F Precast peel és Hera ; Se Rea Vt s:1a0\ i ae yc ae eT! mony at | | ea , ey \ me 7 F @614.2 BSS Orsuisss samevaHia mpocnm Ha Mocksa, K-51, Heramunas ya, 29) B55 BAATb TO atpecy: | W3aTeibeTBo «. Buuneseuknit 1. C. Texnodorus pysnoit KoBKu. YueOuux a8 cpeanux npod.-rexn. yauaum. sq. 3-e, non. M., , 1976 0 Mpo6.leMy BbICOKOKaYecTBeHHOTO M3TOTOBACHHA KPyMHbIX NOKOBOK ¥3 CAMTKOB MaccoH yo 250 7, B o6uacTH uccnegoBaHHit u HaydHbIX o6ocHoBaHH MeTOMOB npoHSBOACTBa H KOBKH cTasel orpomHoe 3Ha- ueHHe HMA TPybl PyccKHX YYCHEIX, HHKCHePOB-NPOHSBOLCTBEHHHKOB TI. Tl. Anocopa (1799—1851) » J. K. Uepnosa (1839—1921). TI. I]. Axocos, paspa6aTHBad MeTOMHKy H3TOTOBNeHNA KayecTBeH- Ho GyaaTHo cTaau, packpLiBad CeKpeTbI ApeBHUX Ky3HeyoB BocToKa, cosa CHeWMaIbHyIO CTaJb MA CeJIbCKOXOSHHCTBeHHbIX Koc. BHez- PHB B MpoHsBONCTBO STY Crab Ha 31aTOyCTOBCKOM 3aBO/e, OH BlepBbIe B mupe (1841) NpwMeHHA MHKpocKON lA MCCenOBaHua cTpoeHuA CTa1H MW YCTaHOBH. 3aBHCHMOCTb MexKLy CTpykTypol ctaaH 4 ee cBoit- crBamu. PaGorter II. I. Axocopa nocayxKusAH HayaOM MpoHsBoO_cTBa KauecTBeHHbIX H BEICOKOJerHpoBaHHHIx CTasel Cc 3apaHee 3aaHHbIMu cBolcTBaMH. J. K. Uepxos, umkenep kysneyHoro uexa O6yxosckoro 3azona, 3a- HHMaACb Ha/laKHBAHHEM MPOH3BOACTBA NYWIedHBIX CTBONOB, B 1868 Tr. OTKPbM, YTO B CTaAX BO BpeMA HarpeBa ¥ OXNa%KLeHHA pH CTporo on- PeAeMeHHBIX Tak HaSbIBACMBIX KPHTHYCCKHX TeMilepaTypax NPOHCXOAAT CTPYKTYPHbIe NpeBpalllenua, KOTOPEe 3aBHCAT OT HX XHMHYCCKOTO CO-- craBa. Yka3aB Ha 3Ha¥eHHe KPHTHYECKHX TeMMepaTyPHBIX TOYeK, OH PackpbI1 BAMAHHe HX Ha Ka¥eCTBO OTJAHBaeMBIX H OOpabaTHBaeMBlX KOBKOM CTaseh H BHEAPH/ B 3aBOLCKOH MpakTHKe MUKpOCKOMMYeCKHE HCCAeAOBAHHA CTPYKTYPEI MOKOBOK. Orxpsitua IT. I. Anocosa u JI. K. Uepnosa nonoKHan Ha4aao pa3- BHTHIO HayKuH O MeTasgx H CN1aBax. Hecmorps Ha To, yTo pycckve yueHbie H HH%KeHepE Ob1aM NHOHepaMu OTKpbiTuk MHpOBOTO 3Ha¥eHHA B OO1aCTH Ky3HeYHOTO MpoOU3BOsCTBA, Hopesosounonnan Poccua 3Ha4HTeabHO OTCTaBaJla B TexHuke Ky3Heq- HO-Tpecconoro NpPOHsBOACTBA OT ApyTHX cTpaH. Tlocne Beankok Oxra6pbcKok comManucTHueckok peBosOWHH, HadH- Has C NepHoga BOCCTaHOBAeHHA H PeKOHCTpyKUHH MpOMBIMIeHHBIX upequpHaTui, H OcO6eHHO B CBa3H C HHAYCTpHalNsalNell cTpaHbi B To- Abi HOBOCHHBIX NATHMETOK, Ky3HeUHBIe WeXH CTapbIX MALIMHOCTPOHTeb- HBIX 3BO/0B ObIH PCKOHCTPyHpPOBaHbI H YKOMMeKTOBAaHBI HOBLIM 060- pytopanuem. Tora xe 6biM NOCTpOeHb! HOBBIC 3aBOAbI, TAakHe, Kak Ypaimaw, HosokpamaTopckHit W Ap., C MOWLHBIMH WeXaMH KOBKH, OC- HaMleHHBIMH COBPeMeCHHBIM JA TOTO BpeMeHH Ky3He4HO-mpeccoBHIM o6opyfoBaHuem. B coppemenupix Ky3He4HO-mpeccoBLIX Wexax IMpOKO MpHMeHAIOTCA MalUMHBI H MeXaHH3MBI, KOTOpble OOMeryaloT HAM HCKMOYAIOT TAKeABIE pydHow Tpyq Ha Takux pa6orax, Kak 3arpy3ka H BbITpy3ka MeTadaa W3 HarpeBaTeAbHO Meu, NOLaya 3aroTOBKH Ha 6oeK KOBOYHBIX Ma- IWHH, MaHIYAAUHH MPH KOBKe M02 MOMOTOM H MIpeccoM, ynpaBjenHe TAXKEAbIM MOJIOTOM H T. 11. B . TIpou3- BoACTBO MemKHXx (Maccoi no 100 Kr) m cpeaHux (Maccoi no 2000 xr) MOKOBOK BejeTCH Ha KOBOWHBIX MONOTAX Cc MaccoH Manaloulux wacreli Xo 3—5 tr. Kpynusie, maccoit 6onee 2000 kr, nokoBKH H3roTOBAMIOT Ha KOBOUHLIX THApaBM4eCKHX HU Naporv~paBaMyecKHx Mpeccax ycwueM Zo 10000 T (98,1 Mx) u Benue. Koska OpiBaet pyinas H MalMHHad M MpuMeHseTcs B MemKocepuil- HOM H WHJMBHAYaIbHOM mpousporcTBe. Macca noKoBoK, mpou3sBoqu- MBIX PYHOH H MALIMHHOM KOBKOH, KOMeOneTCA OT NOAel KUOrpaMMa HO HECKOADKHX AeCATKOB M coTeH TOHH (230—300 1). MoKosxKu cpen- HHX H MAJIBIX Pa3MePOB H3TOTOBAAIOT H3 OMOMCOB H CAn60B 4 COpTo- Boro NpOKaTa, KPyMHbIe MOKOBKH — H3 KY3H4YHEIX CAHTKOB. O6vemnaa wramnogska coctont, Kak NpaBUso, B ropayeM peopMu- popanuu Meranaa J nocpezcTBom cneyHaaMsuposanHoro witcTpymeH- Ta — mramnos 2 (puc. 1, 0). [ramnpt uMeiot cneuanbube nonocTu — Py%bH, To ope coorsercrByromme dopme 6yymeh noKoBKH. B npo- wecce ReopMHpOBaHuA MeTad 3arOTOBKU 3anOsHAeT yKa3aHHble T0- NOCTH H IpuHuMaer dhopmy pyyba. O6bemuyio mTaMnoBKy npHMeHAIOT B CepHiiHOM, KpyMHOCepHiHOM H MaCCOBOM MIPOHSBO/ICTBaX MOTOMY, YTO 3aTpaTHl, CBAZAHHEIe C HSFOTOB/eHHeM IWTAMNOB, OKyNaloTcA MWb pH BbIlyCKe GonbiOTO KOAMYeCTBA MOKOBOK. Touxocts pasMepos, KayecTBO nOBepXHOCTH NOKOBOK MIpH UTaMnoBKe 3HAYHTebHO BbILIe, YeM MPH KOBKe, TaK YTO HepeAKO Nocae mrraMnoB- Ku He TpeOyeTca Mexanuueckad O6pa6oTKa noKoBKH. IpousBo_uTenb- HOCTb ropsve WTAaMMOBKH BO MHOTO pa3 BIe PpywHO u MalIMAHOn KOBKH, a KBaupukauna pabouero Ky3Hea-MTAaMNOBLNKa 3HadHTeAb- HO HWKe KBaIHPuKANHH Ky3Hella PyWHOM H MalMHHOHM KOBKH. Topauaa o6bemnan mtamnosKa ocymectBAneTca B cielMambHEIX mTaMMax, yCTaHaBJHBaeMbIX H 3aKpel#eMBIX K paOouuM opranaM IITAMMOBOUHBIX MOJOTOB, MpeCcCOB H APyFHx KOBOYHO-IITAMNOBOUHBIX Mallu. Jlucroeaa wramnoeka xapaktepusyetca TeM, ¥TO MJIOCKaa AHCTO- Bas HM TpyOHas saroTosKa / paspesaetca WH No”Bepraetca PopMo- M3MeHCHHIO Yale B XOOLHOM COCTOAHHH C MOMOMIbIO chelHasbHBIX utamnos 2 (puc. 1, e). eraau, nomyyenbie sucToBoH mTaMnoBKon, OTAMYAIOTCA BLICOKOM TOUHOCTHIO, XOPOLIHM Ka¥eCcTBOM NOBepxHOcTH 4, KaK paso, noctynaiot Ha cOopKy 6e3 AONOAHUTeNbHOH MexaHH- yeckoH o6pa6oTku. PaccmarpuBaembiii Bun O6pa6oTKH jaBseHHem — 9TO BLICOKOMPOMSBOHTCIbHbI H ABTOMATH3HPOBAaHHBI MeTON Nosyye- HMI eTanel B MaCCOBOM MpoHsBoscTRe yeTael aBTOMOOHAel, TpaK- TOPOB, CaMO.eTOB, NpHOopos HT. 1. § 3. Cympocth # o6aacTb npHMeHeHHa KOBKH B 3aBucHMocTH oT pasMepoB H MACCHI NOKOBOK H cpescrB, KOTO- PHIMH OCyIlecTBARIOT opmoobpasoBaHue, KOBKa pasqeAneTca Ha py4- Hy! H MallMHHyt0. Pyunan. KOBKA BEINOIHAeTCA HenocpeACTBeHHO ynapaMu Ky3Hela H €TO MOMOLIHHKOB MonOTOGoMKeR BpyyHy, 6e3 vcHOsb30BaHHA Ky3- HeYHBIX MAIIMH AIA LeopMapoBanua Metadata. Meraan HarpeToii 3a- TOTOBKH, YOKCHHOH Ha HAKOBaMbHIO, NepeMemaetca (Teer) nomyAa- paMu py4HuKa H KyBasi, HeNOCpeACTBeHHO HAM C MOMOMIbIO NOAKMaA- Horo HHcTpyMeHta. Pywnaq KoBKa MpHMeHseTcA mMpu M3roTOBAeHHH Me€KHX MOKOBOK (Maccol 70 8 Kr) B HHAMBHLyabHOM NpousBo_cTBe 4 IpH peMOHTHBIx pa6orax. Ona Tpe6yer BLICOKOM KBaNMpUKALHH Ky3- Hella HW OTAMYaeTCA HUSKO NPOHSBOLMTEMbHOCTHIO. pu mawunnoi koexe narpersi Metana mlacrasecku jecopmu- PyeTca nog BosteicTsHeM ylapa nakaloulMXx YacTel KOBOYHOTO MomOTA ua JaBleHa mpecca. IIpu sToM HarpeTylo saroToBKy yksambiBaioT Ha HWKHHH HeENOZBHxKHBbI Ooek, KaK Ha HAKOBaJbHIO, 4 BepxHult nos- BWKHBIM Ooek Mp nayenHH yapseT (Ha MOnOTe) HAM HaxKkuMaeT (Ha mpecce) Ha 3aroToBKy, qe@opmupyer MeTasa, sacraBaia ero nepeme- maTbca B Tpe6yemom Hanpassenun. TponsBoguTerbHOcTs Np MalHn- Holt KOBKe Bbillle, ¥em IPH py4Hol. Texnosoruueckuit npouecc pytHO H MaLIHHHOH KOBKH B 3aBHCHMO- CTH OT (POPMbI NOKOBKH MOXKET COCTOATS H3 OMHOM HIM HECKOJbKHX OT1e- paul, OcymecTBAsembIX B ONpexeneHHOH nocsexoBatenbHoctu. K oc- HOBHBIM Ky3HC¥HBIM ONepalvaM MpH KOBKe OTHOCATCH: mpoTAxKKa, ocaaka, rHOka, npoOwska HM MpoMMBKa OTBepcTHH, cKpy4uHBanue 1 paspy6xka, a TakxKe