thermal Engines ¢ f ASSe85) 52 T* j je with a neat Sateh the Construction ioe y f ace. of @ Single tage Sigh ee | _ yecaprocating air Compie Stor: By Sta |p St b actilh Single acting Reciprocating ait | Compre S508 h ot nab , “Cons touction:- Et eat “A Stage acting Siayle ees. F | | Cynder secipao cating fan Filia eee an RS o ais Compressor 6 Clinde ee oe | Sonplest “ya ConStauction plored among all pes of Bpoailing his _ Compressor, TES & | \ Consisls of acybindea Canter e * piston, Connecting Rod, - Cronk and valves. The Ctanteshaft 1s Conuchd te the eine nioves by | Conuctong tod as ty obtain deCiptocating nastion of the piston invthe Cylinder as Shown tit’ f, be p he yl di if" ae, Be tng 4 tohin the piston moves downward dusing Suction Stoic, the PbeSsur iaSide the cyliader deckeates Belov Hu atmapheric pressure (ct intalde ptestas this means that the pressure outside tle mbt Valve is Aiglin than the outside. Dia ty thts Hessen difference, the mkt valve opens andr Scanned with CamScannerb lo & Sucked ints the cybnder, at inlt , (Carte Othe piston Completes Eke outward Sbolq, Lola piston’ moves. upuards, He Pesce incaeary, cin the Cylinder ell it feaches discharge press, (AL this Stage the delivery Valve Opens aad day 8 delivered t Che Contaner. AL the end of this’ Compression the Piston Once again begins th i move down the Cylinder, the delivesy Valve Close, ond then inlet Valve opens Cveitically and bung, fath the cyek ig Sepeacled. . Detive an expteceinn for Volumetiic edie of a deciprocaling Comptessos and dis cure 16 Physical Sigrebecance. 4 The Volumetsre efficiency is te salio of free Git de liveseo te thy desplacement of the Complestos. Tk is aly, Ue » Hheétve Swept Voleine £ the, Soe ge z eclive Susepe Volume. aa Swept volume mist of a Comptessoy Scanned with CamScanner[gor te se 85h Tone And Clearanee yalco % given 08, Clearance volume Ve yy Swept volume TM me alk Here “Fs Cons hal j Pom <4o, t Diy . eee RSS Cavs Scanned with Car’Ssanneree yh. Ombient Conditions cbse, tion thos | Chat ate obtatnd during paclice becaute | thy Gres ane pasted Chavigh hot valves and wally of the Cylinder tahteh age at his tompeation . So a p¥essur drop may deceons let, Bray ~ Xnabiert Pdesswe of ambient ax i ony tempesalion of ambieat ary =P Cw tel as ont MWg = (Lek: a , Scanned with CamScanner= —— T pphysicat Signifitnte of_Volametioc ef fern, tt $s messing of Capac ty of Comptes soy, caprcily of hy Compdes.gen fh th OM oust uf tect air Suctad ints th Cylinden dhe Suction we he disp lace ment of pis tn west Cylinder Hone ely ede ; 'S Uitect pated otf ep df Discuss be working princonl, ancl mec hanicag détails of a kot blower. AM Root Bloerens- ing Te: Ie ceive 5 + Disches . ei v7 Lt e/% Talet BeX Consist of “fis astoys of Mme Scherate are as ghosn dotor te checct ly Conrected othr &¢ chiven by Sees These whee whl in Scanned with CamScannerTo receiver f Discharge External ‘ drive gear —V Inlet Fig. 24.38. Roots blower, two lobe rotors. - OAs otha Scanned with CamScannerSuch 4 way asi tb Seal tle delivesy Si4, fico the Suction th inké Side. A Small Clewtance 18 povided between bh babes, casi, tov Seducme, wea ancl friction. The piovided Charmnce acts as Lealcage passage and hung. abfeds thi performance of he Compressas- Faun the intake pot the air enlare te the Casing and the