LE ZLEC241A - Mathematics for Efectrootcs Engtneess Untt 1 - cadcudus 20 complex Plane Topfe 1 - Compex numbers and Functfons - 4 A complex cumber = % an oxdered pate (x,%0) oF SeoQ numbers xX and wy, OrTten as = =(x,2) x =Re fz}, o= intel numbers ave equal £5 and onle £5 shefar belo Lmagrnaas Parts owe evual: > Two comple weaQ Parts ave eoy ued and > (0. 24 cagged the Imag tnowy watt and £5 denoted by 2 2-0.) -@ Addttton , Multi plecatton , Notattom = = x42y- > consfdew 400 combsex soumbess A (41%) ane =, = (%25%2) + Cpe = (ate AP) © = (% eco (4-%. E e + fe Sh Rye Se PM TM) ahese +O pes tort tons 2opie thot (00% (Xp +X, ,O) Ete (AO)(%z,0) = y%e ,0) bers “extend” the — i Scanned with CamScanner sea numbers ~ Heace the complex NEM@ PF WE Can thus waovtte (x,0)= X ome (0,%)= By From @ £=(0,4) Zu = (0.1% =(,4).0) =(O-% -1-0,0-0+1°) =(0,95 Togethes ce bave , by» add ftton (ac > = (&,Od+ (0,9) x +2y atten. Tea practice , compQex numbers Z =e ,~) ave SZ = xt+By - @ EQectrica® Enomneess OF ken Write ¥ Bn stead of 2 beceause they weed 2 Sov custent- TE =O then Z=Ly ome Ls caged Pure Rmagfnasy- From exuat fons @ ond ® , we have -1 -® = et. 2.2 = (0.4)(O.D =(0-1,0°0) = 1,0) —_ eros (tea fos addttwon, the Stondasd Nota foo a oves 2 ° (2, +24,) +(K ALD) = (GAD TOV 2) Scanned with CamScannerS2e%Mowlre , (HAL BY)-(K +20) = x 4+2a4 +Hyx 3. a ee ae nee we Rnow thet 22-4 eae + 2 (2¢ +3 2) le ace) 7 7) > Ths ogzees With eoruation (2) -Tt shows thet x+?q- £4 a move practfeol ~notatfens ox complex numbers than (©e,%>)- Fuampoe 1 consider F, = Q+3L ane HZ = 2-27 Fens E44, & Ze, z Sofuttor Re fz,)=8 5 Imfej}= 3 Relz,}=9 5 Im{%,} = -% Z,+%, = (Q4+32)+ (aT 2-22) = LT, as Zt, = (42D 09 -22) ee et eek Gk = yan 4st Subtwoctfon ,Divis2on They ave Povesse opesotions OF addtiton * muit?es foot loo ce spectively - > Tne degseserce € ==,-%, f5 the complex number = Sor whteh 4, = e+% > From ey uotton (2) 2% = Oy “a ae £(%,- wy - © — ee Scanned with CamScanner> Le = Z. by en The quotfent 2 = 4% ,#0] Bs the compl ~PUMbes E Gor Oh?ceh = Z,2-%: ia ee Cattraee 2a) TAD, (%,t29,) +29,) (x, 20) = XO 4% = a" 2 +L) Ey ye ot gt — Ls os @O cuca) zu a oe Example @ constdew 4, = S145 omd'<, = 9-22! nO eee , =. Find 4,-= & Ma 2 a £-{9-eS} = 8+32-9422 4 E, = B4BE-£ y= 3B 2. >, TZ, = 1452 az Brak, ott 9-272 +2 72+ sel setter 9% grey" 72 + 432-6 G4 - {4-24 6644-32 o7105 2%, 2 66 +3 (43) 2S Ce ts Scanned with CamScanner© > Complex numbers Satisfy the tame commutarttye , Os50cCfot ive And AMtutbutive Jas as veel numbess- > Complex plane > We choose two Porpendiculas COomdinate axes , the howyantad x-axc’s cadded the veal ax%s and the vertfeal D-axks, comed the Lmaglnavy axks + On both axes we choose the same unre oF Dength- This 25 CaMIed a cavtesf£anr coordmate System: ean pee ‘% — 2 a eee AED e ! = a “1 ee 0) lai o ones | 4-32 Fee ex plan 2 eee eorea haere Fpguve {the oumber +-3E Bn the complex Plone a > Z-% pactior OF Fegure 6 Addttfon oF compsex umbens EPpuve 3 Subt complex HUmPES Scanned with CamScanner© > Complex conjugate uUmbers > The complex condugete EZ of a complex umbe™ Z = x+iy fs BeF ined by E+ 29] n Late = Be 2o. Be a BaF er iecteoe ave FO ~ anced by * or ° — teol ants F2quve complex en numbers >The complex confugete Pesmrts oS to wurtch From compaex +0 Beod > By Mulbipitcation, =: E = xe > By additton, Z+ZE 22x > By Subtractton, 2-2 = @2y ma rete} = x= if +e] +® Im {=o =f 2z-Z} 22 > TS = % wed, =- > then Ze s by the desgottton os =, and Cconvessely* workme otth confSugates 25 ease, B2nce, we hove yr) * Zt, 5 . =. Scanned with CamScannercConsfdes %, = H4BR and Z = 2452 - Determine Imfz,} - Also shoo thet Be zy ey Frampie 3 Solutton wet Imfz} = 1 f2-2} 2 7 224432 ; 4-32 TofS} + 4 f+ +at-{4-25)} 2 Infe] =a (#rat- 4 +25} 7 Ime} - gis 2 tar (24s = Breokl+es+s5i* Zz Ste = “@+ze2-15 = -7+ee2 = -7-262 oe