Ky3HedHaa CBapKa H NpaBKa. TIpH BbINOAHeHHH NepeyHcaeHHbIx Onepaunli 3a uCKMOUeHHeM pa3- pyOKH M CBapKH MponcxoMT MacTHYecKoe TeyeHHe MeTasa B Tpe- Gyemom Hanpapaenuu, Oaaronapa yemy oGecnewnBaetca noayuenve NOKOBOK Heo6xoquMoh opmbl. [Ipu paspy6ke u ee pasHOBU_HOCTAX Tpe6yemaa opMa nowy4aeTca MPH NOMHOM WH YaCTHUHOM pagpeae- Huu 3aroToBKH. IIpu cBapke WBe HAM HecKOAbKO 3arOTOBOK, HarpeTbie HO CBapo4dHol Temneparypbr, NO” BOsselHCTBHeM y1apoB HH LaBleHua COeAMHAIOTCA BMecTe, O6pa3ya OHO HepasbeMHoe Lesoe. Kpome o6ecnevenua 3a1aHHbix opM H pasMepos, KOBKa cmoco6cT- ByeT ylydeHnHio CTpyKTyPbI MeTaqa, KaK csleCTBHe 9TOFO, MOBBIUIe- HHIO CO MeXAHH4YeECKHX CBONCTB. Tlehopmauna Metaaaa npH KOBKe JO KHAa OCyIecTBAATECA MpH on- PeACCHHEIX TEMIepaTYPHBIX H eOpMaNHOHHEIX PeKHMAX C TEM, YTO- Ob o6ecnewiTb NOyYeHHe He TOAbKO 3aaHHOl KOHurypauMH, HO Hu HayJy4ulHe MeXaHH4eCKHe, Pu3HKO-XHMHYeCKHe H SKCIJyaTallMoHHbIe csoiictsa Metanaa. Hanpumep, aaa yayumenua 9kcnayaTanHounprx ceolicts paGouelt nonocTu miTaMMoB, pa6ouux KPOMOK pexKyllMx HH- CTPYMeHTOB M Apyrux H3qeNuh H3 HHCTpyMeHTaAbHEIX cTasel NOKOBKH Au HUX KylOT C BYM# HW Gosee OCaLKaMH, IPH 9TOM KarKMaa H3 OCa- NOK Yepenyerca c NpoTaxKol, xora Tpebyemaa copMa H pasMepLI m0- KOBKH NOJlyyaioTca yxe TOCe NepBOH OCaTKH H NOcHeLyIoUlell 3a Helo MpOT#KKH H npaBKH.B o6mem Koanuectse Bcex HsroTasaMBaembIx B CCCP noKoBoK Ha ROMO KOBaHBIX MO HOMeHKMaType Mpuxosutca oKoa0 40%. Oxono 15% Beet BbinaaBasemok craaH Tlepepa6aTbiBaetca KOBKOH. HauGoupmee KonuyectBo KOBaHHX NOKOBOK (x0 70%) usrotosas- IOTCA B OTPaCAAX TAKENOFO H-9HepreTMyecKOrO MaliHHOcTpoeRUA. Kos- Ka ABNAeTCA MOKA eEMHHCTBEHHBIM cnOco6OM H3rOTOBAeHHA OKOBOK ua yeTanei Tana BasOB NapoBbIx H rHApaBaMyecKHx TYpOUH, rHyLpo- TeHepaTopoB, TYPOHHHBIX JMCKOB, KOACHYATHIX BasloB, LeTasei wa- TaIOWHX SKCKABaTOPOB, UHAMHAPOB HM KOAOHH rHipaBauyeckHx mpec- COB, BaKOB [i MPOKATHBIX CTaHOB HW HM TOnOGHLIX. K KayecrBy me- PC4HCHEHHEIX MOKOBOK NpeAbABIMIOTCA OCOHO BbICOKHe TpeGoBaHHa, Tak Kak H3TOTaBAHBaeMble H3 HHX MeTadH paboraioT pH BLICOKHX Ha- TIP@WKCHHAX, CKOPOCTAX, JaBMCHHAX, TEMMepaTypaX H B Pas/HUHEIx cpe- Hax. OTH TeTaMM LOMKHI OBITh HALE KLIMA, NPOYHLIMH H JOATOBeN- HBIMH. pouecctt Koskw HempepLiBHO coBepulencTByioTca B HanpanacHHH npu6mxKeHua Hx K npoweccam ropauel OObeMHOM mTaMnoBKH. B me- PeOBbIX Ky3He4HO-MpeccoBbIx Wexax ¢ STO Ue/bIO WIMPOKO NpHMeHs- loT Cheuvadbubie (acoHHbIe HACTpyMeHTH: OOMKH H NOLKAaLHBle MITaM- bl pasHaHo Konpurypannn. Baaronapa paspuruio M IpOMBbILIeHHOMy ocBOeHMIo mpoweccos SueKTPOUINaKOBO cBapKH MeTamgoB, pa3spa6oraHHEIX HHCTHTYTOM saekTpocsapku um. O. E. [larona, Bo MHOrHX Caydaax OTMAaLaer Heob- XOAUMOCTD B H3TOTOBACHHH O4CHb KPYNHBIX MOKOBOK, TAK KaK HX MOmy- walOT CBapKOli H3 HECKOJbKHX OTHOCHTE/bHO Me@KHX 4YacTell, OTKOBaH- HbIX B Wexax Ha CyllecTBylomlem B HacTOsilee BpeMaA yHHBepcambHOM o6opyionauun. CoppemeHibie ycraHOBKH Aas 3aeKTPOUIMaKOBO! cBap- Ki NO03BOASI0T CBAPHBATh CHUTKH HW YACTH MOKOBOK HaMeTPOM ‘ZO ABYX ¢ NomosHHok Merpos, CoueraHwe KoBKH H SieKTpoMMakoBOh cBapKH MO3BOAAeT 3HAYHTEAbHO COKPATHTS UMK H3FOTOBCHHA MOKOBOK, pac- XO, MeTada H CHHSHTb Ce6ecTOMMOCTb KOBaHO-CBapHbIX MOKOBOK. § 4. Mpoussogcrsenubie npouecch! KysHeyHOrO Wexa Tipousnogctsennuit mpouecc w3roToBseHHA MOKOBOK COCTOHT H3 pa- Aa MOCAeLOBATEbHO BHINOMHACMEIX PaGOT: TeXHOMOFHYCCKHX, KOHT- POAbHEIX, TpaHcnOptHIx. OcHOBHBIMH H3 TeXHOMOrHYeCKHX pa6oT s#B- AMOTCH CHELYIONLHE: MOLTOTOBKAa CAHUTKOB WAM 3arOTOBOK Nog, KOBKy, Harpes 3aFOTOBOK HIM CAHTKOB Mepex KOBKOM, Cama KOBKa, OxsaxKjle- Hue HH TepMHYecKad O6pa6oTkKa FOTOBBIX MOKOBOK, OWHCTKa MOKOBOK OT OKa/HHbI H KOHTPOJb KayeCTBa MOKOBOK. B saBHcHMocTH OT OTpacaH H THNA MPOW3BONCTBa, MaCCbI NOKOROK, HaJM4HA OCHOBHOTO TexHOJOrHyecKoro H BCMOMOraTenbHOrO O6opyz0- BaHHA, KaxK ad H3 MepeyHceHHLIX paOoT OcyilecTBAAeTCA Ha cnetna- AM3HPOBAHHBIX MpOMSBOACTBeHHDIX yyacTKax Ky3HeyHoro uexa. IIpu MlaHHpoBke y¥acTKOB H paccTaHoBKe OOopysoBaHus, Kak MpaBuio, MpelycMaTpHBaioT MpAMOTOUHOe NepemenjeHHe OOpaGaTbipaemoro Me- Tasa 6e3 BCTPeyHBIX HanpaBsenuit NoTOKa. B kysHeqnpix Wexax, O6opy2oBannbiX MOMOTAMH 4WI8 H3roTOBeHUA 10 MCIKHX H CP€MHHX MOKOBOK, HCHOAb3YIOT B OCHOBHOM copToBoit mpo- KaT HW peaxke CUTKH HeOonbINOH MaccH. Co cknana Meranna mpokat noctynaeT B 3arOTOBHTebHOe OTAeIeHHe, B KOTOPOM B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pa3mepa ceyeHHa MatTepHasla NpOHsBOZNTCA Paspy6xa, JIOMKa HH oTpe3ka o6xKaToro HH pyTKOBOrO KaTaHoro MatTepHana Ha MepHBe 3aTOTOBKH. Tipu HCIOMb3OBaAHHH B Ka4eCTBe 3aroToBOK CJIMTKOB, M0- caeqHMe noBepraioT pemouty — yasenuio MOBepxHOcTHEIX jeeKTOB 411M NOAHOH OOAMpKe NoBepxHOCTH. MepHbie 3aroTOBKH u nomroTOBeH- Hble CHTKH HallpaB.lsioT 43 3afOTOBHTeAbHOrO OTMeieHHA K HarpeBa- TCJIbHBIM 1eyaM. Tipu HaAWUHH Ha 3aBORe cTamenaBHAbHOrO uexa KpynHbie CMMT- KH B TopayemM COCTOAHHH TlepesawrT B CielWaJIbHblx BaroHax-TepMocax HenocpeAcTBeHHO Ha NeqHolt yuacTOK Ky3He4HO-MpeccoBoro Wexa AAA mloyorpeBa 40 KOBO“HOH TeMMepatypbl, OTKya OHH TMOCTYNAT K KOBOU- HbIM MOJOTAM WH mpeccam. Ouenb KPyNHble CAHTKH NOLawT B Topa- 4eM COCTOAHHM Ha OTKPBITHIX KEJE3HOMOPOKHbIX malaTpopmax — wa- qpetax. Ecrecrsenuo, 4TO B 3TOM caydae oTnalaer HeoOxOqUMOCTh op- TaHH30BaTb B exe 3afOTOBHTeAbHOe oTjeienke. Harpesateapupie mleuH B KY3He4HBIX 1 KY3HC4HO-MpeccoBblx Wexax pacnoso*exnbi O6BITHO PAOM C MOJIOTAMH HAH mpeccaMuv B OMHY JH- HHW. B saBHcuMocTH OT MapkH CTaJIH, MaCcbI H (POpMbI MOKOBOK nocaesx- HHe OXaKMaloT Ha Oy Wexa WM B Tape, B TepMOcTaTax, B HeoTanmH- Bae€MBIX WM OTAIIHBaeMbIxX Kooguax WIM Ke B TOpA¥eM COCTOAHHH M0- TaioT B TepMHYecKOe OTIeMeHHe AAA nepBauHol TensOBOH o6pa6orku. Tlocae Tepmoo6paboTkH NpoBoAAT O4KCTKY NOBEPXHOCTH MOKOBOK OT OKaJ1HHbI 4 KOHTPOJIb Ka4¥eCTBAa MOKOBOK. Tlogbemno-tpancnoptuoe oopynosanve oGecneyHBaeT CBA3b MexK- Ay yuacTKkaMu HM OT/e1eHHAMH uexa, OcyllecrB.iaa pa6orsr mo nmoy- BOSKe, MepeHocke, 3garpy3ke, mowbeMy H Nepesaye 3aroTOBOK H HOKO- BOK K cocejlHemy yuactky HIM arperaty, a TaKxKe yiAasleHHIO TOTOBOH MpOAYKUHH H OTXOMOB C MpOH3BOACTBEHHOrO yuactKa. Tlpoaykuua Ky3HeYHOrO Wexa cOBpeMeHHOroO MalJHHOCTPOHTebHOrO: 3aBOMa COCTOHT H3 pasHoo6pa3Hbix TIOKOBOK, oGecneuHBaioulHx Kak OC- HOBHOE, Tak H BCIOMOraTeJIbHOoe TPOH3BOLCTBO. Benomorarepunre pe- MOHTHO-M@XaHHYCCKHE CXH HSTOTOBJAIOT 43 TIOKOBOK, TOJYYCHHBIX B Ky3HC4YHOM Wexe, 3amacuble 4actu qa PeMOHTA BCeX THNOB CTaHKOB, TlO‘bCMHO-TpaHCnOpTHblX, CaHHTapHO-TeXHHYeCKHX H APyTHX BHIOB 3a- BOXCKOTO o6opyZ0BaHua. Benomorateababie MHCTPYMeHTAaJIbHbIe H Me- XaHOUITAaMMOBbIe Wexh MO y4aloT NOKOBKH JIA H3POTOBJeHHA H PeMOH- Ta HeOOXOAMMOM OCHACTKH: MpucHocobeHHH, WITaMmoR H cneuHasIbHO- TO HHCTpyMeHTa, KOTOPble TpeGyloTcA Aid cBOeBpeMeHHOM mOsroTOB- KH NpPOH3BOACTBa HM OCHAlIeHHA TexHONOrH4ecKHX onepanHit BO BCex