1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Unit 5 ROTATIONAL AND CIRCULAR MOTION WWW.USMANWEB.COM 1 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dere Pu ge Be PILy bee AU Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes @.1 Define and explain angular displacement. Show that 1 radian=57.3° Answer Angular Displacement The angle subtended at the centre of a circle by a body moving along the circumference in a given time is called angular displacement. It is denoted by 8. Explanation Consider @ body of mass m is moving in a circular path of radius r. Suppose this motion is taking place by attaching the particle P at the end of mass less rigid rod of length r whose other end is pivoted at the centre O. The rod OP rotates in the plane of circle due to motion of the particle P. The axis of rotation passes through the center of the circle, which is perpendicular to the plane of circle while OP is rotating. Suppose at any instant t, the position of OP; makes an angle 8 with x-axis. After some time, t + At its position be OP2 making angle @ + A@ with x-axis. Thus, the Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo t All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes angular displacement can be defined as the angle ‘A@’ of OP during time interval At. For very small values of 49, the angular displacement is a vector quantity. For anticlockwise rotation the angular displacement 40 is negative. For Direction For smaller angle, angular displacement is a vector quantity. In order to determine the direction of angular displacement. We use the ‘ight hand rule’ Direction of angular displacement Right hand Rule Grasp the axis of rotation in right hand with fingers curling in the direction of rotation then the erect thumb indicates the direction of angular displacement. Units The units of angular displacement are degrees, revolution and radian. It is dimension less. Degree In one complete rotation, a rotating object subtends an angle of 360 degree. If the circular path is divided into 360 equal parts then the angle subtended by each part at the center of the circle is equal to one degree. Revolution A complete round trip of the body along the circumference of the circle is called one revolution (One revolution = 360°). Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo i All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Radian. Itis the SI unit of angular displacement. It is the angle subtended by an are at the center of the circle whose length is equal to the radius of the circle. Relation between linear displacement and angular displacement Suppose S is the length of the circle of radius r which makes an angle @ at the center of the circle. Then in terms of radian, it can be expressed as p= _tenath of are Radius of circle S e= (rad) (rad) s=6 (where @ is in radian) Which is the relation between linear displacement and angular displacement. Relation between radian and degree In one complete revolution of the particle ‘P’ it covers the linear distance equals to the circumference of the circle i.e. $=2nr WWW.USMANWEB.COM Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo i All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes OR Thus Also Irevolutior On comparing (1) and (2) 2s radian = 360° 340" oR rod = 340° rae 360" oR trad = 380 oR rad = 57.3 @.2__ Define and explain angular velocity? Answer Angular Velocity Time rate of change of angular displacement is called as angular velocity. Suppose AQ is the angular displacement during the time At. So, the average ‘angular velocity can be expressed as, o,=8 ‘~ at The instantaneous angular velocity can be defined as the limiting value of 52 as the time interval At, following the time t, approaches to zero. Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo 7 All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Angular velocity is a vector quantity. Its direction is along the axis of rotation and can be determine by right hand rule. Grasp the axis of rotation in right hand with fingers curling in direction of rotation then the erect thumb indicates the direction of angular velocity. ’ Unit The SI unit of angular velocity is rad/sec. It is also measured in revolution/min and degree/sec. The dimension of angular velocity is [T-!] Q.3 Define and explain the angular acceleration? Answer Angular Acceleration The time rate of change of angular velocity is called angular acceleration. Suppose that when we switch on the electric fan, the angular velocity goes on increasing. If a1 is the initial angular velocity and ur is the final angular velocity at fime h and tr respectively. Then the average angular acceleration during time t- this can be defined as, Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo it All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes The ratio of total change in angular velocity to the total time interval is known as average angular velocity. OR at The instantaneous angular acceleration can be defined as the limiting value of 2 as the time interval at, following the time 't’, approaches to zero, is called instantaneous angular acceleration. fm A2 So, a=lim— Sate Direction: Itis a vector quantity. The direction of angular acceleration is along the axis of rotation which can be determined by right hand rule as follows, Grasp the axis of rotation in right hand with fingers curling in direction rotation then the erect thumb indicates the direction of angular acceleration. If angular velocity is increasing then direction of angular velocity. If angular velocity is decreasing then direction of angular acceleration is opposite to angular velocity. Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo i All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes rotanonel ams Unit: The S| unit of angular acceleration is rad/sec?. Its dimensions, is [T?] Q.4 Derive the relation between angular and linear velocities? OR show that vere Answer Relation between Angular and Linear Velocities Consider a rigid body rotating about z-oxis with an angular velocity w. Suppose a point P in a rigid body at a perpendicular distance r from axis of rotation with linear velocity v. As the axis of rotation is fixed, so direction of angular velocity always remains the same. Suppose point P moves through a distance P1P2=S in time At during its circular motion. If reference line OP has an angular displacement A@ during time interval At then we con write, AS=rA0 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee : All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Dividing both sides by At So, Ap AS Ad jim — = lim r— fear” AS ar lim, 8S «tim 4€ Mar Ear or veto In vector form Veoxr For limit at 0, the length of the arc P;P2 becomes very small and its direction represents the direction of the circle at point P:. Thus, the direction of velocity v at any point P is always tangent to the circular path. So, the linear velocity at point P is called tangential velocity. Q.5 Derive the relation between linear and angular acceleration? Answer Relation between Linear and Angular Acceleration aE, Boe whi boEe TN at ga) go Be PIL, yee : All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes As the reference line OP is rotating with angular acceleration a the point P also has linear or tangential acceleration. As we know av=tho Dividing both sides by At Av, Ae At At Applying limit At +0 so, tim = jimrA® BM at sO at av Ao lim * =r fim <2 ab at ab at Or asta In vector form a=axr Where ais the tangential acceleration. Note: WWW.USMANWEB.COM On a rotating rigid body, the points ot different distances do have the same ‘angular displacement, angular speed and angular acceleration. Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo in All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes @.6 How can we write the equations of motion in case of angular motion? Answer Equation of Angular Motion Equation of angular motion are similar to those in linear motion except that S, v and a have replaced with @, w and a respectively. Thus Equations for inear motion =v tat s=vt+dor 2aS =v? -v? Equation for angular motion 4 =a+at o=at+ pat 200 = a? - a? Equations of angular motion hold only if exis of rotation is fixed. So that al the angular vectors have the same direction. So, they can be manipulated as scalars. Q.7 Define and explain the centripetal force and derive the relation for it? Answer Centripetal Force “The force which bends the normally straight path of a particle into circular path, is called centripetal force." LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu gabe TIL y bee a All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Explanation Consider a body attached with a string moves in a circular path. If the string is snapped then it would not continue to move in circle. Observation shows, if the string snaps, and when ball is at A then it will follow the straight-line path AB. So, in the absence of some force which pulls it toward the center of circle, the ball will not continue to move along circular path. Examples of Centripetal Force 1) Motion of electrons in fixed orbits around the nucleus. 2) Motion of artificial and natural satelites. 3) ~Motion of earth around the sun. Expression for centripetal acceleration and centripetal force: Consider a particle that moves from point A to B with uniform speed v. If Av is the change in velocity then the acceleration of the particle is nephew berdueied FugatiLywe © All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes vA AWVEMEY R \ ..