Z,-2, = -7-2er -@ ezirz fa -3z}{ 2-53} et a 2 > Z-2, + Q-w2-45 = -7- 26k 2 ZZ, = -7-268 -@® co From MA@®, we conci2e that \ ee — : Scanned with CamScannerTOPSe @ — Complex oumbers and Functions -2 Polar tore of complex oumbers , Pocwsess and Roots > The Usued Polow coomdPnates w,O detind by. oo = B06O, D=T Me -@]D P Be xm+ ly tapes the fo-comfe2 polar orm EZ = aKosO +2520) - © Um = lel= [xr24,% =fz-2 -@ absolute Yolue oF Modudus of = goes? SDs Fequve 2 complex plone, polar F£gures Distance bet weer Gowen OF & complex oumber 480 poknts ka the complex Phone \Z1 = dlstonce oF the Polat E trom the Ovigtn = = d&stan Zz, on \2,-2,) stance between Z ard Z, © 85 cag®ed the osgument oF E and f5 Benotee by on9,{z} @ = awyfz}- tone= 2% - © ea O = Afvected Angle trem the posttive xX-axks to op AS Shown Sy the $Lyuxe above - > ALQ amefes ave Measused Pa tpadfan$ and postttve Ln the Couctes JocRw?se sbense - Scanned with CamScanner® > For = =0.+h?s angle G 2% Undet fred - PF For A aPven Z 40, Mt £ determined Onlae up to Anteger muttpQes of 2 wince costne avd ALne axe Pevfodic utth perfoa 27x+ > But one often Wants to ppectisy a Uvfarue value Of arg = Of A Ofven Z¥O- > Foe ths weason, one detfnes the Patnc?paQ varue Arg = of avg € be the double PneaualPta & “K< Aye gn -@ Dihen, we have Ave = =O FOr poscefve veal = x, wbich £5 practical, and Arey = =X tov negotive Seal = , ey Sow = =-4° > The princ? pad Vague wish be Bmportont Bn connectfon compser & Jogastehm and certain fotesvals- eotth soos , the > ObvLousty For a piven = #O, the Othe™ values OF Oxy = t20n (O=t1 ,t2..--) ory = oe aroy = = Exomple 1 Polar foum of compSex numbers BEzomr es cConstdes 400 complex oumbers DHe= 44% Polar form and Avg = 2 £2) Z234+3f5 Rnd Fes Sofputton --14% 1212 Jara = J “A -1 © ~ Arg = = ton cal 2 tan (a) = % | 7 = fz (cos %, 4iS20 Hy, Co Polos Sowm ‘Scanned with CamScanner@® 2d =z = 3+38i \z1 = Jo+2zT = 6 2 _ © = tac es = tas =%, = e- Asg = = Na eo Pas For OF = = 6 [cos 7+ sin 7¥5\ Trt angular Inequatttys D Toe uaitfes Such as 24 < %, Mekes sense fos veod mumbess, but ot Ln complex peceause there #5 no Mot Use Wary OF OvderPng complex oumbers * > Homeves , Bneqruart?tfes between absopute Yoiues (obich ave Bead) Such as Eyl <1E,t (Meaning 4, £5 Soses +o the oOsigin than =2) Ore Of Qwent Lopostance > pen os the > he doatis complex anclyst £5 the +rfangle Snea ualPts % \ - 1Z+2,' £ lel+'2,! © > Thfs Lnequalfty FoMows by not%ngq that the +thvee potots 0,Z, and Zt+#, ave the Vewttces of a trfangve th sBFdes [By] ,1Fz1 and 12, 4%! and one sbfde cannot exceed the swum ef the other tWo pldes- a FRqure 3 Tofangde Inequaltes. Scanned with CamScanner® De Qenerartlecd tufangle PrewuatPey 25 given by. lBy+ 2 tee teal gle tle tee + lal F% The abso®ute Value Of A SUM Cannot exceed the Sur OF +he absoMute Values oF the tenms - 2 Consides two Complex Oumbess Example 2 eae 2+ Show that EZ =zAti and = trae h Lar2,1 6 Veh rl eat sodueton : i aoe A+2-2432 = -itet \2,+22\ =fr+ace =/AT 12,1 Bhs, (25) = /4-+2 = Ji3 eo) VEyt Bal = 4-323 > R+fi3 =S-o20 \ay\+ eo | +21 < \z,\+ \221 et £ =% +25 25 3 = LSin let 2, = ty (cos Qt 2524 ©) 5 =, =7,(c05 @ +28 ©) ( ZF, = By9,[€05 0, 04 8, - SEn O,- Sin ®)#2(Si2n8,-c030, + eee) | 9 ZF + BM (cos 0+.) + Ps2n@,t2D] -@ ze > ltBlr Bm we Row aha 2 eo 12-1 = 121-14 - ® se Scanned with CamScannerad Ory By %, = ary %, tory % (up to multfpses os 27) 2 “® =z, PEVesfon we have 2, = (2 2, 5 > Wal = iz =. ° oo ~ Jal ae Z| z SLE Varley , avey Z, = ong (= Zz) = 9 2,’ + any Zz, Zz, z o'o AA (= = as (2))- avy (2) (Upto mult fples oF ax} ie -@ Combsatng- eeruations C4) (cr ©,- ©) +2-8in (2, 2] -@ > Equotten @ fs the Pols form OF A complex umber OF absoQuce Ve2ve %1_ and avqument 04-6, ° ee > These axe the obsepute Volue amd osqument oF ea z Example 3. constuen %2-2 +22 ad Z = 3k Acxemreseom Petermime 