er Te eee ee eee Ee MateeraL Now Upiencty Avy Ftementary Plastic AMALY SU@ Mare era, Nowlineaeity Anny ELEMEMTALY PLastic AMALYSIC Steess - S7PAIN TION Sreess - S1PAiw RELATION cladile mabenrad opal £) boon Expoimental Stun - sincun Plot fr Shu ap Steel Arlen a far similar ho acl on™ oP . show Tdealezed plor 4 wyraly Owalyon aed deg - johat is SreenoTh OF A SraUCTORE Y OO ee Ans. Litttwade nesuted by a 1r Sinvetan 2) eackey ap Abs Greacfn Cina Loos Sense ) KOTE: Straagtr guim mint not caly moyints 12 dimoacrn [Geomaby , bok alse Tee Consirteclne Relat (iain - Simm m2lotion ) Bes. Pool Sheogh sf a soal Ger Gametiy Gives, spon unaes be lahon ta TA GE - FRG 'p~ © Neplectiag Rese) Bet, tf when sfrou retedive &5 Qives by Fie-a Bue > i= Brum 2 Oy C1 fie-A) oe lf Fis-BO wed, J ee Fran — [Cope-2 > An anvonbl % tha swals Usain = Loading and Some Yio ae - Flat . aso Fe Olan Le = $= Clancddovdl dloftodnve _ Ara Px applied (ood NOTE: The Aurizentor & Nid Lan ooitl detach bomronted On Qowmunt 4, Symmanctry DMA S$ 2 doorosmd Vepterhis sra0d in Loch gy Tor bas = E+ Sfp lf E AE ae = y Pr ag PAE G eABS chapsOhn EC > & Po AGY t 2A FAR = 4 AG, Force — Diépass mec Plot % Mr Se slero ns P= 4 Ady) “7 Barz 44S Gunite = P= & yh: [CONES : Sn anembly amare Sym Imre (00 mS Bab Olgjovet Yred $hrain Ld S $2 Ta conoond clnplaccmior 5 fu URiel AsnizvetoA Lan C cebu 0OK) Nemou'r Aontzanted 01 aroun 4 syenmeiny . Bon SiRaws Coit Clk rayere) J Comervet—Sheges Steaee2 ; gle E&[L yiekl Ovi [Iner Comy 4 Benen Foner A S[au esh. B Dern yed | Yied 5 Se ESL Yield coill as-Comy burttrn AreeDesplorotrray ak OU. Bud-l Ard Leder, tl rentenanty YE So, Ter dinplacemont ab cova bee Pocl-2 Will Ye D> fare > Bees @wen §: Sy = L& Poe Gat ESheaa + GA 2 DyA+ gLera = 2674 +6 Ph = 3GA Own §- & 2 2Léy P22 SA + GATA P = 395A = yruleimg og} foleg | Storer % Pwr = meng S¥GROO \ Yield, % Rood Aect—2. ©Oo [C= Rigid ban cloen nor Samana Hovraeied GG Ban Strain Ondleny Fietry 1 L0{y = 4s @ 7 ‘ 2L9 = 4L6 i 2 ule 2 46 @® : > able = EP “ ¢ 4 < 348 AL6 [34% = SE @ gra 6-91 2 a” 1 *< hz EGA 2 % cal. & 2 BA LES. GAL. GA a B- EGAs EAYLO _ i - ; 5 " Es > EAL 2 WAZ = EA: GA CLO cay 6 CY —_ * 7P oy AL me > EGA: EA BL. par g aa 7 3Tov, moatete bat binge, Fil t Rw + Sab efi ae 2 GE p: af fi + 2h t3h + 4h] = 4f OA 2x hak + 36)A +4 «OA 3 =e i iy 7 el J - Sattr erst 4 FD Lb. G f= 4] Sz Ab - Gl Hey - [a ae] -FE,A = EA 48 FEEG, LO2. & FE, : EE ln o. “e 308 = gos 2 EGA > GATED. 2 2 CH 2 RAL 2.3 = BGA fe 2 alsoody ‘picked > fe: GA Fy = Naw yielded > Pye SA tating mooust abot Hee . Air 2h A aH Be afr A +3htuh) x G+ F2x2 434) Bs 2 6SRGA@ At Phias Vie O- > LO sey > ba: Gh a ‘5 MBs 4 GH Fy > GOB Mow Yields! \ f= GA Fo BOA EATER Bhd & = OA fy, 2 Weody fielder S Bz A fy > al ucdy Yi blest) Fy 2 GA Taking Momoor Abad hinge, & PB 4+ 2x4 24h | Fonceg im AU Peorbuy TOYA P= SAL +2 +244) 2 3332 GA ae Beak. | “ hye 4hOy. TE Fos AROa. & Ch. 3 GA. 2 OA 25" 36Gu 4Gu SSH srwin >[log: 260 |@) Recalling elementary structural analysis, consider a beam made of homogeneous material say, steel. What is Neutral Axis?