International Journal of Intelligent Networks 4 (2023) 62–67

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International Journal of Intelligent Networks

journal homepage: www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/
international-journal-of-intelligent-networks

Enhance cloud security and effectiveness using improved RSA-based RBAC

with XACML technique
A. Kousalya a, Nam-kyun Baik b, *
a
Department of Information Technology, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India
b
Dept. of Cyber Security, College of Science and Technology, Duksung Women’s University, 33, Samyang-ro 144-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In the current era, numerous products are accessible online from anywhere and every minute. This work used
Cloud computing encryption with access management because authenticities, anonymity, and security over accessibility are
Cryptography mandatory. The proposed design introduced a significantly better encryption strategy to ensure better protection
Privacy
of overall resource admissions. This proposed work uses Improved RSA-based role-based access control (RBAC)
Admission control
Security
with extendable access connectivity markup language (XACML) to encrypt information and maintain privileges.
This approach enables storing information within the online computer using cryptographic ideas and information
available via a basic admission management mechanism. To ensure the overall protection of sensitive infor­
mation, the encryption method is employed that merged the conventional homogeneous encryption procedure
with unstable information distribution method. This hybrid technique provides user to get advantage from
retrieved information in a protected manner. The overall execution of proposed work is considerably quicker
than other existing encryption methods.

1. Introduction administered by enterprise or another company. The global internet [2]

The web technology allows clients to access information easily at any
location through the World Wide Web. Internet allows clients to get
information but need technology like equipment setup for adminis­
trator. Through internet, ubiquitous computing allows users worldwide
to tie with any collective number of sources such as communications,
computers, programs,etc. Utilizing cloud computing services, supplier
offers benefit to users by same memory, networks, control processing,
and other computational capabilities. Each customer used application
practically that runs on a computer operating platform [1].The cloud
signature concept involves storing the private key and performing the
data signing encryption process directly on the server. For secure use of
cloud signature, it is necessary to solve the problem of strong client
authentication when accessing its private key and the problem of
securely storing the private key on the server. An example of such a
solution is CryptoPro TSS, which supports Rutoken Web (Strong
Two-Factor Authentication) as one of its authentication options, and
uses an HSM to store the private key.
A personal computing offers virtual droplet platform that is being
entirely used by firm and its unique usage. The technology is
makes computer resources available throughout entire community.It is
controlled and maintained by internet operator that represents another
second party.A collaborative network is 2nd cloud distribution model, in
which numerous companies with parallel goal as protection needs, to
work together on shared resources.In business concept, This hybrid
cloud merge three and multiple internet architectures through standards
and private technologies that achieve information mobility.
Fog computing, commercial internet and Personal computing are
normally3 system approach that droplet solution can be divided into.
Especially within any huge business market sector, Commercial internet
is distributed an operational settings from public computers between
people [3].A commercial infrastructure is maintained and monitored by
a single firm. The hybrid architecture has distinct mechanism that in­
tegrates other platforms such as commercial, communal, and corporate
databases.This hybrid communal architecture is applied through
numerous firms, at any certain area and also made possible communal
information. Government or Private Corporations is supporting this
infrastructure. In internet technology, existing access technique is
guaranteed that unwanted persons also enter into the network. This
technique avoided illegitimate changes by individuals who have own