4 =, 21, ai #1) 2 eal: SoQut lon o- 4:4: -62462% = -6-62 NEF “|| Pry Ez) 2 Zz z. = Ure he, > a % Scanned with CamScanner12-221 = ferret = 6J2= 3f8 12) = e+e =V8 5 1%) =3 5 or iee fo (2,-2,) = e114 3B |Z) = A+4 = 28 12 | = ee a) = 2/2 2 o> 23 = 12,1 3 comlee |e | oom ee o 1 a= = Kh = a Axy%(Z,) = eC) = BM%ey Avel@z = ac Av% (2, =2) = -3BK Ara &) +A xy (EQ) - 278 “ Exampre 4 Tateger fowess of “De Motse’s formula Examphe + From ea uctions (8) ond (9) with 2 = a 2, we obtain z by Soductton foo 1 =0,4,2-- ~” Zz 2s [eos 76 +2520 (8)] -@ n SIOMavwIy, (1D otth 2-4 and z= = ofves (43) tor s-4,-2,.6 For IZl=0=1, sovmutea (43) becomes De Hokvse's Fosmula 0 (coset 2sin 2) cos(oS)tisencme) - eG Scanned with CamScanner -Or = o— 2 ° eu 262. (cose + 2520 > cas (2e)+ FS Fn (20) COS" © +22-c050-28n O - S¥°O = Cos (20) +L kn (ZO) > Eq uatieg sea® pasts and Imagfoass Parts Cos (26) = (04'S -320'6 S802) = 2820-05 (8) > Th?s Shows that complex methods oF ter sb 2ep2Ssy- the devtvatkton of weed Formulas Roots _ > TF 2 aw (0-42, --), then to each Value af these cossesponds One Value oF =: > We shoo Sermedfatedy see that, conversely +0 o a2ven Z +0 theve Cossespood PrecSeduy 0 AlstPock VeQues of O- > Fach of these votues £5 capes on SY sont of =, and we uvtte w= Ye -@ > Hence th?s Symbot £5 museiverued, amedyy 7 -VogQued + 5 The 0 Velues of DIE com be obtratred a5 Solfows} >We wotte Zand © In polar fourm F Z = (cosotFsin®) and w= R (Cos +2 s— 0] . ° D> Tren the eyxuatton ww =Z becomes on on Ce Sine] =z = B (105 0 +25 ine} Scanned with CamScanner@ > . The absodute Values on both 32des Must be Coy uad 5 7° > ‘ WWOS =Re=— so that R =e, cohese YG 25 Posttve Bead ond thas Unforuedy detesmPmed > °. Fe uating the aveuments id and © and BecaL Ino, shot © 45 determPnmed Only Up to Botegex Mutt FpIes OF 2X, we Obtain Ob = OF ZRH > +hus > wheve R 25 am Wnteges - For R=O>1,-- 3 dlstnct vatues of O- 2 ,o-d we ger Further Sntegess OF BR Woukd g@fve Var obtatned - ues af recty > Fox Bastance, R= B|ives 2RK = 27% hence the © 1 cowvesponding, £0 R=0,e-t-c F Conse uent&Qy , VE , Go 2 FO. has the 0 distinct Votues 0S O+2RA +5 din OFZEA a | -& ahese PR =0,1,. > These 0 Vatues De On a CPuce of twad?us Ue wth Contes at the Ostet and const®eute the Vettes of a Beqular palwgon of 0 sfdes- D> The vaiue of LE optatned bw taklogy the pxloctple value OF ABYE and K=O 25 5) Fs cagMed the PyPocpa vague of o> Oe. Scanned with CamScanner@e® FD Torfag Z=4 MAD, we have l2l= B= 1 and Avgz =O- 2 ThHED AS aves a cos ZER)+ 2 obin apr for R=0,1,.---,0-2 7 Cn = > These 4 Vatues ase cagfed the st? soots of unfty- D> They Be on the cfsclle OF wadfus 1 and centey O, bwietQy cated the Unt cfscle- > FEyuses below show 3F 24-4 tsB2, A 4a oe z= e al aes aaa ar SZ - o a foo. o : ° ‘. i oo a | oo? | o-' [cot | 3, - S/2 Scanned with CamScanner> 4 W desotes the Value cosvespondies, to R=1 Ba (4D, then the 1 Values of LAL com be WrPiten as ora Lw, 0% cS > Move genevatty, 26 £5 any oth oot Of an As be vary complex oumbvbes (€ #0), theo «he 10 values of VE ku (45) ave o-k be . OO, AO, LO"). aye -@ P weceause MuItTPRMaing a, by © covresponds to Lacveastny the asaguMent of oy by 2PV,- > Fowmusa (17) Motates the Intvoducttor of Yoots os Ustty and Shows +thely Usesulness- Topte 3 - Lemits , Continurts cane Dewfvotfves ie od Lad V and Exempte 4 ret wef C2) = 2 +32 FLnd catcutate the Value of F ot Zz aAvsi eodution ux RF > gvein =} ze x+e2y a 2 oo = (xtt9> +3 {xetivy zu °, HV G4 2xio +3%+ Bro eS © wo = etottax +2 [axe +99} so Vv 2.2 . eo Refs 2} 2 43x 5 Ve IMs ) = 22943 2 also CA4BE) = A432) 43E43D O 2A oseers 492 = 1-O4EEt 34% -s+isi Pars Scanned with CamScannerTope 3- Limits , Coninuvers 2% Derivattres @ Topselsing Ltotee) Gontinutes a SA teal Function F destined On a Set S OF Dead NuMber % a Bulle thar assfans to evety 26 Bo S a weal Dumbes £OO, CoQMed the vatue of € at =~ PNow 25 complex domain, $§ £5 a set of complex Numbers - > A Sunctfoo $ deSPned on S B54 a Tule that asstons to every = fo S$, a complex wumbes , cabled the value OF F at S- we wstte wo =5¢2) > Hence € vantes In S and f called a complex variable - > the set $ 35 caghed the domain oF desfnitfon ef $ OF potest, the domato of 5 - > we 6 eZ = BBE 85 complex Functtor desfoed for alZ; Ahat % its domain § 85 the hole complex plane’ > The set of a09 Values of & Function F 2 cagsed the Yange os S: ° ws atty ;uRv ave the Seal a Rragloasy 3 pasts wespecttyedy ” 5 ed depends a0 2 = 7th - Hence ULERY becomes a weak Suncktoo of % Ay: => Co = SCE) F AK 9) FR VCR PY Example 1 Let w= 5Ce) 3 27432 - Fond UNV and calealate the value & 4 ot Z= a+r ? Sogutoo = Re [E@} ve Im (5 a wo (ettny +3 Coe4 fo) 2 ett, OF es eK +P ye Vad Zr 4k By = xteut . We K+ Zoe + RC ZARD+*+BD) Ce ees w vv Scanned with CamScanner® 22 A= 143% GV t2 ED +3g $ G43 — 4 43D%+ 304439) aAt+ort+e243 +92 A-O+.45 243 Za arsl sp wea #953 UW = xP 432 5 “CLD = A-O+3 = Vis 2c sons ct.3> = Stic ls eo We utty = -s+asi Exampte 2 Functton of & exacts omplex Ver fabte & Let + $ce) = 224+6% Lond WAY and the value of + at 2 a,tth 2 solution Ww = SOREN ECE) = 2R CRP) TE cx-tey =2ixnt2tn + |ex-iey oce) =E*-2OD tz (2=-6) CxO) = EXH2D 5 VER MOD = 2K G (Sy x42) = 2Lfa,re5} +6 ag-428} © = 2-843 -242 SG, e AD) = =5 - 23%) Lett, Contfoutts. init, oom A functtoo $C#) fs Safa to have the Qlote L a4 = approaches a Potat Zo, vite Lun = 2 -@© 270 Scanned with CamScanner® > TE $ 2 desired Lo a nefopposhoo® oS 2, and &s +he values os ave “close” to 2 For off 2 “chose” to 43 In precise tess, i For eves postive weal & Ge can ead a post+tve Fear J such thot for alk = #2, fo the disk 12-2,1< § We have lFcS-2i< & -@© v see) ze Figuve 3 LP ite DIn the sea Case, X can approach an Xe Only along, athe Fea Lenes DIS the comphex cose , S Mary approach 5 From any Afsectton Bn the complex PRane- > TEA Qemte exPsts Te 7s uniyue- > 4 Sunct¥on 6¢2> 1s satd to be continucs at == 2 25 C2 25 DEFPHED amd Ben $= $640) -@ 22 > wote that by Detfattfon oF a Leet 4n?s Lrplles that ECE) 85 BEFPned Bo ome nefahbovhood of 2,- > C2) Bs wats to be continu Sno domaty £4 Lt 25 ContMucs at each Potnt of ths domaia- Scanned with CamScanner> The desivarive of a complex Sunction $ at o pofst Zo f wstteo by $'CZ0) and £5 desfred by Siceay= Bin $Eor48)- FED - © a LE70 ae Provided this Qeerfe |xists: Syotxn G Sy a) nad wake dtssovent¥able ot Zo" QIs we wsite AB+E-Fo, W& heave Z = 2 g+4E ord @ *eokRes ae Four +! C25 = 8m $@Q-sCn - a Zo Z-7o aesinttfon of the emit , $CD ks BESTned of Bg OD E BH EO may fos Br the complex > By the 2a a nerahbow boo? approach % $¥OM any dfsect Pane: > Heace desseventPabilrts at Ze Means thet , loos, cobateves Path = approaches Zp the q{uotPent Bo GD aways approaches a cesrats value and? o99 these Vatues ase eaquad: Example 3 - Digseventiabstty ,Desvortfve The function $C#)= 2% 25 AtsFeventTabse Sow a9Z 2 and bas the desivarfye ~'(2)= 22 bec0eause <2) = Den $(2o+ 44) - § Ze) oot AE) Dz70 De Scanned with CamScannerza dD = 289 24AD 12-242 -z : eee AE7O At -s'(2) = OF0 Bt0°O $C = 2z Exampte 4 2 ot A £eventPoble constaex €C2) = 2 = x-Py Az ( A#+4+22) OE Az =Ax +2 OH + EtAD -5$H = Zt4AD-2 paces c= Ae Az = Bt =z Ea z BIR a za oe =e GS) ae Axtlay TS Aw iO, thts 26 +L Is Ax + 0, thts fo -1- fo 5 SE70,ehe es Serie 05 eeyuatton G) does not exist ak ang = Example 5 use detfnitfor to sfad the devWwative oF $c® = 27-5z z Sofurton scetad= (+42) - S$ (H+ 42) 2 2 = Z°+(A%) 422-0 -S2-S'At PE(EtOD-56He 2 4(aDt22-Az -SE-S-O% a - ase = (a2) = G2) + 22.0% -s-ae Scanned with CamScannerste = Be $Erep— sc 4270 oe 2 = Dim (AD +22 42 -S Az A230 Az 3 ~'D = Dim ae{az+2= -s} DZ70 axe 3 [sc = 22-5 Example 6 usm a the wes of Désferentfattor o- Fond |= 