interested in
them and their education can help the pupils feel more motivated and
inspired to attend class. The students also benefited greatly from
parental involvement in their education. The presence of the parents
in the classroom, whether it be to attend meetings, voluntarily visit
them, or follow up with them, increases their children's sense of
self-worth and self-esteem.
In addition to parental involvement, the community can aid in
addressing the truancy issue by putting into place an anti-truancy
ordinance. The Cebu City division of the Department of Education is
in favor of the proposed ordinance that would make it illegal for
young children to loiter outside of a school during school hours.
According to the Anti-Truancy code, it is forbidden for a parent or

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guardian, teacher, or school officials to knowingly authorize, or to
allow the student to remain in a business establishment or public
area during school hours due to insufficient control (Miasco, 2015).
Similar to this, in San Fernando City, prefects of discipline,
instructors, guidance counselors, and student leaders from various
schools overwhelmingly supported and welcomed the proposed anti-
truancy ordinance. The proposed rule aims to restrict uniformed
children from entering malls, shopping centers, and internet cafes,
especially during class times on ordinary school days, unless they
are accompanied by parents or guardians or have the written
permission of school officials. The teachers and students from
expressed their support for the anti-truancy law, saying that it
would greatly improve the state of education in the city, especially
given the city division's low mean percentage score (MPS) on the
National Admissions Test (MPS), which places it currently in the
bottom three regions nationally (SunStar, 2014).

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Related Studies
Foreign
The nature and reasons behind truant behaviors among students at
two institutions in Tripoli, Lebanon, were investigated by Bazhouni
(2019). The results of the study showed that factors such as family
dynamics, teaching methods and lecture topic, as well as student
characteristics, particularly conscientiousness, affected whether or
not students showed up for class. Additionally, the sampled students
agreed that instructors needed to be trained in a variety of teaching
methods to lessen student boredom and absenteeism.
The prevalence and correlates of school absenteeism in the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states were
examined by Pengpid & Peltzer (2017). With Brunei excluded, the six
ASEAN nations' combined prevalence of prior 30-day absences was
24.8%; this figure varied from less than 20% in Myanmar, Thailand,
and Vietnam to more than 30% in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, and the
Philippines. The lack of protective social-familial factors (lack of
peer support and lack of parental or guardian support) and
externalizing behavior (tobacco, alcohol use, having been in a
physical fight, being bullied, having sustained an injury), as well
as socio-demographic factors (older age, being a man, experiencing

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hunger), were found to be associated with truancy in multivariable
logistic regression analysis.
Teuscher and Makarova (2018) focused on students' unique
features and their relationships in school, notably the student-
teacher relationship and relationships with classmates, to study
school involvement and truancy. The findings show that among the
personal traits, migration history is significant for school
engagement while student age is significant for truancy. Peer
relationships also have a favorable impact on students' school
participation, but not on their truancy. Additionally, a favorable
student-teacher relationship not only benefits students' school
engagement but also adversely correlates with truancy, with school
engagement acting as a mediating factor in this relationship.
Fahiroh (2019) sought to comprehend what pupils in junior and
senior high schools meant by truant behavior. According to the
report, junior and senior high school pupils still think that being
truant reflects poorly on them. In other words, being a truant is
viewed as a poor deed that involves lying to oneself and one's
parents, exhibiting laziness, and putting one at a disadvantage by
failing to acquire knowledge that should have been learned.
Additionally, being truant makes people fear being punished. Students

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may engage in truancy as a way to fit in with their peers. This is
consistent with the developmental stage of early adolescence, when
there is a strong drive to fit in.
In Kenya's Meru South District, Kanga and Jagero (2015) examined
the consequences and potential solutions of secondary school students
skipping class. According to the study, truancy has negative effects
on a person's academic performance, the performance of their class
and school, the waste of instructional time, dropping out of school,
future poverty for the person and family, involvement in delinquent
behavior, instability in the family, social maladjustment, and family
insecurity. The recommendations for truancy remedies included
strengthening peer, joint, group, and individual counseling in
secondary schools, involving parents and the local school community
in the development of attendance and anti-truancy policies,
effectively monitoring the truants, cultivating a welcoming school
climate, developing appealing co-curricular activities, holding
regular motivational talks, and organizing career guidance right from
when students are in elementary school.
The causes of school absenteeism among students attending
various high schools were examined by Oxcan (2020), as well as the
methods used by school counselors and suggested remedies for lowering

