2013   

   

Tests of Freshly
Concrete

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Tests of Freshly Concrete    

Consistency Of Concrete    : 

-   ./! )*+,- (Degree of Wetness)   %& $ "#      !
/ 3  (Wet) / &2  (Plastic) / 1  (Stiff) / &0  (Dry) /
. (Sloppy)
=2 ,< " 89 "! ; :  & 89 8 "#  !    67 ./ "5,!
.   -? $, ,< >&

: / 1!1BC "2 @ A

; ,<. LM .,#K J&2 I2 H9C ;1   $ G   F&# .EB 6,D 
>D Q8?C    & 2P "2 1<7 F&# 1#8C O N >8   "2
. 3 S2 HE % RG QC$

: 3 TU, %2 
O- =, [B2 3$!Y ZQ $$Y! WX V9, > %2 =2 "2:   52 8 -
. <  F %2  8 AE  \ V9,K 8 3$!Y  \ &
. V9,] B8 X8, 3$!Y ZQ $$Y! WX (V9,] B8 X8,)V9,K 2  -
?X A0 ,&< %/! ^/, RG 3$!Y ZQ $$Y! WX < & <K :# ^/, -
.B
RG 3$!Y ZQ %/! WX ZQ  =  "    >& "2 =Q " "2Y -
."2Y
. (>& =2 "2 =Y C ?)? 3 X $ ,&< ZQ %/! WX: ? 3 X -
. C_2 1    "8BC F&# -DM %, C: -DM -
:O (CONSISTENCY)    "  8L ` a T*T 1!

1) Slump Test
2) Flow Test
3) Ball Penetration Test

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Slump Test (ASTM Designation: C 143/C 143M – 98)   Z  b1

&  1!1BC  c "2 @ A  \   =B I, O- ,  +<K 1K  c  !
c_9 I2 O-  %, , O- 2 ;&,# ",5! e Z 2 d F&# Q&5C 1 Qa [12 "   
. & O- -? $, ,< & =2 ,< " 89 O    %& $ $1B! ,< \

: O %5 O- ,< Z 2 "# 3#  H -

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: ;T1X I, ZQ f -

:  =   -

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2013   

: O .1? "2    1!1BC ! ZQ 1/2 ^ 1 -

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Flow Test  8 b2

F&# ( 1 ,  ) 1 O- &1 Y T7C $ F  c g1Q!
. 1 %$  [12 " C   

T7C VBC    "2 O Z 2 h8 1/2 ^ F&#  c i 5- 1, C
Z G) &L8   1 3 +< I2  O-  ic $# 1 \  j &,#
,< O h8 k "2 Q? 65! 3=_5 /L- %AC -D I2 #9E, ( 2 150 "2 +<
: O %5 O-

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: =  /! a

. ?B !82 "/a F&#    H/ ],! -

.  2 10  E /a %< R2$ -
. 31LY    C Z , l [8! -
.  H/ I- ! -
. O5C2CK Q? n! a "#  3 2 15 >/8 m C n- h8 k I- ! -
. h8 k F&#    /  o*T .1 2 cU! RG 1 -

:  $ , "2  & h8 ^ ! -

: O .1? "2    $1BC T -

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Ball Penetration ( KELLY BALL )  & 1 2 3 < ` b3

(ASTM Designa.on: C 360)

;92 %Q ;  ZQ& ; 2   "-< $ 8    Q/! a "# $1B! /!  ic
%5 j12 ^/2 Q&# 1! Q %E! 3 < JE %5S F&# %/T "2 ) Q? 65! . ;92 f 
: O %5 O- ,< a %$ B- "2 nY9!

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 2013   

V p_ O- l&E! aM c 6 ,< Q2 ^ $ ,   l F&# aM c ID "5,!
61 2 :  H&E "2 I9EC Q? =Y I, 6 qX*!  V /,& V T [8,< ;21
.; 2

: =  /! a

( ) _ %$ Q52 O-    =  "5,!  =# O-   ID "5,! -
. 3 S2 Q0 1
[8! 1 %7 )!82 )B Q 65! 6 (15cm) "#   R, %/!  H?! "B O- -
.(30cm)
.),# )!82   l %  H?! -
T l8 `- n- Y5C ! aM %  F&# F 1 I- I2   l `- !9 Q? ID! -
. aM %$ nY9 1 m C
. (5mm) h K 1, 1 F&# 3 S2   %$ %/+ `  -82  /rC -
.  _2 "<2 O- =  31# >2 cU! -

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Workability %A& & / : T

& 92 H0 Q "5,! O Q8 "C O    0 O %A& & /
.OB .E_* Q2/2 Q8?C $ "C ,<  

:  & %A& & / F&# TUC O %2 

. <K :# ^/, – 28, – <  l – B %5S – ^/, : <  -
. ;2  – ;# : V9, -
2 %A& & / F&# ) < ) T7C TU!  =, 3$! 6t- V9,K 3 /_ & O- : =, -
.%A& & / F&# ^8X < T7C Q =, 3$! 6t- 9A & O-
Q9# u9! 9 2 1 89 ic 3$! -   F C 89 A0 : =, F V9, 8 -
&AC G   Q9# u9! =, 8 O- 3 5 3$!Y "5 %v- %AC $ Q  
. Q8  P d!$
. C_2 1    "8BC F&# -DM %, C : -DM -
V< G RG %A& & / "8BC F&#   O- ^B, =Q %, ! : ^B, =Q -
. %7b3 "2 k C ;8
-
:`  ic  "2 (Workability) %A&   &  "  ` a 31# 1!

1) Compacting Factor
2) Vebe Time Test

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Compacting Factor Test (BS.1881:part103:1983) R21  b1

1Q? 6 ^ %# F92  c    %AC &  $ 1!1B  c [ ?!
c O- 18, Q? lD, %5 "! \ %A& & / [12 "#  !   R21 *
.