aix taped betwee, | » ‘the lobes ‘moves alone, te post and thu | | diseherged thew discharge port te receiver, But tohun the tlt pak te open tle gas tom te seceyer flow bacte, as it te at Wigher prarry, Gnd Causes art tagevessible Pressure , ¥ise | F¥evessible Compsession of the Hs fe thy deliv, . PReSSure and then delve bespas. This piocess tuk fur tne in one vevolution 9 Shaft. Tt 7s shown in pv Tyscveasible 5 pseSSuse wise | back ducte back | low from— a | %- Volume dealt Pts min. ' h — Pkesxuye of ats alte Compression work Clone pey tycle = Ch -n\ev wosk done. Pex sevolition — 400, -p.\xu Bi dew frie, =CbsPiyy : | Fou an ideal Computes ion procers adiabatic psocess the Loork clone per 46, CeVeasih l. minute t¢ given by, pre ah melegaee on he Reo ts ef ficconey = Tantpie wotl< done Acticl caoticdone Vs (A) ->,\a ee hk z a eS ee AN A aoe alt = [ar ee z | | Brows th. abve ey we can notice that the | toots ef ficcence, decreases with inCreate * Pressure saleo andl Con be Cited pte a plessure Bas Las Single Stige and 3 tot tae Stage on tle wosking of & Vane Seakd Comptes) es..." ; disphacenint Geonpre ssors tn which, atx trapped ta a deduced | Compression by two Sets of Saige, | uy faces fg Kron as postive dislaccneg Bay. made of Sleel and " tO Buch as pa Vane Seal faving Slot Scanned with CamScannerDischarge — = Fig. 24.40. Vane type blower. Scanned with CamScanner= ie Vanes m the body and Vane th, solation of dolor, ts dean inte Ee Hl vigunct.d cocentsically | | mounctid on ehe totos During tle av fiom tu mit passage Spau between the vitor, the Cxylinder and two adfacent Vanes. further Yotation of dolow Causes the ascabls the totox and vanes to decrease and | Cheveby Fesulting im Compression of be av. AS |b Sots Seachey tle Point Jurt opposite tr the jeceeitiicrty of He dofey the Suction ends and He Compictsion prceed’ and -imatly discharges we Eltough the discharge port. In this type paeseors, Some oy all of the Comptession is before the ary is delivered The pv diaggan Slwos that the atv sessed in the Compsessos up le a PkeSsure d the KOMaiving Pres8ure Kise occurs due Flow of air -fiom deceives, Volume at PreSsuse P, and tenp.T BY [ yt - roy rol ase ipo (?.-pilv, ne “Lesevessible SS PteSsure gi Waci< flow / Seceivey Som ~ Scanned with CamScanner+ oi ae 3) The pressure in mains of a Comptcssed ais ' Sesvice Sg ite be Subar and @ Supply of 28 mit, at 28% and oh pressure #8 te be mamiliong The air fe owytbese3) fom an inilial pacsser, | of boos bar by a two Sbage Comptes soe os | talwet the Compaession * advabatec and © | aa fe Cook fo ite ietial temp. of (Se ta intercooler lta Ps the mabaimun Power 09 Uted te Ne AWlawk Compaces the Ox Given dlattew, yi 3 UL piessite (PJ Lessbor “tonpative CRN HS +293 = gee Py essute C0 J Sl bar ; perature C7 {=2s%< +043 mea gee Of air Sipply Cv) = 22m Be P04 mY, itt. 4. Y ate of patees jnteacgolras , Seine, z at MbesCcoler RL 1S Same ay ui eel Tompebalend Of ax. canned with CamScannerLos3(y ih PS r(o.4er (er PVM) SE Bt(otea 1.063 Vs Crceusiie V, = 1-99 ?/mnin ane xe, ul Cee\F | 2 2yt4 hart ” tavatcdere [min % L063 x10 66.99 (eee a i = 106.3 \i os a “min = 448,326.54 Nomina ‘ ~ Poaex ay = 49@321.5q ; 60 P = 8305-354 1s ea) 8 3lku wo will you classi ty the Compressons 2 Ord feaenbiaty pede working Psncipls of posrtve pte d dynamic Compressots. 