32tse42z | $CH=_Z s 4241 ) += C243 Solutton a D "cD = @2rDe@O-FH 9+ =(22° 3° Gera CD) = 5022432) (2LE43) 3 z = At-B -152 +2 oc > gee 2e-4e* GEsD* 2 #eep= Beree Gera ‘Scanned with CamScanner@ Topsce + - Anelotfe Sunct+Pons , cR ey uat29ans (both S03) Aoalyrte Sunctfors Anater%etey A Sunctton $62) 24 data tO be analyte Ba a domaty D 2¢ $C* Sy destined and dissesentfeble at a9 Pofots es D- The Sunctton sc#) 2 sba8a to be analetic at = Potat So D SE 5 CED 85 omalacte Pana netohooshocd of H+ TF AL20,, bY aN Analytic Function Be mean a Function thet 15 Analyste Bn srome domatn- Example - PaQgnomiats , Rattonad Functfons The nonnegate Toteger Pasess 1,2,27% ave analyte Ao Ahe entfye complex Plane ,and so ase Polgnomfals , thet 2b, Gunctions of the Gorm x. SCD = Cot GiEte ee +E e > wheve Co)... Sy ave Complex constants She quotient GF 4WO PO pnomfals gcZ) and bcoz) FQD= BD a) By o wokfone® Functkfon: Th*s F £5 anchotie except ot whe Petnts bese HcZ)=0; heve cle assume zhet common Sackors g% and bh hove bee comcessed> Cauchy -Reemann Eeyuettons > These euattons Provide @ coftesfon Sow -the anatgtfePy Os & complex Function 5 =F = UCH,WD FL VEX " Scanned with CamScanner® > Roumhiy,F £5 analigtte Eo oe domatn D Bs ond only 26 the $8est porttal derivatives GF Ward Vv Sotisty the FOO Cauchy -—Reemann eardatfons U_=N ae 3 we ? ee > SUeE TONS ard Us Be a > Theovers 1 > let $C = Ucx ort Lvew,w) be Beslned and cant Pnucs Bn bome nefobhbeshacd of o potet 2 = 7 +%y and dteteventowle ot = Lesels -Then at thet potot, the $eawst-ordes Pastfod deswvotfves of UY exist BL SotPs$y the cauchs -Bfemann ea aattons A)" > Heoce, £F CZ) Bb analot¥e Zn a domain BD, those Porttad destvottves exPst and Sartisse (D at a92 Potors os DD: Example Verfsy whether the Foslostna Funcklons ave analotte Ox oot t DscD=2* WDeo-=z sogution SD SCD = Getto” 2%, 2 eee wees LEX) sca = ate +22") wc > vex) ucx,2> AA? 5 VO, 9D = 2B WL = 2 5 Vy = 2 Un 22m 5g FED fo Cauchy Rfemann equations ave SokessPed oo $02) = Z 25 analoete 9 cD ZB = x-To BoD = cK) ov ce -~ -a Scanned with CamScanner© | eo ast a Ye v a, te eo Cauchy Rfemann equations ave net SactssPed FFD 85 mck amoratic Theosem 2 TE £190 yead-Vvalued cont%nu0s Funct fons HEX AND VC2, wD) OF +O BenQ Vasfables rc andy bave contPnucs Siwst Order Pastfa destVvatPves thot satfsty the Cauchy -Rfemann ea rattons Bn tome domats D then the Comptex Function 4c2d>= aoe oy+2vex,woy ; in D* 35 analotfe ES Example 16 $C) = KCK, FRVEX,D) =e Cos +2s52n9] Onalyatte ¢ o xX oo Solutions Use cosy »VEe “Sine ORs ae = 9 oe cos 4 > e. x ©. o pe Sing 5 VL Fe Sing es. = > on 2 Veg © 9, 2. °. co Cauchyy- Riemann eyiations ave Satisefed oo SCZ RS Qmalsotic: Exampie show that Se ~ce) £6 amahptte 24 a domain D and IFC2Z1=R = constant fo D, ther FED =constant tn D+ , 2 ot 2 za 2 SolUt{on By assuamprton, 161 = 1a4 fits UVES Bo disseventiation 2 Ut NeNy =O UM 4V VQ 20 Scanned with CamScannera2 Now use Vz =7 Uh, fn the Finst evuatten and Ny =U no the Second , to get UU_-Vu =O - 69D ~ — U-u,+v'u =O - GBH %Y o To get wid as UL mutply GD by GH and 6B) byv and adds We get Oe A CL ° = @ 2 NOU Aven = xT wy =o oo (WtHvADU =O From 66), To elemfmrate Gl matt iply, 6D by -V and 6H) by U and Add: This Ofelds 2 = UL TOL Nie) Uv a+ Veuw +u%u 20 ba So (WAvA)U, =O 2.0 then U=V=O5hence =O Is K*2U*4v7 40, theo wey =O- Hence . buy the o SesFiaft+ion of CR equations , also Ce _ =O- Tomethes th?s tmpifes w= constant and v= Constant; hence $= constant: Scanned with CamScanner® B(cos @+fsen 8} ane #C2)= U@,O+?