MIPOH3BOACTBEHHBIX WeXax 3aBona.: THABA I OBUME CBEJEHWA O HATPEBE METAJJIOB § 5. O6nne caeyenua 0 ropenuu Ww Mepenaye tenna MeTanay Zlna HarpeBa 3aroToBOK NO, KOBKy H TepMHYecKyio OGpaGorKy 10- KOBOK IIPHMeCHSIOT B OCHOBHOM MlaMeHHble Ne4uH pasHbix KOHCTpyKUMi HW pasMepos, paOoTaloulve Ha TBepJOM, XKHAKOM MH ra3006pasHOM Ton- JuBe. Hesasucumo oT Bula, CAMO TOMAHBO COCTOHT H3 roplodHX H Hero- plounx anemenToB. TensorsopHaa cnoco6HocTs TonmuBa, o6o3Haya- emaa QP;, xapakTepu3yeTca TeM KOMHYeCTBOM Tella, KOTOpoe BbIjle- AseTca Npu CropaHH e{MHMUI O6beMa (Aq ra30B— M?) HH MaCccBI (qa TRepPALIX HW %HAKHX— Kr) TOonIuBa. Equnuyed usmepenua Kosu- YecTBa Tella, BbIeAAeMOro Ip CKHTaHHH TONMMBA, NpHHaTa Kaso- pun. Boabuiaa Kasopua 4H KHOrpaMM-Kaslopua (KKaa) —3TO KomHue- CTBO Tella, KOTOpOe Hallo 3aTpaTUTb, YTOObI HarpeTb | Kr yuCTO! BO- apt Ha 1°C. Maaaa xaaopua (Kaa) — 9To KonMYeCTBO Tenma, HeOOxonHMOe 1A HarpeBanua | r Bogpi Ha 1°C. - [laa conoctaBaeHua TenO0TBOpHOH cnocoGHOCTH pa3IM4HbIx BUOB HW COpTOR TONAHBa MpHHATAa yCAOBHad BeMMYHHa—TaK Ha3bIBAeMOe Yycaostoe Tonaueo (YT), TenaoTBOpHaA cnocobHOCTh KoTOporo ycTa- HoBsena B 7000 xkaa/xr. Tlepesom KonKpeTHoro TONMBa B ycOBHOe OcyulecTBuneTcA To opMyse , GG 7000 ’ rae G— KoawuectBo TONMBa B Kr, HH MS. : Cymuoctb mpowecca ropeHua 3aKalouaeTca B TOM, TO GEICTpoe OKHC/eHHe TONAHBa KHCAOPONOM BOSLyxa COMPOBOXRMAeTCA BbILeEMeHH- em 6ombmoro KonuyectBa Tena. na Toro yTO6bI ropeHue Hayaoch WM MpoOTeKaO CaMOCTOATeAbHO, HeOOxo_UMO NpesBAapHTeAbHO HarpeTb TONAHBO 0 TEMMepaTypbl BOCHaMeHeHUA H OGeCIIeYHTh HeNpepbIBHOe nOCTyMeHHe BOsZyxa K O4ary ropeHua. Temnepatypa BocnaaMeHeHHa 3aBHCHT OT Bua TONIMBA. Bxogamue B COcTaB TONAHBa ropioune silemeHTHI (yrepox, BOA0- POM, cepa) COeMHHAIOTCA C KHCMOPONOM BosyXxa U NepexosaT Np 9TOM B rasoo6pasuble NPoLyKTs! ropéHusa — newbie ra3bt. Own Ha MYTH CBO- €TO ABHKeHHA Mepesalot TeMso creHKaM paGounx KaMep, meyeli H Ha- TpepaeMoMy MeTasly, BCeACTBHe YeTO TeMMepaTypa MeyHLIx ra30B cCHWKaeTCA. Topenne yraepoga ToniuBa MoxKeT ObITb NOMHBIM H HenOaHLIM. IIpH nofaye fOcTaTOwHOrO KOAMYeCTBa BOsLyxa K OYary TopeHHA yraepod TONAHBA cropaeT NOmHOCTHIO, OOpasya yraekucapii ras. Tipu 910m OHH aTOM yrieposa coenHHAeTCA cC JByMA aTOMaMu KucJOpoma H 06- pasyer OHy MOmeKyay yraekHcsoro raza. IIpouecc ropenua TOMMBa MOXKHO 3allHCaTb B Bue Crenyloweh XHMHYeCKOA peakWHH: yYT= 12 C + O; = CO, i rol umes aa extiea-wokecynal yeas mize | | esenupons(~ auciers| Sree 7jaa noanoro cropanua 12 Kr yraepoga tpe6yerca 32 Kr KuCHO- ‘pola. B pesyapTate noanoro ropes O6pasyetca 44 xr yraexHcsoro »Ta3a, H Mp STOM Bbiernerca 97650 KKaa Tena, YTO MOXKHO 3anH-* CaTb Kak peaKWHlO NOMHOro cropaHusA KHNOrpaMM-MoneKyabI yramepola C +O, = CO, + 97650 Kkaa, 12kr 32 Kr 4 xr Caeqosatenbno, Kaxbih KusorpamMM yraepoya, cropas noaHOCTBIO, Boileaaer 97 650 : 12=8138 kxan Tenaa. Tip wenoctaTouHo nogaye Boskyxa yrulepog TonauBa cropaer HenoaHocTbo. B 9TOM Calyyae OAM ATOM yraepona COeAMHAeTCA C OL- HUM aTOMOM KHCNOpona, OOpasya OMHY MOMeKyAy OKHCH yraepona c BbigenenHem 29970 Kkaa Tena. PeakuHa Heno/Horo cropaHia KH- NOrpaMM-MOJeKyubI yrepoa MOxerT ObiITb 3anvcaHa TAK: C++0,=CO + 29970 xxas. wer 2 16 kr 28 xr Takum o6pazom, Kaxkybih KuaorpamMM yraepoga, cropaa noAHOCTHIO, BbiqeiseT TOKO 29970: 12=2498 xkaa Tena. Oxucb yrmepoga mp BLICOKOH TeMMepaType H AONOHHTEMDHON nOsaye BOsLyxXa MOXKET [0- TopeTb H mpeBparuteca B yraeKucaEIh raz (CO2). Bonopog (H) aBasaetca BTOpbIM AKTHBHBIM 9/1eMeHTOM, BXOAALLHM B cocTaB TonsMBa. IIpotecc ropeHua BoOposa nporekaeT no peakHu: He+ + %1=H,0 + 57810 KKas, Tipu cropannu | Kr Boxopoga Bbisennetca 28905 Kkan Temata. B npouspopctsennoit mpaktuke HemomHoe cropaHve Bcero TOMHBa O6bI4HO He AOnycKaetcs. Konwyecrso Bo3lyxa, NOABORMMOTO K OUary TOPCHHS, MO/M2KHO ObITh AOCTATOYHLIM [1d NOAHOTO CxKHTaHHA TONMMBA B paOoyeH 30He neyn. IlosTomy mpH pacuerax neve TeopeTHuecKkHit pacxog HeoOxosuMoro 144 TopeHHA KOAMYeCTBA BOSLyxa yBeMUHBAeT- ca Ha KosPhuyuent usz6elTKa ero B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Ba TONAMBa: 114 ;, TBepgoro TonAHBA 1,26—1,6; na xHAKOro TonauBa 1,1—1,2; a8 ra- ”, 3006pa3Horo Tonmupa 1,05—1,1. Us6nitox Bo3nyxa Tpe6yerca TeM MeHbIIe, ¥eM JyUIe H COBepileHHee MOxeT ObITE IPONSBeZeHO CMeLIH- BaHHe TOMHBa C BO3YXOM. Ocnosnaa fora TenoBo suepruH B neyax cosepxKUTCA B MpOLYK- Tax ropeHuA: yraekHcnom rase COs, BoaHoM nape H2O, okucu yrue- ponza CO u B rasax — asore Nz w Kucaopone O2. IIpu atom asor 3aHH- MaeT OKOsI0 75% atTmMocepbi neq. Tenao oT ra30B mepenaetca MeTaday H CTeHKaM new HatyyeHHeM 4 KOHBeKINeH. Hsayuenue —nepenaia Ten10Bok sHepruH mOcpexCTBOM 31eKTpO- MarHHTHbIX BOJH, BOSHHKAaIOULHX HeMpepbIBHO pH AGO Temnepatype Tena. 13Koxeexyua—nepenaia tenia Bw KYULMMMCA YaCTHWaMH HarpeTo- To ra3a WH KHLKOCTH. ‘ Or creHox me4H Teno nepemaeTca H31y4eHMem HarpeBaeMOMy Me- Taay. OcHoBHad Oa Tena nepemaetca MeTasny M3J1ydeHHeM KuJlay- KH TedH H MedHbIX Ta30B, 4 TOKO 5—10% — konBexyuei rasoz. Mpo- uecc ropenva TONMHBa B HarpeBaTeAbHO! MeuH peryaMpyioT To BUY uBety niamenn, IIpH60abui0oM u36bITKe BOSAyxa nama B egw CTaHOBHTCa OCTPbIM—B BHye akea H3 CBEPKAIOWIHX ASbIKOB oueHb ApKOro cpeyenva. Takoe nama Ja HarpeBa MeTasa He ro,HT- ca, MOTOMY 4TO ropeHHe no BceMy OObeMy NedH NpoTeKaeT HepaBHoMep- Ho. Ocrpoe nama cosqaerT MecTHEIM neperpeB MeTadula H MOxeT Onma- BHTb KPOMKH 3aroTOBOK. UTo6si 436eKaTb 9TOFO, 11aBHO yMeHbIaloT nowady BO3SAyxa NO Tex MOp, NOKa ake naMeHH, pacnLIBascb paB- HOMePHO, 3a0AHHT Bech OObeM paGoueh KaMepbl MeyH H CTaHeT He- MpOspayHbIM, CBETALLHMCA COAOMCHHbIM WBeTOM HAH NOnyMpospa4yHbiM, MOJ104HO-OeabIM. Takoe 1aMa B neq OOecneyHBaeT XOpOUIHA, paBHo- MepHEIit HarpeB 3aroTOBOK. TipH HenocTaTo¥HoOH momaye BO3AYXa Hactynaer He- nQsHoe cropanve TonlHBa c O6pas0Banvem OKHcH yrilepona H ApyrHx TpOmyKTOB HenomHoro cropaHua. IInama Temueet, craHoBMTCA Kpac- HBIM, TYCKJBIM, NOABAMIOTCA YepHbIe NpoxHAKH KonoTH. JlanpHeltmee COKpallleHve MoxayH BO3LyXa B TONKY BbI3bIBaeT NOABMeHHe KAy6OB uepHoro jbima, CaeqoBaTeabHo, aid BeeHHA HOpMasbHOrO pexkuma paOorbl HarpeBaTebHOH mew HeOOxomHMO: 1) peryaHpoBaTe nosa4y BOSLyXa B TONKy Tak, YTOObI OGecneyHTh MpaBHbHoe coOTHOMIeHHe KOJHYECTBA TONIHBA H BO3LYXa, a TaKKe HX NepeMeuiMBaHHe; 2) pe- Ty1MpOBaTb NepeKpLiTHem wH6epoB HeOOXOMHMOe NaBseHHe NeGHEIX ra- 30B H PaBHOMepHOe 3allOHeHHe MaMeHem BCero paGouero MpoctpaH- crBa meuH. ° Bosbuiok u36nToK Bo3ssyxa B pa6oueli KaMepe MeyH MPHBOAUT K yBelW4eHHIO noTepb MeTadia na yrap. Kucnopog us6niroworo Bo3- AYxa, we pacrpayeHHbii Ha OKHCeHHe TONAMBAa, BCTyNAaeT B. CoesHHe- Hue C %Kes1e30M o6pasyer Ha NOBePXHOCTH 3aFOTOBOK OKaJlHHy, Mped- cTaBMIAoMlyo CO6OH OkvCADI Keulesa. Tliams c H36bITOUHBIM BOSLYXOM Beerqa O6jaLaeT OKHCAAIONIHMH CBOMCTBAMH MH HasblBaeTCH OKUCAU- TeAbHOIM. Tlaama mpw Heno1HoM