Experiment 8 Lab Manual

Introduction to Electrical Circuits Lab

LAB REPORT ON

Analysis of RC, RL, RLC series circuits and verification of KVL in RLC series Circuit

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual
Title of the Experiment: Analysis of RC, RL, RLC series circuits and verification of KVL in RLC
series Circuit

Abstract:

The purpose of this experiment is to develop an understanding of circuits containing R,L and
C components and also is to be able to analyze the outputs of RC & RL series circuit obtained
practically with simulated or theoretical results along with the determination of phase
relationship between V and I in an RLC series circuit and finally to draw the complete vector
diagram of an RLC series circuit which is designed and where KVL is verified in this
experiment.

Introduction:

The RC & RL circuit is used to determine the input and output relationship of voltage and
current for different frequencies. In RC series circuit the voltage lags the current by 90˚and in
RL series circuit the voltage leads the current by 90˚.

An RLC circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor,

connected in series. The RLC part of the name is due to those letters being the usual electrical
symbols for resistance, inductance and capacitance respectively. Series RLC circuits are
classed as second-order circuits because they contain two energy storage elements, an
inductance and a capacitance.

The primary objectives of the lab experiment are-

• To determine the reactance of the RL and RC circuits and the impedance equation
both practically and theoretically.
• To determine phase relationship between voltage and current in an RLC circuit.
• To draw the complete vector diagram.
• Design an RLC series circuit and verify KVL.

Theory and Methodology:

RC Series Circuit:
A resistor–capacitor circuit(RC circuit), or RC network, is an electric circuit composed of
resistors and capacitor is in series driven by a voltage or current source(See the Figure-1).
A first order RC circuit is composed of one resistor and one capacitor and is the simplest
type of RC circuit.

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

Figure 1

Analysis of a Series RC Circuit:

For doing a complete analysis of a series RC circuit, given the values of R, C, f, and VT.

Step 1. Calculate the value of XC:

XC = 1 / (2πfC)

Step 2. Calculate the total impedance Z:

Step 3. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the total current IT:

IT = VT / Z

Difference between Rectangular & Polar representation of Impedance:

• In Rectangular form:

Z T = R - j XC

• In Polar form:

ZT

θ = tan-1(-XC/R) = tan-1(-1/ωRC)

Impact of frequency on the value of capacitance:

Figure 1.1 will shows the impact of frequency by varying the value of Capacitance in series
resonance.

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

Figure 1.1 RL
Series Circuit:
A resistor–inductor circuit (RL circuit), or RL network, is an electric circuit composed of
resistors and inductor is in series driven by a voltage or current source (See the Figure-2). A
first order RL circuit is composed of one resistor and one inductor and is the simplest type
of RL circuit

Figure 2

Analysis of a Series RL Circuit:

For doing a complete analysis of a series RL circuit, given the values of R, L, f, and VT.

Step 1. Calculate the value of XL:

XL = 2πfL

Step 2. Calculate the total impedance Z:

Step 3. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the total current IT:

IT = VT / Z

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual
Difference between Rectangular & Polar representation of Impedance:

• In Rectangular form:

ZT = R+jXL

• In Polar form:

ZT

θ = tan-1(XL /R) = tan-1(ωL/R)

Impact of frequency on the value of inductance:

Figure 2.1 will shows the impact of frequency by varying the value of Inductance in series
resonance.

Figure 2.1

RLC Series Circuit:

Three basic passive components- R, L and C have very different phase relationships to each
other when connected to a sinusoidal AC supply. In case of a resistor the voltage waveforms
are "in-phase" with the current. In case of pure inductor, the voltage waveform "leads" the
current by 90o whereas in case of pure capacitor, the voltage waveform "lags" the current by
90o. This phase difference depends upon the reactive value of the components being used.
Reactance is zero if the element is resistive, positive if the element is inductive and negative if
the element is capacitive.
Instead of analyzing each passive element separately, we can combine all three together into a
series RLC circuit. The analysis of a series RLC circuit is the same as that for the dual series
RL and RC circuits we studied in the last experiment, except this time we need to take account
the magnitudes of both inductive reactance and capacitive reactance to find the overall circuit
reactance.
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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

Figure 3: RLC series circuit

Relevant Equations:

Inductive reactance, XL = 2пfL

1
Capacitive reactance, XC =
2п𝑓𝐶

Net reactance, X = XL - XC

Total impedance, Z

Current, I = 𝑉
𝑍

Resistive voltage drop, VR = I*R

Reactive voltage drops = VL – VC, where VL = I*XL and VC = I*XC

Total voltage drop = √𝑉𝑅2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶)2 Vector