: =  /! a

. Z , -X I2 QB [8! :&  Z , O-   & IDC -
Z , F >/- Q T7C VBC   ZQ l,8! WB :&  Z , %_ O- $, h l_! -
. F&_8
. K F   ,- F&_8 Z ,& 89  p_  5C -
d,   6 " ! 6C T  Q-X Q JP9C QB [8! K =%2 "2 =Q 1 -
. (P-1) LY ;<21,   6  ]
2,C ],C FX )552  )!1! /a %< R21C 6 F&# /a F&#   & p_ "2 K =%2 $ ! -
.(P-2)x&< <21,   6  ] d,   6 " ! 6C T  

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:  $ , "2 (Compacting Factor) R21 %2 2 ^/!

%2 2   Z , "! O .1? \ 1X "2 % ,L$ R21 %2 2 , 65C
:   ,  f   &AC $ J&, R21

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VeBe Time Test (BS 1881 part 104 1983)( EN 12350-3) %5 3$#  b2

l0 1940 9 O-  c a :c (V.Bahrner) :1!8   F 8 (VeBe) 
%5S "2   .BC O5 .c, %A 1/2 1!1BC F&#  c 3 5- 1, C \ ,  +<
%, 8! \ 1 -?  & &A $ " ` _ 1!1B 1 ,L*2  c 1 ! \  F
: Q? "! O %5 \ (40mm) "2 % <  X G  &

: =  /! a

.(slump test)   Z  /! a p_9   Z , ],! -
Q#_C 2 240   )  %$  & ZQ  O- %, 8, Z , ID! -
. ( 2 200
.  H/ I- ! -
.   `- g_S O N  ID! -
. 31v9, j 1  & R2$ %EB! -
N / FA! 6 F 31v9, j .,  !1 "2 + ( VeBe time- T ) "2Y c7! -
.  F e9 Z , "2   %5S A! FX  F9 , \   *2< g_

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 & 89 + ( VeBe time- T ) "2 R21 %2# " *  "! O %5 -
: !$ 

: O .1? "2 ( VeBe time- T ) "2 n! a "#    1!1BC "5,! -

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31&E,   

Tests of Hardened
Concrete

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Tests of Hardened Concrete 31&E,   

Compressive Strength >Av 2/2 : 
\ QX*0 QC$ $ "#  C F `*aM F&# 31&E,   N  O >Av 2/2 6
e/ =9B  1 %+2 [ K 2/, N P 2 6 WX  & K 2/, O >Av 2/2
. lB0 p5  >Av 2/2 3$!Y 1!YC "8BC l&8 1!1X I2 R,
 c 18! ,< f , I2 O-   j 3$ O- 5B @ A >Av  [ ?! Rc
"2 89< cU! :c >Av O-  & %A $Q  3Y,, 2/, 1!1B OLM ,E @ y O-
. >Av& [E/ 2/,
: >Av 2/2 F&# 3 TU, %2 
:O 8L #,?2 I  O- e&C #92 31!1# %2 >Av 2/2 T7C
. ( -DM – >& =2 – < – V9,) >& H8 5, $, .1
.( R2$ b H0b %/ - >& )   #90 ` a .2
.( ? , ` a – 3 B $ – a  $). ? , g z .3
9  l X – 9  %5S ?X – 9  O- a  – %,B i?C .1 2). g z ,  .4
.( 9<,& p2*,
: >Av %,X T7C VBC  & &,B, Q .5S
$Q H8 65C 2 )$ >Av  ? Q5S g* F&# 9  O- T$B Q 6
.O &D 1S Q  e Q HA O- O ,  >/- >Av
"5,, Q "# ) &< Q5S O- J&C  9# O- o1BC O Q 6 F -DM c
. 79, O-   =v#K O- QT1X
K  5, %+2 8 3 E/ >Av  9# 6 PX*2 "5,! &, , 1 .* "2
%5S F&# Q9- 9<, ^ I2 Q!Q m5X "2 Q&#  ? aXM $Qt T7C /
.e Z 2
. ? aXM $Q ;&# )-v2 :B, >Av $Q T7C "# uC Oa , %5 c

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Tensile Strength 1 2/2 : T

/C #   ,EC [ ?! Rc 3 < 1 >Av 2/2 31&E, !$    %,BC
Q2/, V 2 G 1& 2/, _ D  C Qt- 1 [/ Q2/, 89 2 ) >Av $Q
// P 2 o1X 6K   O- 1 2/, 6+X  RG I2 _E 3$2 Q5 c I ! >Av&
>Av& Q2/2 "2 % 11 b 7 " 2 k C   O- 1 2/2. 1& Q2/2 A0 "# uC Q- { 
. 1 2/2 V& ,&< >Av&   2/2 $ ,&< ; qX*! \

: WB c O- QX S  O 

Compressive Strength Test >Av 2/2 

Tensile Strength Test 1 2/2 

1 2/2 ^/ S, 1  /! a .,  O-  0 1C ; ,
: =  n! a "# RG S2 y  %, 8 Rc  &
(Splitting test) &!  /!  1  (1
(Flexure test) =9B  (2

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Compressive Strength Test >Av 2/2 

(ASTM Designation: C 39)
1  9  H0 F&# )2! 28 b14 b 7  2 1 3$# 31&E,  & >Av 2/2 1!1BC  [ ?!
. B H8X [  3 -
: 9#
_0, H8X  30 Q#_C  15     !  _0, H8X  15 ; &D .a H 52
. 5! 2K

