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    18 views49 pages

    CCF 000513

    Uploaded by

    Sudhir Ghormode

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 49
    Mimaipa's Bony 8.5. (Ste V) P= Pape 84 ‘Wher the section is filled up to a beigh of 45cm to 60 em above te ground level, te top ofthe Heap is ‘made into adome and plastered with sow dung earth sry. ‘The process continued and when the stench i completely filled he second trench is prepare ‘The manure becomes ready for use in about four to five mont afc plastering IF urine is nt collected inthe bedding, it can be collected along with washings ofthe cate shed fn a cemented pl from which slater ade to the farmyard manure it and enrich farmyard manure Crema preservatives ein als be used to reduce os ‘The commonly used chemicals ae gypsum and superphosphate ypsum.s spread in the cae sed which absobs wrine and prevents volatilization ass of wea present in ‘he rin ad also adds eset sa sur ss Superphosphaté also ais similarly ip edting losses and also inceases phospho cmt, Parilly ren farmyard manu has 1 be applied ee to four yeeks before sowing while well rotten ‘manure can be applied immediatly before sowing ‘Generally 10 20 thai applied, bu more than 20 Ui applied tofeder erases and vegables, 1 such cases fryard mane should be applied a east 1S days in advance to avoid immbilzation of nitvogen, ‘The exiting practice of leaving manu in sill heaps scared lathe Fld fora yer long pevod leads tothe oss of tients Tse losses ean be application ‘Vegetable crops lke potato, tomate, sweet potato, ecot ris, onion, et respond wel othe farmyard ved by Spreading the manure an incorporating by plowing immediately after ‘manure, The other responsive eros are sugarcare, rice, Napier gras, and prhard crops ike dais, banana ‘argo, and plarsation crops ks eneont of nitogen, 60 70 perent of phosphorus, and 70 percent of potassium are avaiable ‘manure and compost. On average, the manure gonins 3 percent N, | perent P208, ‘The entire amount of nutrients present in farmyard minute is not available immediately. About 30 percent fist exe, Farmyard manure Sheep and Goat Manure:-The droppings of sheep aod gots contain higher nutrients than farmyard 1nd 2 percent K2O.t is, ‘pplied to the field in tivo ways. The sweeping of sheep or goat sheds are place in pits for decomposition and it 's applied Inter the fel. The ntrints present inte wine ae wasted in this method, The se nd method ie sheep peoning, wherein sep and goats are kept overnight inthe field, and icine and fecal mae aed to the ‘ils incorporated toa shallow depth by working bede harrow or eutvaor or eulivatr, Minalae's Rotuy BS: (Sen V9 P- Poultry Manuve:-The excreta of beds ferment very quickly. Ik exposed, 50 percent of is nitogen Ws lost within 30 days. Poultry manure contains higher niogen and phosporus compared to other bulky organic manures, The average ten content f 3.03 percent N; 2.63 peceent P2OS and | 4 percent K20. rurent content than bulky Concentrated organic manures: Concentrated organic manures hve high orgenic manure. The import! concentrated orgunie manures ee oleae, Mood meal, fish mane, ee. These ate ako known as organic nitrogen ferilies. Before ther organic nitrogen is wed by the crops its converted ‘hough bacterial action into readily usable enmosiaeal nitrogen and nae atrogen These erin feria ae, therefore, eatively slow-acting, but they supply alle trogen fora longer perio (i eakes:-A er the oli extracted from ilseds, the remsning soi poron i dred as a eake which can be use as manure Te ol cakes are of two types ‘+ Ble oll caked which canbe safely fe a livestock. Grou eke, Coconut cake, and + None ol ekes tat are not i for feeding livestock; eg Caster cake, Nem cake, Mahus cae, ‘Both edible and non-edible ol eakes can be ubed as manures, However, edible oil cakes are fed cate and norbedibie ol cakes are used as manus, especially for honicltul raps. Nutini present in i ake, afer minéalzlion, are made avalable to cops 71010 das afer applica, Oleakeneeds tobe well powered before application for even dsribution and quicker decompesition The average natent content of diferent ol cakes is presented in he following tebe. Average nutrient conten of ol cakes To Pret conte 6p ix [Pas [a0 [Roneaibeotzaker Gato sae aa ET Coitonseed cake (undecorticated), 39. 