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: kousalyaa@skcet.ac.in (A. Kousalya), namkyun@duksung.ac.kr (N.-k. Baik).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2023.03.003
Received 26 August 2022; Received in revised form 18 March 2023; Accepted 19 March 2023
Available online 21 March 2023
2666-6030/© 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
A. Kousalya and N.-k. Baik
access to the network. Connectivity achieved with difficulties including
privacy issues. here are also improvements that provide support for
crypto algorithms. Some time ago, full-featured browsers with support
for encryption appeared on the market. Such a solution has a great,
currently unclaimed, potential, as it allows you to create secure static
WEB clients for computers with high security requirements.
There are three types of access control technique such as mandatory
access control (MAC), discretionary access control (DAC), and Role
based Access control (RBAC). In discretionary access control, access
control is mainly based on the Client’s identification.In MAC,client is
gained to access the resources or information depends on clearance level
and information classification label allocated to resource. The security
clearance is allocated to the client where clearance level should be equal
to or superior than sensitivity label to achieve access. Information holder
must make a decision upon the sensitivity of the information and then
allocated to the classification label.In RBAC, it involved to locating cli­
ents into cluster based on the role that assigned the privileges to execute
a job.
Considering the aforementioned factors, the main objective of this
paper is to provide efficient storage of information with enhanced se­
curity. A novel hybrid cryptography based encryption approach is pro­
posed which combines RBAC with extended connectivity management
modeling vocabulary and facilitates the safe retrieval of stored data
consuming less time.The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 in­
cludes the literature survey and section 3 explains the materials and
methods. Section 4 describes the proposed techniques while the exper­
imental analysis is discussed in section 5. Finally, conclusion is pre­
sented in section 6.
2. Related works
The Internet browser has advantage is "portability". Due to the
availability of secure tokens with flash memory, secure solutions were
developed, in which the most important operations with the private key
are carried out on the "board" of the token, and the browser is protected
in its flash memory. Such a solution, in addition to a high level of se­
curity, is very convenient to use.Several mechanisms are used to main­
tain the database integrity.Erasing, backuping, and cryptography, are
three main processes through which various approaches classified.
Cryptography preserved information in unstable condition tremen­
dously since it doesn’t have genuine authority over personal data [4].
The information required new solutions that focus on cryptography and
access restrictions that preserve security and integrity.Encryption tech­
nique is process of encrypting information using cryptography model.
Mathematics trial linked with cryptography fundamentals such as se­
curity, consistency, client identification and source identity verification
[5].Conventional, asymmetrical and symmetrical techniques are three
basictype of cryptography. In client, client used key to encrypt the data
and then receiver to decrypt the data.Asymmetric cryptography is based
on pair of keys: a Public key and a private key.Information is encoded
using public key that may be shared. Then, it is decrypted using private
key that should maintain confidential.Advanced encryption standard
integrated Single-Sign-On scheme that includes owner index accessi­
bility protocols to guarantee access management and encryption.Infor­
mation security, privacy, and integrity are significant concern in cloud
computing. Cyber security is used that secures communication trans­
mitted.The protocol could never specify the cryptography technique
that should be employed [6].Multilevel buffers are appended to the
existing CORBAC paradigm to develop the overall efficiency of any
privilege management method. The certificates issuance causes in
effectiveness [7]. It causes chaos on company process and multiple cli­
ents, as every relation shipneed https new certification. Distributed
RBAC design [8] is proposed to reduce the authorization loads
throughout single networks within a subnet.Each transformer has single
localized function and numerous localized responsibilities that allocated
to it.The location is established for each power with another client
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International Journal of Intelligent Networks 4 (2023) 62–67
within Hadoop terminal that engaged location which has other site
rights.Smart Infrastructure network use privilege concept that depend
on location for responsibility withing eological segment. Therefore,
location entry management model is expanded for resource protection.
3. Proposed approach
3.1. Preliminaries
The collection of information from individuals, computers are stored
in cloud server. There are 4significantfactors in cloud computing such as
confidentiality, accessibility, efficiency and durability. Confidentiality
restricts content access to individuals who granted permission.In current
era, online technologies needed authentication mechanism to secure the
client information from being hacked and guaranteed protection.
Integrity is a serious factor for online information in which only
authorized user allowed to make changes.The information in cloud
system become simultaneously constrained and managed to maintain
content integrity.Online infrastructure is generally maintained by
another third-party company.Clients are required verification to main­
tain information security. Customers cannot acquire this information in
the same location, but rather whenever everything is being corrected if
accessibility conditions are not met.Client tries to get access whatever
data required.Reliability becomes issue in online internet because
network operator maintains many computers.A firm has taken database
backups and then employed cyber facilities. The public access man­
agement is essential claim in clouds computing [9–12].Cloud services
vary in price and functionality,but guarantee flexibility, scalability and
high availability. Although the services are paid, companies are freed