: =  /! a
6 6 h8X 19# F# ! =, 5 <  AE <  V9,K "2 2* ,5 6C .1
 1/- : |!  RG % 15 OX H/ =%, 2*   "# a&,   ,< 1!YC
. =9T o1B! 1 R
.J_ V!Y "2 / / &1 H/ ; FArC  H 1 r! .2
.p?2 Q lE! FX )1 )& )!1!  )552 2   52 >&C .3
95, 2 /a %< m1C /a 3 F&#   3 S2 H/ ],r!     1 .4
. OX .E_ o1X 6$ 2C 52$   R21C FX !1!  Y
 6 qX*! # 24 3 _ 1 2 ;C X $ 652 O- IDC 3 S2 Q0 1 H/ FAC .5
.Y :K @ C
 V FX m rC F/ =2 O- .B O- ,ArC H/ "2 R_C T RG 1   9  & rC .6
`-  5, ID 1 lE9r! ,< ? , @X O- Qv   5, " -82 m C %v_r!
.Qv

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9  X F- 9<, ^ B2 I2 )/92 B2 65! WX  9<, Q D 9  C .7
l8& "& /, "Q , 9<, ^ OB8 "82*, 9  OQ 65! 6 Y&!  5,
l8 312 %,# Y&- K 9  X O- 2. ,Q!C ,QL 6,v O1 , H/& O&1
. O %5 O- ,< "!2 "!82 "!Q9 l % ?C /!  K O!Q "2 %<
. uL9& , ,/ cUC 9# o*T C  %5 .8
: .$ C nC # 8 85 FX ,82 %5  )?!1C ,B nC .9
[0.15 - 0.35 MPa/s]

:>Av 2/2 h8X

: *  "2 >Av 2/2 H8BC b

Compressive Strength = P / A

:6 WX

.(N) 85 ,X = P

."B8& O cU! (mm2) %,B l X82 = A

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: ! / <
: F&# ! / :B! 6 H?!
& (0.1 MPa) h  F h /C >Av 2/2 & FEK %,B & 9  X82 & 9  $  & 9  $1#
. 9  ,# & 9  O- h  & $ , "# J&2 6< G Q %5S

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Tensile Test 1 

Qv jG,9 V+C  E RG 1&   2/2 !1/ S, 1  .,  $9 "2
3$# %, 8C \ * %, 8, Q? O- jG,9 | & T7 5, !+ $Q kD 1 
. 1 2/2 ^/ 3 S2 y 
(Indirect Tensile Test) S, y 1 
y  %, 8 Rc  & 1 2/2 ^/ S, 1  /! a .,  O-  0 1C ; ,
: =  n! a "# RG S2

(Splitting test - ASTM Designation: C 496) &!  /!  1  -
(Flexure test - ASTM Designation: C 78) =9B  -

: (Splitting test - ASTM Designation: C 496) &!  /!  1  b1

" K ic IDC WX  30 Qa  15      "# 3# /  9#
Q 19# ?!1C 9  %,BC H "2 "B! S " Q F&# O/- ID O-  9<2 O
. FEK %,B %?8!
OX F&# ,P92  T ,/ 1 $Q $ Rc< = M Q8 S, y 1  Y,!
1 2/2 , "2 % 85 . !82  & 1 2/2 cUC )2,# Q [82 .a "2 % 60
.O&! 

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Stress distribution

: 1 2/2 h8X

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: (Flexure test - ASTM Designa,on: C 78) =9B  b2

y 1 2/, )/2 )v!  C O) =9B 2/2 h8X "5,! ;t- =9B*   8 @ ! 219#
! 2 $Q  k C Modulus of Rupture f1E %2 2-=9B O- 85 ! 2 F,8C ( S,
. >Av 2/2 "2 %23b11" =9B O- 85
1 2/2 cUC )2,#%100b 60 "2 89  & 1 2/2 "# 1!YC =9B 2/2 6t- O 
. =9B 2/2 , "2 % 60 . !82  &
"  =9B  [ ?! \ %40 OB O&!  1 2/2 "# 1!YC =9B 2/2 6 lv! RG "2
85 %5S Rc< =9B .,XK QD C 19#   8? m& $ =9B* 31&E,   2/2
.8? ic Q "# uC9
:  $ , 85 ! 2 H8B! 8?& F /9, O- 85 o1B! 219#

:  $ , 85 ! 2 H8B! 8?& F /9,  85 o1B! 219#

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I, O-   

In-Situ Testing Of
Concrete

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In-Situ Testing Of Concrete I, O- ( LM 09 )   

c \1960 # c92 1!Y! I, O- &E,    , 6 [ 
* B 6t- .XK I, O- \   9, O- 5 ,9& ? 1!Y
. QL M "E,  ic jBC Rc  \OQ!1 =OS I, O-
+< O- `  ic 6t- \3c_9,    &, 8, `  $1 C "2 y 
\O . 9 ,   # F&# g & SU2 "2 +< # "5,!  6XK "2
"&2# 6  ! &, 8, 3YQK `  icQ K 31? - , !1 6t-
. Q&# .EB ! O uL9 %,BC O- "2

:O Q, F `  g  31# 1!

1. Pullout Strength
2. The Lok-test (Cast-in methods)
3. Penetration Resistance -Windsor Probe
4. Rebound Number (Schmidt Hammer)
5. Ultrasonic pulse velocity
6. Core Test
7. Load Test

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Pullout Strength(ASTM Designation: C900 – 99) I&/ 

 Q0 =9T   %$ #D2 1 2  I&/ 2* 3/ 1!1B  c 18!
:O %5 lD2  ,< 31&E,   O- Q+C

:    X O- -

: 31&E,   X O- -

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:  $ , 2/, ^/C T -

2/2 (P) I&/ 3 " ! ?C *# 1C ,9 \ e/&   2/2 O C 2/, ic -
:O %5 O- ,< >Av&  

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Summary of within-test coefficient of variation of pullout test

Summary of results from investigation of pullout test (Stone and Giza 1985)

