Alterations in Ventilation 1updated

University of the Visayas
Topic Outline:
Alterations/Problems and its Pathophysiologic Basis in Life-Threatening
Conditions, Acutely ill/Multi-organ Problems
Response to Altered Ventilatory Function
Alterations in Ventilation
 Acute and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
 Pulmonary Embolism
 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome(ARDS)
 Acute Lung Injury
 Respiratory Failure
 Pneumothorax
 Pneumonia
Community Acquired
Ventilator Acquired
Respiratory Pandemics
 Pulmonary Hypertension
Refer to MS Teams File:
Meet the lungs | Respiratory

system physiology | NCLEX-RN |
Respiratory System Khan Academy - YouTube
When alveoli are
damaged, little by
little your body loses
its ability to take in Types of Lung Disease
oxygen and get rid of
toxic gases, which
then build up in your
blood.
FYI: Most chronic lung diseases involve a combination of types.
Incidence:
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):

Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
ranked as the most common lung disease, and
smoking is the primary risk factor.
The other most common chronic lung diseases include:

•Asthma
•Lung disease caused by occupational exposure
•Pulmonary hypertension
Alterations in Ventilation: Airway Disease
Airway diseases are one of the
main types of lung diseases.
These diseases are grouped

together because they affect
body's ability to move air in and
out of your lungs.
• referred to as “obstructive,
or reactive” lung diseases.
Airway Disease: Asthma
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that can

be caused by genetics and factors in your
environment like allergens.
• Asthma never goes away, but you can control it

with medications like steroid inhalers.
When asthma flares up, it's called an asthma attack.
These attacks are caused by inflammation and the

narrowing of your airways that make it harder to breathe.
Airway Disease: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Stages of COPD
•Stage 1: Mild COPD: People have mild limitations to their airflow, and
some may also have an ongoing cough. They may cough up sputum, a
mixture of mucus and saliva. Someone in this stage may not be aware that
their lung function is abnormal.
•Stage 2: Moderate COPD: In Stage 2, airflow limitation worsens, and

people tend to experience shortness of breath during exercise. This is the
stage where people usually seek medical attention.
Stages of COPD
Stage 3: Severe COPD:
In stage 3, a person experiences an even greater restriction to their
airflow, as well as increased shortness of breath. This accompanies a
decrease in exercise tolerance. The recurring episodes of worsening
symptoms reduce quality of life.
Stage 4: Very severe COPD: In stage 4, people have severe airflow

limitations and greatly reduced quality of life, while episodes of
worsening symptoms may become life threatening.
Etiology
Tobacco smoking:
• Cigarette smoking is the most significant and prevalent

cause of COPD.
• Prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke impairs the ciliary
movement, and produces hypertrophy and hyperplasia of
the mucous-secreting glands in your respiratory tract.
• It also inhibits anti-proteases and causes neutrophils to
release proteolytic enzymes, which may contribute to lung
injury.
Environmental tobacco smoke
Air pollution
• Long-standing exposure to smoke from biomass fuels and
other industrial gases increases the risk of developing COPD.
The higher the exposure, the more frequent the exacerbations of

COPD.
Occupation
• People in occupations that are highly exposed to organic or
inorganic dusts are at a higher risk of developing COPD.
Recurrent respiratory tract infections

• Recurrent respiratory tract infections, such as influenza and
pneumonia, are often the precipitating cause of acute
exacerbations of COPD.
During an infection, neutrophils are attracted to the infection site
and release enzymes, which may contribute to lung damage.
Biology
• A few studies with monozygotic twins have
suggested some genetic predisposition for the
disease. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency predisposes
a person to COPD.
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) is the

maximum amount of air you can forcefully exhale in one
second. It is used to describe the degree of airway
obstruction caused by asthma, as measured
with pulmonary function testing, using spirometry.
Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the amount of air

that can be forcibly exhaled from your lungs
after taking the deepest breath possible.
Spirometry is a common office test used to assess how well

your lungs work by measuring how much air you inhale,
how much you exhale and how quickly you exhale.
• Spirometry is used to diagnose asthma, chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other
conditions that affect breathing.
• Spirometry may also be used periodically to monitor your

lung condition and check whether a treatment for a
chronic lung condition is helping you breathe better.
Airway Disease: Bronchitis
Airway Disease: Emphysema

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University of the Visayas

Meet the lungs | Respiratory

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):

The other most common chronic lung diseases include:

These diseases are grouped

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that can

• Asthma never goes away, but you can control it

When asthma flares up, it's called an asthma attack.

These attacks are caused by inflammation and the

•Stage 2: Moderate COPD: In Stage 2, airflow limitation worsens, and

Stage 4: Very severe COPD: In stage 4, people have severe airflow

• Cigarette smoking is the most significant and prevalent

Environmental tobacco smoke

The higher the exposure, the more frequent the exacerbations of

Recurrent respiratory tract infections

Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) is the

Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the amount of air

Spirometry is a common office test used to assess how well

• Spirometry is used to diagnose asthma, chronic

• Spirometry may also be used periodically to monitor your

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