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absenteeism. The key variables driving school absenteeism, according
to the research, include low academic results, parental
participation, school management, and timetables, as well as health
problems and a lack of social activities. School counselors could
suggest ways to involve families more, enhance the school
environment, deal with health difficulties, organize new social
events, and give kids flexible curriculum options.
Local
In 2020, Artango and Galleto examined the high school student
population's truancy patterns. According to the survey, the three
causes that prompted the respondents to commit truancy were low
intelligence, peer pressure, and poor health. The main causes of
student absenteeism were familial circumstances, such as helping out
at home with housework or contributing to the family's means of
subsistence, lack of parental guidance, and assistance from the
school system. The absence of engaging activities, indiscipline, and
the casual attitude of the school administration all contributed to
absenteeism among the kids. Additionally, pupils engaged in truancy
regardless of their sex, age, family size, monthly income, parents'
education levels, their source of income, or the distance to the

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schoolMoreover, truancy was largely committed with the help of
students, their families, and the school.
Similarly, Conel (2022) determined the factors affecting
absenteeism of second year students in a typical public high school.
The findings of the study revealed that attending household chores in
personal reasons, sickness in the family and bad weather in natural
and social reasons, availability of lessons in the web and
classmates’ notes in subject-related reasons, and the perception of
students that teacher is biased in the class in teacher-related
reasons, were the highest agreed responses of students not attending
the classes. Also, the most prevalent factors that affect the
absenteeism of students are personal reasons, natural and social
reasons, and subject-related reasons while teacher-related reasons
and school administration reasons are not considered as major factors
of students’ absenteeism in school.
Another study by Balala (2016) assessed the most prevalent cause
of absenteeism, the frequency of absences of students. The results
revealed that health issue is the most prevalent cause of
absenteeism. This implies that health conditions are often a barrier
to a student attending school, thus it can contribute to often
absenteeism. On the other hand, teacher-related factor was ranked

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last on the list. Hence, the teacher related factor is not a factor
on the causes of absenteeism.
Salao (2021) studied the antecedents and possible solutions to
minimize absenteeism and truancy among the Senior High School
learners at Teodora Alonzo High School. The results showed that
learners with poor school attendance have socioeconomic issues.
Moreover, the primary cause of absenteeism among the Senior High
School learners can be attributed to the socioeconomic condition of
their family. Most learners opted to work in order to support their
studies and needs of their family. On the other hand, learners who
manifested truant behavior were mainly influenced by their peers
(environmental factor) and personal choice. Every learner has the
potential to be influenced by another learner to embrace undesirable
acts.
Clores (2009) explored the process by which the phenomenon of
school absenteeism evolves or is experienced by the college students.
In-depth interviews of ten absentee students and the use of editing
style analysis and a method described by Colaizzi (1978) yielded
three category schemes of experience of school absenteeism: (a)
disempowering circumstances - feeling of helplessness; (b) misguided

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value system - mixed up priorities; and (c) pedagogical dilemmas –
unappealing academic environments.
Dimaisip (2019) identified the causes of students' absences from
their school. The findings showed that of all the reasons for absence
among students in public schools, financial hardship or poverty is
the main one. Other explanations for their absences include the
distance from the school, their health, and family issues. Their
attitude toward study is the least excuse for their absence. Schools
should emphasize the value of everyday school attendance to students,
parents, families, and communities in order to solve this issue.
Lukman (2021) was able to find out the leading cause of
absenteeism among the first-year college students of MSU-Sulu and
that is distance from school. While low grade point average (GPA) was
the leading effect of absenteeism followed by poor critical thinking
skills, other effects of absenteeism were, poor classroom
performance, low examination results, poor oral recitation, poor
creative skills, poor communication skills, lack of self-confidence,
low comprehension and high risk of dropouts. The remedies include (a)
there must be a student dormitory inside the campus to house the
students since majority of the students enrolled in the university
are from distant island municipalities (b) conduct orientation to