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The Lok-
Lok-test(Cast-
test(Cast-in methods)
72 V O- (Danish Technical University) < ,1 9/ 2? O- ID \uQ9 c
O- 2  dQ $1# O- ; C -195 .1 O-  S H8< \ 1960   "2
  2/2 (1!1BC)QzM -< /! a i# I O$ . 1 ,- H8< 1 \ m,1
. 52 V O-  31 fY9

=9 I! 8 8, g # C 1 \ 45 "2 ,  -C 30 89 V -C F [$ 1
. &,  ,, %v-7< 31B, 5&,, O-

V+ k <, (25mm) / Q< C ! O H&E "2 ,< "2 65! j1, =Y?
.   l VBC (25mm) n,  \ (8mm thick anchor plate)

X F $12 65! (7.2mm) i  Hv/ Q9# D  nX V O- ,<K  !
.   I2 R, I9, 3$, ;AC ! ;&< I,? c \ (tension jack) F -DM  V+C

/ % _ $ /&X F&# 1982 (1 .,B2) O51 m n! a "# ,B nC !
. (FORCE-kN) m? 3=  %?8C ! Hv/ HB89! 6 F (55mm)

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This equipment with a weight of less than 5 kg

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: HB8 3 1  & >Av 2/2 $?! !  9B9, "2

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:  c = M !  _0, &2 |

BS 1881:
1881: Part 207 (93
(93)
93)

O- j1, ^   "2 g D ,+ | "# E_2  Y< 2 I2 65C 6 O0C -
. / g D  65C -B "# 1 % \  
  O- j1, ^   g D  "# %/C  6 H?! , E9 & &, <,8 -
.

BS EN 12504-
12504-3

. " 2 I, ?9 -   "# %/!  2 = t F0C \ &T,2 &2 -

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Penetration Resistance -Windsor Probe 3 5  2 

(ASTM Designation: C 803)

$1C  2 "2 +5 F&#  TU! ;  \ (Schematic) $1C  2  ; 2 /!  ic
. $1C  2 "2 1/ C +< : P9 %&B \
\   % "2  NE2 (Probe /&) ,8,& (I-1) < B  F&# :9!  
a , /9, O- 65C E,,  "2 P 2 \ ,8,   " m5X O- IvC  |
: O&! ,< lK F&#   ;&5S "<K f1E %5S F&# 3 TU, %2 & /$ $ 1C  \ ,Q,

H/+ 3$X a 2 !Q O 8L  ;C, \ &E G_ 5 "2    O- n&! :c ,8,
"5 \ . O- (5.79 mm)  (6.35mm) i  2,# ,8, \ l8 "2 h / <    ;* "2
. 6 __   €€* 3 -2 y  (7.94 mm) ,8,&  <
P9 |A ,8, F  "2  T 1 O C (Specially Designed Gun) 19 "# 3# Q?
3 G   I2 %2  19# 3/ [82 |_C "5,! \ (183m/s) #  Q9# u9C \ `*aM i?C "#
|/2) Q? O- 5*  %$ V T ID O- ,8, I2 1!1BC n! a "# a8 v_92
.( 2*8

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HB ! 219# `*aM !   l F&# #D, &E (65, 1!1BC) X F&# 3/ 19 >Av /
. $Y

n! a "#    %$ O 28, "2 -5, .aK ^ n! a "# 1!1BC !  & `  2/2
<  *0 f   l 2 9  uL T7C \   O- 28, `  "# ,9 3 _B n,# ^
.   ;#90 O- 18,

# < "2 #9E2 €  >A€v 2/2 ` € n,# " ! ? *  "! O %5 .+, % F&#
: (hard aggregate such as chert) H&€0 < "2 #9€E2   (soft aggregate - such as limestone)

: O- i1? 6 "5,! 2/, F&# <  f T7C "# 2& , "2 1!Y,
[Malhotra (1976), Bungey (1989), and Malhotra and Carino (1991)]

!/C  <G \ (40 MPa) "2 % >AD 2/2 G   F&#  c 21  E 1999 # %
G    k?9 V21 H&E RL "2 f9E, ,8, 6 (Al-Manaseer and Aquino (1999))
. (117 MPa) >AD 2/2

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Test Standard Deviations Of Exposed Probe Length For Three Replicate

Tests Are:

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Rebound Number (Schmidt Hammer) 1,S  2 

(ASTM Designation: C 805)

! P9 F&# Q? %,# 1, ! WX Rebound Number $1C  "  1,S  2 18C
c $1C  18! \ ; 1EC :c l8 3 F&# 1, !  2 &< $1C 3 6 F&# e9C O
.  & >Av 2/, ! / ,/ "# $S  O-
J5! \ (Non-Destructive Testing)  & -*C A  "2  c  ! WX
,< ?B A0    2/2 1!1BC O- I!  %Q ;7  c ,! \   l %,BC 3 "#
. 1 O- ;&,X  I, O- ;,  "5,!
. (Ernst Schmidt) 1,S V8 : 8!8    i5  C
:Q? %,# /! a
% Q? %$ F ^  nY9- Q? >Av! T i $ , 65, F&# !$,# Q? ID!
1/, ` < 1C ! 10 19# \ ( 210) ^  F&#  a o1B! < R_9! QL_
/ F Q? %/9! \$1C , "  ^/2 F&# m B! SU2 < B2 , l8 3$*0 I2 H9!
.Q? %$ ^  % ? O&0K ; D F Q? $ ! %,  =Q 1 . &,   5C  [ 

: /! a -
.  30 x 30 $1X O- OLM v  F&# X82 $1BC b1
. X8, %$ #2 3=  15 b10 "2 = / "2 $1# cU! b2
.  2,5 "# "C=  %< " -8, %/C  b3
. >/9 I2 ;&# $1BC i $ , =Y?& O< < %, ! b4
" ` _ 1!Y!  WB 3G = / gcBC $1C  >2 H8B! 31X F&# /92 %5 b5
 = / O+&T 6< G ./2 $1C   ! 1X 5 "# >,  $1C  :
.31X 2,5= 1/, >, "# g B9C
.2/u<  22/"C >AD 2/2 F / %5 N >, $1C  %!BC ! b6

