6.022 x 10" 22.4 L of a 4 particles S| gas at NLP. 1 mole of oxygen atoms = 6.022 x 10” atoms 1 mole of oxygen molecules i = 6.022 x 10" molecules |’ ae tachi oe ‘ SF 4 1 gram atom 1 gram molecule} 1 gram formula 3 x of element. of substance ‘mass of substance | I I T i I zal 1 ie 25 Tee He 555g 700 g / c Na : 1:0. COs Nach lcaco, : "These relations may also be summarised below : 5 One mole of atoms = 6.022 x 10% atoms = Gram atomic mass of the element ‘Mass of element ‘Atomic mass Atomic mass 6.022 x10 6.022 x 10% molecules = Gram molecular mass of the substance Mass of compound Molecular mass _ Molecular mass 6.02210 a Volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at NLP. = 22.4L The scheme for calculation of mole, mass and number of particles can be summarised below : ‘Moles of an element = Mass of one atom One mole of molecules ‘Moles of a compound = Mass of one molecule = Multiplied by——_»| Number of| Mass of |<—— Multiplied by. substance MOEA }JAVOGADRO NUMBER particles Divided by IOLES/— Divided by so. MOLAR MASS AVOGADRO NUMBER. é " ‘Multiplied . f Saas Divided by 22.4 L cae Vol. at ee N.T.P. in ‘i # litres 4I. Caleulation of mnass of atom(s) oF __ molecule(s) f Be Q Example 34. fous @ Calculate the mass of an atom of'silver (atomic mass = 108), ; Gi) 1 molecule of naphthalene (CygEf,) "| Solution: nh (@ Mass of 6.022 x 10° atoms of silver = 108 g 108 6.022 x10 (i Molecular mass of naphthalene (C,H) =10x12+8x1=128 Mass of 6.022 x 10% moleculeé of naphthalene = 128 g is 128 6.02210 22x 10 g OQ Example $5. Calculate the mass of @ Latom of #C (i) 1 molecule of Ny (iii) 1 molecule of water *, Gv) 100 molecules of sucrose (C,sH,,0, Solution: @ 6.022 x 10 atoms of carbon = Gram atomic mass of carbon (MC) = 14 g Mass of 1 atom of silver = = 1,793 x 10 g ‘Mass of 1 molecule of naphthalene = 1 4 12 6.02210 = 1,99 x10 g Masa of one carbon atom = ws due ee 1.99 x 10% g = 1.66 x 10 g Typo Il. Calculation of number of molecules ___ Present in a given volume of a gas Q Example 37 Caleulate the number of molecules and number of atoms present in 11.2 litres of oxygen (O,) at NTP, Solution: We know that one mole of O, at N.TP. occupies 22.4 litres, 112 litres of O, at N/T 1 gpq* 112 = 05 mole Now, 1 mole of O, contains = 6.022 x 10% molecules 0.5 mole of 0, contains = 6,022 x 102° x 0.5 3.01 x 10® molecules A molecule of oxygen =2 x 3.01 x 10% =6.02 x 10 atoms. Q Example 38. —$____ The mass of 94.5 mL. of a gas at 8.TP. is found to be 0.2281 g. Calculate its molecular mass. Solution: ‘Mass Density of gas= ops ‘Molecular mass = Molar volume x Density Molar volume = 22.4 L = 22.4 x 1000 mL + Mass of 1 atom of #4¢ = 4 _ 82 x 10-22 6.022510 as 224 1000 0.2951 (i) 6.022 x 10% molecules of N, = Gram molecular mass fy Molecular mang = 945 =28¢ ‘Type TE Converting mass to moles or to atomal 28 a molecules Mass of 1 molecule of N, = = 4.65 x 107 sere 2° G022 x10" Oo 1G cample soa NPS Sea a (ii) 6,022 x 10% molecules of H,O = Gram molecular mass Calculate the number of moles in the following : = 18g (@) 7.85 g of iron (b) 4.68 mg of silicon () 65.6 ng Mase oft moleculéofij0-—— 18 saepyigarg oF Sarbin 6.022 x10" Gv) 6.022 x 10% molecules of