ropeHuM cogepxkHT H36BITOK HecropeBuieli OKHCH yrsiepoma H BOOpON. OkHcb yraeposa ¥ BOAOPOR mpu Temnepa- Typax nwxe 1000°C o6nanaiT cBOlCTBOM xKaZHO COeAMHATRCA C KHC- nopowom. OTHUMad OT OKHCeHHOM MOBepxXHOCTH 2%eNe3a KHCJOPOL, OHH MOryT axKe BOCCTAHABJIHBAaTh KeMe30 H3 OKAaJIMHbI. B neau c maa- MeHeM, COAepKallHM GoubuIoe KOHYeCTBO OKHCH yraepoja H BOOpOL, o6pas0BaHuA OKaTHHBI He MpoucxoguT. Takoe mama Ha3bIBaeTCA BOc- craxosuteaonoim, Ecau ropenve Tomauga mpoTeKaer nomHO, mpu HOp- MaJIbHOM MOgave BO3Lyxa, TO B MpOAyKTax ropeHHa He GyseT u3qum- KOB KUCJOPOga, a Hams, NOyYeHHOe TPH TaKOM PexKHMe, HasbIBaeTCA nelTpanbHolm. he - § 6. Bugpi ronauea, npumexsemble B Ky3He¥HOM mpousBo;cTBe Tonsuso, cKHraeMoe 6e3 ero NpemBapuTerbHok o6pa6orKH, nasbi- “Bal0T CCTECTBEHHEIM, a TOMMBO, MOJly4aeMoe H3 ecTecTBeHHOrO myTeM TeNJOBOH, MexanH4eCKOH HAM XHMH4ECKOM NepepasorKH nepem cHKHTa- HH€M, Ha3bIBalOT HCKYCCTBeHHBIM. B ky3sveaHpix HarpesatenbHHIx Me4ax WM ropHax MpuMenserca TBEp- Hoe, KHAKOe H ras006pasHoe TOMAWBO. OcHOBHHIM TpeGoBaHHem, TpCAbABAAEMBIM K TOMAHBy, ABAAeTCH yOOCTBO CKHTAHUA H OGecrIe- 4CHHE BbICOKOKAYECTBEHHOTO HarpeBa MPH OTHOCHTeAHO HH3KOH cebe- ‘CTOHMOCTH ero. Teepdoe ronaueo. EctectseHHbiM TBEpALIM TONAHBOM ABAAIOTCA Ka- MeHHbIe (aHTpayHTH, 6ypbie u ap.) yrau, Topd, mpoBa u up. 3 Hux NOdydaioT HCKYCCTBEHHBI€ BULLI TBEPLOFO TOMHBA: KOKC, ApeBecHbIit yroulb, OpHKeTHI, MbiesunHOe TonAMBO K Ap. B kysHuuax npAMeHnsIoT KaMCHHBle yrulH, KOKC H HHOTa ApeBecHblt yroub (Mp HarpeBe 3aro- TOBOK B ropHax). TenoTBopHas cnoco6HOcTb Jy4uMX COpTOB TBepsLO- TO TONMHBa Koe6erTca oT 6500 20 8000 KKaan/xr. 7Kudkoe Tonaueo. Ectectaenubim X%XHIKHM TONTMBOM sABaReTCA Herb. Copan Heth B KayecTBe TonAHBa He npuMeuserca. K ucKyccr- BEHHOMY KHAKOMY TOMNIHBY OTHOCATCA TONABHBIe Ma3yTEI, mpencraB- asiouHe co6olt ocraTkKH, NOAyYeHHBIe ocie nepepaborkH HeTH ¥ OT- Gopa or Hee Bcex WeHHEIX pakuvii: Gexsuna, JMrpouna, Kepocuna, ra- 301A, COMAPHEIX H CMa3O4HBIX MaTepwadoB, rypoHa pasHLIX MapoK H Ap. IIupoxoe npuMenenne TonaMBHOrO MasyTa B KY3HeYHOM MpoH3BOL- CTBe OOycAOBMeEHO YMOOCTBOM ero CAKMTAHHA H BLICOKOM TeNTOTBOp- HOCTbIO, Moxonsmei 10 9870 KKaa/kr. Tak Kak 2%KMKOe TONAHBO CKH- TaeTCd B PacibleHHOM COCTOAHHH, MA XAPAaKTepHCTHKH Ma3yTa AB- AMCTCH BECDMA BaXKHbIM MOKASATEMEM BASKOCTD, T. €. NOABHXKHOCTb ero (4am Temnepatypa 3acTbIBaHHa Ma3yTa), a Take TeMMepatypa BCHBILI- KH, pH KOTOPOH cMeCb NapoB TONMMBAa H BOSLyxa BOCHaMeHseTCA. Temnepatypa BCnBIKH BbIpaxaetca B rpamycax Lenbeus. Jaa Ba3- KHX MA3YTOB OHA HaxomuTca B npesenax 80—125°C. Baskocts. BasKocth Ma3yTa BAMAeT Ha OOecneyeHe HOpMasIbHO! 3arpy3KH M BITpy3KH TONAHBa Np TpaHcnopTHpoBKe H Ha KayecTBO cxkHraHMa ero. H3mepsetca BasKOCTb B rpanycax Survepa, KoTopHe XapaKkTepusyl0T CpaBHHTeAbHy!0 CKOPOCTh MCTeYeHHA HCHbITyeMOlt “ KHAKOCTH ONpeeeHHOrO O6beMa, CO CKOPOCTbIO HCTeYCHHA BOLL B TOM xe O6beMe 43 CHeuHabHOro MpH6opa. 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TasoobpasHoe TonsH- Bo 6bIBaeT MpHpomHIm H MCKyccTBeHHBIM. K ucKyCCTBeHHOMY raz3006pa3HOMYy TONAUBY OTHOCATCA reHepaTOpHble, KOKCO- Babble, OMCHHEIe U Apyrve rasbl, NoAyIaemMble B CemHaADHBIX ycra- HOBKax — ra3QreHepaTopax, HM Kak NOOOUHnL NpOAyKT MeTadypru- weCKOrO HAM XHMHYeCKOrO NpOwsBONCTBa. TenoTBopHan CHOCOGHOCT HCKYCCTBeHHEIX ra30B HH3Ka: reHepaTop- HOrO rasa v3 Topda — 1480 KKaa/m’; redepatopHoro rasa u3 aHTpa- uvta — 1200 xkan/m°; noMeHHoro rasa — 920 Kkaa/w°. [Ip oxuranun HH3KOKAJOPHHHIX Ta30B jist NONyyeHua Tpe6yemo Temmepatypbi B pa6ouem mpoctpaxcrse New, HeOOXOAMMO MOMOrpeBaTb LyTbeBOH BO3- - Myx or 100 0 800°C. Oco6enxo Buicokuk nogorpeB pyTbeBoro BOsZy- Xa Tpe6yetca npu cxKHraHHH MOMeHHOrO raza. Hpupodnoui 2a3 Beigeaserca Kak nonyTHblit mpH noObue HepTH Hu HemOCpefCTBeHHO H3 MOASCMHBIX CKBAXKHH OCOOHIX MeCTOPOKeCHHH B TONE OCANOUHEIX OPO ¥ Nepesaetca mo rasonpoBOam K MeCTY ero noTpe6ieHua. Ok ABAKeTCH BeCbMa jeLIeBbIM, BbICOKOKaOpHAHBIM 1 YAOOHEIM B 9KCHyaTaquH TONNBOM. BoawbWIMM mpewMyulecTBom mpu- POMHbIX ra30B ABAHETCA OTCYTCTBHE B HHX ALOBHTOH OKHCH yraepona. TensorBopHas cnoco6xoctb | mM? npHpogKoro raga cocraBaser oT 8100 no 10 200 kkaa u Bpime. OueBH AHO, YTO 2%KHAKOe TOMMBO H OCOGeHHO ras006pasHoe ABAAeT- Ca Han6omee ynOOHbIM BHOM Toplovero JA HarpeBaTeAbHbIX ycT- policrs — neue ky3HeuHo-npeccoBbIx WexoB. § 7. Bansanue Harpesa Ha cBolicTBa MeTanaa Harpes 3aroTosku mpx ropaueli o6pa6oTke MeTann0B AaBAeHKeM HeEOOXOAMM jf MOBBILEHHA MaCTHYHOCTH, a CsIeHOBATCMbHO, H KOB- KOCTH MaTepHava. a pynm? Taactuunocrs = Metaana 80 WIM CilaBa xXapakTepH3yercn 0 {_| BeaN4Hnol yMeHbuleHHa BLI- of 60 50 coTbl OO6pasya 0 NoAB.leHHA TpellHH Mp OcafzKe, BASKO- 40 CTbIO IPH yWapHbIxX Harpy3kax JO o H OTHOCHTCJIBHBIM Y/JIHHeHH- 20 eM O6pa3ila pH HcHbITaHHH 0 Ha paspbiB, Koexocroio Hasbi- 0 Cc BaeTCA CHOCOOHOCTS MeTada 15 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 000% =MnM cnaBa pH BEICOKOK MJlaCTHYHOCTH OKa3bIBaTb He- 3HAYHTeAbHOe COMpoTHBeHHe AeopmupoBannw. Puc. 2. Tpadux vameuenna mexannueckttx csoliers cram npn pasmiumsix Tennepa- TYypax ee HarpeBa TimactH4HocTs HW KOBKOCTb -B 3HadHTeAbHOM crefeHH 3aBHcAT OT + ;eMnepatypbl HarpeBa, or XHMHYECKOTO CocTaBa H CTpyKTypbI (crpoe- Hs) Metadata. 3aBHcHMocTb Mpeseda MPOLHOCTH Op (03 — ycnoBHoe Hanpaxenue, cooTBercrsyiomee HanOomlueH Harpyske mepen paspy- UeHvem o6pasia pw pacraxKeHHH) HM OTHOCHTe/bHOro yAWHHCHBA é cTailM or TeMMepatypbl HarpeBa MoKa3aHa Ha rpaduKe (puc. 2). 3Ha- ueHHA Mpesesa MpOYHOCTH HeKOTOPEIX cTasei MpH BLICOKHX TeMMepa- Typax mpHBemensi B Ta6a, 1. Ta6anna l TIpezen nposnocra ctaau os KI'/mm? np Harpene Temneparypa warpena, °C poe 150 | 700 800 | 900 | 1000 | 1100 32,0 107 6,3 3,2 = 7 30 48,0 |. 12,7 8.6 5,9 4,2 2,0 40 57,0 15,9 9,4 6,6 3.8 or y9 - 17.0 5 7,0 5,0 20 col we | BL) BY 85,0 16,5 * ” 5 . Ree _ 43,0 10,0- 9,0 5.5 3,0 Tpadux na pyc. 2 u qaHnbie TabMubI MOKASbIBaIOT, ITO BICOKOH KOBKOCTbIO cTaqH O61analoT TOAbKO NOcHe HarpeBa UX AO TemuepaTyp —900° C. Pate narpese SonbumMAcTBa, ake CAMBIX NPOUHBIX yIvlepOAHCTEIX M KOHCTPYKUMOHHBIX CTastel 20 Temmepatypbl 1000°C, maacruyHocTb UX CTaHOBHTCa MOUTH OMHAKOBOH. Cra, HarpeTble 10 9TAX Temmepa- TYP, CTAHOBATCH BEICOKONMACTHYHDIMH, OKASbIBaH HESHAYUTETHOS CO” npotupnenue neopmuposannio. B raape x nO_po6Ho ocBemlenbl pak TOPbI, BAMAIOWMe Ha MacTHuHOCTh crasel B CBASH CO CTPYKTYPHBIMH ipespaieH¥AMH B HHX MpH HarpeBe. § 8. Tonatue o pexume HarpeBa Pexum Harpesa MeTaj4oB mepex KOBKO mpeactaBaneT co6oit on- peweneHbi nopaxoK, xapakrepusyempiit panoM (axkTOpos, o6ecneqH- BalOllHX NOMyyeHHe KaYCCTBCHHOTO HarpeBa saroTOBKH H LoOpoKaye- CTBCHHEIX NOKOBOK. [aBHLIMH H3 9THX akTOPOB AB.MIOTCA: TeMMepa- Typa B HarpeBaTeIbHOK Medd BO BPeMA 3arpy3KM B Hee XOAOMHBIX 32- TOTOBOK, CKOPOCTS HarpeBa MeTaJa, KOHeMHad TeMMepatypa MeTaqa Tepem