18 16. Ty [Karan 39, 09 12. o} Mahi eke 75 Toa fz Sflowe ake nlconied) [aia Esibeoksaes Coconut eke = 3s Tw Cottonseed cake (decorticated) 4 29 22 =] Groundnut 73 [is fs Tinseed cake > a 13 [igr ate : 47a 3 [Rapesed eae 32 pep Satowe cae (ioral) 9 [aa 9 Selmar eake enor insay's Botany Se. (Sem —V) PML Pagel 180, 18. Using NH:S0, sop the reaction ar 1S minuses, 19, Read wells ona spectrophotomete at £50 aking oral abit serum is cone. 20, rom the absorbance ofthe tes zerum, the absorbance of th contol rum it be deducted. 21. This pves a specific reading, 22. Select a postive serum as a reference 10 give an ebsorbance of 1.0. Compare other antisera 16 this reference. Pure Inoeulumn Produetion of VAM: PriaciplSince VAM cannot be grown in vit, they ae multiplied onthe rect sytem of est plants | Requirement: ae 5 1. Sepis of host plantJowar, vs 2. Plastic pois 7X 10X Iem. 3, Sand (xi. : 4. Tnoculum obtained by wet sieving end decanting, 3. Inorganic nutent sluion—Hoglands 6. Starerngeulam, 7, Growth chante, Procedure: ; |. Wash war seed under cuning tap water to remove pestcdes. 2 Soak them overnight and geminal 3. Adda cm layer of sand (sterile) athe lean plese pots. 4 Then place i'em depth of subsme with VAM inoculum (tan. 5. Plata inaximum of $6 seed ontop ofthe inoculum per pot 6. Gover them wit sand, s 7. Ingato pot with Hoglnd's olution (composition given under Nation) atthe rte of 20 perp 8. Keep the pos at 28°-30°C (room temperate) with a photoperiod of 14 hours ight and 10 hours dark with times of 0 ox apie wih Moran tds or 3 web, Now repr the secon pase wih expanded clay. ‘Mass Production of VAM: Principle:The pore inoculum produced must be transfered to expanded clay along with oot to be supplied as VAM inoculum, Resuirements Plans were grown for pur inoculum, Ethanol 70%, Nahypoctiorite-2%, Serle expanded ely Ser pos (lay ones), Growth oor with photoperied of 14 hours light and 10 hours dark. fiee medium (gui) / Hogland’s solution. Anaya Sato WS SV) =H Pa 81 ‘rocedare Tete icra steps avlvedin the prodon of VAM ont lige sale ‘Separation of host plans:Plants evn wih pe nium inp ine above experiment shoul be grou ely 1 Sterisation of host pats: Wash hogy the pote ost pas and sree stern he ot syste ofthese woot plans o prevent the ase of pthopeni ean f th expanded ay. For hip the oo sytem in 709% chanel for 2 mints or 2% Na hypctoresluon. This optional fr pas ‘oem under contol eondins in roth chamber othe ones tat are po hee weeks ot) Preparation of expanded cly:Bite:pasotize’or expe the ey 0 set fer 4 hous and cool to 20rGPace this in 5 eo lager pos en ple eo seicesttied plas (Jo) having maxima ‘YAM colonia ot cael tho digi the rot ten an ae plans 1. Parameter:Five parameters are tobe followed: i. Optional mination ofthe host plant! ‘rl pee eg hing et : : [No water logging ar drought y : x iv, Plan maton shoul be pins fr symbiosis 1. Plat shuld ete forth pathogen di ‘amination temps countess pron sould he doe n reno wi an ens of O00 Lua fo 16 hours pe dy with sodium vaporighpresture ln; 1,000 or mae by merry voor lps Fr 1 has mec 00 Ls py Fare eer apt pe yi salle “emperstuePos soil be shied by plasig then wide well-eraeays z Irrgatio'Since expanded cay has gr parts on pan smaler ons el, re sie il be present Inthe lowe yer To id hi, se ly pots teal of lai ones a cove he wh hi plas sheets ihe