(I) where At is time required by particle to move from A to B. Let ¥: ‘and ¥2 are velocities at points A and 8 respectively. Since, the speed of the particle is v, so time taken to travel distance S is, at=S v Thus equation (1) becomes a= mn v Or anv eh Now we draw a triangle APQR such that PQ is parallel and equal ¥, and Pris parallel and equal to V2. As radius of the circle is perpendicular to its tangent, so ¥, and Vz are perpendicular to OA and OB respectively. So the angle 2AO8 is equal to the ZQPR. Moreover | ¥: V2 | =v. and OA = OB (as radii of same circle) So from isosceles triangles OAB and PQR. we can write, nephew berdurrid KugatiLywe © All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Or = (3) If point B is very close to A, so when At 0 the arc AB is nearly the same length as the line Ab. So AB=S. Equation (3) becomes <|2 a Or av=st (4) Putting this value in equation (2), we get As “s 5) Where ais the instantaneous acceleration, as this acceleration is caused by centripetal force, so it is called centripetal acceleration ac. Since PQ is perpendicular to OA and PR is perpendicular to OB, so QR is perpendicular to A. So QR is parallel to the perpendicular to AB. So QR is parallel to the perpendicular bisector of ABV. So acceleration is parallel to av when ABV + 0, so direction of centripetal acceleration is along the radius, towards the center of the circle. So, The instantaneous acceleration of an object traveling with uniform speed in a Circle is directed towards the center of the circle and is called centripetal acceleration. The direction of centripetal force is in the direction of centripetal acceleration. Expression for centripetal force: Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo ins All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes AS (6) And Putting value of a, So Ree In angular measurements, this equation becomes (as v=") So, pee (v=te) 7 or F=mre? Unit of centripetal force is Newton and dimensions are [MLT?] Q.8 Whatis Centrifugal force? Write note on banking of road. Answer Centrifugal force Consider a stone shown in figure 3.28 tied to a string moving in a circle. The necessary centripetal force acts on the stone through the string that keeps it to move in a circle. According to Newton's third law of motion, There exists a reaction to this centripetal force. Centripetal reaction that pulls the string outward is sometimes called the centrifugal force. Banking of road When a car takes a tum, centripetal force is needed to keep it in its curved track, The friction between the tires and the road provides the necessary centripetal force. The car would skid if the force of friction between the tires and Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo a All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes the road is not sufficient enough particularly when the roads are wet. This, problem is solved by banking of curved roads. Banking of a road means that the ‘outer edge of a road is raised. Imagine a vehicle on a curved road such as shown in figure 3.29 Banking causes a component of vehicle's weight to provide the necessary centripetal force while taking a tum. Thus, banking of roads prevents skidding of vehicle and thus makes the driving safe. —e ‘croder rack SE ‘Outer edge of the curved road is elevated to prevent skidding Q9. Define and explain the moment of inertia? Answer ‘Moment of Inertia (Rotational Inertia) The tendency of a body to maintain its state of rest or state of uniform angular motion is called moment of inertia. OR is defined as the product of mass of particle and square of its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. is denoted by | and is given by l=mre OR LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee _ All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes The sum of products of masses of the particles in a body and the square of their respective distance from the axis of rotation is called moment of inertia. == = mes © retmnemy saya ® = eee Tiiecen acetate = cer < vet rae = oo o ta met wy ” Explanation Consider a mass attached to a mass less rod which can rotate about a frictionless pivot Q. Let the system be in horizontal plane. A force F acts on the mass perpendicular to the rod. So, F=ma cecal) This force rotates the mass ‘m' about O. As the angular acceleration a can be expressed as Asta So, equation (1) becomes, Fema ooo 2) LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee u All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Multiplying both sides by r rf = mea (3) Since ‘fF’ represents the torque. So equation (3) becomes l=me This shows that moment of inertia depends upon the mass m and the square of perpendicular distance from axis of rotation r. Practically, it also depends upon distribution of mass and position of axis of rotation. ‘Moment of inertia of a rigid body Mostly the bodies have non-uniform mass distribution. The rigid body made up of . form axis of ‘n’ small pieces of masses ma, ma......... at distance Nh, fe. rotation O. Suppose the body be rotating with angulor acceleration « so, Figure 2 Magnitude of torque acting on m, nema, For second mass 7, =M,1,'@, Line hewtiberdueied KugatiLywe ” All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes For n® mass 7, = Mf, So, the total torque is given by anne. f, Frotat SM rey +, F206, Fone F2, As the body is rigid, so all the masses rotate with same angular