LIFE PROCESSES

Best notes made by

Husain abbas Zaidi

INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER
Let’s take A condition I gave you an organism and tell you to
put it in category of living or non living so what did you guys
check in that organism to find weather the organism that is
given to you is living or non living ?????

Hamm lets find out the ways from which you can identify

We can find out whether something is living or non living by

testing the vital life processes if the organism is performing
that vital life processes he is living otherwise he is dead

Lets talk about that vital life processes involve

1- Movement\locomotion
2- Respiration
3- Sensation
4- Growth
5- Digestion
6- Excretion
7- Reproduction

so we came to the conclusion that life processes are the most

basic functions that a living organism perform and we said that
the organism is living otherwise we say that the organism is
dead

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 SO LETS TALK ABOUT NUTRITION

Let me ask you a question to maintain the vital functions of

your body you require energy where does this energy come in
your body ???

Yes you are absolutely right that energy we get from food

That is what we called Nutrition

“ The process by which an organism obtains it nutrients from

food and utilizes them to get energy building and repairing of
there body cells is called nutrition ”

And ya if there is a vast variety of organism is present on this

earth then nutrition is also of different types

Lets discuss some of them

AUTOTROPHIC MODE OF NUTRITION

• The Autotrophic mode of nutrition is that mode of
nutrition in which an organism make it’s own food
from simple materials like carbon dioxide water with
the help of sunlight
• The organism who follow this mode of nutrition is
called autotrophs

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HETEROTROPHIC MODE OF
NUTRITION
• Heterotrophic mode of nutrition is that mode of
nutrition in which an organism cannot make there
own food and is depends on other organism for there
food
• All the animals follow this mode of nutrition most
bacteria and fungi also have this mode of nutrition
• The organism which follow this mode of nutrition is
called autotrophs
• Some of the plants like yeast are also heterotrophs

A HETEROTROPHIC ORGANISM CAN OBTAIN

IT’S FOOD IN THREE WAYS SO THE
HETEROTROPHIC MODE OF NUTRITION IS OF
THREE TYPES
1. Saprotrophic
2. Parasitic
3. Holozoic

Lets discuss it

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SAPROTROPHIC MODE OF
NUTRITION

• it is the type of nutrition in which organism obtains its

food from dead and decaying animal bodies and other
decaying organic matter like rotten bread rotten
leaves etc.
• the organism that follow this mode of nutrition is
called saprophytes
• they break down the complex food material outside
the body into simpler molecules and then swallow it

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PARASITIC NUTRITION

• The parasitic nutrition is that nutrition in

which an organism obtains its food from the
body of another organism without killing it
• The other organism on which an parasite is
feeding upon is called its HOST
• Ex are cuscuta ,tricks lies and leeches and
tapeworm

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HOLOZOIC NUTRITION

• Holozoic nutrition means feeding on solid food

• In this mode of nutrition organism takes the complex
organic food material into its body by the process of
injection and then the ingested food is digested and
foods important nutrients are absorbed into the body
cells of the organism and the undigested and
unabsorbed part of the food is thrown out of the body
• Ex dog , lion, deer , man , frog

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NUTRITION IN PLANTS

plant synthesis there food by the process of

photosynthesis

P HOTOSYNTHESIS IS THE COMPLEX PROCESS BY WHICH ONLY

GREEN PLANTS ARE ABLE TO SYNTHESIS THERE OWN FOOD
FROM CARBON DIOXIDE WATER IN THE PRESENCE OF
SUNLIGHT AND CHLOROPHYLL
• The photosynthesis takes place in three steps
• Absorption of sunlight energy by chlorophyll
• Conversion of light energy into chemical energy
splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen
by light energy
• Reduction of co2 by hydrogen to form carbohydrates
and use them
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NOTE- The presence of sunlight carbon dioxide and water
is necessary for the process of photosynthesis

RAW MATERIALS REQUIRE

FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
the preparation of food by plants by the process of
photosynthesis require two materials

1. Co2
2. Water

But how plants obtain these substance let’s discuss

them

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HOW PLANT OBTAIN CARBON
DIOXIDE