KOBKO! H BbILepKKa IPH 9TOH Temnepatype; OOmaa NpoLowKH- TeMbHOCTh HarpeBa 3arOTOBOK H HeKOTOpBIe Apyrue. Temnepatypa NleuH pH sarpy3ke XOTOAHLX 3a- TOTOBOK ycTaHaBsHUBaeTCA OOEIYHO B 3ABMCHMOCTH OT MaPKH CTaJlH, aa. a3MepoB CeyeHHA H NpOHsiad HarpeBaemoro MeTa 7 Jaa nofapasmouero SOoADMIHHCTBAa yrMepORMCTHIX KOHCTPyKUHOH- Q-312 : 17HLIx CTaslei pasmepom xo 100 MM 110 AHaMeTpy uaAW cTopoHE kKBagpata nonyckaeTca MOCadKa XONOMHBIX 3ATOTOBOK B Meu, c TeMMepatypolt B pa6ouei kamepe 1200°—1300° C. Oxuako BEICOKoyraepoxNCTIe H BBICOKOMerupoBaHnble crasM, o61a- Aaloune HH3KOH TeMAONPOBOAHOCTHIO H TEMAOEMKOCTHIO H3-3a BAKAHUSA NerupyloulHx 10OaBoxK, Tpe6yioT Tak Ha3bIBaemoro cTynenyaToro Ha- rpeBa, YTOOL H36eKaTb OOpasoBaHHa B 3aroTOBKe TPeUlHH B NepBOM Tepvoge Harpesa 20 650°C. Takue saroToBku 3arpyxaloT B edb, TeM- mepatypa pa6ouero npocrpaiicrsa KoTOpol ne Bptme 500°C, u BEI A€PKUBAWT IPH 9TOH TeMNepaTy pe B 3aBucuMOCTH OT Be- AM4HHbI HW POPMEI CeYCHHA 3arOTOBKH HeKOTOPoe Bpems, MOcme Yero Ha- UMHAIOT JalbHeHwuh noxbem TemMepatypui. CxopoctTb HarpeBa 3aroTOBOK mpencrapaaer co6ok Be- aWuHHy TOLbeMa TeMNepatypbl MeTasia HarpeBaeMoli 3aroToBKH B rpa- aycax Lenses 3a onny munyty waM 3a onun yac (°C/a). Cxopoctb HarpeBa 3aroToBKH 3a- BHCHT raBHbIm 06pa30m oT TensonpoBogHocrH cTaau, OT ceweHHa Ha- rpeBaemoh 3aroTOBKH, OT Tem0emKocTH MeTaJI- sla 3aFOTOBKH H OT TOrO, Kak 3aroTOBKH pacio.o- 2KeHL Ha Moxy mea. Tak, ecau 3aroToBKH IPAMOYTOAbHOTO —ceye- HHA y10%KeHbI NOTHO On- Ha K Apyrod, To Hx mo- BePXHOCTb, BOCIIPHHHMa- lola Teno, yMeHbila- eres, Tak Kak B 93TOM cilydae OHH HarpeBatoT- CH TOMbKO ¢ OMHOM cTO- POHbI, H CKOpoctb Harpe- Ba 3arOTOBOK coKpalla- etca. 3aBHCHMOCTb CKO- pocru Harpeza oT pac- MO/IOXKCHHA —3ATOTOBOK BneuH Koppekrapyerca MOMPaBOYHLIMH KOIPDH- WeHTaMH, 3HaveHHA KO- TOpbIX IIpHBeseHbI Ha puc. 3. @opma = 3aroToBoK TOKE BIMACT Ha CKO- poctb narpesa. ITpu pas- HEIX O6beMax xkpyraaa 3aroToBkKa HarpeBaerca Gsicrpee, 4em 3aroTOBKa Pacnonomenue sazomabor 8 = Pacnonomenue Se gazomobox 8s Koappuyu cum Puc, 3, 3aBHcHMoctb cKopocrH HarpeBa 3aroto- BOK OT pacnonoxkeHHs HX Ha Noy nedH 18 \ 3 AMOYTOJbHOTO WIM KBawpaTHOrO CeveHHsA, TaK KaK y MepBo 3aro- jOBKH MOBepXHOCTh, BOCHpHHUMAlOMaA TNO, Gompme. # Merana, umerouit menpulee 3Ha4enve TenoemKocTH, noTpebyeT MeHbulero KONMYECTBA Tenaa AAA TOTO, YTOGLI Harpeth ero jo Tpe- yemol temnepatypbi. Takum o6pa3om, ckopoctb HarpeBa 3aroToBKH ‘-MOKET 6bITb TEM BbIWe, vem OOM TeNONPOBOAHOCTS HarpeBaeMoro ‘MeTaJiia HM 4eM MeHbille ero TeloemKocTb. CKopocrb HarpeBa 3aro- TOBKH 3aBHCHT elle H OT pasHOcTH TeMMepaTyp MexKAY H3nyualONHMH Teno cTeHKamH paGouero npocTpaHcTBa mew HM MeTadoM, mnorao- mjatouluM sto Teno. Uem 6oubue mepenay Temnepatyp (Tak HagbIBa- embli, TemMepatypHbit Hanop medH), TeM Goubule CKOpocTb HarpeBa Metasia. KoneuHas Temmepatypa HarpeBa 3aroTOBKH nepex KOBKOM 3aBHCHT H OT XHMH¥YecKOrO cocraBa MeTaiaa. Ona ycTraHaBauBaerca OObIYHO NO peKOMeHYeMBIM Ta61MMaM B 34BHCHMOCTH OT MapKH cTaaH, a BEIepKKa pH KOHeYHOM TemnepatType HarpeBa oMpexenmeTca pas- MepaMH CeY4eHHA H Maccoll 3aroTOBKH. Takum o6pa30m, 43 BpeMeHH, HeoOxosMMOrO Ha Harpes 3aroTOBKH H BEIepxKeK MPH TeMMepatype MocagKH M MPH MOCTWKEHHH KOBOUHON TeMNepatypbl, CocraBaKAeTca OOWlad MPOLOMKUTeADHOCTD Harpesa B 4a- cax. PasMep Harpesaemoi 3aroToBKu Bauder Ha O6mLyIO = MpomosKH- TebHOCTh Harpesa. /Iia pacnpoctpaHenuA Tena OT MOBepxHOCTH K WeHTPy 3arOTOBKH C GOubIHMH pasMepaMu CeyeHHA (MPH MpOUHxX paB- HbIX YCIOBHAX) MOTpe6yeTca Goble BPeMeHH Ha BbIPABHHBaHHe TeM- nlepaTypbi 10 BCeMy CeYeHHI0, YeM B 3arOTOBKaX C MeHbIIMMH pasmepa- MH ceyeHHa. Ta6aunad Mponowkuremuocts Harpera (mHH) xoaonueix saroToBOK M3 yraAepOAMCTEIX KOHCTPYKTHBHEIX cTaaeli Ao Temnepatypst 1200° C NpH Temneparype newH 1300°C (no zanubim WHA ATMaw). Tpodias sarorosKn woyraaih 1 Keaaparnih Huamerp d ‘na cropona @ xnaapara, Pacnonoxkexue saroTosoK woe ac- | eros a pac | Crom : mm . ‘ fragt | creda | Ta Jonge: pauses’) crogm | oa | maser 2 2 2,0 2,0 3.0 40} 2,5 3,5 4,5 8,0 3,0] 3,5 5.0 | 7.9] 4,5} 6,0 8,9 | 13,0 5.0] 5,5 7,0 | 10,0} 6,0] 85 11,0 | 19,0 65 | 80 10,0 | 13,0} 8,0] 11,0 14,0 | 25,0 8,0] 10.0 12,0 | 16,0| 10.5] 14.5 17,5 | 32,0 10,0] 12,0 14,0 | 19,5] 12,5] 17,5 21,0 38,0 11,0] 13,5 16,5 | 22,5] 14,5] 20,5 25.0 | 44,0 13,0} 15.5 19,5} 26,0} 17,0| 23,5 28,0 | 52,0 15,0] 18.0 23,0 | 31,0] 19,5} 27,0 | 33,0 | 62,0 18,0} 21,5 27.0 | 36,0] 23,0} 32,0 | 40,0 | 72,0 19Teopetuyeckne cnoco6ui onpexenenua o6tero HuH NoaHOrO Bpeme- HH Harpeba MeTaJOB Nepey, KOBKOA CMOKAL. B npakTHKe npHusTO on- peneAATe BpeMA HarpeBa saroToBOK NO TaG/MWaM, COCTAB/CHHIM Ha OCHOBaHHH OMBITHEIX LaHHBIX, HAM MO ONBTHIM hopmysam. JLanapie © MpogomKUTeIbHOCTH HarpeBa KaTaHBIX 3arOTOBOK 3 yrepomHcTEIX KOHCTPYKUMOHHLIX Cradle AHaMeTpom 20 100 MM npuBenenb B Taba. 2. Uacto B paktTuKe Temnepatypa paGouero npocrpancrBa meq 6e- petca Ha 100°—150°C sime 3azannod TemmepatypH Harpena Metaa- 41a Wl Havala KOBKH, H Tora B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT opMH H pasMepa 3aroTOBKH Bpema HarpeBa MpHHuMalOT H3 pacyera or 1,5 no 2,0 mun Ha Kaabii KBaypaTHL caHTuMerp MonepewHoro ceveHua 3aroTORKU. Bpema xagpesa AA 3aroToBOK GOAbINOTO CeYeHMA HM fia CAHTKOB Han6onee yno6xo uc ZocTaTOMNON CTeneHbIo TOYHOCTH MOxXHO oMpe- 4eAuTb no bopmyae H. H. Lo6poxotosa T=0KdV a, re T—noanoe BpeMs HarpeBa B Yacax; a—Kospdulluent, yunTHl- BalolluM pacnoowenue 3aroToBoK Ha noxy new; d—_Mametp wau TOMMAHA 3aroTOBKH B MeTpax; K—onpiTHbti Kospduunent, paBunii 10 gaa yraepoguctiix 1 HM3KOerMpoBaHHEIX Cramei u 20 Aaa BEICOKO- YIMePOAHCTHIX H BbICOKOMerMpoBaHHLIx cTatelt. Tloanoe spemsa 1H O6ujas NpomOsKHTeAbHOCTS HarpeBa AAA BbICO- KOYTCPpOAHCTHX H BEICOKOMerMpOBaHHBIX cTasel cocrouT W3 AByX Me- PHOAOB HarpeBa Np HU3KHX M BICOKHX TemMepatypax. Tlepsbii nepuon Harpena — no 650°C aBaserca onacHbim W3-3a BO3- MOXKHOCTH NOABCHHA TPeLLHH, MOSTOMY HarpeB 3aFOTOBKH BeyT Mes- JeHHO, Tak Kak CTa1b B MHTepBase xaHOAOMKocTH (300°C) uMeer HMSKylo MuacrHunocTs. Bropo# nepvox Harpesa or 650° 70 1200°C Be- AYT ObICTPO, He ONacasdch NOABJeHNA TpeuIHH, TaK Kak C NOBBINeHHeM TeMMepatypbl 3arOTOBKH pacTeT MacTH4HOCTb cranu. [ostomy mp pacueTe BpeMeHH HarpeBa 3aroTOBOK H3 BEICOKOYTepOmHCTEIX H BBICO- KOMerHpOBaHHEX cTaneH Kos punnent K=20 pasgesen wa Ba, H3 KO- Topbix Ki=13,3 111 nepsoro nepHona u K,=6,7 a1 Broporo nepHona Harpesa. B stom cayyae momHoe BpeMa HM O6man mpomomKUTeAb- HOCTb HarpeBa 3arOTOBKH cocTaBsseT THT, 47, =0133dV 0+ 06,7dV a, Tae T— nosHoe Bpema mpu crynensatom Harpene, 4; T,—spema nep- Boro nepHoga Harpesa; 7z—Bpema BTOporo nepHoa HarpeBa. Alaa coraacopanuol pa6ors: neux # KOBOWHOTO MOaOTa wuH Mpec- Ca, YCTaHaBAMBaeTCA OGLMHO ONTHMaJIbHOe KOMHYECTBO OHOBPeMeHHO HarpeBaeMEIx 3arOTOBOK, OMmpenemaemoe no hopmyze: Ten 60 7 tae