sucrose = Gram molecular mass = 342 ¢ wey 6.022 x 1079 5.68 x 10% g. QO; Example 362 Calculate the mass of 1 u (atomic mass unit) in grams, Mass of 100 molecules of sucrose = 100 Solution: 1u = 35 th of the mass of earbon atom Let us caleulate the mass of a carbon atom. 6.022 x 10 atoms of carbon = 12 g Solution: (a) 7.85 g of iron Atomic mass of Fe = 55.8 0 © Mole of iron = Mass of iron ‘ ‘Atomic mass = 285 < 0.141 mol 558 26 (6) 4.68 mg of siticon Atomic mass of silicon .68 x 10~ g of silicon, 28.1 ‘Mass of silicon’ | Moles of silicon = eee he tS 5 Rtoaiaraael= 166 x 104 mol (©) 66.6 ig of earbon = 65.6 x 10-8 g of enrbon Atomic mass of carbon = 12 £ Molecules of carbon = Massofenthon, ‘Atomie mass 2 856x108 2 = 6.47 x 10“ mol Q Example 40. Calculate the number of molecules in a drop of water weighing 0.05 g (H = 1, O = 16). Solution: Gram molecular mass of H,O = 18.0 g 18.0 g of H,O contain = 6.022 x 10% molecules zs 2 x 10" x 0.05 0.05 g of H,O contain = C2210 20.08 1.672 x 10! molecules Q Example 41. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following : (i) 52 mol of Ar (ii) 52 u of He (iii) 52 g of He. ERD] Solution: a @ 1 mol of Ar contains = 6,022 x 10% atoms 52 mol of Ar will contain = 6.022 x 10” x 52 = 3.13 x 10% atoms w 4uofHe = 1atom 52uofHe = %52 =13 atoms (iii) 4g ofHe contain = 6,022 x 10” atoms 23 52'g of He will contain = oh = 7.83 x 10* atoms Q Example 42. @ Calculate the number of moles in the following masses : @ 1.46 metric tones of Al (1 metric ton = 10° kg) (ii) 7.9 mg of Ca MOERB 1.46 x 10? x 10° g of Al 1.46 x 10°g a7 Solution: 1.6 metric tons of Al Atomic mass of Al w Masa of Al ‘Atomic mass 1.46 x10% 27 = GAL x 10¢ mol 1.9 mg of Ca = Atomic mass of Ca. = ‘Molos of Al = 1.9 x 10° goof Ca 40.1 : Moles of Ca = 197x104 mol Example 43.. Suppose the chemists had chosen 10% as the number of particles in a mole. What would be the molecular mass of oxygen gas ? Solutio: \ceording to present concept of mole, 6.022 x 102 molecules of oxygen weigh = 32 32 6.022 x10 = 582x107 g Mass of 1 molecule of oxygen = If the mole contained 10” particles ‘The mass of one mole ie., 10° particlés 5.82 x 10-2 x 10%? = 5.32 x 10g ‘Molecular mass of oxygen = 5.32 x 10% g Example 44, Calculate the number of atoms of each type in 5.3 g of Na,CO, Solution: Gram molecular mass of Na,CO,= 2x32+12+3x16 106.0 g 106.0.g of Na,CO, = 1 mol 1x53 5.3 g of NaCO, = {5p5= 0.05 mol Now, 1 mol of NaCO, contains = 2 x 6,022 x 10% sodium atoms sodium atoms 1 mol of Na,CO, contains 6.022 x 10% carbon atoms 0.05 mol of NazCOs contains = 0.05 x 6.022 x 1028 carbon atom = 8.01 x 107 earbon atoms 1 mol of Na,CO, contains = 6.022 x 10% oxygen atoms + 0,05 mol of Na,CO, contains = 0.05 x 6.022 10% oxygen atoms i 0.05 mol of Na,CO, contains = 0.05 x 3.x 6,022 x 10% oxygen atoms = 9.08 x 10% oxygen atomsa Example 45. Caleulate the number of molecules present in (a) kg oxygen, (o)1 dm! of hydrogen at S.7P. Solution: (a) 1 mole of oxygen or 32 g oxygen contains 6.022 x 102 molecules of oxygen, Thus, 32 g of oxygen contain molecilos = 6,022 x 102° 28 41000 ¢ of oxygen contain molecules = S230 1000 = 1.88 x 10% (b) We know that 1 mole of H, at STP. occupies 