:Q? %2 ! -

α= 0 O/-K [8,& 89
α =+-45 !Y &L, l] Q? 1 "5,!
α =+90 J/K   ID F-
α =- 90 B ic F- DK 

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:=K $E2 -
.($1C  F&# TUC 1 =v#K ic  2) _B9 =YK-2 . J&2 < 1 -1
. ƒ C y - $ 3
. ( //B "2 % $1C ) Q&$ "2 3$*0 % QB HE +!1X a    -4
.(;//X "2 < $1C ) Q&$ "2 3$*0 +< QB ,!1/ -?   -5

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Each test hammer should be checked after

1000 test impacts.

A testing anvil is used to check whether the

rebound test mechanism is working correctly

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Ultrasonic pulse velocity CE `- , ^ 

(ASTM Designation: C 597)

: 2  3 5_ -
" C ! , =Y? .* [ 8 C0 `- 2 "# 3# v o1X ! /!  ic O-
Q  , N 3 , 3$, -+< F&# 1, ! H&0 8 .* v9 #  6 1 WX Q/ "2
31B, ! O- Qz  & CE `- v9 ^ uL F&# [X ! /C . 6 WX \
.31B, 5&,, \19< \8 - "2 %< O-  c !C 1  1940 # JE92 O- 5! 2K
:OC„ j9   .?2 O- /!  ic %, 8C -
. >Av&   2/2 ,

.  &  , ! 2 ^

.   p?C [12

.   ?_  {  g<

.   J&C $ 1!1BC

. (O  =A)   /a n,# ^

. >Av&   2/2  C  2

  46
2013   

: %/8,  % , ID -

  47
 2013   

:  =  /! a -
. # 3=_<  c =  H&! .1
. 9  F&#  =1 % Q? I2 n- , 3 ! , =Y I2 Q? >D ! .2
.( 8 .a :) 1 (Path length) v9  8C O -8, ^ ! .3
 % , OB " C .EC 65! 6 9  F&#(Receiver) %/8,  (Transmitter) % , ID! .4
.(%L8 6 E  B @ A cQ 18!) 9  l  %/8,
"C=  " uL9 VB7C G  3= / V+C FX ID c ,8! 9  F&# %/8,  % , ID 19# .5
.>, cU!
. , =Y? .* v9 6! 8 (T) V "#   2   65! .6
b: OC„< (V) v9 #  65C .7
V= L/T km/sec
T = Transit Time , ./ "2 L = Length ^/, 8, .a
: -5, H 5, >AD 2/2 $?!M O 3 ! , F9B92 18! .9

  48
2013   

:uL9 F&# 3 TU, %2  -

: a  8 b1
"/!  u2$ "52 cQ  1,S  2  p5#) -? 9  "2 F&# uL F C , 9 
.( 2

: 3 B $ b2

. v9 #  F&#  +< TUC  !$  3 B $

  49
2013   

: <  f b3
f %5 0 9B92 %, ! Rc >& 8  ;,?X  ;&5S  18, <  f9 v9 ./ "2 T7!
. i1X F&# <

: 8, .a T7C b4

A > 65   1  A0 65!  6 PX*2 I2 v9 #  ^ uL F&# 8, .a TU! 
2 20 "2 < 1 I2 2 150  2 100 "2 < R, 6 1 1 . < T7C G  & p?2
. uL9 F&# TU2 y  ! 2 40 F
:   ,# T7C b5
T7C
! 7 ,# FX ,  3$!Y , # 

  50
2013   

: l&8 1!1X T7C b6

1!1B O- v9 # ) v9 #  3$! O- T7C ; 6 WX RG "52 G l&8 1!1X [$_C %v_!
.(o/< 5,9
b:v9 6!  > 89 l&8 1!1X ID "X 1C c

:6! 8 > [2
8 B2 65! 219# b: FK B -

  51
2013   

/ = / T7C B ic O-  v9 82 F&# :$,#
8 B2 65! 6 b: + B b
.   {K  F&# 1, ! lBEC %2 2 nC !  82 @  C O {K

: O %5 .* "2 O529!1  , %2 2 $?! ",5! ,<

  52
 2013   

Core Test O  H&/ 

: 2  3 5_ -
\ O-*C JE  \ (Concrete Destructive Tests)  & -*C  "2  c  !
; h/+2 "# 3# Q? \ 79, O- //B   2/2 1!1B 79, "2 =Y "2   h& cUC WX
^, 3$  a&2 0 5 "2 "58 3$Y2 _&2 7  "# 3# O  H/T †
. Q?  K 6$ =9T   O- I/ 0 Q

"2 Q&# %EB, uL9 6t- Rc \;/2 i$  H8 ;&5S F&# O  eB_ jG, 2/2 1, C 
2/2 eB- jG, 2/2 6 1 Gt- O<  uL 8_C \  & //B 2/, %+,C  
: O9 ! cQ- \3$1B, 1 2/, "2 %  & >Av
)1 _ D O//B 79, O-   -
.)//X )*+,C 79, O-   %+,C  3G7, 9  -
\;- m5, =Y? RG .    R&C . 9, 2K n, ! 2 O- O+ k  1/! 2 )y
F&# %EB h&K cQ  \ (Core) O  (H& )H c7 RG .1? c =QM  c 18 Rc
. cQ G,9 9  %5S lD! %5 \ %5  9#