from the need to invest in the development of their own solutions,
including the purchase of expensive cryptographic equipment.
The Java cryptography architecture allows you to expand the set of
cryptographic algorithms supported on the platform. Due to the high
prevalence of Java, many developers of cryptographic tools offer certi­
fied JCP providers.
3.2. Proposed techniques
Cryptographic techniques are probably the most widely used method
of protecting information privacy on the internet.In cloud computing,
proposed approach used efficient encryption technique and automated
access management design that secures and maintains privacy of sen­
sitive information.In internet technology, If protected information is
guaranteed, cryptographic technique prevents possible compromising
because of genuine individual has access to credentials [13].In theory,
these are companies of any size that develop or implement custom-built
applications and want to integrate digital signatures or use an already
integrated application.
In the case of a threat, cryptographic techniques are utilized to
guarantee data privacy and security. Numerous cryptographic tech­
niques, including symmetric key cryptography and public key cryptog­
raphy, can be utilized during data storage and transmission depending
on the security requirements and potential risks.Providers of document
management solutions or applications that want to integrate digital
signatures or stamps. Another option: offering them as a premium option
to customers as guaranteed document protection against fraud. A flex­
ible model is supported here: digital signatures can be added as an
additional layer or optional.Fig. 1: Cloud Computing and its feature.
3.3. Role based access control with XACML
In internet technology, admission based security technique is
engaged to forbid unnecessary persons from entering into network.To
establish an assurance, user is not able to do any unnecessary changes.
Login credentials are allocated to jobs in Role based Access Control, and
permissions are assigned to tasks and then allocated to individuals.RBAC
A. Kousalya and N.-k. Baik
Fig. 1. Cloud Computing and its feature.
is authenticated a user’s identification only. RBAC is not capable to
observe user’s trustworthiness to limit login and protect the network
against illegitimate access. RBAC is combined with extensible access
control markup(XACML). XACML is mainly attribute-based access con­
trol system. Attributes act as data about the topic that access resource
and resource to be noticed, and environment represented as a key for
assessment of whether access is approved or not [3]. XACML can also be
used to implement role-based access control.This proposed method
specified RBAC rules using XACML.XACML presented an authorization
principle that has Policy Decision Point, Policy Administration Point,
Policy Information Point, Policy Enforcement Point, and Policy
Retrieval Point.An access control in operating environment has Policy
Enforcement Point that executes the function to authorization request
and to award or reject the right to use sources. Central Policy Decision
Point built the assessment on whether access is decided. The Policy
Decision Point has policies that kept in the Policy Retrieval Point. Pol­
icies are handled by Policy Administration Point.The proposed Role
based Access Control with XACMLis depicted in Fig. 2.
Businesses integrated digital signatures or stamps into its workflows
and system integrators used digital signatures in existing and new
document management systems. Each organization must decide which
DSS option best suits their project needs. It takes into account the re­
quirements of regulatory bodies, and the size of the organization and
other factors, often unique to each case.
3.4. Rivest–Shamir–Adleman(RSA)
The clients need information through the cloud repository as shown
in Fig. 3 which has phase of data access.
The Rivest–Shamir–Adleman method technique is used for infor­
mation protection and offered anonymity.Rivest–Shamir–Adleman
method utilized two input keys such as key pair that encrypt a public
keystream, and a secret key that decrypt information which is exclu­
sively available to the information holder [14]. This technique affects
Fig. 2. Role based Access Control with XACML.
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International Journal of Intelligent Networks 4 (2023) 62–67
Fig. 3. Phase of data access.
individual’s efficiency [15]. The improved RSA technique dealt with the
fault of existing RSA.It utilized two input keys: a public key used by a
third party to execute actions on encrypted records, and a secret key
used by information holder to encrypt and decrypt data.
In cloud computing, symmetrical cryptography encrypts all infor­
mation. The key creation and public key forms part of this cryptography.
In each symmetrical, “secret code”is required for encrypting the infor­
mation that used by information holders whereas in asymmetrical “two
credentials”required for decrypting that symmetrical “secret code”
generated by the asymmetrical “two credentials”.Key pair is given to the
cloud server which creates two asymmetrical credentials as a outcome.
In first phase, Cloud stored the information holder’s private password
Upub and private secret Cpub.In second phase, information holder ob­
tains the key pair from cloud server and encrypted the symmetrical
cryptographic key using key pair. Lastly, stores KE on the internet.Fig. 4
shows the working process that describes the Phase of key generation.
This encoded information was then stored on the public internet as
the following phase of the key generation method. The owner secured
their information using symmetrical key and transferred the information
to the public cloud in an unencrypted form. Fig. 5 shows the data storage
phase of proposed work.
It located the encrypted information and transmits it to the client
along with the encrypted password. The cloud repository now decoded
this symmetrical secret data using its secret keys Cpriv before re-
encrypting data using the client public secret Upub.The user employs
secret Uprivate to encrypt the symmetrical secret and then asymmetrical
passcode to decode the information.
3.4.1. Effectiveness of improved RSA for data security in the cloud
Numerous approaches and techniques have been proposed to
assurance information privacy, with cryptography being the most
effective. Within inter-environment, this method is ineffective because