acceleration i.e. = y= om = a(say) Thus, foes =(4 07 #1? Hetty )er 2 ) ! (Eme @ wd Where ‘I’ is the moment of inertial and it can be expressed as, 1-(Zm °) a SI unit of moment of inertia is kgm? and dimension is [ML]. Q10. Define angular momentum? How can we relate it with moment of inertia? Answer Angular Momentum (Moment of Linear momentum) The quantity of angular motion in a body is called angular momentum. OR LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu gabe TIL y bee Me All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes The cross-product of position vector r with respect to axis of rotation and linear momentum 8 is called angular momentum. Mathematically rare OR The product of moment of inertia and angular velocity is called as angular momentum. Mathematically A particle is said to possess as angular momentum about a reference axis if it moves in such a way that its angular position changes relative to that reference axis. Consider @ body of mass m moving with velocity ¥ and linear momentum p relative to origin O, then its angular momentum can be expressed as tr Where f is the position vector at that instant with respect to origin. The magnitude of L is given by L=rpsine = (my) sind LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee ial All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes = my sin@ since p=mv Where @ is the angle between r and p. Direction: The direction of angular momentum is perpendicular to the plane containing 7 ‘and p . It can be determined by right hand rule. Unit: SI unit of angular momentum is Kgm?/sec or J-sec. And dimensions are (MLT"]. Show that kam?/sec = Js Las Ko sec = kom! sec sec “sec 19M sec sec’ =Js.as KOM Ly sec’ =R.H.S Angular momentum of a particle moving in a circle If the particle is moving in a circle of radius ‘r’ with uniform angular velocity w. Then the angle between rand tangential velocity vis ‘8! so, LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee ft All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM i tp Be eA Eads 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes L=mwvsin 90° L=mrv(1) L=myv L=mr(te) as v=tw L=mPe — but mr=| L=lo Angular momentum of a rigid body In case of a symmetrical rigid body, each particle of the rigid body rotates about the same axis with same angular velocity ‘w’. So, the angular momentum for first particle. L=mfo For second mass L=m,17o For n* mass L=m,f@ The total angular momentum can be expressed as, Leb tlt, L=mfo+m, 10+ ..M 120 La (my? em? enamyralo L-(Sme}o el Ye ge ae tiLy wee a All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Or L=le as(Sme)=1 Where | is moment of inertia of the rigid body about axis of rotation. There are two types of angular momentum: Spin angular momentum Angular momentum of a spinning body (i.e. rotating about its own axis) is called spin angular momentum l,. Lb, =l@ Orbital angular momentum Angular momentum of a body orbiting in a circular path is called orbital angular momentum L, . L,=mvr So, the total angular momentum of a body is equal to the sum of its spin and orbital angular momentum. Point Object When the orbital radius is larger as compared to the size of the body, the body may be considered as a point object. Q11. Define and explain the law of conservation of angular momentum? Answer Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum If no external torque acts on a system then the total angular momentum of the system remains constant. OR Line hewtioerdured KugatiLywe 7 All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes The axis of rotation of an object will not change its direction unless as extemal torque causes it to do so. Lott =L +L, +. = constant Explanation The effect of law of conservation of angular momentum is apparent if a single isolated spinning body changes its moment of inertia. For example, the diver pushes off the board with a small angular velocity. Upon lifting off from the board, the diver’s legs and arms are fully extended. So the diver has a large moment of inertia ‘!’ about this axis. But when the diver’s Legs and arms are in closed tuck position, the moment of inertia reduces to lz. According to law of conservation of angular momentum. ul OR bay =Loy WWW.USMANWEB.COM So, diver must spin faster for small value of moment of inertia to conserve ‘angular momentum. LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee ie All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes This enables the diver to take extra somersaults. The direction of angular momentum is along the axis of rotation which remains fixed. The axis of rotation of an object will not change its orientation unless an external torque causes it to do so. Earth rotates about the sun experiences no sizeable external torque act on it. So Earth's axis of rotation remains fixed. Q12. Define rotational kinetic energy and show that (K.E),, => down its practical use. Answer Rotational Kinetic Energy The energy possessed by the body due to its rotation about an axis is called fotational kinetic energy. Expression for rotational K.E Suppose the body is spinning or rotating about an axis with constant velocity ‘a’. In order to find the total K.E of spinning body, we consider that itis composed of small pieces of masses my, ma. Rotational Kinetic Energy LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee ia All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes X-section of a rigid body rotating about an axis through O which is perpendicular to the screen. 