  53
 2013   

: 9  ?X -
:# <  ^/, g D o*+ )!82 9   65! 67 Z C !  5! 2K _0,
65! 6 %v_! \ 2 100  9 &  % 65! 67 Z C Q ,< \ ( Max Aggregate Size ) <K
.a 8 65C \   "2 9  fY =9T 85 T7C  WB 3/ "2   V< G 2150
.  "# %/!  6 Y&! 9  .a 6t- )2,# 2 F 1 "2 [1, O-   F 9 
67 ( BS 1881: PART120) !  _0, ( Concrete Society 25 )    , k /C ,<
_B J5C H8 c \ (L/D = 1-1.2) / F . 8 65! 6 \"5,! 2 E 9  65C
. Q "2 9  F&# ‡_B
: 9  ^ -
\ "C12 2 1X [82 19# "C=  %< =  6 $1  >2 "# 3# / cU! : >, /
1!Y! O 9  C  )2,# \ "X9 "2 f_C (4/1) 19# 31X JE9, O- "C= / [1X
.  "# Qa %/! O % 3 "# Q / O- _
F 9  O!Q F&# =A ID 1 . ^/!  Q  1 9 & .a % < ^/! : .
. 2 5 h 
! / !Q9 FX
8 B2 "2 -8, ^/ RG 9  $2 l&8C 1!1X : ID2 ^/! : l&8
.l&8 1!1X { " -8, $1B-
 "2 +< 1 G . 22 h  FX 9 &
: 9  YQ?C -
`  [1X   9<2 O- ;21 )/- )2,C )!82 65! FX 9  l YQ?C !
: 
. !8

.  9

. d 

.X /-  !82 /&X ID , ic HEC 9, 2 1 9  OB AC "5,! ,<
 O-  V!Y Q$ 1 1!1B "2 B82  Q- ID!  QB [8! , HEC T 9 
 19# 9  Q % =A 859!  6 qX*! \ 9  "2 „ g & &,   5C O+
.>Av&
 =  -
%,# ! 85 o1X FX ,8!   .1 , 9  F&# %,B ID! >Av 9<2 O- H/ IDC
. Q B J0

  54
 2013   

:>Av 2/2 h8X -

: *  "2 >Av 2/2 H8BC b

Compressive Strength = P / A

:6 WX

.(N) 85 ,X = P

."B8& O cU! (mm2) %,B l X82 = A

:   H& 9# >AD 2/2 F,# 3 TU, %2  -

(L/D) i  F H/ f_C 8 b1

: O lBE %2 2 1 "5,! \ /, 2/, Vv_ / F f_C 8 $ ,&<

:   N b2

  %1 y - $ 6 ,< \ ( 10 - 15 % ) OB -? R&C "2 % a  9  2/2 65C
. /, 2/, "2 %&/!

: 9  c i?C b3
\ 9  j  O/-K O  i?C O- Q  C O 9  " /, 2/, O- ` _< 8% c "5,!
.O  i?C O- 92 < 2/2 O ! O/-K i?C 6 WX

  55
2013   

: l&8 1!1X b4
@_ 6 uL9 | C $ X O- "5 \l&8 1!1X "2  9# F&#  [ ?! 6 "8B8!
: "$ , B ic O- lBE %2 2 1/! \ 10 %"2 %7 1/! /, 2/, O-

:H/, O B, F,# :$,# >/- 1X l&8C 1!1X Hv $ X O- -

:1X l&8C 1!1X Hv "2 +< $ X O- -

: O  H 5, 2/2 !1/C -

g* ? o1B! I, O-   H &,B, O/ H 5, " 2/, O- ` _ 6
: C„ %2 
.   ? 2 g z

.   R2$ $

.3 AE 9  "  79, O-   ^/2 O- ` _

_0, )/a " "$ , %, 8   H 2/2 "2 O  H 5, 2/2 !1/ -
: (Concrete Society)    ,

  56
2013   

)/a " "$ , %, 8   H 2/2 "2 I, O- O  H 5, 2/2 !1/ -
: (Concrete Society)    , _0,

: uL9& ./ $1X -

. $ ,  & 9# o*T %,# ! 

. &, 2/, "2 %85b75 "# %/C  >Av 2/2 V< G /2 9   C

.>, "2 %30 "# 9  o*+& uL9 O- ` _ 1!Y! 

.%,BC  [ ?! RG n/B!  G

  57
 2013   

Load Test %,B 

: 2  3 5_ -
 "2 @ A \  <G n 8  "2 1   2/2 1!1BC I8  219# %,B  18!
\ ; k82 y =9B  { S o1X 6$ Q& "2 ,0 O ,,E .,XK %,BC O- OLM E9  3=_<  
/C ! 1#/ 31,#K %+2 =9B Y  D 2 A 09  2 J/K  a*  8? F&#  [ ?!
.Q %,BC  %,# ?!  OLM %&B n! a "# Q- 62K $
:  B O-  c F =?& ! -
.79, 3=_< O- RS m9 6< G

.79, "2 =Y O- P92 y Z $

.O  H&/ uL V&- G

.79, "2 =Y?  D  J&C o1X 19#

.f , 0 a S  _0, O- RG F&# e G

. 5! 2K _0, H8X ! 56    1&EC =1  "2 I    2 %  =  ! 
: &, / -
.  =  % =9B 1/2 ^/!

. #24  2 %,B =  1 =9B 1/2 ^/!

. %,B 1 {  @ # ^/!

. .,XK I- "2 #24 1 =9B ^/!

: .,XK -
:i1/2 %,B i $ , 79, =Y @ !
( OB %,B 1.6 + V, %,B 1.4 )0.85
E9  %,BC ! \ %,B =9T 210 : o1X 61 )! /C !82 %X 2  F&# %,B =  3# 2 I2
.(Critical Load) E9  cQ %,B ID j X F&# %EB WB ; 3?, 09  i h&, OLM
: * , E9  YQ?C -
Ia !  A 3$2  E9  6 = E9  F&# 3$, & _ ,L/ 6K !1/C !

