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  • Oily Industry Impacts On The Environmental Vulnerability of The Territories. Case of A Cuban Oil Storage Enterprise.

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    David Javier Castro Rodríguez
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    Oily industry impacts on the environmental vulnerability of the territories. Case of a Cuban Oil Storage Enterprise.

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    13 views14 pages

    Oily Industry Impacts On The Environmental Vulnerability of The Territories. Case of A Cuban Oil Storage Enterprise.

    Uploaded by

    David Javier Castro Rodríguez

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    SITI CONTAMINATI Esperienze negli interventi di risanamento een] Cae a pote IO era @ i hat OI AP aoe CaM te iC UL) “ily industry Impacts on the environmental vulnerability ofthe territories” OILY INDUSTRY IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY OF THE. TERRITORIES: CASE OF FUEL COMMERCIALIZING COMPANY OF VILLA CLARA, CUBA David Castro!, Omar Gutiérres!, Jelvys Bermiide!, Jose Poma', Bernardo Lépes!, Micaela Demichela® ‘'Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos, “Politecnico di Torino davicastroS6(agmail.com Summary. The production, storage and transportation of hydrocarbons involve risks of environmental pollution. The goal was to characterize the pollution by hydrocarbons, caused by the ‘operations of the Fuel Commercializing Company of Villa Clara (ECCVC, in advanced), on the different environmental recipients. Four comprehensively geographical strata were established on the research area. It was monitored with 4 sample stations, the oily treatment system of the ECCVC over a period of 3. years. Furthermore, seven wells were selected to sample upstream and downstream the ECCVC. The results suggest the contamination with hydrocarbons in the recipients has heen related with the management of oily residuals in the ECCVC. The inadequate design features of the lagoon and the lack of maintenance of the API separator were the main possible causes of the failure modes identified with high risk priority numbers. A management plan was designed. The results highlight the negative environmental impact caused by the ECCVC operations, acting as a permanent stressor on the territory, whereas contributing to increase the near community vulnerability against hydrocarbon pollution, INtRopUCTION nina development, there is an increase in the amount of oil used, and tydocarbone application of petroleum products, large amounts of petroleum Pinos ane antually released into the environment (Yu, Han & He, 2017; Benerated by rues & Irabien, 2013). The poor management of oily residues meng, Productive activites is one of the factors that contribute to the Pollution po. - environmental pollution in Cuba, Moreover, hydrocarbons (Abouee, Kees ifferent and serious hazards to the environment and human health * Sermani, Farzadkia, Esarfili. & Ghorbanian, 2019). On the one hand, eee 351 fo ees Bence, Roan Lipa eal Bi Dily industry impacts on the environmental vulnerability of the territories the presence of this pollutant in soil has damaging consequences on living organisms and on the ecosystem as a whole, as it has direct toxic effects and provoke changes in the chemical and physical properties of the soil, such as the ‘oxygen diffusion or water content capacity. In addition, this kind of impacts causes extensive damage to the ecosystem since accumulation of pollutants in the tissues of animals and plants may cause progeny death or mutation (Bosco, Casale, Mazzarino, Godio, Ruffino, Mollea & Chiampo, 2019). On the other hand, these ‘compounds pose a serious threat to humans too, due to their genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic potential (Sangeetha & Thangadurai, 2014), Actually, they have been classified as probable/possible human carcinogens by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), while the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) considered them for the assessment of risk cancer from contaminated sites (OEHHA 2015; IARC, 2010). Pollution by hydrocarbons has, in general, an anthropogenic origin, often due to accidental spills, stockpile leakages, mining and improper or illegal behaviors in waste treatment and disposal (Bosco, Casale, Chiampo & Godio, 2019). Even if the improper or illegal behaviors in waste treatment and disposal seems to be the cause with less magnitude; in contrast, oil-water separators are fall in major mass transfer operations and a key component of chemical process industries, they