-v(s, 0), 7 We mention thet ,% we use the pelos soam Ze then the Cauchy Riemann eq uatfons ave Biven by 2 Ule= ow ee @ Vag era Us oe Topfc 5S - Hawmonte Suncttoos DPThe weol past and the fmaginamny Past ef on analytfe Sunctfoo Sotissy Laplace's ecruatfon ,the Mast Lenpostont PDE of phystcs- > Te Occurs Bo qvavitatton , clectwo stattss ,slutd $100, heat conduction and other opprfcattons - Theoverm 3 Laplace's Earuotfon Theover 3_ TE CD = Ucx,w+ivex,@ 2s analatfe Lo a domatr D, then poth UAV satisfy Laplace's eq uctfon Vue tet Ayre - z Va 2a D awd beve contin ucs Second pavtfal des Watfves in D- on ke. RP root PLE Fesentioting Ny eo eee on eo Cie me TES, we bave a -@© Scanned with CamScannerBs Contiouss Part+Pal destvatfves ay. a Ye hee oF off Owders: >In pasticulas,the mixed Secon? desfvatPves ° =v Ave exvual § . o > BY addto (> We thus obtafo eq uatfoo (9) we Acer t rn =o > Stottaxly OYE 45 obtatned by dts Serventiating. os N. =B-Vag CPt ok yy ePth vespect +o uy ond ce Bespect to 2% and Subtvactfog usta W my Oe aw zv. ' uy 2% w 2 -V, ey vere (> (G>) = v. s a MO Eee Se EO) > solutfons oF Laplace's equation hav logy Cont? uos Second -opdes pav+fag devivatfryes ave CAMMY Hawmonte Functions and +thefar theory £5 cagded Poten+Po.o theory - ee eee 2 ¢ > Hence, the Veal and Tmaginasy payts EF an analyte Sunctfons ave basmonte Sunctfoos: > I$ two havmontce Functfeoos U wv Satfssy the cauchy Rfemann eeyuatfons fo adomatn D they ase the veaQ ° ° and Imagtoasy Pasts of an analytte Sunctios € 24D 2 Then Vv x5 sSafd to be abasmont Confugate functor oF U ko D- Scanned with CamScanner@® Example How to Prd a Harmonfe confugate Function by the cauchy-R temann ee uat fons Nevrsy that Utx =o 9 £5 hazmonte oo the whole complex plane and Nice U7 Sind a hasmont canSugate Solutfon We knows that Tu =u ee ex OD U_e a me FAH 5ULL HR UW 2-24-4-uU 2-2 9 9745 “yy oo UL + Ayu 2° oo WLS hasmonte fn the chole complex plane: Beceause OF Cauchy -Reemann eayuatfons ,a confugate N C&A Must satisty sox Vag = zerd Integrating the +fsst eyuatfon Oot Y and | APS SeventfPating the yesult D-w-t SX , We obtain Vz 2xy+hO>D v= = 2y+_d box) do Comparing this cith the above eayuatfon Shows that d b©OO = 4+: This, gives bem) =x +e ax oo V = 2ytX Te Rs the most genevad havmonfe covfugatre of the 9 fen Functfoo U- Scanned with CamScannera) FP HE CoBssesponding analy +fe Sunctton 24 SCE = tly 2 y%B)42 oxy + at %o A confugate of a Biven harmoote Sunctfon © Vg Unferuely determined Up to an asbttrany Beal addUPe constant: Topic 6 - Lie Integra fan the complex plane -41 > Complex destafte Lntegwads ase capped complex Dene Totegrads - > They ave wettten ior é >? the Pategrand $c) f5 Intequated over a ofven CApve C os a postion ce Bt: The cusve C fm the complex Plane Fs caged the Path cS Integuation- > We May wePpresent C by & Posametafce wepresentatfon 2 EOD = xO+rinet -@ > We assume that C has A Contfnucs Non eso desvatRe 2D = dt 2M 42 dt > C has edemacchene a contioucsdy tus fos, tangent as Fossous APyectIy From the Be~sPotte lon - : ZK) = Dom BCH +AL) - BHD At r?o at > Hewe we use a dot since A Prime denotes the devivartve Wert z- Scanned with CamScannerie a) a?) Ee ae ge Y a ee fcr /20/* Frgure 2 Tangent vector Z(t) a cusve C i a the complex plane given by #C#)+ The asrowhead on the cusve Sndfcates the posttive sense Dereetfon of the complex Integxe2 o- > Let C be A Brmooth cusve DEN bo (Dad Let £62 bea Oven at each Pont & C- dn the complex plone contfaucs $unctfon. > We How SubdfPfde +~be Interval acti’ Sn () bo pots t,69 stp EL REDD > where tos ty< - coe 7 To this subd Psion these comvesponds a Sub- ~ APN R5%an OF C be polHts Fo tye + Faia FLED) Rot 24: ———" . 2 ve az, zy fk to Feguve 3 complex Line TteyreQ > where €, = Cte) . 