22.4 dm? and contains 6.022 x 102° inolecules, 22.4 dm*of hydrogen contain molecules = 6.022 x 10% 6.022%10% 224 11 dm® of hydrogen contains molecules = = 2.69 x 10% O Example 46. Chlorophyll, the green colouring matter of plants contains 2.68% of magnesium by weight. Calculate the number of magnesium atoms in 2.00 g of chlorophyll (at. mass of Mg = 24). CER Solution: Mass of chlorophyll = 2.0 g Percentage of Mg = 2.68% Mas of gn 20g of charpy «292222 = 00st 6.022 x 10 atomis of magnesium = 24 g 24 g of Mg contains = 6.022 x 10% atoms 6.022.107 0.054 g of Mg contains = 0.054 ‘Type IV. Calculation of sizes of individual atoms) a molecules. _ usin Wane Q Example 47. Calculate (a) the actual volume of one molecule of water. (0) the radius of a water molecule assuming to be spherical (density of water = 1 g mL"). Solution: _ (a) Density of water = 1g mL * a 1 gofH,0.= 1mL A. mole of water = 18 g of H,0 = 18 ml of water $, 6022 x 10% molecisos of water occupy volume = 18 rat, 18 1 molecule of water oocipy volume = asa some = 2.99 x 1074 mL (b) Sinco water molecule is assumed to be spherical, its 4 volume is equal to nr), where ris the radius of water molecule, 42 . Gm = 2.99% 10 ps, 299x107 563 443.108 2.9910 3)! 443.148 = (113 x 10)19 21,995 x 10-8 an 1.925 A or (n= 3.143) Q Example 48. The average inolar mass of a mixture of methane (CH,) and ethane (CjH,) present in the ratio of a: bis found to be 20.0 g mot. If the ratios were reversed, what would be thé average molar mass of the mixture? Solution: Molar mass of CH, =. 16 g mol-+ ‘Molar mass of C,H, = 30 g mol When the ratio of CH, and C,H, is a:b, ax16+5x30 ‘Average molar mass gab 720 emol? or 16a +905 =20(a+b) or 4a=10b: or a:b Now, when the ratio is reversed, CH, : CH,=2:5 2x16 +5x30 a Average molar mass = >>" = 26 mot"! Q. Example 49, The cost of table salt (NaCl) and sugar (CyH_,0 ,) are 712 per kg and ¥ 36 per kg respectively. Calculate their cost per mole. Solution: (2) Cost of table salt per mole : ‘Molecular mass of table salt (NaCl) = 23 + 95.5 =, 68.5 ‘Now, 1000 g of NaCl cost = % 12 12 58.5 g of NaCl will cost = 22x 58.5 = ¢ 0.702 Sot Natl wil a = 10 paso (approx)(©) Cost of sugar per rile , Molecular mass of sugar (C,,H;.0,;) =12 x 124.22 x1 +11 x 16 = 342 Now, 1000 g of sugar cost = 8 36 se” 842 g of sugar will cost = 95_y 349 = ¢ 19,919 i 212.512 = 12 (approx) Gi" Ecample 60 eee Silver is a very precious metal and is used in Jewellery. One million atoms of silver weigh 1.79 x 10°18 g. Calculate the atomic mass of silver. Solution: Atomic mass of an element is the mass of 6.022 x 10” atoms. Now, 10° atoms of silver weigh = 1.79 x 107 ¢ 6.022 x 10® atoms of silver weigh 16 23 = LI9x10 Ba 1078 10 Atomic mass of silver = 107.8 Q Example 51. Calculate the weight of carbon monoxide having same number of oxygen atoms as are present in 88 g of carbon dioxide. Solution: Molecular mass of CO, = 12 + 2 x 16 = 44 Lmole of CO, = 44 g 44 g of CO, contain 6.022 x 10 molecules 6.022. 