2nd Order Analysis – Why?

 It is a must, if your structure is sensitive for 2nd order effects (αcr < 10),
 It is a must, if existing analytical solutions do not cover particular
problems:
 Tapered, Haunched members, Normal “beam-
orientated” structural
 Kinked members, analysis software is not
 Complex loaded members, capable to solve these
 Special structures as archs, bridge components... kind of problems.

 It is a way out solution when identification of buckling lengths is very hard

or impossible

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 2nd Order Analysis – 3rd Order Analysis

1st Order 2nd Order 3rd Order

P D P D P

D´

l l l

2014 / 12 2nd Order Analysis

 2nd Order Analysis – 2nd Order Effects
Effects of a deformed geometry are known as second-order effects.

They could:

 increase the action effects,

 modify the behaviour of a structure.

To account for these effects both - imperfections and second-order effects have
to be considered.

P-δ effects (local effects),

P-Δ effects (global effects).

2014 / 13 2nd Order Analysis

 2nd Order Analysis – Imperfections

Imperfection types:
 global (sway) imperfections for frames (lack of verticality)

 local (bow) imperfections for individual members (initial curvature)

2014 / 14 2nd Order Analysis

 2nd Order Analysis – Buckling Types

Deformations during different buckling types:

Flexural buckling out-of-plane Flexural buckling in-plane

Lateral torsional buckling Torsional buckling

(for stability problem)

2014 / 15 2nd Order Analysis

 2nd Order Analysis – Buckling Types

Deformations during different buckling types:

Flexural buckling Torsional buckling

about z-z

Lateral torsional buckling Flexural buckling

about y-y

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 2nd Order Analysis – Overview

2014 / 17 2nd Order Analysis

 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1

y-y z-z y-y z-z

2014 / 22 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1

 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1
y-y z-z y-y z-z

2014 / 23 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1

 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1

y-y z-z y-y z-z

2014 / 24 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1

 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1

y-y z-z y-y z-z

2014 / 25 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1

 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1

2014 / 26 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1

 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1 - Analytical

Chapter Check
6.3.1 Flexural Buckling

2014 / 27 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1

 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1 - Analytical

Chapter Check
6.3.2 Lateral Torsional Buckling

6.3.2.2 General Case

6.3.2.3 Uniform I-Profiles

2014 / 28 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1

 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1 - Analytical

Chapter Check
6.3.3 Combined Buckling Case

2014 / 29 Stability Check EN 1993-1-1

 Example 1 – Warping Torsion

EN 1993-1-1 § 6.2.7 (2) says:

The total torsional moment TEd at any cross-section should be considered as the
sum of two internal effects:
TEd = Tt,Ed + Tw,Ed

where Tt,Ed is the internal St. Venant torsion;

Tw,Ed is the internal warping torsion.

Warping shear stress Tw Warping normal stress σw

(due to warping torsion Tw,Ed) (due to bimoment BEd)

2014 / 36 Example 1
 Example 1 – Local Imperfections

EN 1993-1-1 requires to aply different imperfections EN 1993-1-1 §5.3.4 (3) says:

due to different cross-section resistance check. For a second order analysis taking account of
Table 5.1 says: lateral buckling of a member in bending the
imperfections may be adopted as ke0,d, where e0,d is
the equivalent initial bow imperfection of the weak
axis of the profile considered. In general an
additional torsional imperfection need not to be
allowed for.
Table 6.5 says:
NOTE The National Annex may choose the
Cross-section Limits Buckling curve value of k. The value k = 0,5 is recomended.
Rolled I-sections h/b ≤ 2 b
h/b > 2 c
Welded I-sections h/b ≤ 2 c
h/b > 2 d

and...

1/500 1/400

2014 / 37 Example 1
 Example 1 – Unique Global+Local
Imperfection (Complicated)
EN 1993-1-1,§ 5.3.2 (11):
(11) As an alternative to (3) and (6) the shape of the elastic critical buckling mode ηcr of the
structure may be applied as a unique global and local imperfection. The amplitude of this
imperfection may be determined from:

Rather conservative! Only for particular cases!

2014 / 38 Example 1