several clients have accessibility to the information that necessitates to
distributing the secret keys to all clients.Access control is very difficult to
Fig. 4. Phase of key generation.
A. Kousalya and N.-k. Baik
Fig. 5. Data storage Phase.
carry out because risk in giving keys to several clients at the same time.
The asymmetrical encryption method has a significant effect on infor­
mation accessibility.Asymmetric cryptography algorithms are the best
and valuable technique for make the information safe.
It avoids clients from encrypting the large amount of information in a
longer period of time. While preserving the information in inter-element
of cloud, Technique is needed to propose that balance between safety
and systems efficiency.This RSA approach offers better safety, encrypt­
ing information at quicker speed and client’s has capable to retrieve
information in a secured and acceptable manner. An asymmetry tech­
nique used to distribute homogeneous keys amongst either cloud server
or allowed users. The novel approach preserved data privacy and
security.
3.5. Process of RSA and role based access control with XACML
In proposed approach, owner secured the content using RSA to
guarantee information security and become available entirely. RBAC
employed XACML to give proper authorization for content access.
Whenever any customer asks for entry, information holder defends the
information using improved RSA method. This method utilized two
keys: a public key in which outside entity perform transactions upon
encryption and secret key engaged to encrypt or decrypt the informa­
tion.Within cloud computers, stable component is required that con­
nects task and authorization which make conform the connection among
them.
This proposed method employed role based access with XACML on
permission restrictions in User account. Whenever an individual re­
quests for access to content, it is determined by policy decision point;
otherwise, command will be rejected.The procedure is started by
administrator who produced XACML rules and attached them to Policy
Administration Point. The produced rules are kept in policy repository
and endorsed to policy decision point through authorized user. When
policy is arranged, authorization requests are calculated against these
rules. More than one rules is implemented in policy decision point.
In this XAMCL model, API Manager operated as policy enforcement
point. If access demand arrives to this manager, then authorization
request is transferred to policy decision point alongwith necessary at­
tributes. Policy decision point obtained demand and its attributes and
then evaluated demand against existing rules. When demand needed
additional data, Policy decision point attempted to get that data from
policy information point.Demand from API Manager which hold user­
name and rules which are implemented needs user role.Policy decision
point acquired this data from user store which identified as a policy
information point. If Policy decision point has essential data to estimate
the demand, answer is transferred to API Manager with rule decision.
Authorized user performed credential process. The task is assigned if
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International Journal of Intelligent Networks 4 (2023) 62–67
permission obtained, then approval is given to related role.This data is
then transferred from the cloud.The third entity performed to run the
application and did those actions given by owners using valuations key.
An outside entity sent completed encrypted data alongwith encryption
key. A client decrypted all provided output using secret key.
The proposed authorization technique offers adversity of safety
principles that permit the client to perform task in a cloud securely.
3.5.1. Privilege
In the place of clients have more liberal which is required irre­
spectively, Privilege is necessary.In this design, each client performed
several tasks, each point has numerous executed actions, and all actions
obtain eda number of rights to achieve that Privilege. Therefore, client
offer role that utilize preferred process. Eventhough client possesses
absolute rights; this task requests authorization to carry out its activity.
3.5.2. Accessibility
It produces connection among permission, responsibilities and po­
sitions, and connection among clients of computer and positions. A
range of associations offers privacy policy to be performed effectively in
terms of assignment of power.It allows delegation of assignment privi­
leges between one accounts to others.
3.5.3. Responsibilities
In this technique, reciprocal responsibilities are necessary to carry
out critical task.
3.5.4. Trustworthiness
RBAC is authenticating a user’s identification only. RBAC is not
capable to observe user’s trustworthiness to limit login and protect the
network against illegitimate access. RBAC is combined with extensible
access control markup(XACML).
3.5.5. Secure information
Improved RSA method is utilized to ensure information privacy and
security while information getting to transferred and stored in cloud.It
avoids abuse of Communications Service Providers (CSP) or some threat
to data kept in the cloud.
4. Result and discussion
This work employing Java Technologies that is depending on the
number of files taken to analyze. The Java cryptography architecture
allows you to expand the set of cryptographic algorithms supported on
the platform. Due to the high prevalence of Java, many developers of
cryptographic tools offer certified JCP providers.This work is executed
on an Intel Core i7 CPU with a clock speed of 1.70 GHz with 16 GB RAM.
Table 1 shows overall execution time and response time foren
crypting, decoding, data sending and data receiving time taken to send
and receive information at various block size.
Most of the asymmetric techniques are included in Table 2. The
Table 2 shows encryption time duration obtained.
The key size 1, 10, 50 and 100 with their respective time for AES,
DES, RSA and improved RSAare listed in Table 4.AES has the shortest
information processor rate when compared to DES and RSA. Because
AES uses symmetric keys, only one key is needed for both encryption
and decryption. This is distinct from RSA, which requires the use of two
Table 1
Execution time and Response Time.
Time of Response (s) Time of Execution
Size of Block Encryption Decryption Data Send Received Data
(bits) (s) (s) (s) (s)
128 0.13 0.32 0.28 0.44
256 0.36 0.37 0.42 0.60
A. Kousalya and N.-k. Baik International Journal of Intelligent Networks 4 (2023) 62–67