10" x 88 88 g’of CO, contain = 12.044 x 10% Each molecule of CO, contains 2 oxygen atoms No. of oxygen atoms in 12.046 x'10® mélecules of CO, x 12.046 x 10 = 2.4088 x 10 Now, we are to calculate the mass of CO containing 2.4088 x 10 atoms of oxygen Mass of CO containing 6.022 x 10° oxygen atoms = 28g ‘Mass of CO containing 2.4088 x 10% oxygen atoms 28 24 = ——78 x 2.4088 x10" = 112 6.02210" Hee } ‘Example 52. A certain public water supply contained 0.10 parts per billion of chloroform (CHCI,). How many molecules of CHCl, would be contained in a 0.05 ml drop of this water ? Solution: Volume = 0.05 mL, 5.0x1072g Amount of CHCl, in the drop = oes Molecular mass of CHCl, = 12 41+ x 35.6 = 119.5 g mol! a 5.0%10- 119.6 ‘Mélocules of CHCl, presont in the drop Moles of CHCl, present = 6.0107 110.6 = X 6,022 x 10 = 2.6 x 101°, Q ittsinple 68 Oxygen and nitrogen are present in a mixture in the ratio of 1 : 4 by weight. Calculate the ratio between their molecules. Solution: Let wt. of given mixture = Wg iy, ie Wx1 W Amount of O, in mixture = —g—=— 6 Wx4_4w “Amount of Ny in mixture = —Z== "=~ w Me = oles of 0, = = ‘ w Molecules of Op = Z 255% 6.022 x 10% Moles of Ny = W 5x28 aw Molecules of Np = Z 5g * 6.022 x 10% Ratio of molecules of 0, and N, Ww ap * 6.02210 AW 09910 Bxa2 9g * 022 Bx aoe 2.0.7, 7:92. 0.35. Calculate the mass of @) one atom of calcium: Gi) one molecule of sulphur dioxide (SO,). 0 36. Calculate the number of atoms in (® 0.5 mole atoms of carbon (C2) (i) 3,2 g of sulphur ii) 18.0 g of glucose (C, H,,0,) (iv) 0.20 mole molecules of oxygen. 0.87. Calculate the mass of sodium which contains same number of atoms as are present in 15 g of calcium (at. mass of Ca = 40, Na= 23).938. What volume is occupied at INP. by! vi @ 14g of nitrogen (i) 6.028 x 10% molecules of oxygen (ii) 0.2 mole of ammonia ? 9.39. How many years it would take to spend Avogadro number of rupees at the rate of 10 lakh rupees per second ? 940, One atom of an element ‘X’ weighs 6.644 x 10 g, Calculate the number of gram atoms in 80 kg of it. 9 41. Calculate the number of molecules and number of atoms present in 5.60 L of ozone (O,) at NP: 9.42. Calculate the number of gold atoms in 300 mg of a gold ring of 20 carat gold (atomic mass of gold = 197, pure gold is 24 carat). 943, What mass in kilogram of K,O contains the same number of moles of K atoms as are present in 1.0 kg of KCL? 044. How many molecules of water of hydration are present in 630 mg of oxalic acid (H,C,0;. 2H,0) ? 0.45. How many molecules of CO, are present in one litre of air containing 0.03% by volume of CO, at STP? 0.46. A dot ‘’ containing carbon has 1 microgram weight. Calculate number of carbon atoms used to make the dot. 0.47. How many litres of liquid CClj(d = 1.5 g/cc) must be measured out to contain 1 x 10% Cl atoms ? 0.48. Calculate the difference in the number of carbon atoms in 1.0 g of C-14 isotope and 1.0 g of C-12 isotope. 0 49. Calculate the mass of oxygen in grams present in 0.1 mole of Na,CO,,10H,0, ee Answers to Practice Problems (6.64 x 10% g @ 106x109" g @)8.011 x 10% atoms i) 6.022 x 102 atoms * (iii) 1.445 x 10 atoms (iv) 2.409 x 10% atoms 8.624 g @L2L G0224L Gi 4a 1.91 10! years © 40; 1999.5 gram atoms 1,506 x 10 molecules, 4.518 x 10® atoms. 7.64 x 10 043. 0.631 kg” 6.022 x 1024 molecules © 45. 8.07 x 108 molecules 5.019 x 10" atoms 047. 0.426 litres 48.71.2108 0.49. 208 g. :