4 & essox 2g a machin that Uses an electiic dy OF Bas engine te Compses cay the HorKng and thug it incterter th Pressure, ferent types of Com pressor s cating Compres sox ding t. no. of stages stage Beespcting Compaessor Ute Stag: Secipsocating Compe 8 Sor Scanned with CamScanner| diy Co mpsession pices i JAccrrdong te the a} Single Acting U] Double Acting 2FRotasy Comptcisos : a) positive clisyBcenent dotasy Compwessoy ] Deyramie type dotasy Compressor. - prsitive meet 3 Duynemic Compiessor (J The Compsessos in which] The Compsessoxs ae tohted aie Fe trapped ina thee Compsession Ps pefomed redaced Space fo by Lions fer of Kote j tei | energy from a dotoy * - | sefersed 2 dynamic or "lon — positive displacement FE eSSox. Fh tomlin fled be wT Rit Contained in defin:k “PF Voliime. ; B) Te“? more war dely “Used fe ied | es 4] Cortardugel and ed flow Comptessess ase the Scanned with CamScanneré) Vebyallions ocean’ |€) Vibuations docs mot seco. | in this Compre §£0%. a} Compression occurs |) plymcal displacenreut of By Phrssical Voleumre dees not Oceuns, displacement of No lune, ‘ om §) Delivery pressiore 8} Comparilive ly low delivery fs high Psesswre. { ~ dmeregiies 5 tathat % “do'laay Compsessoy ? How axe sotasy | Compuessass ‘classified? ey Fatoty Compressor: 0 Rotasy Comptestors, ase the machines cobich develop ptessuse and have a dolor as their primany wnt when Compared crt the pister sliding benign of the Neciptocetong Compse so. a aise quantities of asa ave seq ised # delativels, low Presture Haw rotary Completions axe employed. . pi dotary Compre ssoas Ase Classified as Plloins. placerat Comapte sSous leding Vare conse Yop : Lsthiln Compiessog Scanned with CamScannera ————— I Drcas Ele merits il demerats of Band, Condensers over get Condensers? tn Mert of Muayace condenser Ot A gt cb conden, J Valtcume obtairud *¢ C compaitively Vexy high, F Carculatting Cooling tailor Can be secuted to: theut | any treatment: i] Condensate fe used as feed wate desec Ely in | ‘i dengation pircess, the Condens re ott or eleminckd. femunt of an air pomp ' % ata Cosk Fe mote. , ) pes Compl, : ¥ a and Boling ete te wt! Scanned with CamScanneri Sounces of AY in a Con den ses Hy throug “th follosing Dee the man Sounces: Ne yA lroliiele the atx may wily th Condentes. li The dirsylued atr in the feed water enters wate the Gerla, which in Tan enters ity the « Condences wxth the Chhaust Slaw» fx) The aix Leake rte the Condenser, théounlr Vasious | joints duc te high Vatcum Peessiore im th. Condens, 3) In ge Conclensers, aiy enteas with bh injection water - Effects of Ar Gakoge ta _Condensey 5 eS ee J Tt teduces the Vaccum pkessure ia the Condenser, Since; ary ?¢ a poor hat Conductor, particularly at ow dengities. TE deduceg the sate of heat tronsmlesion. 3 Th sequeses a Las4¢ At puny, Moseovia increased Powes fequired te dyive thy pimp, Hythe Piesence of, ais in the Condlensea incweases the Cort%ve action. i §) Explain the wesking of an evaporative Condenses with a Shetch- , Evaporative Condensea. The Cuaporative Condensers use both ax and Water ag Condensing mediums, to Condensate the ot Vapous sefaizerart to guid refrigerant. Scanned with CamScannerthe tne ying principle of this Condengey h that vilan a “tenia quantile of vates % Available » ifs quantity needed te Condence the eam Can be Keduced by Cauiting th . Chteabiting nti te cinpmah under a « mall partial presses. FS J paeres | 4 ' EL | ~ ESR Steam Mile 3 S Gillld tubes pe aT a ee Gilled pipes. The wenter peony Spiays exter a8 EO Pies Sel Leib ite ei, én, Seam. The cater, vobich 2¢ rot evapatated fille inte te opr Tanke (Calpine) vine i Condenser, fam which 6% dart be dvadith biply | Circulating vaatet punap and “deat over! again, The evaporative Condengey te places ie pene’ aa a a. ae Ap bis ot ooh Nah stag . 