Table 2
Time to encryption Process and Key Size.
Key Size (bits) AES (s) DES’(s) RSA(s) improved RSA

1 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.07

10 0.34 0.34 0.79 0.34
50 1.63 1.91 4.59 2.30
100 4.28 6.63 5.98 5.24

Table 3
The decryption time of hybrid technique.
Decryption Time (s)

Key Size AES (s) DES’(s) RSA(s) improved RSA

1 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05

10 0.24 0.32 2.38 3.44
50 2.86 1.93 4.87 3.23
100 4.99 6.02 3.94 3.12

Table 4
Access control models.
Description DAC MAC RBAC Role based Access Control with XACML
with improved RSA

Scalability ☓ ☓ ✓ ✓
Privileges ☓ ☓ ✓ ✓
Flexibility ☓ ☓ ✓ ✓
Authorization ☓ ☓ ☓ ☓
Delegation ✓ ☓ ☓ ✓

Fig. 7. Comparison of execution time of RSA with varied SIZE.

keys, a private key and a public key that are specifically tied to one
another. Simple random bytes make up AES keys. Furthermore, as seen
in Fig. 6, RSA is an asymmetrical method with the largest secret length.
The overall execution duration of the proposed methods is depicted
in Fig. 6. Therefore, to assess the unique method presented by merging
the AES algorithms as an asymmetrical approach and the RSA strategy.
At varying key size for processing information, which includes
decryption and secret key release, is quicker than existing techniques as
demonstrated in Table 3. From the Table 3, it is cleared that with the
increase in key size, the decryption time also increases.
The access control models forDAC MAC RBACand proposed para­
digm such as Delegation,Scalability, Flexibility, Privileges and Autho­
rization as shown in Table 4.
The methodology used an improved RSA technique to guarantee data
security while storing data via cloud technology. RBAC regulations with
XACML are viewed as a connection to the authorization implementation.
Fig. 7 shows time taken for various key size in RSA’s cryptography.
Various key sizes are used to generate the empirical findings. As a result,
it is used to directly encrypt user data.
Throughput is the number of units of information that a system can
process in a given length of time. Requests/unit of time is used to
calculate throughput. In Table 5, This study analyzed the throughput
differences between RBAC and RBAC with XACML and improved RSA.
The throughput is measured from the beginning of request 1 to the end
of requests 10.It shows that the proposed accessibility paradigm out­
performs than RBAC which provides a better secured permission to
client that protect the information in a cloud.
5. Conclusion
The proposed architecture is constructed using improved RSA tech­
nique and RBAC with XACML to increase privacy and secure commu­
nication. The study shows that this proposed accessibility model is more
advantageous than conventional RBAC. In a virtual setting, AES asym­
metrical technique is highly economical than other technique because of
speed processing the information.RSA technique has superior resilient
because of overall secret size. AES and RSA algorithm are combined to
develop improved RSA algorithm.In cryptography technique, two types
of unsymmetrical and symmetrical decryption schemes are compared at
different data inputs.These techniques encrypted and decoded

Table 5
Throughput.
Requests Through Put

RBAC Role based Access Control with XACML with improved RSA

1 32 34
3 44 48
5 54 55
7 53 57
9 49 53
Fig. 6. Encryption time of various Algorithms with varied Cryptographic
10 45 47
Key Size.

66
A. Kousalya and N.-k. Baik
information in less time for varying bit size.It is also secure and
dependable because of essential management strategy. In future, new
key management technique will develop to distribute an encrypted se­
cret to each authorized client without cloud server assistance.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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