3 ‘Scanned with CamScanner® a coed Gorton soe) coma wtcten sereG (sepeyen soe Asbl+wes beotat « rn A between Zz 40 potat ae between = 6.2 7 Then we fox +he sum “a S,7 LFG,) 44, -@ met b z= - wheve At = 2-24 > We do thfs fox each 0 =2,3,... Loa completely independent Mannes,so that the oweatest JArtml=Ity-t.y-41 approaches O as 1300 PTHIS Lopeles that the Qveatest |AZ.,] also app soaches Zevo- > Indeed , 74 cannot exceed the Qength es the asc of C 6rom = +o 2, and the fates Qees +o tev0 ort sdince the ave Length of the AmMooth cusve € 8 A contfoucs Sunctton oF t+ - Pte Le oF the wequence OF CompPLex numbers 5.583 wee ObtToMmMeED f5 co~fed the M&we Rntearad Over the path of foteqmation C with Ovfentatfoo gWveo by @)- Scanned with CamScanner> This the Pateqral fsce-ae c cQosed Path fe c th Oo Geseso® assumptfon ADD paths CF Lotegrattor Sumed +o be Sor complex Q%&me Inteqwels ave oF Peece ate sbmooth, that 25, they constst of FRoftedy Many Smooth cusves Jo%med end 0 end- Baste Propesttes AfrectIy Lerpl%ed by the BesFaFtion) A+ Lineastty - Integration & a ISneax opevot fom that Be Can Pntegsate Sums cerr by torr and can take Out cometant Factors From undes the Loteqre® Sfgn- This means that £ the Lnteqgveals oF F, ands, Over a Path C extst, So does the Rnteqgrel of BF, +85 overs and +he sbame Path f (Ry e+ 4,42 = &, (4 +, i Az -@ ¢ c ce 2D Sense RevesseQ fn Loteqrat®ng Ovew the Same Path oemeer ReNeDooee % oe , from Z, to & Clest) an? Fvom E +o % Cotgvt), Mtvoduces Po 7 how, an “8 ye as Sho to fee “SZ = - [$D-a2 -©® to Zz B) Partfoniang GF Path. fE@9e =($c-de +($co-de “NS se c c . = a Zo 7 7© TEquce 2 PoestrfonPng, of Path Scanned with CamScanner® Exfgtence of the complex D&e Mntegze Q ~ 6 ComtPoucs and PF OWS assumpee thet $c) C 26 bece fe Smooth Lmply the exfetence Of che QMe Lnteqya® as shown By ex uat ior (3) [ecD-a2 ov by f sca -a2 -@® - c > Ths Can be Seem as Follows 3 2 $CQD= ucxyas + 2 vcx od > We also set B= s+ Eo, and A2,, = A+ 249,, 7 Fram ex uation © 5 5 - 2 $(G.)-At, hese az = > © mea > Equation © may be Waiter Sa = F (sO x44 209.) > wheve U=4( 6, MH), V=Y(S Mm) a we Sam oves M From 1 to +- > Pestosmimoa the mualtPplfcatfon we May now cpdie ap S_ fnto sour Sums 8 oO So = Bude - 3y 6a, 13( Zug. + ay 47-0] > These Sues ave vee® + Since F 25 constnucs Ua v ATE COntinuos + Scanned with CamScanner> Hence, % we Yet ~~ approach SoFiofty Fo the Asove mentioned Garuy then the oa7ce AB, OWI approech Zeya and cach suc on the Vroht pecomes A Bend One PotedreD- > Dem So = f[#e@-2 -@® < Co = foo = < e Ved “4 [- ay +fverx] a | 7 d Dth%s shows that undes ous assumpttors ont 4 C,the ime Toteqsad C3) exists and Fs value = < AS LoderPemdent of the chofce os Subd Westons and Potermedtfate pofets @ - ory Flvest Evaluation method ° Tn det?ne pacrialncdite onsen ae et Notte Tnteesatio tetera en) BR SurbstPrutton of QOmPig > This methe? Ss the avatog Of the evaluation os destatte Rot+egrals formula & ’ [sca = Fcey- F(o> a IP CPReeS4S De the wesa known a PEt Ss bempler thom the wext merbod but Ce 2g wultep§e foe analyte Functfons Onin: > To Sormufote Re we need the FOMoac*na_ concere OF Kaen Sereven intreweste « Scanned with CamScannerPA demate D Bs colJO Simpy connected L Eves Simple closed cusve Enclioses Only Poets Die > Fou fostance a cfscuQar desk 2 > cher 2. connected Bbeve aN annulus tg not Slmply connected - > eee Sent e Theowers 4- Indestntte Inteqratton of Doo Qytte Let $C) be analytic Bo @ SempPQy Connected domata D+ Then these exists an Endesfotte Sotegral os sce) Ho the domaty Dp that 245,an anaiotie function FO Such that FCS =FC}D BD, and sow 9g Paths Boa D foPotre two potsts #9 A=, Bn D we hove en fs CDdz = €C#D- C20) (Pica = #c2)] 2 7e@ > SEmple connectedess Xe rutte eosenthO 25 Theovers 4° > Soce anmatytPe Sunctions ase Cur mote concen ,and ° °. eee a Stnce AL¢sesentfation tormulas LIQ OFten besp 29 Finding FC) Sora given 46D = ECD the present Method % OF Qveet PractPcal Rntevest - DIS FP WH entPve we com cope Sor D the comprex PRane + Scanned with CamScanner= Gtk 3 ne Sen =| = Sen cnD- -Ag Son One®) = SEqCAD +520 (AZ) (SEN = -s2n or} -3ne ee 8 ze ern a+r, a -e | =O s2ce e 2s per®odic with pesfod 2x2 = RCD - Ince in. = 2 we Rnow thet e@& = COS 7% +2 S8n