Diagram:

Apparatus:

• Oscilloscope
• Function generator

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual
• Resistor: 100 (For RC and RL)
• Inductor: 2.4mH (For RC and RL)
• Capacitor: 1 F/ 10 F (For RC and RL)
• SPST switch
• Resistor (200 ) For RLC
• Inductor (6.3 mH) For RLC
• Capacitor(1 uF) For RLC
• Connecting wire
• Bread board

Precautions:

• Oscilloscopes should be properly calibrated using the

information provided at the calibration port before obtaining
the wave shapes using the experimental set up.
• Do not short any connections. Short connection can produce
heat (due to high current flow) which is harmful for the
components.

Experimental Procedure:

Data Tables:

For RC and RL Series Circuit:

Table~1

f E I=VR/R Z= E/I Ω Z(Rectangular) R XC=1/2 fC VR VC=IXC

(A) (Polar) c Ω

1KHz 5 0.0266 187.96∠ − 57.86° 100-159.155j 100 159.155 2.66 4.234

5KHz 10 0.0953 104.94∠ − 17.66° 100-31.831j 100 31.831 9.53 3.0335
10KHz 15 0.148 101.26∠ − 9.04° 100-15.9155j 100 15.9155 14.81 2.356

Table~2
f E I=VR/R Z(Rectangular) R XL=2 π fL VR VL=IXL
(A) Z= E/I Ω Ω Ω
(Polar)
1KHz 5 0.0494 101.131∠8.58° 100+15.09j 100 15.08 4.94 0.745

5KHz 10 0.0799 125.24∠37.016° 100+75.398j 100 75.398 7.99 6.024

10KHz 15 0.083 180.94∠56.45° 100+150.797j 100 150.797 8.3 12.516

For RLC Series Circuit:

Table~3
f E θ = tan -1
VR I=VR/R (A) XL=2 fL VL=IXL XC=1/2 π fC VC (V) V*
(V) X/R (V) Ω (V) Ω (V)

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual
1kHz 5 ∠ − 55.236° 2.85 0.0285 15.08 0.4298 159.155 4.536 4.998
5kHz 10 ∠12.927° 9.17 0.0917 75.398 6.914 31.831 2.919 10.002
10kHz 15 ∠53.447° 8.93 0.0893 150.797 13.466 15.9155 1.421 14.994

Simulation and Results:

RC Circuit-

When f=1kHz

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

For, f=2kHz

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For, f=4kHz,

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

RC Circuit-

When f=1kHz,

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

When f=2kHz,

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

When f=4kHz,

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RLC Circuit-

When f=1kHz,

When f=2kHz,

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

When f=4kHz,

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual
Calculation:

For RC Circuit:
E = 5V
R = 100 Ω
f = 1KHz
C =1 μF
1 1
X c= = = 159.15 Ω
2 πfC 2× 3.1416 ×1000 ×10−6
Z=√ X 2c + R2 = 187.96 Ω
Xc
Θ = tan-1(- )= -57.86o
R
Z = R - j X c =100-j159.155 Ω
E 5
I= = = 0.0266 A
Z 101.26
VR = IR=0.0266× 100 = 2.66V
Vc = I X c = 0.0266×159.15 =4.234 V

E = 10V
R = 100 Ω
f = 5KHz
C =1 μF
1 1
X c= = = 31.831 Ω
2 πfC 2× 3.1416 ×5000 ×10−6
Z=√ X 2c + R2 = 104.94 Ω
Xc
Θ = tan-1(- )= --17.66o
R
Z = R - j X c =100-j31.831Ω
E 5
I= = = 0.0953 A
Z 104.94
VR = IR=0.0953 × 100 = 2.66 V
Vc = I X c = 0.0953× 31.831 = 3..0335 V

XL = 2πf L = 2 * 3.1416 * 5000 * 2.4*10-3 = 75.398

√
Z = X 2L + R2= √ 75.3982 +100 2 = 125.24
θ = tan-1 (XL / R) = tan-1(75.398 / 100) = 37.016 0
Z = R + JXL = 100 + 75.398 j
I = E/Z = 10/125.24 = 0.0799
VR = IR = 0.0799 * 100 = 7.99
VL = IXL = 0.0799 * 75.398 = 6.024