N—4ueno ofnoBpemenHo HarpeBaembrx 3aroToBoK; T— nosHoe BPeMA HarpeBa 3arOTOBKH, MHH; 1 — POH3BOAHTeAbHOCTD BLIyCKa 10- KOBOK B UITYKaX 3a OH 4ac. 20 § 9. Banauve xapakrepa niameHH Ha KayecTBo HarpeBa Metaaua H BHJbI JeekToR B 3apycuMoctH oT ycaosit CKHTaHHa TONMMBa B paGouell Kamepe un MOKeT OOPasOBaTbCA OKUCAHTeMbHaA, HeHTpadbHaA WAH BOCCTa- jOBUTeAbHaa aTMochepa. B3aumogelicTaue newHol armociepsl Cc Me- vaJ10M HarpeBaeMOl 3aroToBKH MPOHCXOLHT MPH BBICOKOH TeMmepaty- eH Mpencrapaser coOot cnoxHwH PHsHKO-XHMHYeCKHi Mpoecc. Oxucaenue meTaaza — oxaauna. IIpu OKHCAMTeABHOM MlaMeHy, 110- ‘AYICHHOM IIpH CKHTAHHA TonmHBa C HSOKITKOM Bo3nyxa, cBo6onHBIK ‘KHCOPON, COCUMHAACh C KeMe3OM, OKHCAAET MeTAI H Ha NOBeEPXHOCTH 3aroToBKH O6pasyerca coh oKamuHH. Paspymennaa 4 OTeMMBIAACA OT MeTasia OKaMHHa OOHaKaeT NOBePXHOCTh 3aFOTOBKH, H3-3a Yero TYT 2K MPOUCXOAUT ee LatbHelmee OKHCAEHHE. TlosBseHve OKaIHHBI BpesHO He TOKO NOTOMY, TO MpHBOAT K > 6e3BO3BpaTHBIM MOTepAM MeTAaJI1a, HO HW NOTOMY, YTO OKaNMHA, He OT- 'MeNMBIAACA OT 3aFOTOBKH, Oyy¥H 34KOBAHHOM B Te/IO NOKOBKH, 3a- ““gpyauaet ee O6paboTky pesaHnem, NOHW2KaeT KaYeCTBO NOKOBKH H MO- 2KeT MPHBECTH K Opaky 10 pasMepam. Obsanaa Sonbmoit TBeprocTbIO, OKAMHHA Np¥ MoNananun Ha pabo- ye NMOBePXHOCTH Ky3HE4HBIX HHCTpyMeHTOB H WTaMnoB NoBpek1aeT HX H pe3KO yBeAH¥HBaeT H3HOC. Berynas B XHMHYeCKyIO peakUulo C OTHeyNOpHO! KaAanKOl Ned OKa- auna oOpa3ycT JlerkoniaBKHe coeqMHeHHa— Uiaku, paspynraronlie Tog regu. IIpH Ham#4HH MORCOCa B TOMOYHOe NpoctpaHcTBO B ney 06- pasyerca Gompuioe KomMMeCTBO H3OBITOYHOTO KHCAOpORa, KOTOPHI MpH- BOMHT K HHTCHCHBHOMY OKHCJICHHIO H MOTepaM MeTaJa OT yrapa. OGesyerepoacusanue meranna. Tipw warpeBe MeTagma, a TaK%Ke Mp TepMuyecKOH OGpaGoTKe NOKOBOK BMeCTe C MpoleccoM OkHc/eHHA Ip BHICOKOh TeMnepatype MPoHCXOAUT BEITOpaHHe yraepona (o6e3- yrulepoxXHBaHHe) H3 MOBEpXHOCTHOTO cos saroToBKH. CyulHocTb sToro ABJICHHA 3aKMOGAeTCA B TOM, ITO NOL BOsMelicTBHeM [a30B, BXORALLAX B COCTaB OKHCAMTeMbHOM NedHO! aTMoctepbl, Mon c10eM OKAJHHBI Ha nloBepXxHOcTH MeTasa BbITOpaeT uactb yraepona. TayOuna oGesyrsie- poxenHoro csioa ocTuraer or 0,5 20 2,0 mm. acto aaa coxpaHeHHa MeX@HH4CCKHX CBOMCTB cTaqH Ha MOBCPXHOCTH OTBCTCTBEHHBIX [eTa- nei npenycMaTpHBalOT JONOMHUTebHBIe NPHMyCKH, CO CHSITHeM KOTO- pix mpH o6pa6orKe pesanvem yylanaetca ObesyrmepoxwKeHHad YaCTh MeTadia. Hedoepee sazorosxu. XonogHoli HasbIBawOT 3aroTOBKy, TeMMepaTy- pa KOTOPOM HHKe NOTORKeHHOM, BCAeACTBHE Hero NacTHYHOCTh Cran TIpH KOBKe NajaeT H pe3KO CHYXKAeTCH KAYCCTBO MOKOBKH 3-34 NOAB- JeHHs TpelllHH H paccaoenuit. 7 Tlepeepes. Uem nompiie ocraeTca B Ned MPH BbICOKOH TeMMepaTy- pe 3aroToBKa, TeM HHTeHCHBHee pacryT SepHa, H IpesMepHoe HX yBeTH- yeHHe XapakTepH3yeTca ABICHHEM, HaSbIBaeMbIM MeperpeBOM MeTaia. Viz neperperoi cra KpymHosepuucToro crpoeHuA mosy4aiorcA NO- KOBKH CO CHWKeHHBIMH MCX@HHYeCKHMH CBOMCTBAMH, Ha BOCCTAHOB.1e- HHe KOTOPBIX Tpe6yioTca LONOAMHTeAbHEIe paboTb! H saTpaTsl. BemH- 214uHHa sepHa y meperpeTo# cramm B oTReABHBIX cayyaax MoxerT 6bITb yMeHbUleHa HRTeHCHBHO KoBKoi. Crpyktypa neperpeTou crasH MOKeT ObITb BOCCTAaHOBMJeHa Take 1 coorsercTBylomelt TepMHYeCcKOl O6pa6oT- Kou. B cayuae sHaqutenpuoro TeperpeBa CTatH ee MexaHHyeckHe CBOH- CTBa CHJIbHO yxynuMlaioTcs. Hepencoz. Mpozomxuterbioe mpe6sipanve merania B new mpH TemnepatypaX, O1MSKHUX K Ha¥aJy N1aBNeHUA, NpHBOMUT K Ofanste- Hilo ZerKomaBkux NpHMecel, HaxoAAMMXCA MO rpanuuam sepex. Kpo- Me TOrO B pesybTate AuppysHa KUcAOpoma BAYTpD MeTasaa rpanH- Ubl 3epeH OKHCAMOTCA, CBASL MeXKAY 3epHaMH Hapyulaerca H IH O6- paOorke jaBsleHHeM B MeTaJe TOABAIOTCH raAyOOKHe TPewHHEI, Mpo- HCXOHT Tak HasbiRaembit Nepexor metaswia. [Ip HesHaqHTenbHoM HawkaTHH WH yqape Taka 3aPOTOBKa pasBamuBaeTca Ha YacTH Cc 06- PasoBaHHeM XapaKTepHoro KpymiNosepxucToro u3sa0Ma. Tlepexor AB- 4AeTCA HEHCIpaBHMBIM OpakOM HM 3arOTOBKa c STAM jeceKTOM. MOxeT GLITh McTOND3OBaHa JMU pH Mepenmane Metanaa. Bo us6exaune neperpesa u MepexOra HeOOxOZUMO B HepByio Oye- PeXb OpranksoBaTb MpaBuAbHbIit cnoco6 sarpysKH 3aroTOBOK B Tleub B OnpeneteHHOM MOpAaKe M0 Mepe BBA H3 Hew HarpeTEIx Jun KOB- KH 3aTOTOROK, SarpyKaTb XONOHBIC SAPOTOBKH B TOM %Ke TMOpANKe. Stor cnoco6 oGecleyuBaer ycuoRua, npH KOTOPLIX Kaxkad saroTopka HarpesaeTca 20 KOBOUHOM TeMnepatypbl C ycTaHOBAeHHO! f.19 Hee CKO- poctbio. Ana yMeusutenua noreph Meranna wa yrap 4 UpexoTBpallenua OGesyriepomuBaHua IPH HarpeBe 3aFOTOBOK HeOOXORUMO cOOmMOLaTh Calenyiolle OcHOBHBIe ycnoBHA: CRHTATb TOIMMBO MPH HeOOMbIIOM H3ObITKe BOSRyxXa c TOLOTpesom TONHBA H BOSLyXa, OOecneyHBAIOMIHM BBICOKYIO TeMMepatTypy B HleuH, NOBbIMEHHY!0 MPOMSBOLHTeIbHOCTh HM COKpallleHHe pacxona TonIHBa: BecTH HarpeB 3aOTOBOK C MA@KCHMaJIbHO AOCTYNHOM CKOpocTbIO AAA CoKpanleHHA BpemeHa UpeOMBanHa MeTasa B Me4H Mp BBICOKAX'TeM- nepatypax; NOMepAKHBATb Ha Nose padovell KaMepbI MewH MONORuUTebHOe aB- AeHHe 118 MpeqOTBpamenuA NoxcoOca XOOAHOTO BOszyxa. Tloxosku BuicoKoro KayecTBa MOKHO TOAYYATS TOADKO pH npa- BHIDHOM HarpeBe MeTaJta H IIpH KOBKe B ycTaHOBAeHHWX mpenenax TemMlepatyp; NpaBHbHO HarpeTb MeTaJ.1 — 9TO 3HaYHT HarpeTé ero co BCeX CTOPOH paBHOMepHO, C ONpegzeteHHOH cKOpocTbio 20 3azaHnoh Temnepatypbl. Jina noppilenua KayecTBa HarpeRa HW MaKCHMasbHOTO CHMAKCHHA OKANMHOOGPas0BaHHA BHEAPAIOT B NPOU3BOACTBO crocobL SesoKucauTembHorO HarpeRa B 3alUTHO aTMociepe 1 TIpamoro 6e3- OKHCIMTeIbHOTO HarpeBa 3arOTOROK B me¥aXx OTKPbITOrO miaMeHH. § 10. Temneparypuuie naTepsaal KOBKH KauecrBo noxopok B sHa4nTenbHOH crenenH 3aBHCHT OT paBustb- Horo BbiGopa Temnepatypsi HarpeBa Nepey KOBKOM, a TaKKe OT TeMIe- PaTypbl, Mpu KOTOpOl 3aKaHyHBaeTca Mpotecc KoBKU. Temneparypa HAAG KOBKU NOWRA SbITh MOCTATOYHO BHICOKO!, YTOOE edopmupy- 22 eMbIii MeTa MMe MaKCHMasbHyW WiacTH4HOCTb HW Aerde KOBaJIcA, HO B TO Ke BpeMA AONYWeHHbI HarpeB HCKNOIAT Ob Mepexor MeTasna. Temneparypa Konya Kosku NOJ2KHa ObITb KaK MOXKHO HK, BO H3- 6exKaHHe KpyMHOSepHHCTOCTH y MOKOBKH, HO B TO Ke BpemaA He Ha- ‘TOKO HH3KOM, YTOOBI B MOKOBKe NOABHJMCb TpeMMHEI. * Tlome remnepatyp, Koropoe exKHT MEKLy BepXHAM HW HHDKHHM pe- ~) KOMCHAYeMBIMH MpeyewaMu HarpeBa, IPHHATO HasbIBaTb TeMneparyp- “ HbLM UHTEPEAAOM KOBKU. “Zia Kaxkgoit MapKH craaH H cnsaBOB yCTaHOBJeHEI ONpenereHHle, onpaBjaHHble npakTHkolt, TemnepaTypHble HATePBaJIbI KOBKH. MntepBaat KOBKH H TOps¥el OObEMHOM WITaMMOBKH Jin HeKOTO- »-PpHIX KOHCTPYKUMOHHEIX H HHCTpyMeHTa/IbHLIX cTaseli MpHBezeHbI . BTa6u. 3. es ‘ TemnepatypHite HHTepBadbl KOBKH H ropadel WITaMNOBKH : Temnepatypa, °C = Kona KOBKH Pexomennye- Mapku crane wavana peat eerepzaa ere He saime | He HHKE 1280 | 830 720 | 1250-750 eee” 1260 | 850 760 | 1220—800 55, 60 « 1240 | 850 760 | 1190—800 65,70 1220 | 850 770 | 1180-800 vs BE, 208, 307 1250 | 850 750 | 1230—800 + gor, 500) 60r, 65r 1990 } 850 | 760 | 1180--800 » 102, 