• the carbon dioxide exchange is done by the tiny pores

present on the backward (dorsal) side of plant leaves
• stomata allows the exchange of gases and atmosphere
• More rapidly
• But how stomata open and close?? let’s discuss it

• AROUND STOMATA THERE ARE SPECIAL TYPES OF CELL

WHICH WE CALL GUARD CELLS BECAUSE OF THIS G UARD
CELLS STOMATA ARE ABLE TO OPEN AND CLOSE WHEN

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 WATER DIFFUSE INTO THE GUARD CELLS THEY SWELL UP
AND THE STOMATAL PORE IS OPENED
• AND WHEN THE WATER IS DIFFUSED OUT OF THE GUARD CELL ’ S
THEY SHRINK DOWN RESULT IN THE CLOSING OF STOMATAL
PORE

SO THIS IS THE WAY HOW THE STOMATAL

PORE IS OPENED AND CLOSED

how plants obtain water for photosynthesis

1- the water required by the plants is absorbed by the

roots of the plants from the soil and utilize in
photosynthesis

2- through the process of osmosis the water absorbed by

the roots of the plant is transported upward through
Xylem vessels to the leaves where it reaches the
photosynthetic cells and utilize in photosynthesis

note point the plant take materials like nitrogen

phosphorus iron and magnesium from the soil which
are necessary for building their body

nutrition in animals

1- we have just studied and conqueror the nutrition

in plants now let’s discuss nutrition in animals are

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 heterotrophs and have they depend on other
Organism for their food
2- so animals need an external source off food we
will now discuss how animals obtain their food
3- since animals cannot make their own food they
depend on ready made food
4- have this ready made food came from either plant
or from other animal
5- thus animals obtain their food from plant or other
animal which they eat
• we human beings are also animal we
obtain food like Reed rice Dal fruit and
vegetable from plants
• and food like milk card cheese and egg
obtained from animal
• some people also eat meat, chicken fish
as food
• is divided into three groups on the basis
of their food habits
1. Herbivores
2. Carnivores
3. Omnivorous

NOW LET’S HAVE DISCUSSED

THE STEPS IN THE PROCESS OF
NUTRITION IN ANIMAL’S
There are five main process involved in the process of
nutrition

1. Ingestion
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 2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Assimilation
5. Egestion

INGESTION
the process of taking food into the body is called ingestion

DIGESTION
the process in which food containing large insoluble molecules
is broken down into small water soluble molecules which can
be absorbed by the body is called digestion

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ABSORPTION
the process in which digested food passes through the
intestinal wall into the bloodstream called absorption

EGESTION
the process of throwing out non useful materials from your
body is called egestion

now let’s discuss the nutrition in simple

animal’s who are unicellular and all the
process of nutrition are performed by a
single cell

NUTRITION IN AMOEBA
amoeba is a unicellular animal and amoeba eat tiny
microscopic plants and animals and which float in water

• The mode of nutrition in amoeba is holozoic

• Obtaining food by amebae is called phagocytosis cell
feeding
• Amoeba ingest it’s Food by using its pseudopodia (
are temporary fingerlike projections which form
when a food particle came near amoeba)
• The food is involved weather little surrounding
water too farm food vacuole which can be
considered 2B temporary stomach of amoeba
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 • In amoeba food is digested in the food vacul by
digestive enzymes
• The digested food present in the food vacuole of
amoeba is absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of
amoeba cell by diffusion
• A part of food absorbed in amoeba cell is used to
obtain energy through respiration
• The remaining food which is of no use is thrown out
from its cell membrane

NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEING

the various organs of human digestive system help in the
digestion of food are

• Mouth
• Food pipe or esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• And do some digestive glands

INGESTION
da human beings have I special organ for the ingestion of food
called mouth have any human being food is taken through the
mouth food is poured into the mouth with the help of hands

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DIGESTION

• In human being the digestion of food begins in the

mouth itself
• The mouth cavity or buccal cavity contains teeth
• the teeth cut food into small pieces chew it and grind
it the teeth help in the physical digestion
• the slavery glands present in our mouth produce
saliva saliva is a watery liquid which help in wetting
the food in our mouth
• salivary glands in our mouth produce chemical also
which is dissolved in saliva and also help in chemical
digestion by secreting enzymes one of the enzyme
which is secreted by this salivary glands is slavery
amylase