tallow te exchange of ese. Plant nuton Modif Hogland act Arnon (1938), Composition has sendy sien ‘Hast in phos Wats nds ne sno Te WA nese ive 1570 vet pathogens ke Python, is Growtn period: It takes about 34 months for mass production of inocaluan in expnded clay. Stop ivigation, after check ing if growth and colorization foun! po. Drove sess cased by sopping ian il ince the Formation of VAM spore. : {Hence expose plano crv fore week nd ten ete plans Alerts wesks rei essen a ayer ad airy. Tet cotati, 1 Store noel der cool ry eons. They ein inet ose yas. ot Cores ‘1 pot eututes pur inosla can be mii by inoculating the root wah one species of VAM Requirement: 1. Stare cote. 2 Poin minre by Perse (188) who inode the oncpt ofr sepveress. 3. Allan poi apts wits rena propagules of Glamis hang varying owen. imalaya's Botany S(t ¥) PM Page 176 ‘Place water in the fun fsed to a suction punp and with te stopeock eloted. Suspend washings with water From the sieve inthe funn. Mes of the spores move tothe periphery an Stick tothe sides of the funn ‘Open the cock gently and alow a i of water tg. ‘Spores present in the eoitral region also naw move to the periphery. 5. Repeats process reduce he quant of watn he ane and tiny ino he wine wate by opening the cock. 6 iw oftprs gnats ote of he ins Colette nad at ‘Assesment of Mycorrhizal Infection rots : : ‘ ‘Princip ing KOH he ses of oo ae macerated and Sng lene le ems ct ined and obsened | Requirements: : ender 099 of pln with VAM inten : 10% KOK, «10H sain 4. 05%btepe loon bien coshena, 6 He FSi covering Neots norco Aid water. Pedic. Precedre 5. Wath infeed ot thera ater 6 Add ot KOH and pace hem covered ina Pe ds nan oven at 90's fr 30 mines to hour "1. Waste roo samen ely 0 0 ee tne wih i wate. 8... Add 1,0, and leave aside for ove two hous, 9), Aeiity 6 mening in dae HCI ora fw mins Stain the roots with coton blue in Iactophenol and femove'the excess stain with lactophenol. Motint en sles in ctobonel or acti ail (99) “1 Place a coverslip seal and observe - For Pigmented Roos: nile gnent ate dest wen Ha wih tongs slson f KOH and eng itr 2/24, R= Total engi ofthe roo K area in which roots are dsbuted ays Hany B.S (Sem ~V) Pol Page| 72 +5 Ihe Be eartworms replaced inthe compost ples 4+) Moisten the water should be applied so that pockets of dried material remain. + Wet material soch materials may require as much as 30 iter perm? of Bed 3. Adding earthworms into the bed in erganic compost preparaton:- you should release the ertnworms ito the mols bed +” You should avoid handling hee individually and place sal handfuls of compos sich in earhoms into “holes orwell” spaced about 0.5 meters apart. 4. Covering dhe bed inorganic compost preparation:- + Cover th bed with plane materia o dak polythene shee Moke sr eck ie bed repulr ras dr te composting pate for oii and pt esiies ot eaves ued to cove th bad as earthworms can el he older organic materials + Bantworms do othe are! ight, contol his by Keping the bes covered. « 5 Ani wll sly eve he oe underingchices Win leily and ep Ske. ‘Seeding the bein organic compost preparation 5 + rene trash be pied othe bed at regres ion iy ‘+ A comman practice is to periodically apply sddonal organic wastes by burying then tn dient pest with Ure be ‘+ Vexmisompost ready after approximately 3 106 months. + Additional eeding prolongs the vernicompost process but yields a larger amount of eompst which & beneficial factor. : + You should wield feed stout 201021 dys ttre he vemiompost is lle 0 oan ie and more homogensous fished pode, ‘Wie he vemicompt is ey he vom sl be aves and compo sold be rose, Male Sur to pace faclate the eoletion of warns fom subsequent balches, Brewers waste or feshcatle manne, composting. The coed wars may ao be on Fas or poly bins. You cn spend Yermicompot inthe cll! ther pokes of werms by nda he vin compos