3 ‘ Scanned with CamScannerae Ce Componen rete the fonction 2 cass in biied. fhe dequisements fs , | 2 Condenser. ub ac ¥ fa teat Condensing plait nt! of @ Steam Conden3ing if each Comportert.. of a goo * Compenen's 8 0 7 Conclenses ; F Cindinsation extraction Powmp: J Av extaaclion pump lu) Ca eulaTing ship ) Cooling ower ee 9) Condensea rt) mainly uded te Condens. tabouse Steam, Tt can be of parallel (os Courtter Plow Eype, depending on the yee se — Ciacalatong therough i&, helps te cond eihaust: Steam from th, Carbine. on Extinct pomp The function of the Condarsed Steam fron ted Steam 5 then — he fab wel and from which, boiler fords vino talk 2a ~ Scanned with CamScanner|} Blade? used are “a piokl type. : J Less powea ws developed. “) Blades aye Scymmetai J Turbine ef ficiency |. is Gas. (4) Zé % Applicable coher. | Wek keguived ie Sw. ia) TE * easy and Ceaomteal te Manu faction blades. ) Requcted ns. of stages fos a Specified pores te Mess. a) Dusing Flos Over pe (4) uring flow over blades, 2) Blaclee tured are of aewhil type a} Mose pmoer ts developed. Chi er ase unsymmebrical, 3} Turbine cHicieney 1% Mote, a] Lt fs applicable foy moderate and high power $4 Witement. FP LE 8 difficate and Cepensi ve te Mmanrufectin. blades. £) Requised ne. of Stages fox @ ecified power 78 mode. Steam pressun decaca ces. blades, Stean Plessur on Con tant. . ef hcceney My) = tevdicdone on the blades A weaiw 2 (Cs, FOB — ion” ee «(-G, Crane Cnenty eo) = AGusre- FECT . an wet sions merT ee 2 DS Abe FPS AEG 21-9 Se t eG rt Pcie, > “lie 1 CF) SFC wepeste Pe fo. aS = = Chi Now , ven? ye = tee 7 , Sli eos (*) => 2 2P cage 2 =e] 4 Cts 2p fey a 2P casae~p} Ct e990 — -p2) > 2+ 20a pase’ ie pe) pores coe e?),, the "hy becons Wapwolar the Malug of ease ry Veeames waste maim,» & 4 z * © Fp Crt ipeascet). <5 | 2loSx — 2 =o 3x =PScanned with CamScannerExample 19.31, In a reaction turbine, the fixed blades and moving blades are of the same shape but reversed in direction. The angles of the receiving tips are 35° and of the discharging tips 20°. Find the power developed per pair of blades for a steam consumption of 2.5 kgls, when the blade speed is 50 mis. If the heat drop per patr 1s 10.04 keJlkg, find the efficiency of the pair. Solution. Angles of receiving tips, =f =35° Angles of discharging tips, a= = 20° Steam consumption, mn, = 2.5 kels Blade speed, C,, = 50 m/s Heat drop per pair, hg= 10.04 kJ/kg Power developed per pair of blades : Refer to Fig. 19.46. Fig. 19.46 NS = PQ= 152 m/s Work done per pair per kg of steam = (Cy, + Cy.) C,,= 152 x 50 = 7600 Naw/kg of steam. Power/pair = my(Cu, + Cry) Cou 1000 _ 2.5% 7600 _ = a0 19 kW. (Ans.) Scanned with CamScanner———pmiciency of the pair . Efficiene. Work done per pair per kg of iis Efficiency = scm Vie Oo 7600 rae 1000 OO? 78.7%, (An, Scanned with CamScanner