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 • slightly digested food in the mouth is swallowed by
the tongue and goes down the food pipe
• my question is that how does food go through the
food pipe to the stomach??????
• This happens because the wall of food pipe have
muscles which can contract an expand alternatively
when does lightly digested food enters the food pipe
the wall of food pipe start contracting and expanding
movement this movement is called peristaltic
movement an have the food to go into the stomach
• Even when we are lying upside down this peristaltic
movement ensure that food is going into the
stomach

STOMACH

• The stomach is a J shaped organ present on the left

side of the abdomen the food is further digested in
the stomach
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 • The food is churned in the stomach for about 3
hours during this time the food breaks into still
smaller pieces and forms are Simi solid paste
• The stomach walls have contains 3 tubular glands
the gland which are present in the wall of the
stomach secret gastric juice
• The gastric juice contains 3 substance
• 1 hydrochloric acid
• 2nd enzyme pepsin
• 3rd mucus
• The hydrochloric acid makes the gastric juice acidic
in nature this aesthetic medium provides the
enzyme pepsinogen which require acidic medium to
convert to pepsin
• Have another function of hydrochloric acid is that it
kills any bacteria which may enter the stomach with
food
• The mucus help to protect the stomach wall from
its own secretion of hydrochloric acid
• If mucus is not secreted hydrochloric acid will cause
the erosion of inner lining of the stomach leading to
the formation of ulcers in stomach
• From the stomach partially digested food enters the
small intestine

SMALL INTESTINE
Small intestine is the largest part off
alimentary canal it is about 6.5 meters
long in an adult man
The small intestine is arrange in a form of
quiet in our belly

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 IMPORTANT

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The length of the small intestine
difference is in various animals depending
on the type of food they eat
Cellulose is a carbohydrate food which is
digested with difficulty the herbivorous
animal like cow which eat grass needs a
longer small intestine to allow the
cellulose present in the grass to be
digested completely on the other hand
meat is a food which is easier to digest so
the carnivorous animal like tiger which eat
meat have a shorter small intestine

SMALL INTESTINE IN HUMAN BEINGS IS SITE OF COMPLETE

DIGESTION OF FOOD LIKE CARBOHYDRATE PROTEIN AND FAT
Nine small intestine received the secretion
of two glands 1 st lever second pancreas

LIVER
Liver secrets bile ,bile is a greenish
yellow liquid made in the liver which is
normally store in gallbladder
Bile is alkaline and contains salt which
help to break the fats or lipids this
process of breaking the fats is called
emulsification
Thus bile performs two function
Mix the acidic food coming from stomach
alkaline so that pancreatic enzymes can
act on it

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 Wind sounds break the fat present in the
food into small globules making it easy for
enzyme to act and digest

PANCREAS
Pancreas is a large gland which lies parallel
and beneath the stomach
Pancreas secreting pancreatic juice which
contain digestive enzyme like pancreatic
amylase trypsin and lipase
amylase breakdown the starch
the enzyme trypsin digest the proteins
lipase breakdown emulsified fats
note point pepsin and trypsin have the same
function but dear secreted by different glands
present on different location in our
elementary canal

ABSORPTION
after digestion the molecules of food became so small
that they can pass through the walls of the small
intestine into the blood this is called absorption
the small intestine is the main reason for the
absorption of digested food in fact is small
intestine is especially made for a absorbing
the digestive food
inner surface of small intestine has millions
of tiny fingerlike projections called villi

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 the presence of will I gifts to internal balls
have the large surface area the large
surface area office small intestine help in
rapid absorption of digested food

ASSIMILATION
in one point assimilation means the making
of energy in the cells of food which helps our
body to grow repair itself and two make
daily requirements that’s all assimilation

EGESTION
the throwing out of the undigested food material from our
body is called egestion

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RESPIRATION

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BREATHING AND RESPIRATION

Breathing Respiration
The mechanism by It is defined as the process
which Organism obtain of oxidation of nutrient at
oxygen from air and cellular level it occurs in the
release carbon dioxide presence of specific enzyme
with the help of lungs at optimum temperature in
by taking in air and exit the cell to release energy for
out air is called various life activities
breathing