dies. ‘Alter collect the worm, the Vermicompost cycle may be repeated: ‘The finished vermin compost is Inch, deen ese best ed te edit ete expt mein ater passing i rough mm oF 10 mm mesh, ‘Vermicalture:- ‘i 1. Vermicultre is a process of uiliaton of some species of earthworms to create some ind of ~ Jermicompost 2 tisalso termed wown faring 3. Vexmisompos is defined ee a product ofthe composting proses that includes white worms, ed wiles, snd eathworins to Form heterogeneous atures of vericast beding materials, and food waste 4. Insimple vermicas is obtained by the breakdown of organic matter by an earthwortn. 5., Vermicompost compres watersoluble rents whieh form ideal muientvich organi feilize. 6. Wacts as the best sil condone, any Btny 8.8m = VPP Pa 13 “Tee they ar ed in amal eal onan fring, 4. They reso ed inthe ets of sewage sade, and oxygen dean rom blackwater wastewater 9. Vermeuture en carci ut in he basement oon bacon af he ose. 10, Theadvantage ofa won bin ita ean sped up tho proces 11, They make we of pre garden waste than ht ene waste once holy eased 12 Thay ar often slr han ha emote bins. Pape can Be wet for worm bcs. For example, piper that camot be put for eye “Types of arthworms Used In Vermicaltare Eatvorms improve the quality of he soi a eyoles the ogni wate of irene fms ino hums. Based on feng and burrowing habits fou types of eats ae elated in veri, They we sxe below 1 Espa ee cr chro by Growing. Thy lly ee Mey broad they eed on the material preset athe deep srt ofthe Si. + ees Th arto dh te af a hyo a Th wt foe huroing. They are aval red Brow, and reo, Thy are sal sien 4, ot contin Soc unlike oer types of canhwern. Xnobed ‘ + Anos: They eet «vers bcow aid hey 159 on lI, They re found inthe pp pt of {he soil and den sol brows. naan, castings of se extra be oud + Compost As th name suggests thee eanlwerms efor inthe moot pt Tel perf earhwams water bodies, Moreover, bi-resorees such as animal ng cakes, ero se dscharging te commonly burned a coking uel, causing indoor ar pllaton. Bio-wate has the potest 0 herp, fos}, and feriizee Organic wastes suchas cate dung, Kitchen vate, poultry droppings, pig excreta, human excreta, and cop resus can be converted 0 organic manuteandbicgs tvough aerobic and anaerobic gestion By bio-methanaton proces thie form of bio-waste ean be used generate biogas, which canbe used tsa clean fuel for cooking lighting, runing bing-based engines, and genunting compressed Biogas (CBO), ares as inlays Botany B.S. (Sem V9 PH Page 5D 3. © Organic farmers must have specie knowledge about localized growing systems "The laity of a er that can te produced th ofganie farming Is heavily relat othe Skil ‘oowledye, sn wisdom ofthe individual farmer. In orgticferming. the farmer must monitor etop growth patfems during every criteal stage of growth I famer is nable to recognize problem that maybe pest, then he value ofthe crap may be redid, In extreme cicumstances,etop ose may even occur fr some Farmers Al te sue time, farmers must aso hae focal knowledge about sil systems, ecology meteorology, and othr intent factors that en et how cetin crops grow 4. There are unique marketing challenges in place for organic goods Organic. foods are more expensive than commodity. foods or commacially- grown. products, The ‘natetplace for organic foods is nota defied asi ie for other crops ether. Tht can make i dificult for specially farmers compet wih tel produc "To coir this cb, han communis are developing fod cooperatives wih acl firmer and marke or «sal es, astomers can “pep for nganie foots that they can pick vp afer he growing season is ben omplete 5. Organic farms and foods must go through a rigorous cetfcation process. In the United states, organi certhing ages tht are accredited by the USDA must ceri the fas bofore an organe label san be associated with the cope and products