1 popenbiate octet ) 1m trom aw of vexaton rinenc Energy = bev = Lo us Townes fos dae fy Rowman Kinwve woutgy ‘and moment of wert Momento ners Sime If mass m, is given by (ke)= 3mm? By putting v,=1.@, we get rotational K.E. (Eder = 5 (6a" (KE) = 3m Ro Similory (KE) = 5M, 10" Unitae KE.) = am, 120 (Eades BM oho Hence, rotational K.E. of the whole body is 1 29.1 2a? 1 2 (Ke)., -(Gee oF + 3M, 170? taeda ) (KE), > anv FM GF tone LE) OF Emr ja = hier 2 Which is the rotational K.E. of the body. Use of rotational K.E. Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo int All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Rotational K.E. is put to practical use by fly wheels, which are essential parts of many engines. A fly wheel stores energy between the power strokes of the pistons, so that energy is uniformly distributed over the full revolution of the crank shaft and hence, the rotation remains smooth. Q13. Find the rotational K.E of the disc and hoop. Also derive the relations for the velocities of dise and hoop moving down and inclined plane. Answer Rotational K.E. of a Disk As we know VaR? Lag = mR ee boop =? e (KE), = Ho? hot = ‘As moment of inertia of a disc is ede (KE). =3{ dem or 1 KA =omra* So (KE) = 3mF As we know Valo (K2))= jemv? Rotational K.E. of a Hoop: As we know LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu gabe TIL y bee ae All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes (KE)... = le ‘As moment of inertia of a hoop is t= mr? (Ke), = 3(me)o? (KE). = imo? [K8\e.-2mv'| ASy=re When both moves downward on an inclined plane from height h. Then it has both the rotational and translational motions. If no energy is lost in friction the jotal kinetic energy of the disc or hoop on reaching the bottom of the incline must be equal fo the potential energy at the top. PLE= (KE) org H(KE) op a) Speed of a Disc: As for disc 1 (KE) on = gr? Putting in equation (1) Pé= dmv? +tmv? 244 Mgh “(3 qe Speed of a Hoop As rotational K.E. for disc is Line hewdwiberdueied KugatiLyye 7 All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes (Ke), =m" Putting in equation (1) (3) Equation (2) and (3) shows that the velocity of the disc on reaching the bottom of the inclined plane is greater than hoop. 14. What are artificial satellites? Find the expression for minimum velocity and period to put a satellite into the orbit? Answer Arlificial Satellite Satellite are the objects that orbit around the earth. Or Satellite which is made by a man is called artificial satellite. Satellite can be launched from earth's surface to circle the earth by mean of rocket. They are kept into their orbit by gravitational attraction of earth. The satellites which are near the earth have the acceleration 9.8m/sec®. Other-wise they would fly off in the straight-line tangent to earth. Line phew eerdueried Fug atiLyye 7 All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Determination of minimum (or critical) velocity: The minimum velocity which is required to put a satellite into an orbit close to the earth is called critical velocity Consider a satellite of mass ‘m' is moving with velocity ‘v' in a circle of radius R. It has acceleration In a.circular orbit around the earth, the centripetal acceleration is supplied by gravity, — a oy veorty a|% Thus Q () Where vis the orbital velocity and R is the radius of earth (i.e. R = 6.4x10¢ m) Thus, from equation (1) ve =gR LE 6 Bee SWE dred We. ga PIL wee a All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes AS 9 = 9.8 m/s2, R = 6.4x106 m Putting values, we get v=49.8x6.4x10° v= 7900 m/sec v=7.9 km/sec This is the minimum velocity necessary to move the satellite into orbit. This is called critical velocity. Calculation of time period The time period can be calculated as, _ citcumsterence of the circle T velocityof satellite (As t=S/v) v As = 3.14, R= 6.4x105 m, v = 7900 m/sec Putting volues, we get 2(3.14)(6.4x 1 2(8:14) (6.4104) 7900 T= 5060 sec Ta ne =84min(approx) Result If the satelite moves at height ‘h’ from the surface of earth. Then the gravitational acceleration decreases inversely as the square of distance from center of earth. Thus, higher the satellite, the slower will be the required speed and longer it will take to complete one revolution around the earth. Closest orbiting satellite orbit the Earth at a height of about 400 km. Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo a All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Q15. What are real and apparent weight? Find the apparent weight in different cases for an object suspended by a string and spring balance in an elevator? Answer Real and Apparent Weight Real Weight Weight of an object is the gravitational pull of the earth on the object. Similarly, the weight of an object on the surface of moon is the gravitational pull of the moon on the object. Apparent Weight —eH 4 | Apparent weight is equal and opposite to the force required to stop it from i falling in the frame of reference The reading of the spring balance when the object is moving up or down is called apparent weight. Generally, weight of an object is measured by a spring balance. Apparent weight of an object in a life LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu gabe TIL y bee a All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Consider the apparent weight of an object of mass m suspended by a string ‘and spring balance in a lift, as shown in figure. The tension ‘T' in the string can be measured with the help of spring balance. (CASE 1: When the lift is at rest or moving with uniform When the lift is at rest, Newton's second law tells us that the acceleration of object is zero. So, the net force becomes zero. If ‘W' is the gravitational force acting on the object and ‘T’ is the tension in the string. Then, T-W=ma AS a=0 T-w=0 T=W Or T=mg Result: Hence the apparent weight of an object is equal to the real weight for observer inside the life. ‘CASE II: When the lift is moving upward with acceleration ‘a’ When the lift is moving upwards with an acceleration a. So the upward force of tension Tis greater than downward force of weight W then WWW.USMANWEB.COM Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo co All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes aia a vow oe neve Wena woo Then, T-W=ma AS T=W+ma T=mg+ma T=m (gta) Result Which shows that the apparent weight of object is increased by an amount of ‘ma’ than its actual weight. CASE III: When the lift is moving downward with acceleration ‘a’ Consider the object is accelerating downward along the weight. So the weight ‘W' is greater than the tension T. So WT=ma -T=-W+ma T= W-ma T=mg-ma T= m(g-a) LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu gabe TIL y bee a All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Result Which shows that the apparent weight is less than the Actual weight by a factor ma. CASE IV: When a lifts falling freely under gravity: Now we consider that the lift is falling freely under gravity. Then a=g As T= W-ma T=mg-ma T=mg-mg T=0 Result So, the apparent weight of object shown by the spring balance is zero. The object seems to be weightless. Thus, itis state of weightlessness. Q16. Explain the phenomenon of weightlessness in satellites and gravity free system. Answer Weightlessness in Satellite and Gravity Free System When a satelite is falling freely in space under the action of force of attraction of earth, the sun or some distance star then the everything within the satellite will be in state of weightlessness To show that the earth's satellite is a freely falling object, we consider the behavior of projectile thrown parallel to horizontal surface of the earth in the absence of air friction. LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee a All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes If the projectile is thrown successively larger speeds, then during its free fall to the earth, the curvature of the path decreases with increasing horizontal speeds. It the projectile is thrown fast enough parallel to the earth, The curvature of the path will match the curvature of the earth as shown in figure. In this case projectile will start orbiting around the earth. The spaceship is accelerating towards the centre the earth at all times because its orbits around the earth. its radial acceleration is simply ‘g' the free fall acceleration. In fact the spaceship is falling towards the centre of earth at all times, but the curvature of the earth prevents the spaceship from hitting the surface of the earth. As spaceship is like a free fall object so all the objects inside it appears to be weightless. Thus No force is required to hold an object falling in the frame of reference of the space satellites. Such a system is called gravity tree system Q17. Whats "Artificial Gravity"? Derive expression for frequency of spaceship required to provide the artificial gravity? Answer LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee il All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Artificial Gravity “Artificial gravity" is the force achieved by rotating the spaceship around its own ovis. Explanation There is no force on the space craft in a gravity free space. If the spaceship is to stay in the orbit for a longer time, this weightlessness creates a lot of problems for astronauts present in the spaceship. To overcome this difficulty, an artificial gravity is created in the spaceship