HOW ENERGY RELEASED DURING RESPIRATION IS STORED

The energy produced during respiration is
stored in the form of ATP adenosine
triphosphate molecules in the cells of the body
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 When ATP is used up by the body for
performing some activities then it is
converted in ADP adenosine diphosphate and
ADP has low energy content as compared to
ATP
And the energy released during the respiration
is stored to make ATP molecule from ADP
molecule

TYPES OF RESPIRATION
There are mainly two types of respiration Arobic
and anaerobic respiration

AEROBIC RESPIRATION
The respiration which uses oxygen is called
aerobic respiration it is called aerobic
respiration because it uses here which
contain oxygen aerobic mean with air
Aerobic respiration produces up
considerable amount of energy for use by
the Organism which get is stored in ATP
molecules
The amount of energy released by aerobic
respiration is from one glucose molecule 38
ATP energy
mitochondria are the sites of aerobic
respiration in the cell are the sites of
aerobic respiration in the cells

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 Most of the living organisms carry out
Aerobic respiration BY USING THE Oxygen
of air

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
The respiration which takes place without oxygen is
called anaerobic respiration
In anaerobic respiration the microorganism like east
breakdown glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide
and release energy
By the way the anaerobic respiration produces
much less energy which gets stored in ATP
molecules
Banerji produced in anaerobic respiration is from
one glucose molecule 2 ATP energy
We human beings obtain energy by aerobic
respiration but in special cases veer aspire
anaerobically in our muscle during vigorous physical
exercises when oxygen get used up faster in muscle
cells than can be supplied by the blood
This lead to the formation of lactic acid an
accumulation of lactic acid in muscles which can
cause muscle cramp
We can get relief from cramps in our muscle caused
by heavy exercises by taking hot water bath or
massage

EXCHANGE OF GASES IN
PLANTS
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In plants exchange of gases occur through stomata and large
intracellular space is present throughout the plant body to
ensure that all the cells are in contact with air

Roots stems and leaves are involved in gaseous exchange of

plant

Roots stems and leaves are involved in gaseous exchange of

plant

L EAVES
in leaves gaseous exchange takes place by diffusion of
oxygen through the stomata into the cells of leave

note point

the direction of diffusion mainly depends upon the

environmental condition and requirement of plant

during daytime carbon dioxide is rapidly use up by the plant

while oxygen is released in major amount

on the other hand during night elimination of carbon

dioxide takes place

ROOTS
exchange of gases in the roots of plant takes place by the
process of diffusion from air present between the soil
particle oxygen diffuses into the roots here and passes into
the roots cell from where the carbon dioxide move out into
the soil

STEMS

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in woody plant gaseous exchange occur through small pores
found in stamps called metals

RESPIRATION IN ANIMALS
different animal have different mode of respiration

for example

in simple unicellular Organism like an amoeba respiration

takes place by simple diffusion of gases through cell
membrane

the animal like earth balm which live in soil use their skin
to absorb oxygen from air and remove carbon dioxide this
is called cutaneous respiration

aquatic animal like fish prones muscles have gills as their

respiratory organs which extract oxygen dissolved in water
and take away carbon dioxide from the body

in the insect like grasshopper cockroach how’s life and

mosquito the tiny hole called spiracles on the body present
which help in the respiration

why does diffusion does not occur in large organisms

✓ diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen

requirement of large multicellular organisms like
humans because the volume of human body is so big
that oxygen cannot diffuse into all the cells of the
human body quickly that is the because oxygen will
have to travel large distances inside the human
body

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HUMAN RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

for maintaining our life the process by which

energy is released from food into our body is called
respiration

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the function of respiratory system is to breathe in
oxygen for respiration and to breathe out carbon
dioxide produced by respiration

breathing is the process by which oxygen is taken

inside the body of an Organism and rich carbon
dioxide is expelled from the body with the help of
breathing organs

MECHANISM OF BREATHING

1- that is what we will learn now how oxygen is sucked

into our lungs during inhalation
2- and how carbon dioxide is pushed out during
exhalation
3- now it’s my turn to explain you the mechanism of
breathing in very simple steps
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 4- show breathing involve 2 steps
5- first breathing in
6- second breathing out