. %,B 19# # O- cK RG ( * - $, V, %,B)
09  %,X %,BC WB ? =1 % RG ! 31S ID  g< $1  &0 ! L ID !

. 3 , 09  %,X 31 6 %,BC 92 YL< F ;&/9C WB  Q&,<7 3 ,
=9B o1B l,8 09  VBC H92 ‰ - m  l,8C /!  Q D F# ! 1  / 8 L/

. I,
6 F&# Q9<2 O- %, C Q "2 1<7 $1  H< C =9B 3=  "<2 YQ?C 1!1BC !

: # O- O&! 2 cU!
(2)   $1# i? ID! (1)  $1# 2,C JE9, O- ID! b1
. YL<  "2 ( f , : $1B! -82 : ) B I  1 F&# -D $1# IDC b2

  58
2013   

  59
 2013   

:   -
. ( OB %,B 1.6 + V, %,B 1.4 )0.85 , E9 & O&5 %,B $1B! .1
. * - $, V, %,B – O&5 %,B = ? %,X .2
.(RO) ? !1 % =9B $1# 3=  ! .3
210 ! o1X 61  j1 %,B T7 ! WB ? %,X "2 % 25 h T7 O- =1 ! .4
. :1/  T7 FS*! WB 
& ! , E9  { S $ F&# ƒ_ n 8 %,B T7 !Q 1 =9B $1# 3=  ! .5
. 52 $1B! FEK {  R, $1B! T 1 6 3 S2 {  ?
O- = 2  5! ? %,X "2 %25 = &X 2 %< &E_92 %X 2 o*T F&# %,B O %,B ! .6
. &X 2 %< O- / 8 3
. 3 S2 *2< ? %,B T7 1 ZQ $1# 3=  FEK {  R, "2Y %?8! .7
{  R, %?8! {  652  ! "2Y %?8! *2< ? %,B T7 "2 # 24  2 1 .8
.(R1) .K $1  3=  "5 ZQ $1# 3=  FEK
. 210 : o1X 61  u!1 %,B I- ! .9
. FEK {  %?8! $1  3=  %?8C 2,C %,B  1 .10
R, %?8! T (R2) .K $1  3=  "5 $1  3=  %?8! .,XK I- "2 # 24  2 1 .11
. { 

: uL9 -
: O&! ,< %,B T7 "2 # 24  2 1 (Smax-exp) FEK =9B H8B! .1
Smax-exp = (R1 – R0) * (accuracy)
O+ $1  3=  %, 8C .K $1  %# : o1X X O-
,Q >, =9B  ! "!$1  OC=  h/C X O-
: %,B I- "2 # 24  2 1 (Smax-per) O/, FEK =9B H8B! .2

Smax-per = (R2 – R0) * (accuracy)

: (Smax-e) I 8, FEK =9B H8B! .3
Smax-e = Smax-exp - Smax-per

Z/9 O I 8, FEK =9B Rc< %,B "2 # 24  2 1 FEK =9B H8B! .4
. !

  60
 2013   

: |-  ./ -
. (Smax-all ) E9 & Q k,8, FEK =9B , H8BC .1
k,8, FEK =9B (Smax-exp) %,B T7 "2 # 24  2 1 %?82 =9B FE " 6/! .2
: O X 3 O- /, EB9C (Smax-all ) ;
. B ? 65C (Smax-all ≥ Smax-exp )6< G

(Smax-e) =9B "2 I 8, =Y? %/!  H?! 9Q- ;- k,8, "# FEK =9B $ 2 G

: 6 : FEK =9B , "2 %75 "# %,B I- "2 # 24  2 1 FEK
(Smax- e ≥ 0.75 Smax-exp)
B ? 65C Z  c n/BC Gt-
H?- \ %,B T7 "2 # 24 1 FEK =9B "2 %75 "# %/!  2 E9  I 8!  G

O- %,B I- "2 %K F&# # 72  2 1 / 8 /!  p_9 [  3 2 ? 3$#
. FK ?
: 6 6a  n/B!  G ./2 y 79, =Y  ! [  3 2 ? 3$# 1 .3
# 24  2 1 %?8, FEK =9B "2 %75 "# + ? O- I 8, =9B % G

. + ? %,B T7 "2
. ; k,82 y %?8, FEK {  R, 6< G

  61
2013   

-:OC„ "2 =OS : %,B I- 1   =9T 79, "2 =Y : F&# Qz G -
. J v 2*# "2 2*# -
. I2 y =9B -
. =M /! a O- 7 -
.{ & P92 y < f8C -
b:  .&B ,E, I!
."52 6 -D YL< ID b1
. B .,XK O- |_C %,# b2
..,XK I!C "8BC b3
. , .,XK O- "5,, |_ %,# b4
. "52 6 K 09 & !/C %,# b5

  62
2013   

: ‫@?>رات‬ABC DEFC‫ ا‬GH‫>و‬JH ‫>ق‬LM

Useful Compressive Strength Ranges For In-Place Test Methods :

: ‫@?>رات‬ABC S?TUC‫داء ا‬R‫ا‬

Relative performance of in-place tests

  63
2013   

Recommendations for slabs, shear-walls, and core walls*

Recommendations for other walls per 150 m3 (200 yd3)

  64
2013   

Recommendations for individual columns*

Recommendations for columns with spandrel beams per for 40 m3 (50 yd3)*

  65
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Number of replicate tests at each location

Dimensional requirements for in-place tests according to ASTM

standards*

  66
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Scanning Electron Microscopy

For Concrete

  67
 2013   

Scanning Electron Microscopy For Concrete :

: 2  3 5_ -

$K +< "2 1X  (Scanning Electron Microscopy) l, O 5 Q?,
. &E 8] ;! Q?, eLE %&BC eB_ #9C X,