are used to Femove the oil, grease, hydrocarbons and sediments from the waste water (Ashraf, Shafiq, Mukhtar & Saced, 2015). Unfortunately, many separation devices (conventional treatment methods of oily wastewater) currently used in the industry are similar to those used a hundred years ago. Most of the current methods, are older designs and they are not very efficient in comparison with the environmental regulations, and sometimes they are not well installed or maintained. Therefore, the high frequency of work of the treatment systems and the integration or synergy of their potential impacts, intensify the exposure and at the same time act as a persistent or chronic stressor, increasing the local vulnerability of the territories respecting the hydrocarbons pollution. In that sense, vulnerability is mainly identified as “exposure to the risks in terms of population” (Pilone, Demichela & Baldissone, 2019). Therefore, the goal was to characterize the pollution by hydrocarbons caused by the operations of the ECCVC as an estimation of its impacts against the local community. MATHERIALS AND METHODS Brief description of the object of study The ECCVC is located at coordinates N22°25’10,66"" and W 79°58°35.84""and has its domicile in the farm “El Ancora”& Sub Planta Road No. 76, between Alambique and C Street, Sub Planta neighborhood, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba. It belongs to the Cuba Petroleum Union, inside of Ministry of Energy and Mines. Figure 1 shows the ECCVC location and its surrounding areas. 552 Castro, Gutiérrez, Bermidez, Poma, Lopez, Demichela “Oily industry impacts on the environmental vulnerability of the territories ras Figure 1. Location of the ECCVC in the Sub Plant Distribution, Santa Clara, Cuba. Representation of land strata in satellite view. The ECCVC is composed of the following physical facilities: i) socio administrative building, which includes the fuel laboratory; ii) warehouses and iii) fuel deposit 440. In this last location, the reception, storage and delivery of liquid fuels are carried out, having facilities for loading and unloading of fuels, and 19 storage tanks for diesel, kerosene, lubricants and used oils. Workshop and mopping services for fuel transportation trucks are also carried out in one plant. The facility has collection, disposal, treatment and final disposal systems for industrial wastewater and oil sludge. The petroleum liquid waste treatment system is composed of the following elements: A lagoon receiving petroleum waste devoid of any structure for confinement, with an operating water mirror of approximately 552,00 m?. A physical separator, API type, which presents all its compartments saturated with oily residues of colors that vary between reddish, orange and yellowish. The surface receiving medium of the wastewater from the previous treatment organs is a trough that is born near the perimeter fence of the northwest sector of the facility. This stream is a tributary of the Arroyo Grande that in tum integrates the Cubanicay River and is channeled through agricultural exploitation areas. The recipient body is qualitatively classified as Rivers and Streams, Class B. This category corresponds to “Rivers, reservoirs and hydrogeological areas where waters are collected for agricultural irrigation especially where there are crops that are consumed raw, as well as bodies of water that are they exploit for industrial use in processes that need water quality requirements”. In the vicinity of the ECCVC there are neighborhoods where water from aquifers is the only source of supply for human consumption. Castro, Gutigrrez, Bermadez, Poma, Lopez, Demichela 353 industry impa vironmental vulnerability of the. Methodology For the characterization of the pollution by hydrocarbons, the eight-step procedure in the solution of a problem was adapted, introducing tools from the methodolo convergence (Gutiérrez & de la Vara, 2013). A documentary review of the background of applied engineering research in the area was carried out particularly those related to the geology and hydrogeology of the site A characterization of the ECCVC oily wastewater against to the final disposition was made (surface waters, sediments/soils and groundwater). For the stations sampling, a non-random procedure was chosen, through expert selection. In this way, table | shows the characteristics of the sampling stations. Table 1. Characteristics of wastewater sampling. Stations | Classification | Typo Tat [Preauency_| composed | Tributary API (water) (1) 24.nov.2011 2) 1 jun2012 2 Emuent API | composed Aa 2012 (ovater) (4) 8nov.2012 Fats & Oils | (5) 4.may.2013 (F&O), BODs, | & sju12013 ‘ composed DB (6) Siu 5 Final Diszomal 115, cate) op: (7) 3.02013 = # ae (7) 23.00.2013 4; | Recirient body Total Petroleum Sediments | Hydrocarbons | (1) 24.nov.2011 (TPH) For the sampling of groundwater, the stratification of the area downstream and upstream of the entity was carried out, according to the following criteria: source of origin of the pollution, characteristics of the recipient body and the existence of other entities that dispose of wastewater. Four geographical strata were established, as showed the Figure 1, which are described below: Stratum I: It corresponds to the area within the ECCVC where fuel storage and transfer operations are carried out. It constitutes the probable source of contamination. Stratum II: It covers the southwest area of the entity, close to the fuel storage area. It is located in the area with the highest altitude elevation, in addition to being located upstream of the ECCVC. Other industries are located in this stratum, such as a meat company, an Insurance and Transportation unit. A 354 ‘Castro, Gutiérrez, Bermiider, Poma, Lopez, Demichel “Oily industry impacts on the environmental vulnerability of the territories” litle more withdrawn is a Fuel Oil Power Plant. The community settled in this stratum has rural characteristics, Stratum III: It is located north and east of the ECCVC. For its southern part, it borders strata II, | and IV in that order. It includes furniture factories, animal feed and mayonnaise, as well as other entities like fishmongers and a drilling and construction company. The settled community of this stratum has rural characteristic Stratum IV: It is located south-east of the entity, near the scrubbing plant of the ECCVC. A diesel generator set is located in the upstream zone. The community that inhabits this stratum presents a level of urbanization higher than strata II and IIL. The contrast parameters for the characterization were chosen through the revision of the established regulations: i) Cuban Standards (ONN-National Office of Standardization): NC 93-02: 1985 "Drinking water. Sanitary requirements"; NC 27: 2012 “Discharge of wastewater to terrestrial water and sewage- Specifications"; NC 1021: 2014 "Sources of water supply. Quality and sanitary protection"; NC TS 1067: 2015 "Petroleum industry - Used lubricating oils- Specifications". ) Intemational Standards: (SEMARNAT- Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources) NOM-138-SEMARNAT / SSA1-2012 “Maximum permissible limits of hydrocarbons in soils and the specifications for their characterization and remediation”. The samples taken and the physi chemical tests were carried out according to the Manual of procedures of the Environmental Testing Laboratory of the CEAC. It is accredited according to the Cuban Standard ISO/IEC 17025: 2018 “General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories”. RESULTS Background study The background studies of the engineering investigations showed that surface water flows from the highest to the lowest areas, and that the flow of the underground basin is in the north-northeast direction, with the upstream corresponding to the south-southwest sector of the ECCVC. Likewise, it was Clucidated that the study area is on rocks that have a large number of cracks, which allow the passage not only of water, but also of viscous contaminants. Wastewater sampling stations Figure 2 shows the behavior of the variables BODs and COD. Castro, Gutiérrez, Bermiidez, Poma, Lopez, Demichela 355 of the territories “Oily industry impacts on the environmental vulnerabi Figure 2. BODs and COD behaviour in the analysed frequencies, Station | corresponds to the tributary of the API separation system, for this reason, it is excluded from the contrast with the Average Maximun Limit (AML). In this station a variable behavior is appreciated and the peaks in the reported values of BODs and COD are notable, the most critical being those of November 2012 and May 2013 with a value of 315 mg - L"!. The results obtained in stations 2 and 3 ‘were contrasted with the AML for the two variables analyzed. In both cases, 71.42% of the samples tresspass the thresshold for the characteristics of the recipient body. The BODs/COD ratio is mostly lower than 0.5 suggest the presence of toxic substances that delay or inhibit biodegradation. Table 2 shows the results of fats & oils in the period. Table 2. _ Results of Fats & Oils from the wastewater sampling. t ion 1 zi 3 ee 4 5 6 7 F & O (water): AML for recipients bod lass B= 10 mg:L 1 151.00_| 71.00 | 3110.00 | 242.00 | 1650 | 330 | 15.10 2

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