BREATHING IN
when we breathe in this steps happen in our lungs

UFO movement of rib cage

Upward forward
diaphragm flattened outward

BREATHING OUT
BDI(backward downward inward) movement of rib cage

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN
HUMAN
the main organs of human respiratory
system are trachea bronchi lungs and
diaphragm
therefore respiration is drawn into our body
through the nostril present in the nose
dyer is then carried out by pharynx and go in
larynx and finally into the trachea
the trachea is situated at t 12 vertibral level
divide and farm to bronchus
the bronchus divides into bronchiole and
finally reaches 2 alveoli where the gaseous
exchange occur the wall of alveoli are thin

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 so that gases can easily exchange between
the alveoli and the blood vessel

TRANSPORT
during daily basis life activities self produce some useful
and some waste product the substances that are useful
obviously need to be transported to other cells while
harmful substances are to be eliminated

circulatory system is formed in higher animal with transport

these boat type of material to their target park within the
body

TRANSPORT IN HUMAN BEINGS

the transport system of human beings consist of circulating
fluid hot blood heart and blood vessels the circulatory
system transport substances such as nutrient salt oxygen
hormone waste products around the body

BLOOD
✓ blood is red colored liquid which circulates in our
body
✓ blood is red because it contains are red pigment
called hemoglobin in its red cells
✓ blood consists of 4 things
✓ Plasma
✓ Red blood cells
✓ white blood cells
✓ platelets
✓ plasma

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 ✓ the liquid part of blood is called plasma
✓ plasma consists about 90% water and also contains
dissolved substances such as protein digested food
common salt waste products and hormones

RBC
red blood cells are red in colour due to the presence of red
pigment called hemoglobin inside them

red blood cell are carriers of oxygen from lungs to all the
cells of the body

red blood cells do not have nucleus

red blood cell life span is about 4month

WHITE BLOOD CELL

✓ white blood cells are the soldiers of our body they
fight infection and protect us from diseases
✓ some white blood cell can eat up jumps which cause
disease
✓ other white cell make chemical known as antibodies
to fight against infection that’s why white blood
cells are called soldiers our body

PLATELETS
platelets are tiny fragments of special cells form in the bone
marrow platelets do…. Nuclei platelets help in clotting of
blood

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HUMAN CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
the various organs of human circulatory system are heart
arteries vein and capillary

HEART

heart is a muscular pumping organ that pumps out

the blood into the blood vessels
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 it is situated between the lungs tightly tilted
towards left
human heart is 4 chambered it 4 different
chambers are meant to prevent the mixing of
oxygenated or oxygen rich and deoxygenated or
carbon dioxide rich blood

PUMPING ACTION OF HEART

✓ the heart beats non stop all the time the
heartbeat is due to the rhythmic contraction
and relaxation of the heart muscles which
make up the arteria and ventricles

NOTE POINT
that 2 Atria left atrium and right atrium
contract together and relax together
similarly the 2 battery girls left ventricle
and right ventricle contract together and

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relax together

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CARDIAC CYCLE

when the muscles of all 4 chambers of heart are

relax the pulmonary vein begins the oxygenated
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 blood from the lungs to the left atrium of heart
see first step in figure
1. when the left atrium contracts the oxygenated
blood is pushed into left ventricle throw valve see
Step 2
2. when the left ventricle contracts the oxygenated
blood is forced into the main artery called aorta
see Step 3 in figure
3. the main artery carries blood to all the organs of
a body like head chest our stomach intestine liver
kidney lacks accept when the oxygenated blood
passes through the calories of the body organs
then it becomes deoxygenated
4. when the right atrium contracts deoxygenated
blood is pushed into the light went through the
well too see Step 5
5. and when the right ventricle contract the deoxy
blood pulmonary artery see step 6 in figure

and this is called double circulation that blood enters

twice in heart in one complete cycle of the body

BLOOD VESSELS
there are 3 main types of blood vessels
involved in blood circulation
arteries veins and capillaries

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CHARACTERISTICS AND
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
VESSELS
arteries