6< \ < ?B 8K eB- ! 219# FX 3 5 1  (SEM) 31L_ O8L  H8
. $, ic C %L c92   V9, $ O- ! 3$ Q?,

\ 9,M $, 1 O 5 Q?, n  "2 . (Le Chattelier (1882)) 6<
. I, &,  =!Y_ L,5 H? "2 n/B& v!  c 1

1B `/ ^1!  "5   "!5C %5 1 Q?, 1 uB (Tavasci (1941))
. QCG

. 1960 # O- 9 & &1 k8 F&# `/ 1 `  1Q2 RG I2

(Eitel (1941, 1942) and by ) % "2 3 2 .K 1 O 5 Q?, 6 1!
.  & I, &,# 1 (Radczewski et al. (1939)

RG %,B =9T B8 `/ ,  , (SEM) 21 (Diamond and Mindess (1980))
. (35x-450x) 5 1

  68
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Image Of Fly Ash Image Of Cement

28-day old hardened portland

cement paste microstructure.
Image field width: 17 micrometers

  69
2013   

XRD (x-ray diffraction)

  70
 2013   

XRD (x-ray diffraction)

: 2  3 5_ -
(Wilhelm Conrad Roëntgen) g< 6< (X-Rays) 98 SK 3 z  Qz 6  "2 +< c92
"2 n/B& 1 %5 31 82 &E $, `  !_5 ;- ,  98 SK 6 m$ 2 6# 
. &1 Q9

(x-ray fluorescence) F&# 1, ! .K \ I ` F&# 218, - , 8L  P9 "2 6# m9
. %5Q "!5C %X , XRD (x-ray diffraction) F&# 1, ! K 09  %&B

: K 3 5_ -
=9 JE! :c  V c \ c  98 S] 6 , V "# 3# O XRD 98 SK
: (Bragg’s law) 6 1 && 5 -8, N* "5,! J< lD! O %5 \ 3$,

: WX
n = ^5  $1X lB0 $1#

λ = 98 S] O, .

d= 9  O- & " 1#

  71
 2013   

31 (d-Values)   2< i1#8, ;&?8C ! 3$, >, \ - 2 y 3$2 F&# g  % "2
3 -, / Z,K I2  ic 6/C \  ic %< iYQ?C ! j  Z 89
.  31# O- < , J&,

International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) !9 QT1BC  BC / Z,K c

. && _&, %X ,& 270000 "2 +<K Z, F&# :B!

I2 n-C 3Y,2 _+52 Z T*T "2 +< Qz Q?2 9# :K  &,  ,, O-
 6,v, WX "2 2 & $ F&# !_5 ;- , I9/2 %$  (Standard PDF line)
. 5, $1 2 >& O- FX  p?
Z /2 ;* "2 ! 6 "5,! \ "5,2 +<  "9T .* "2 Y, 6XK | O-
. 3Y,,

G 65C OL,5 %&B    1 $, J9E /8, - , RG F&# 3*# 
. 3 < ,

 O1 , H< & 1!1B ic

[12 / 65C 2 y "!5 %X 2
%5C ;# 59&5&  $, ,L*2
y0 "2 -1Q8, =SK 59&5
T I, % - $$ a V9,
.
 ...  % _ $$ F&# _&, &

XRD pattern of a
clinker sample as an
internal standard

  72
2013   

Element distribution map Spectrum from point analysis

‫ﰎ ﲝﻤﺪ ﺍﷲ‬

  73
 2013   

References I ,

  5&,, \u9, !C ,E 2  3$M \   .,# 9/C \    .1
. !$ 8
. !$ 8   5&,, \u9, !C ,E 2  3$M \ 1, $, 9/C .2
. !$ 8   5&,, \u9, !C ,E 2  3$M \$,  N .3
. 2002 2 18 1,X $,B2 <1&  3$? N b   .4
. 2011 p&  a 2 – $,X n- 1,B2 "2 1/2 WB – I, O-    .5
. _  1,B2 ! 5 1# ^19Q, –    .6
. = 90 2 b O 8 1,B2 O&# / ^19Q, b O&,# $2 2/2 .7
. 2002   $, &, ,  %$ W+ nB&, – : E, $5 .8
9. Testing Of Concrete In Structures Third Edition-J.H.Bungey&S.G.Millard 2004 .
10. Design And Control Of Concrete Mixtures, 2003 Fourteenth Edition By
Steven H. Kosmatka, Beatrix Kerkhoff, And William C. Panarese .
11.Engineered Concrete Mix Design And Test Methods Second Edition Irving Kett
2010 .
12.Significance Of Tests And Properties Of Concrete Joseph F. Lamond And James H.
Pielert 2006 .
13.Testing Equipment For Concrete Including Aggregates And
Cement
14. Www.Proceq.Com - Concrete Testing With Original Schmidt Hammer .
15. NRMCA Concrete In Practice (CIP) Series
16. ACI 2281 R 03 2
17. ACI 211.3R-02
18. Summary of Concrete Workability Test Methods- Eric P. Koehler & David W.
Fowler 2003
19. Properties Of Fresh Concrete Dr. Kimberly Kurtis School Of Civil Engineering
Georgia Institute Of Technology Atlanta, Georgia .
20. Sem In Cement Industry - Www.Tescan.Com .
21. Specimen Preparation For Scanning Electron Microscopy - Paul E. Stutzman &
James R. Clifton 1999 .
22. Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging Of Hydraulic Cement Microstructure - Paul
Stutzman 2004 .
23. Handbook Of Analytical Techniques In Concrete Science And Technology - V. S.
Ramachandran & James J. Beaudoin 2001 .
24.Fracture Analysis Of Concrete Using Scanning Electron Microscopy - Kamran M.
Nemati 1997

  74