302, 352 1200 870 750 | 1200—800 ** 40r2, 4512, 50r2 1200 | 870 800 | 1180-830 * _ IBX, 20K, 30X, 15XA, 20XA, 30XA 1250 | 870 760 200-800 “| 85X) 38XA, 40KA 1230 | 870 780 | 1180—s20 45X, 50X, 45XA, 50XA 1200 | 870 : 1180830 25H, 30H, 25HA, 30HA 1240 | 850 70 | 1920-800 12XH2, 19XH3, 12XH2A, 12XH3A 1200 | 870 76 Ma 30XI'C, 35XC, 3OXTCA, 35rTA 1180 | 870 80 | 1140-890 4X14H14B2M 1160 | 950 870 WxI5 1180 | 870 830 | 1120-850 MIXi5Cr 1180 | 900 800 | 1150—800 ¥7, ¥8, Y10 1150 | 850 800 = Vii, yi2, v13 1130 | 920 870 = 7x3, 9x¢, 9X 1150 | 850 0 = P9, P18, 911347 1200 | 920 | | a ‘ § 11. HpuGopni, npumensemnie a9 3amepa Temnepatyp Samepbl H KOHTpOb TeMMepaTyp HarpeBa 3arOTOBOK B medH H 110- KOBOK OCyD\eCTBAAIOTCA MMPOMeTpaMU pa3/IM4YHHIX KONCTpyKOMH: ONTH- Y@CKHMH, TepMOS/JeKTPHYECKHMH, pPaXHaWMOHHbIMH MH KOHTAKTHBIMH TepMonapamu. Pa6ora ontH4¥ecKOro MHpOMeTPpa OCHOBaHa Ha MeTOZe ‘\- CpaBHeHAs APKOCTA CBeYeHHA HarpeToro MeTasa HTH CTeHOK pa6ouelt “ KaMepbl 1evH M HATH JaMNOuKH, TeMMepatypa HakasuBaHuA KOTOpoH ee 23TOWHO H3nectHa. Ontu4ecKkui nupomerp (puc. 4) cocrouT u3 oTomerpuyecko aamno4uKu J, oxynApHo jmu3u 2, cBeTOpMAbTpa H oxyspa 3. AKkyMyssTop wu cyxaa OaTapen 5 nuTaeT NpH BKNOYeH- HOM COCTOAHHH HMTb JaMMo4uKH. [lo WKase MuaMaMMepMetpa 4 uH- a TaeTca TeMmepatypa, ykKasbiBaeMas CTped- Koi. | Temmepatypy MeTaia = 3aMepal0T CienyiouluM —citoco- Hylo tpy6y 8 c aHH- 30H 7 Ha packavleH- MBI Meras, mpexyze Bcero nepeqBHraloT O6beKTHB BONb 3pH- TeIbHOH Tpy6n 8 70 MOCTHKeHHA —pesKo- cTH H306paxkenua packazenHoro o6bexk- Ta, peoctatom 6 pe- TyAMpy!oT HaKan tpo- TOMeTPHYeCKOH aM- NOuKH 0 | nOAKOTO copnazeHH - CTbIO HarpeToH MoBepxHOCTH, Mocae Yero uHTaIOT TO Tica fteatanie NlepMerpa Temnepatypy. Ontauecknit napomerp 060i KOHCTPYKUHH ABAAeTCA TepeHOCHEIM Mpu6opom HM UcHobsyeTcH JIA _KpaTKOBpeMeHHLIX 3aMepoB Temmepa- Typ or 600° no 1400°C no sepxnei yactH wKane au ot 1200° BIC} 2000° C no nmxneli yacTH mKaaBr. Tlocrosunpiit Koxtpose temmepatyppt paouero mpocrpancrBa ney ocymlecTB- ASOT CTaNMOHAapHLIMH TepMOSueKTpHYe- CKHMH H PaqHalHOHHBIMH MMpoMeTpaMu. TepmMosaektpnuueckuh NMpOMeTPp cocToHT M3 Tep- Monapbl H ranbBanomerpa. Pa- Puc. 4, Cxema onrnueckoro nupomerpa: 1 — oromerpnueckan aamnouka, 2— oKyaspuad 21 a oxyasp, 4—nuaauannepmerp, 5—cyxan Gerapen” 6 Peocrar, 7 —nunsa, 8— spureaunan Tpy6a Oo: HaBena spHTemb-. Pue. 5. Cxema yerpoiicrsa TepMosueKTpHYecKOrO MHpO- Metpa: J 1, 2—nposoroxn ua pasuisx we- Tanos, — 3—ropautt cual, 4—noxasseaomuh (an sanucut: BalomHA) raabBaxoMeTp Gora TepMOsweKTpHYecKOrO TH- POMeTpa OcHOBaHa Ha caemyi0- WeM ABeHHH: IpH Harpepannu CTbIKa CBapeHHbIX MexZYy cool ABYX MpOBONOK H3 pa3HEIx Me- TaJWIOB BOSHUKaeT 3.1eKTpH4e- CKHH TOK, KoTOpbIii BOspacTaeT HO Mepe Harpesanua crbika. Ecau k ABYM CBOOOZHBIM KOHUaM cBapeH- HBIX MPOBONOK TOAKMOYTL TatbBaHOMeTp, TO pH HarpeBaHHH MecTa CBapkH CTpedKa ratbBaHOMerpa 6yeT OTKONATECA Ha OnpeseneHHEIh yron, Ha puc. 5 u 6 noxasaibt cxema TepmosuexrpuuecKoro mApoMer- pa ¥ ycrpolicrBo TepMonapLi. TepMonapb K MMpoMeTpaM H3roTOBAAIOT- 24 CH H3 PasH4HbIX CiaBOB, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HX XHMHYCCKHX H pasu- "-W@CKHX CBOHCTB TepMOnNapbl UMeIOT pasHUAbIe NpezenbHble Temmepa- i>. Typbl Hamepenus. Han6onee qacto NpuMeHAeMble TepMonapbi C ykKa3a- HHeM MpezesbHbIX TeMMepatyp H3MepeHHA MpHBexeHbi B ra6a. 4. SEES a be LY SS) Ee REN ERE LE EROS Puc. 6. Ycrpoitcrao Tepmonapbi: 1— @aphopoan tpy6Ka, 2—nzaTHnoBas mpoBomoKa, 3—ropsuuit caf, 4— haatTHNo-poaeBas MpoBoaoKa, 5— daphoposwA vexom, 6 — acbecToabif coil, 7—sexoa Tepwonaps 43 -xKaponpoworo cmaapa, 8—ronoBKa c K1eMMAMH TaGnuua 4 Tepmonapui H HX npesxerbHEe TemnepaTypH H3MepeHHA Tpeneannan temnepatypa usMepenis, OC Tepmonapst aaurTemHoe PaTkonpemenHoe wo Mepenite womepenire XpoMenb-koneaespie 600 800 Xpomenb-atiomHnuesne 900 1100 1300 1500 Tlaatwnopogmii-nratanosnie TipuMevanwe. Mepsom yxasaza mposonoKa, Aaloulan noaoxKuTenbHBIA moMoC, Cnaappl TepMonap conepxat (%): xpoMetb-HuKkera 90, xpoma 9,7 W Kpemuua 0,3; Konemb-Huketa 43—44, mequ 56—57; amiomemb-HHKe- aia 94,8, aniomunua 2,0, Mapranua 2,0, xenesa 0,2 u kpemuus 1,0. Paguayuonnnit mupometp (apzomerp). Pa6ota store MMpOMeTpa OCHOBaHAa Ha NpHHUWuNe NOrOWleHuA AyYHCTOH SHeprHuu Ha- rpetoro Teta. Harperble Teta H3Ay¥al0T HeBUAWMbIe TeMOBHIe YH, H YeM CHJIbHee HarpeTO Te0, Tem Gosbille Tena OTaeT OHO U3MYyYeHH- - em. Ha apgomerpe (puc. 7) mp nomontu wHHsbI J TenmoBHe yy pac- KaueHHoro Tela COOUPaIOTCA B NYYOK H HalipaBAMOTCA Yepes nHad- parmy 2 Ha 4yscTBuTeabHyio Gatapelo 3, COCTOAMLy!O U3 HeCKONbKHX NOCAeNOBATEbHO COCAMHCHHLIX MHHMATIOPHbIX TepMOMap, Topa¥Ne cllaW KOTOpHX CMOHTHPOBaHLI Ha 3atepHeHHOH yua MOrAoWlenua Ten- OBELIX Wyyel MracTHHKe 43 NAaTHHOBOH doubru. Lana nonyyenus npa- BHIbHBIX NOKa3zaHHii ycTaHOBKy HM HacTpOliky cTauMOHapHoro apjo- MeTpa BBINONHAIOT THLATeIbHO, MOWb3yACb OKyIApoM 5 u urbTpom 4 Tak, YTOGbI TenOBbIe AyYH OT HarpeToro Tela coOupasuch B oKyce OObeKTHBA, T. e. Ha ropayem Chae TepMonapst. BosHuKwuii B TepMo- Nlape aueKTpwyeckHit TOK, MepeqaHHbI Ha MOKasHIBalOMM TaNbBaHo- 25MeTp 6, yKaxkeT cooTBeTcTBylomlyio TeMneparypy. AploMeTplt mpHMe- HAIOTCA [JIA H3MePeHHA H KOHTPONA TeMMepatyp paGoyero mpocrpaH- cTBa New (cTeHOK, noma) oT 900 go 1800°C. Puc. 7. Cxema yerpoiicrsa paanannox- Horo mHpoMetpa (apzometpa): 1—awusa, 2—auagparma, 3— 6aTapes us tepmonap,” 4— duabrp, 5—oxyanp, 6—n0- ‘Kagieaiouu PaabeanoMetp Br, 0 “GH au 5 B mpaxruxe Temnepatypy HarpeToi saroToBKH # TOTOBOH MOKOBKH WacTO ONpezemAOT Ha Trias —MNo uBeTy KaseHHn. Stor MeTog He co- BeplleHeH H He TOYeH, OMHAKO AMA NpHOMHKEHHOM OleNKH TeMMepa- Typbl HarpeBa 3arOTOBKH HM KOHIa KOBKH OH mpHrogen u nomesen. Lpe- Ta KaJleHMA LA YepHbIX MeTAIWOB Mp ca6OM WHeBHOM OcBelenHH COOTBeTCTBYIOT ClenyIOM4M TemMepaTypam B rpagycax Llenpcua: Temuo-Kpacusiit — 650 Buuneso-kpacuniit — 700 Cser0-Kpacnsiii — 800 Tycto-opanxesnii — 900 Opanaxeso-xenre — 1000 Crerao-xenTsiii — 1100 Conomeno-2xearetit — 1150 Beawit pasnoit apxocra — 1200—-1400 THABA I HAPPEBATEJIBHBIE YCTPOACTBA § 12. Ky3neunbie ropup Kyaneubie roprbt aBasiorca mpocrefimuMH HarpeBaTenbHBIMH ycr- PolicrBamu Mipu py4Ho KOBKe HM pasgeqmioTCA Ha MepeHOCHBle HM cTa- WHOHapHble, CralHoHapHble ropHbI B CBOIO O4epexb DeMATCH Ha OTKDHI- The H 3aKpLITHIe. Tio Buxam MpuMensemoro 4A HarpeBa 3aroTOBOK TonmMBa paswH- ualOT TOPHEI, paOoralomMe Ha TBEPLOM, %*KHAKOM H Tas006pa3HOM Ton- JTHBe. Tlepenocnble ropHH oTKpwToro Tuma (puc. 8) pa6o- TalOT Ha TBepAOM TOMIHBe, NPHMeHAIOTCA OGbIYHO B YCMOBHAX CTpOH- TEbHBIX H PEMOHTHHIX Pa6oT, Ha MOMeBLIX CTaHaX HM Ha CTPouTeAbALIX WoManKax, Aid HarpeBa MeTaa pH BEINOMHeHMM paboT BaaaH OT Ky3He4HOTO Wexa HIM MacTepcKoll. Tlepenocniie ropuit 6biBaioT pasaMunbix KONCTpyKuMi. Bce OHH oc- Hamlenbr HeOOAbLIHM BeHTHIATOPOM J H HecHOKHOH