to perform the experiments normally by ‘astronauts. The astronaut then is pressed towards the outer rim and exerts a force on the floor of spaceship in much the same way as on the earth. Expression for frequency LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee ae All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Consider a space craft of ring shape, having ‘R' as its outer radius. It rotates ‘around its own central axis with angular speed 'w'. Then its angular acceleration axis ak Asv=Ro So a, - Rat R or 0, =RoF but = 22, vnere T's the period of revolution of spaceship. ie $0, =R(22 0, a, ( 7) 4x” 9, =k a, =47R( 1 aslet a T 9. = 4e-RF 2.02 or pao Taking square root of both sides 1 fa, fee oe 2eVR nephew berdueried KigatiLywe ® All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes As force of gravity provides the necessary centripetal acceleration, so, a=9 Hence f= IO al Qn When the spaceship rotates with this frequency, then artificial gravity helps to easily perform the work to astronaut. Q18. What are geo-stationary orbits and geo-stationary satellite? Find the orbital radius of geostationary satellites? Answer Geostationary orbits The orbit in which the period of revolution of satellite is exactly equal to the period of rotation of earth about its axis, is called geostationary orbit. Geostationary satellites The satellite which complete its one resolution around the earth in 24 hours is, called geostationary satellite. An interesting and useful example of satellite motion is the geo synchronous or geo stationary satellite. This type of satellite is the one whose orbital motion Geostationary Orbit Yai maser 4 oan hs Revue en ame angle ath Sand Reed Lee pl regis mt conct 39 All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes becomes equal to the period of rotation of earth. So, the satellite remains always over the same point on the equator as the earth spins on its axis. Such satellites are used in communicational system, weather observation and other military uses. Expression of orbital radius of geo stationary satellite As the orbital speed necessary for circular orbit is given by: Eo But this speed must be equal to average speed of satelite in one day. So, veS/t Or v= fe (2) Where T is period of revolution of satellite that is equal to one day. So the satellite also completes one rotation in exactly one day. Equating equations (1) and (2), we get Qar_GM iz r Squaring both sides, we get 4x7? _GM r t p-GMr a four} [ar | That equation gives the orbital radius of the geostationary satellite. Substituting the values, Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo a All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COMWWW.USMANWEB.COM 1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes G = 6.67 x10! Nmm2/kg?, M= 6x10%kg T=1 day = 24 hours = 86400 seconds So, a | S62x10"" x6x10 x (86400)" r 4x(3.14) = 0.423%108m = 4.23x10'm = 4/23 «10° km Which is the orbital radius measured from center of the earth for geo-stationary satellite. A satellite at this height will always stay directly above a particular point on the surface of earth. This height above the equator comes to be 36000 Km. Q19. Write a short note on communicational satellite? Answer Communication satellites A communicational satellite system can be set up by placing several geostationary satellites in orbit over different point on the surface of earth, Such a satellite we cover 120° of longitude. So, the whole of the populated earth's surface can be covered by three correctly positioned satellites. Use of waves for communication Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo a All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes Microwaves are used in communicational network because they travel in a narrow beam, in straight line and can pass easily through atmosphere of the earth. Solar cells provide the energy to amplify and retransmit the signal. About 200 earth stations transmit and receive the signals via satelite from other countries Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) The largest satellite system, managed by 126 countries is called INTELAT Vi “INTELSAT" means international telecommunication, satellite organization. It works at the microwave frequencies of 4, 6, 11 and 14 GHz and has the: capacity of 30,000 two-way telephone circuit plus three TV channels. WWW.USMANWEB.COM Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo isi All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM1st Year Physics Chapter 05 Notes All Classes Chapter Wise Notes Punjab Boards | Sindh Boards | KPK Boards| Balochistan Boards AJK Boards | Federal Boards LLM oS tee bbl LF det ge BSIL CE LIM NSS SIL Ii OMT AAP FEE dbs Oth Class tse Ids Ge 10th Class Sia ENO ent WWW.USMANWEB.COM WWwW.USMANWEB.COM 11th Class fi 12th Class POC | CSTE a ay Ig BP IQ LI BE nes I be ALES fra 0306-8475285 LE Boi Boe A bEa dered WY. Ig akPILy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM WWW.USMANWEB.COM