prodved. Farms or prodst processors “which erie os than $5,000 in ross income fom onganic sales are expt om this standard. Others, Iie ipa to market apreduet as being omni For many’ organic farms, hat means the organic cetfying agent must be hired to verify thi the fring ‘etiods est the cirent ganic standards that have ben authorized. The (tal ost oF the intl authorization ¢an be as high as 81,300. There ae also anal certification fs that ist be pid ‘The annual certication fees ave ied on a fam’s tos organi production value, which means some farmers may pay the $1,500 fe every yea 6 Teasually costs more tbe competitive wieh organi farming Outside of the cetifetion costs that are roguted to bogin organi farming inthe ft place, several adional start-up cost ist leo be oonsiered. Cetin sil amendments sch as rok ds, ee more expensive for many farmers when compared othe traditions chemicals thst may be used in ecinmodiy farming [As sol conditions improve tough organi firming pidcesse, the costs in this eatydry‘wsvaly’ decline overtime, Many organi fame ean maintain heathy’ sol hough composting and other astral methods: That is nota fuarante, however, So some ojganic farmers may never see cow Savings develop ove tine compared 10 reghboring commodity farmers, 1. "There are different levels of “organic” permitted in the United States. ‘There a 4 ctferet levels of organic foods that are permitted inthe United States. An item is abled 100% organic only iit is produced trough cenifed proces. For & mult-ingredient product, all tems must be _rown through acetfied organic process, although wate ani salt re excluded. “There is 0 95% requirement in place for & food 10 be labeled as “organi.” That means 5% of the al ingredients that mst be used, ingredients can be non-op. In the U.S, there ean approved ist ofa “Made with organi” labels fllow the ‘same requirement, aloning 309% ofthe ingredients to be nom orzanic Inthe US, products in this category are not permit to use the USDA org sel igang’ Botuy Beem =V) P= Bee If more than 30% of a product is mace from non-organic ingraents, then it cannot be labeled as en “oremic® product in any way. I can, hovever, ist specific organi ingress on its product Ibe A. Synhetie chemicals ean stl be ued in organie farming In the Untied States, organi foods are ypcaly free of symhete pesticides. Ther ae, however, some «xception othe rule. Organic farmers who can provide tht natural psiides have not worked to control pests fe permited to use synthetic products under specific circumstanes. These farness must show that etal practices and other organi practices hve fled repetitively sold are exposed to the same chemicals and processes tht vith the higher organi pies. For some, th means tere 8 no “That means some organic foods. bei emmodity ene conventional exops have = sifernce between the ditferent products that are available in locl marke, 9. Organic crops generally soll faster, Conventional foods ate treated with waxes or preservatives o alsin thei freshness Curing the shipping process, Organic foods cannot receive the Same teatment. For many prduets, tht meens organi versions will spol ister than conventional versions If product arrivals afe delayed er mishandled for some reaon; thet an ire shipment or crop may never make ito the market fer consumption 258 byeaporyimton US ast " The advantages and disadvaniages of oreaic farming involve cost production labor, id maket size. All three factors must be present for fares to create profs fom tel orgie methods. Without subsidies, there ‘will ivays bea measure of risk invo'ved as well With foods that are tse, potently heskbier, and without antici chemicals produced, however, organi farming also a process tt everyone ean fel good about Green nam In agile, green manure is cop specitically produced to te incorporated into the