TpaHcMuccHell c 28 orbit { MAXOBHKOM 2, IPHBOAMMBIM B ABM%KeHHe Neqaipo 3 yAK pyKoATKOH. Ouar ropenua 4 ucnOaHeH B Buze BbIeMKU, BLIIOx%KeHHO! OrHeynopHLIM KHPIMYOM, Ha AHe KOTOpOH ycraHoBJeHa bypMa. [log Hanopom BeHTH- ‘aTopa BOsqyx Mozaercs K ovary CHH3y Yepes ypMy, MeswKHe OTBep- CTHA KOTOpoH O6ecneyMBaloT NoJayy BOSAyWHOrO NoTOKa B Bue pALa TOHKHX CTpyit. CrannonapuHbe ropun OTKPLITOrO THM a, ycraHaBaH- BaeMble B NOMeLeHHH Ky3HeyHOTO wexa, MpesctaBasioT co6ol coopy- Puc, 8. Kysnewuuii nepenoc- Puc. 9. Holt ropH: Beutuaxtop, _ 2— MaxoBitx, nena, 4—ovar ropeaus Cranuonapunit (caoxcen wa xupuuua): 1—ouar, 2—conao, 3— ropH BepTuxaabHB Kanan, BoRon 2KeHHe, CHOKeHHOe H3 KHPIMYa WH BEINOAHEHHOe U3 MeTasa H CO- cTosilee 43 KapKaCa, KOpbITOOOpasHOro CTOMa HM 30HTOB pa3H¥HbIX KOHCTpyKUHit AJA BLITAXKKH OT OUAara TOPeHHA ALIMOBEIX ra3z0B. B m0- NOCTH KOpbITOOGpasHOrO CTOa BLIKMaAbIBaeTCA OrHeyNOPHHIM KupmH- 4OM THE310 WI O“ar H MOABOMUTCA K HUM G6OKOROe comIO HAH WeHT- padbHas pypMa Aa WOLadH AyTbeBOrO BOsLyxa. CrauuvOnapHbe TOpHE 3akpTOrO THMa mpegcra- asioT coOol HeOONbLyW 3aKpbITyi0 KaMepy COTOBOTO THMa C pAOM OKOH B ee 6OKOBLIX CTeHKaX, Ha MOpor KOTOPbIX yKaNbIBAIOTCA MeJ- KHe 3aFOTOBKH M3 IpyTKOB Kpyrioro HAM MpAMOyrObHOTO ceyeHHA Aa HarpeBa KOHUOB NOX KOBKY MeJIKHX 3aFOTOBOK AIA pesyoB, Wep- 2KaBOK H UM TOMOGHIX NOKOBOK. Ky3neunpiii cralHonapHbii TropH, C/lOxKeHHbI 3 CTPOHTebHOTO Kupnmya (puc. 9), cocrouT u3 ovara /, BEIOwKeHHOTO OrHeyMOpHEIM KMpnw4oM, Consa 2, MOABOAAMero BOsLyXx COOKY K OYary, H 30HTa 343 TOHKOTO JHCTOBOTO *%elesa QA yNaBAMBaHHA H OTBOJa JbIMOBbIX ra- 30B. aa ylanenus 30abl 4 Waka B KaykKe HMeeTCA BepTHKaJIbHbIi kanan 4. Ha ypopne paOouei sont ropHa, o6aMyoBaHHOH nauTamn, ycTaHOBsien 6ayoK 5 c BONO, MpHMeHAeMbIM AWA OX1aKMeHHA HHCTpPy- MeHTa H BbINOJHeHUA HEKOTOPbIX BUAOB TepMooGpa6oTKH Mp pydHOw KOBKe. CoppeMeHHi Ky3HeYHDH ropH, cucrembl CKor0sy6oBa M te (puc. 10), pa6oratomnit Ha TBepqOM TONNHMBe, HMeeT MeTaJIM4eCKHH z 27KapKac M yCTaHOBJeHHLI Ha HeM KOPbITOOOpasHH CTO, a Take BbI- AOKEHHbI OTHeyNOPHbIM KApNuyom ouar. Ha nAHMle NO WeHTpy.ouara CMOHTHpOBaHa ypMa AA AyTbA, MOMYCKaloulan peryAHPOBKY KomH4e- cTBa NOqaBaeMOro CHHsy BO3Lyxa. Yanenve ALIMOBLIX Ta30B ocytle- CTBIIAeTCA BLITAKHOH CHCTeMOi, NpHCywlel AaHHol KOHCTpyKWHH rop- a. BblTaKKa CocTouT u3 Tpy6 J # 2, TelecKONM¥eCKH BBEZeHHEIX OHA B Opyryio, u sonra 3. Buyrpenuaa tpy6a / orsomuT yacTb Tas0B 3 ouara, a BHELIHAA Tpy6a 2 OTBOAHT y/IOBAeHHEIe 30HTOM 3 Ta3BI H HX Teniom O6orpeBaet cHapyxku tpy6y /, Yem ycuanuBaeTca Tara BCelt cucrembl. Popubi c TaKOH BbITAXKHOH cucTeMol pa6oTaioT xOpomo. Tipu cropanuu teepgoro Tonamsa B ropHax OTKpEITOrO THIa 6/aro- Hapa cleKaHMIO rei OOpasyeTcA TRep—aA KOPKa, NOX KOTOPOH pa3- BUBaeTCA BbICOKAaA TemMnepatypa. HarpeBaemylo saroToBKy mH ee KO- Hell SakabIBAalOT B TOPAMHe COM YIN W 3aCbINaIOT CBEKHM yriieM, KOTOPHIH, ClleKaAch, OOpasyeT Hay, MeTaJIOM CBO C BLICOKOi TemMnepa- TypoH nog Hum. Crekumilica cBox Han O¥aTOM YTopHa ON%KeH OLITS Beerga nerbim. Heo6xogumo crequTb, YTOOD yronbHas ropKa He mpo- TOpedia HaCKBO3b, AJA YerO BpeMA OT BpeMeHH Haqo nOmrpebaTb cBe- 2KUi yrON C KpaeB K WeHTpy O4ara, a HHOrAa CerKa OOpbIsruBaTb ero BomoH. Ecau novoctb NO, KOPKOA CTaHOBUTCA CAMIKOM GoubION, He- OGXOAHMO cBOA pas6uTb H NOATpecTH AOMOAHHTeEMbHOe KOMMYECTBO yr- 4A, MOce YerO BCKOpe MOKHA OOpas0BaTbCA HOBaA KOPKa OT cieKa- Hua yraei. Sarotosky saknagbIBaloT B OPH MOMaMbUIe OT PyPMEL Tak, YTOOEI Mexyy Heli u pypMod Obit gocraTouHBI coH ropamlux yrael, a Han 3aFOTOBKOH CAO TAaKOM TOMMMHbI, KOTOpbI 3aKpbIBaN Obl 30HY Harpe- Ba. J|usi pasHoMepHoro M BCecTOpoHHero HarpeBa 3aroTOBKy nepHosH- Zs Zi a SS ro) Z Va PLZZ Puc, 11, Fopx 3axpsitoro tana: J—tpyGa, 2—oxno aan aarpyaxu, 3—anirakuon sour,” 4 — abimoxon, S—oKKO Ana WypoBKH, —6— TOTO nuit a0, 7 — KowocuuxoBan_peitiet- ka, @— MeTaaawieckas Kopo6Ka, 9— tpy6a Puc. 10, Topu cncremt Ckaaoay6ona: 1—suyrpequas, 2— sxeunas tpy6a, J— sont yecka nosopayuBaior B ouare. PerymposKo AyTba nOOHBaloTcA cno- ‘Kolnoro TOpeHHA ria APKHM, CJlerKa KONTALLMM I1aMeHeM, He Aonyc- Kas jWeperpesa u Mepexora meraiia. ‘+ Posikur XOMOZHOrO ropHa BBINOTHAeTCA B CieLyIoMjeM MOpsaKe: <1) OWHCTHB TOpHOBOE THe3y0 OT 30H H llMaKOB, MpoxyBaiT dypMy; ’ 2) macbinaior nepBbilt caoi yraa, OcTaBAA OTBepcTHe ibypmpI CBOGOT- HbIM; 3) MOMKHTalOT yOxKeHHyIO Ha 9TOM C/O TOMMMBa ApeBecHyio CTpyXkky HH BeTOIIb, MponmraHHy!0 KepOCHHOM, H 3aCbINaioT cBepxy BTOpPbIM TOHKHM CJl0eM yras; 4) He3HadHTeBHO PPHOTKPHIB 3acnOHKy, NOLaloT AYTLE, H, KOA yroub pasrOpuTCA, HOGaBAIOT B OUar CBexe- TO AyTbeBOrO BOsAyXa, W1aBHO HapallluBad nomayy. Orxpuitble ropHbt pa6oraior np AaBsjeHHH AyTbeBoro BOsqyxXa OT 160 20 200 mm BogaHoro crox6a (or 1,57 m0 1,96 KH/m?) c 6onbmHM pacxofom TonmMBa. Kosdhunuent nonxesnoro gehcTBHA MX HM30K H OObIN- HO coorsetctByeT 2—5%, ogHako mpocrora O6cayKuBaHUA HM CpaBHu- TEAbHO HeBbICOKaA CTOMMOCTb COOpyKEHHA ABIAIOTCA IpeHMyleCTBOM sTOro Bula HarpeBaTembHOrO ycrpOiicrBa. B Wexax WHAMBALyaNDHOTO H MeaKOcepHiiHoro MpOM3BOACTBa, B peMOHTHBIX MaCTepCKHX MPH BbI- nowHeHHH paGor, Tpe6yiomlHx Obicrporo HarpeBaHHA KOPOTKHX KOHIOB 3arOTOBOK HH CpeqHeif YacTH LHHHLIX MPyTKOB, a Tak2ke pH KysHe4- Holi cBapKe MOMb3yIOTCA CTalMOHapHEIMH TOpHaMH OTKpbiTOrO THN. Besonacnoctb pa6orsl mp o6cayxKuBanuM ropHa oGecreyuBaeTcaA ero HCMpaBHLIM COCTOsHHeM H CO6MOZeHMeM MpaBH aKcHAyaTanMu. Pypmy nepwomuyeckh OYMMAaIOT OT 30/bI H Waka, AIA YerO OTKPbIBa- OT HMKHHH MOK. UncTKy BLINOTHAIOT pH MepeKpbiTOH AYTbeBOH 3a- caouKe. Ilo okoM¥aHHH paGoTbI, ecH pabouee MecTO He MepemaeTca sacTynaioleli cMeHe, nepeKpbIBaloT BOSAYUIHYIO 3acmOHKy, oTrpe6a- 1OT yrOub H TacsT MaMa B OYare ropeHHA. Pemlaioulee 3Ha4eHHe BCO3- Rann Gesonacubix ycroBuli Tpy2a HMeeT pauMOHambHaa Opranusanun paOouero Mecta y ropHa, NOCTOAHHOe COMepHaHe ero B YHCTOTE H MO- panKe. SaxppiTbiit ropH, paGoraiouluii Ha TBepzOM TOMAHBe (puc. 11), mpex- cTaBaser cO6ol KaMepy, BbIOXKeHHY!O OTHeyNOpHLIM KHPIHYOM B Me- TAJHYeCKOM Kapkace. Bosgyumoe AyTbe OT BeHTHAATOpa MOgaeTca yepes Tpy6y 9 B Me- TasaMueckyio KOpobKy 8, OTKya Yepes KONOCHHKOBY10 4yryHHyl0 pe- werky 7 OHO NocTynaeT B TONKy. TommuBo— yrau — 3arpyxalorca Ye- pes TONOYRDIA 0K 6, HMeloulMH OKHO 5 AH WypOBKH OT 3aBuCaHHA mogzauv cpexero TonmuBa. [IpoxyKrbt ropexua 43 ropHoBoro oyara OT- BOMATCA Yepes TbIMOxon 4 NOX BLITAKHOH 30HT 3. HarpeBaemble 3aro- { TOBKH 3arpyxaloTca B ropHOBoOH ovar yepes oKHO 2. Jaa nOmKUTaHNA ). HeyClleBaloml4x CropeTb B O4are FOpiOYHX MpOYKTOB-ropeHuA B BepX- HIOIO 3OHY TOpHOROro mpocTpakcrBa vepes TpyOxy J nogBogzMTCA BTO- PHUHEI AyTHeBO BOsLyX. Toph Ha *XHAKOM TONAHBe. Harpes 3aroToROK B ropHax, * pa6oTaioulhx Ha KHAKOM TOMMBe, MPOHSBOAMTCA B CTallHOHAapHOM COO- Pyxenuu (pc. 12), cocrosmem u3 Kopnyca 5 ropHa, KapKac KOTOporo 29