Ty, Tr = o+R=2 (ee Qo (e}] =4] Hewe PD fs the complex Pane cot+hout © and the megarive veo axis (Wheve MCD fs wot anatytto: Obvlousdy ,D f5 a Ldemp%\y COmmected domata- Scanned with CamScannerS&S Topic 7 - Lene Integra® 2 the comphlex pane -2 Secand Fvatuatton Method 2use of a Representation OF & Porth. Theases 2 let < be a Precectise sbmootth Path, Wepvesented by ZB =2c+), whese a s+ Eb Let $c be © Canst%nucs sunctton of C+ Then b fs -dz [sec aes - c ao PsooS the Rest pide ee (AD fF Ofren bo @ Bn terms CS BeoM Lene Roteqrads as beLour 2 De S,, = [saz =fe dec -fy dyt a dy fy 23] 300 c c is < >=@® we show that the wight sdfae eS (AS) o2s0 We have # = x+2y hence 22 X425. We Wimp, Oxite U tor U (ce, ec4)) and Vv toe v (Cece wo cd) We olso hove de =x-dt and dy=S-ate COmseeruen+0ry Sy (10) o b fe O20 3 “fo DCH Sat i ~ b = J +P (Seat +2 oo ett) =o Efe ivy (dx +2dod o Scanned with CamScanner» @B ° fee) den s+ “fe ae serrefwasry =<) a é é eo LHS = RHS Example choc that be Soteovatins ty counter ClocRastse avound the anit efycle oF vadfusd x centers O, Be obtata f 32 = 278 ie Solurfior We mary represent the unt chscle c a Se ECE) = Comte tEsf&t =e for O£t £27 a eee ZO - te ot S$@a)=- 2 = ze b F . a 5 ce fon td x $c -dzaft -datze Zz Le Nat sone anh Scanned with CamScannerez) ° ° Ze) where © 25 am Snteges and Exampte Let £c2>= Zo £5 a constant “Integrate counter clock aatse avound the cise C of wadtus P ith Cente™ at = oo — o 2 ~ solution We may sepwesent c #9 the force ECE) = Eyt P Cost + T5Lnt) Bt F 2° =%o7 P-e Om Let hc _ Then (4-40) = Pe 5D x 2 6 oO O Sort, oe $ 20) az [ee Ree -dt é fv " ro > e a 2K o matt Lom+Dt > $ @-#) az =/Re vs tHe < ° LR an ore a cos cmtDe dat +2 [sto corer 26 @-255-a2 = ze [ Cc oO 7 ora oo. > xe m=-4, EC = 145605 O15 SPHO=O on an m-m o A 2 §@-% az= rcp faattsfo 4] é 3 S ZAR W Scanned with CamScanner® For Snteger m #1 ,each & the tuo Enteqwats 25 Zervo beceause oe Sntegrote over an Fntesved of Length 2x ,equcd to a perfod of Sine ed cose - x >Heoce - @-#a -dz =(2n2- mera ? f o 3” #—-A and Wotege™ Dependence on path. NOW comes a Vesy Pmportant Fact IF we Snteasote a Biveo Functtor $62) From o Pont Zo to o potet 4, along ALesevent Paths, the Bntegra%s Bo geveroR cOtM hove different Values - > To Other words ,o complex Line Roteqyred depends Hot Only oo the end Potsts onthe Patt but 2 Qenerver A250 On the Pecth itsels - Example Tnteqvate $C) Re # =e FOM CS aa Dolo c* ba FLguve Doarorg © consisting. OF GAG geek Soputfon ze Be + e d c* com be wsepyesented be Ze = EFE « HEDE * ECS 2+e2R Om? sec) = axc=t on © fo [Sse fe dz > de .at2t dt c > dz= @r2e\de Scanned with CamScanner@ S UNIVERSITY ‘ PE! 4 ved under aka Act. No. 16 of 2013 rs : ‘ Ka At. No. 16 02013) PES (Establist Road ( tkm.beforé Electronic city), BANG, ALORE EC CAMPUS, Host Department of ECE IIL SEM ~ A Sec 2 a f ¥cated-at fe +22t) dt co HO) = 1 sHcectyy= x ce =t (Ost £1) Co SEO = 1484 520-2 5s ce) = 4 fost £2] e 2-2 SdeaRdt ae OO [eee =[rez aa +feez dé c Cc ¢, A z a 2 a Geach + fase oO oO Note that yesults vom (©) KX (b) ave dissevent- Scanned with CamScannere& Bounds sor Tnteqvals, mL-Inesualtes % Theve wt22 be a Srequent need fox estimoting, the ASM LtE Value OF complex Dine FteaqwoNs - D> The baste Sorel 24 | fee se] cme CHL Brerraeites) °® PL B5 che Length eg C KH M a ConStest Such thet \SCE>1 £m evewy bese On C- Topscs 8 AD - Cauchy's Integre® Theoserr > TS £62 2 awalytfc Bo a domats BD Gnd D £5 w2&mply Connected ,then che Lntegw® wt not depend on the chotce oF Apath between ofven Potts: DS Thts vesults from Cauchy's Loteeyse2 theorem: Sin Simpy coomected Pevtor vp Connected Resfon C Oe Simpoy Ske plo commecte> Totem connected Connected connected DSA Simply cOnmected domats BD ko the comphex plane £5 such Khot evewy imple closed Poth fn D encloses Only Ponts oF D- Scanned with CamScanner