sol while tl ‘a7 Typicaly the green manure’, bciass i incorporated with a plow disk as is ofen done wih (rown) ‘manure. The primary goal isto edd organie matter othe sl forts bent Grecn manuring ifn used ith Fegume crops to add nitrogen to the sol for following crops, especially ie organic faring, but also used in conventional fing. Green manares usally perform multipte functions tht inchde sit improvement and sol protection: |. Legumnious green manoressuch as clover and vetch'contain irgenfxing symbiotic bacteria in toot nodules tat fx atmospheric ntogen in a for tht plans can us. This performs the via function of Ferlito. 2. 4 Botany 8. Se Sem VP Pt Page| ‘What is an exologea succession? Explain varius stages of search succession Morpnlogiedl adaptation in xerophytes Morphologiea! and araorical adaptation of Epiphytes Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorous Cycle hort questions: Siages of Hydresere. Climax forest ‘Submerged hycrophyes. 4. lowing hydrops 5. Hydophytes 6 Morphological Adapatons of hycrophyes. 7. Anatomical adaption in hydrophytes A Siages of Xerosere 8, ~ Morphological adepations in xeropytes 40. Antonie adaptations in xeropbyts 1, Physiologically dy soit, 12, Mangrove vegetation 13, Pneamatophois, 14! Viviparous mode of sod gennination, 15, Morphological adaptation of Epinhytes 16, Analerical adaptation of Fpiphytes ‘Very short question 1 Climax forest 1 ~ cladodes, 2 Mesophytes 11, Bullifem cll 3) Hydophyaes 12, Sunken stomata, 4° Arena 13. Halophyts. 5. Xeromorphism 14, Lithophytes. 6 Kerophytes. 15, "Mangrove vegetation 7. Phylloiage 16, Preumatophores, 8 Thom, 17, Respiratory rots 9. Phyllde 18, Mangroves. eee 19. Viviacy 20, Hydkarch 21" ere 22. Ammonifation 23. Nitieaion 24, Dentietion 25... Seitnesttion 26. Aerial oct 26. Clinging oot Unit=1V SKILL DEVELOPMENT: ORGANIC FARMING 1. Organic Fs Organic farming ts a production sytem that avoids ot largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertizes, peicides, growth regulators, genetically modied organisms, aad lvestck food ‘Organic farming, ban ageculral’ system thar use écologleally based pest contol and biological Fetizes derived lngely rom snl nd plant wastes an nitroger-Bxng ove crops. Mosem organic faring ‘was developed as & response fo the evroamentl harm cased by tbe use of herical pesticides and symtete Fetlizers in conventional agriculture, adit has eumerous ecological benef Compared wi convemional agriculture, Organic firming uses fever pesticides, reduces soll coson, creases nitrate leaching ito groundvaier and surface water, and recycle animal wastes back ito the frm These benefit are counterbalance by higher fod costs fr consumers and gnealy lower yields. Inéeed, yields, organic crops are sbovt 25 percent lower overall than conventionally own stops although this can vary ‘ersidorably depending upen the typeof cop. The challenge for fuuieorgac agriculture wl be to main is toieonmental benef, inctcse yield, and seduce pices while meeting thechalleges of climate change ad an Incrshg world population Concept |. ‘The concepts of orpine grcullie were developed in the erly 190 by Sir Albert Howard, FH. King Rol Steiner, ani hers who believed thatthe use of animal manus (fen made into compos), over crops ep rotation, arid biologically based pest onto resid inateter fing system. Howard, having worked ip India as an agrcultral researcher, ined mich ngprtion from the rational and sustainable farming practices he enoouhtered thee and advocated fr ther adoption in the West 2, Such practices Were futher promoted by various advocates—sich a IL Rodale and his son Robs, fn the 1940s snd ona, who published Organi Gardening and Farming nagsine sn several ext on eine farming 4. The demand for organic fod was simulated inthe 1960s the pubistion of Slot Spring by Rachel Carson, which documented he