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students and parents prior to the opening of regular classes (c) the
university must have a strict policy dealing with students’
absenteeism (d) teacher or instructor should conduct regular
assessment in the form of quiz at the end of the session (e) motivate
and encourage the students to give more attention and emphasize the
importance of education in their future (f) classroom atmosphere
should be conducive to learning.
Insights Gained
The literature emphasizes the significance of academic
involvement as an indicator of a successful life. Contrarily, truancy
is connected to a troubled and rebellious life. However, the research
listed a few explanations for why students engage in truant behavior,
including social, familial, or personal concerns. Additionally, the
literature covered the methods for addressing the truancy problems.
The intervention specifically emphasizes collaboration between the
school, the parents, the community, and the young people. The
literature, on the other hand, identified the tactics that have been
shown to be ineffectual in battling truancy and absence.

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The related studies explored at the factors that predict and
contribute to student truancy and absenteeism. The previous study
found that the most frequent explanation given was family
relationships. Other elements that were linked to truancy included
parental elements, health elements, student elements, peer influence,
poverty, and low IQ. The majority of the research we analyzed show
that factors related to the teachers have little effect on kids'
truancy patterns.

Truancy Chapter 2

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Saint Theresa College of Tandag, Inc.

Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature and studies done prior to

issues related to the research topic. It will also offer enrichment

to the basic concepts being established in this research.

Regular school attendance and high school graduation rates are

associated with better life quality and greater success in social,

academic, occupational, and other facets of functioning over the

course of a person's lifetime than low educational attainment rates

when they reach adulthood(Kearney, Heyne & Gonzálvez, 2020).

Thus, it is imperative to prevent truancy at all means. There

are, however, a variety of reasons why a student would skip class.

One of them is a family matter. There are numerous reasons why

personal concerns at home(Spencer, 2019).

According to Perry (2023), a hostile school climate is another

prone to skip class. This element is particularly relevant to pupils

who act, dress, or look differently. Furthermore, some children could

experience peer pressure to skip class.

Whatever the reasons, these are more complicated justifications

the underlying problem, which originates at home (Spencer, 2019).

The first step in the school's duty is to make its attendance

policies clear and enforce them. Additionally, schools must maintain

the unfavorable conditions there. The correct professors should be

assigned to each student, and when necessary, they should receive

extra attention from the staff (Gabbey, 2019).

Schools should explore public partnerships as outlined in the

third-tier strategies, they should also be careful in that approach —

as some external organizations can needlessly overcomplicate things.

Partnering with external organizations can be helpful, particularly

for serving students facing complex challenges such as health needs,

and make it harder for schools themselves to do the work (Gottfried,

Regularly attending students fare better on exams than their

colleagues who miss school regularly. For young people to succeed in

school, attendance is crucial. Higher academic achievement has been

shown to be correlated with better student attendance. Regular

absence is a key indicator of unfavorable outcomes such academic

failure, dropout, drug abuse, involvement in gangs, and criminal

to drop out of school (Dapadap, 2019).

Maglaqui (2017) listed the causes of pupils skipping class.

These include: a lack of interest in education and alienation from

school; falling behind academically in school; fear of violence on

the way to school or at school; alienation from authority; lax

parental supervision; a lack of parental support for education; drug

cause chronic exhaustion; the lack of significant consequences for

not attending school; and issues at home that necessitate watching

over younger children. Parent and teacher collaboration must be

improved if this issue is to be solved. To reduce truancy, parents

Cepada and Grepon (2020), in agreement with this, underline that

parental participation in both the home and school has an impact on

student absenteeism in public schools. Parental participation at home

allowed parents to raise their children well, follow up on their

assistance they needed. Knowing that their parents are interested in

inspired to attend class. The students also benefited greatly from

parental involvement in their education. The presence of the parents

in the classroom, whether it be to attend meetings, voluntarily visit

them, or follow up with them, increases their children's sense of

self-worth and self-esteem.

In addition to parental involvement, the community can aid in

addressing the truancy issue by putting into place an anti-truancy

ordinance. The Cebu City division of the Department of Education is

in favor of the proposed ordinance that would make it illegal for