XL = 2πfL = 2 * 3.1416 * 10000 * 2.4*10-3 = 150.797

√
Z = X 2L + R2 = 180.94
θ = tan-1 (XL / R) = tan-1(150.797 / 100) = 56.450
Z = R + JXL = 100 + 150.797 j
I = E/Z = 15 / 180.94 = 0.083
VR = IR = 0.083 * 100 = 8.3
VL = IXL = 0.083 * 150.797 = 12.516

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual
For RLC Series Circuit:
i. X = XL – XC = 15.08 – 159.155 = -144.075
θ = tan-1 (X / R) = tan-1(-144.075 / 100) = -55.2360
Z = √ X 2❑ + R2= (−144.075)2+100 2 = 175.38
√
I = E/Z = 0.0285
VR = IR = 0.0285 * 100 = 2.85
VL = IXL = 0.0285 * 15.08 = 0.4298
Vc = IXc = 0.0285 * 159.155 = 4.536
√ 2
√
V = V 2R + ( v L−v c ) = 2.852 + ( 0.4298−4.536 )2 = 4.998

X = XL – XC = 75.398 – 31.831 = 43.567

Z = √ X 2❑ + R2= √ 43.5672 +1002 = 109.078
I = E/Z = 0.0917
VR = IR = 0.0917 * 100 = 9.17
VL = IXL = 0.0917 * 75.398 = 6.914
Vc = IXc = 0.0917 * 31.831 = 2.919
√ 2
√
V = V 2R + ( v L−v c ) = 9.172 + ( 6.914−2.919 )2 = 10.002

iii. X = XL – XC = 150.797 – 15.9155 = 134.8815

θ = tan-1 (X / R) = tan-1(134.8815 / 100) = 53.4470
Z = √ X 2❑ + R2= √ 134.88152 +1002 = 167.91
I = E/Z = 0.0893
VR = IR = 0.0893 * 100 = 8.93
VL = IXL = 0.0893 * 150.797 = 13.466
Vc = IXc = 0.0893 * 15.9155 = 1.421
√ 2
√
V = V 2R + ( v L−v c ) = 8.932 + ( 13.466−1.42 )2 = 14.994

E = 15V
R = 100 Ω
f = 10KHz
C =1 μF
1 1
X c= = = 15.915 Ω
2 πfC 2× 3.1416 ×10000 ×10−6
Z=√ X 2c + R2 = 101.26 Ω
Xc
Θ = tan-1(- )= -9.04o
R
Z = R - j X c =100-j15.915 Ω
E 15
I= = = 0.148 A
Z 101.26
VR = IR=0.148× 100 =14.8 V
Vc = I X c = 0.148×15.915 =4.234 V

For RL Circuit :
E = 5V
R = 100 Ω
f = 1KHz
X L = 2 πfL=¿ 2×3.1416 × 1000 ×2.4 ×10−3 ¿ 15.08 Ω
√
Z= X 2c + R2 = 101.131Ω

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 Experiment 8 Lab Manual
XL
Θ = tan-1( )= 8.58o
R
Z = R + j X c =100+j15.08 Ω
E 5
I= = = 0.0494 A
Z 101.131
VR = IR=0.0494× 100 = 4.94V
VL = I X L = 0.0494 ×15.08 = 0.745V

Discussion:

The experiment began by using an oscilloscope to calibrate the equipment. Next, the peaks of the channels
were checked, and the probes were adjusted. The probabilities were then converted, and the function
generators were used to produce a sinusoidal wave. The peak-to-peak value was set to 5V. Finally, the
experimenters obtained a value that was very close to the expected value.
The passage describes the steps taken to calibrate an oscilloscope and function generator. It also describes
the process of converting probabilities and obtaining a sinusoidal wave. The final step of the experiment was
to compare the obtained value to the expected value.

Conclusion:
The purpose of this experiment was to get familiar with function generators, oscilloscopes and the RC, RL,
and RLC series circuits. The steps taken were to measure RC, RL, RLC series circuits and verify the KVL in
an RLC series circuit.
The first step was to calibrate the equipment. This was done by using the oscilloscope to check the peaks of
the channels and adjust the probes. The next step was to convert the probabilities. This was done by using
function generators to produce a sinusoidal wave. The peak-to-peak value of the wave was set to 5V. The
final step was to obtain a value for KVL. This was done by measuring the voltage across each component in
the RLC circuit and adding the values together. The obtained value was very close to the expected value.

References:

[1] “Fundamental of Electric Circuit”by AlekzendreSadiku

[2] “Alternating Current Circuit” by George F Corcoran [3]
http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py106/ACcircuits.html

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