extent of environmental damage causodby ieee. 5. Organic fod sale increased steadily fom te late 2th century. Greats envirnmental avast, coupled with concerns over the heath impacts of pescde residus and cxrsumption of genetiallywodiied (©MO) crops, fostered the growth ofthe organic seco. Inthe United States, ret sles ineressed fam {20,39 billion In 2008 to $479 billion in 2019, while Ses in Buropereached more than $52 billion 8S, bition in 2019, 6. The price of organic food is generally higher than tha of convention grown food. Depending on the product, the season, and the vagaries of supply and deind, the pie of organic fod ean be anywhere {vin fess than 10 percent below to more than 100 percent above that ofconventionlly grown produce 1. Oranie agriculture i defined Formally by. governments. Farmers mut be cert fot their produce sn products 1 be labeled “organi,” and there are specifi organic stands for crops, animals ad wilt crated products and the processing of aprculural prods. Organic sundards inthe European Union (EU) isla Botany B.S. (Sem—V) PM Page| 48 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES ‘Neary 30 to 40elamants are eed fer the rip row and delet of vi orgs Met "portant of hse re C,H, P, KN, CaF Ma 2m Cl. Mo Co, Land F These mata ow om 5 sotto bits components and back 1 he orig component gin ina oreo es le manner. Thi ‘rown ste togeohemil cleo nosey eel The fo of here ements he eanytem mst be eyliwith mane sing consent ese. Bees th flow ivelves ot oly ing xin, bt {ho pris of chemical ection inthe bio envirorments. Tes cpl aso ees of cena reactions in the abit environments. These cycles ae cle bngochemia ese, Bl! rest ning rgd “ge! tothe rok, se ond we ofthe arth . ‘Thee cre yresef oneoshenies ees ne case 1) Hyemloge ites oewatr syle, 3 : 2) Gaseous yes. and 0) Sedimentary. : [NITROGEN CYCLE: Nivogen iin sel entre odie iol Sica ore moleies such eam acd nd pros, gmt, rc cd an isi, Gree las obtain ioren fom esol ~ olton nthe for of enon ata nite ne oe main sors ofall tes oar compounds is : et itogyThe stg nae ht ey walle erin id Oe roe ofsone prokanes Is se ren lee and niger fing acer. sen ye coms fhe allowing spe ivoge ation. Nitogen sion “Anmanineason (0 retetion (9) Desitictn. (© Seinension. 1. Navan fiaaion: Conon off nitmgen of mosphere it he Wnlogsly accep forn of enone io itn. Tce of (©) Physicochemical or roo nivoge aon = () Biological nitrogen fixation: - x 2) Physic-shomical proces of lirogn ation nis faton sents gen comtnes witongen (sserans) cr ising rei! Sts int cand rods dere niogen cn: Ny#+2(0) ——> 2N0 etic 2No + (0) ——+2N0; isctarse 2N0; +(0) ——+ Nos ‘These itogen oxides get disalved n in wit anon easing sah src hey ret with mie compounds for ives ené oer nvogeous apne inayat 8. (Sem During combustion of various pes, some mirogenovs compouds se formed which are washed down aloe with an water, At high presi and temperate, toga and dope oc 1 ore einai Gusti open ation, Rlogia trogen fain: it aie’ ou by carainprokanens, Sone Nue-sen ae x spent ‘nym ofitogen athe ose, ites ar soil. Symbiotic ace (sum) hab he ot oes egunes and symbite barge lye pis of Nav, Aboons, cc) ous ie sate on the tli of amboceros, Aol, cralid ros of Cas fx anaspreniogen Cerin es lving mor Fsng tte such a Aster Clara ofc igen of snospre nH sok Niopen ‘ing ganas combine te asco nivogen of simone wih hyogen abil fom repetry patinayt for ammonia wie then cs wit onanism ain as rogenasinaton: Ioeaicnitogn inthe for fee es and anova ase yt Bee pls rid conert nv nopmous ogni compos Niles arte fs comer ino arora which cabins to organic eis fo fom anno eds. Amiao ai ae ued in He Sates of prot, reyes, eloops, rll acs, ee Animals derive he nitogen regret ro the pln prot Pat pens are ne det ized by te anal. They aft woken down a na aie ng

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