• they have thick muscular and elastic balls which

carry blood at high pressure and they do not
have valves
• functions
• de carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the
various organs of the body accept pulmonary
artery
• veins
• they have thinner walls then arteries and carry
blood at low pressure they have valves to
prevent the back flow of blood
• function
• re collect deoxygenated blood from different
organs of the body and bring back to heart
accept pulmonary vein
• capillaries
• Artery divide into smaller vessel known as
capillary on reaching an organ or tissue the wall
of calories are one cell thick they also have
valves to prevent back flow of blood
• Function
• They help in exchange of material between
blood and surrounding cell that place across the
thin wall of capillaries
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Note point

• In bird and mammals heart is for chamber the

separation is occurred in fish 2 chambered heart is
present end blood is pumped to the gills where it
get oxygenated and supplied directly to the body
blood goes once only through the heart during one
cycle of circulation

BLOOD PRESSURE
The pressure at which blood is pumped against the wall of
vessel is called blood pressure

• The pressure of blood inside the artery

during ventricular systolic or contraction
phase is called systolic pressure
• Blood pressure in an artery during the
ventricular diastole or relaxation phase is
called diastolic pressure
• The normal systolic and diastolic pressure is
about 120 by 80 mmHg
• Blood pressure is measured by
sphygmomanometer

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
There are 2 pathways by which plants do transportation work
that is

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 1- Xylem tissue
2- Phloem tissue

TRANSPORT OF WATER
The water is transported by the Xylem tissue of plant
the water that enters into roots from soil and there is
a concentration present in the fruits and when the
water enters into the route from soil eliminate the
difference and making the concentration pressure
equal hence there is a steady movement of water into
the root from the soil that creates a column of water
pushing it up word
another method used by plants who water upward in
the Xylem over highest point of water is transpiration
loss of water from stomata

TRANSPIRATION
loss of water in the form of vapor from aerial part of
plant is called transpiration
it helps in the absorption of water and minerals
creating a transpiration pull
it helps in the regulation of temperature it helps in
the constant supply of iron to the leaves and remove
access water

TRANSPORT OF FOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES

THE TRANSPORT OF SOLUBLE PRODUCTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
FROM THE LEAVES TO OTHER PARTS OF THE PLANT IS TURN AS
TRANSLATION
have it occur in the part of vascular tissue known as
lawyer the translation in phloem is mainly achieved by
utilizing energy minerals like sucrose transfer through
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 ATP which increase the osmotic pressure of the tissue
causing water to move into it then the pressure moves
the material in the phloem 230 issue with last pressure
this allow loyal to move material according to plant
need

EXCRETION
the process of removal of toxic waste from the body of an
Organism is called excretion

in amoeba another single cell animal the waste

material carbon dioxide is removed by diffusion
through the cell membrane but nitrogenous waste like
ammonia and access water are removed by contract
tile vacuole
in earthworm the tubular structure called nephridia
are the excretory organs
in human beings the microscopic tubules form
nephrons with function as the excretory units

EXCRETION IN HUMANS
the excretory system of human beings consists of following
main organs 2 kidney to ureter bladder and urethra

the function of kidneys to remove poisonous substance

urea other waste salt and excrete in the form of yellowish
liquid call urine

THE STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY

The major function performed by the kidney are
removing the excess of water from the body known as
osmoregulation and nitrogenous wastes from the

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 blood in the form of urine maintaining the constant
concentration of blood plasma regulating the PH of
blood homeostasis

STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON

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FUNCTIONING OF NEPHRON
it takes place by the following process

ultrafiltration occurs in glomerulus under

high pressure forcing many of the
substances dissolved in blood into the
bowman capsule
the blood then pass through the tubular part
of nephron where useful substance such as
glucose amino acid salt major amount of
water is reabsorbed
the urine form in each Henry enters our long
tube called the ureter which connects the
kidney with the urinary bladder
urine is stored in the urinary bladder until
the pressure of the expendable bladder
cause the urge to pass it out through the
universe
note point
complete failure of a kidney alarms diarrhea
and other waste products to build up in the
blood to prevent this the best long term
solution of kidney failure is kidney
transplant but if there is any time in kidney
transplant then patient is treated pre order
are kidney machine buy a procedure called
dialysis
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 THANK YOU FOR READING
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