—-Developing a Generalized Definition! v Va BVO cz \) MiQ+ wee ol x P) actor. ol (2 = : YY dirt] Assumptoas on They fre Foun, / Plane Seon wit! Rimaia Plank Gao) grad fo ft net pes wt ae Aewdral Pe a Bola nettelaxg [tee NX o Plaos- pe shorleovi i mae Abort Nekal oa /fitac ! Pl SP Exkrinte ib me SahO7 before beni, te fb wa.dx > or gnal lett, 9) Clemreny > Leayt, 3 Newnat uae = Rap Gasiatr file (aloof Net limits) at & olsteonee Y frccn “MA. Lagi 9 ud from ae Seqorenas ey > (REY ss at Gok: (eepis tp Ret Hey: & oA Reakeul ~ Cenean Plane / av) Soars a 4 Paspice. i WW hp Reaoss Ny <= CAGS-Seetiny —__ Shen 60 fe, ava Cerrooy-= FYE ECS) B Ye fone BP HUMGEN Ly My Certoy dF ze FY ata» Chee for awe Lainey [ao arr toch) far: [eye - E (vata RD tot an = QUVer Fe k=O party te a ee Rpltee. & Rey yes DB abot Ms Gri fing Premet 6 AUK tS vo l/ an —— tert — Meme Eauu'lj brine BA = Mm = fer: fe ye SE fides E tn Er & me At eS ate ecu [f-4 [ oR ”) eb ry Py Sm & 7 Yin tA.Here we have tacitly assumed the linearity of stress-strain. If this is not true, i.e., at any distance y from NA, o(y)=£(y)e(y) instead of o (y) = Ee(y) Consider the axial force equilibrium, ; 1 F=fk(y)2a4=+(e 5 OR ale (»)va4 = JE(y) dA =0 > Not First Moment of Area or C.G. Note, modulus of elasticity at a distance y from NA to be used in the above equation depends on the strain level and hence, on the applied loading. Although, axial force is not applied, its equilibrium depends on the applied transverse loading Consider next the moment equilibriut 1 2 £ Add =—[E(y) dd #1, IPO) Teh ho What is ‘y’?---Distance measured form NA and in other words, from the location of zero strain. Looking from a Generalized Perspective (but for a beam!), ¢ Transverse loading or Bending moment is given * Sectional dimension is given ¢ Stress-Strain relation is given, which is nonlinear or a combination of linearity followed by nonlinearity ¢ In latter case, applied bending moment is such that it invokes nonlinearity We need to locate NA---We will compute the strain profile and location of zero strain will be the NA. How many unknowns do we have in defining the strain profil « TWO, namely ¢ Strain at two extreme fibres or ¢ Strain at one extreme fibre and the depth at which it is zero -A straight line? How many independent equations do we have?© «Two, namely Axial Force Equilibrium (Zero for beam) © Moment Equilibrium (about which point? Any point!) Therefore, two unknowns in strain profile can be computed from two equilibrium equations! m (with Non Zero Axial Load) Further Clarification on Moment Equi Cross-Section Uniform Linear Strain Resultant Strain subjected to Strain profile Profile due to Profile (Superposition axial load at due to axial Bending and reversibility is not geometric CG load Moment allowed on account of and moment (Note the nonlinearity in stress- (tree vector) zero-crossing strain relation) not passing Nevertheless, assume the resultant strain profile (which must be Tinear as per the assumption of plane section---nothing to do with nonlinearity in stress-strain relation). Consider first axial force equilibrium first: P=C-T Consider now moment equilibrium about the extreme compression fibre:Ca, ~P(a,+a,)-T (a, +a, +a,)+M =0 (C-T)a,-P(a,+a,)-T(a, +a,)+M =0 Pa, -P(a,+a,)-T(a, +a,)+M =0 -Pa,-T(a,+a,)+M =0 —(P+T)a,-Ta,+M =0 ~Ca, ~Ta,+M =0 => Moment Equilibrium about Geometric CG Moment Equilibrium can be considered about any point! Final Conclusion: Location of the neutral axis depends on the state of loading if the stress-strain variation is nonlinear---In working stress method, stress-strain variation is linear and hence, neutral axis becomes a section property not being dependent on the state of loading.Praagessive Yierdius Lenoua To PLA PATON At A moecie gn eee aos Loin Assernphon, @ Theany % flexor [beodi @— Plane seohton coil Suman Plans apn bead iz 6 —_ Plane Sectwo eotll an nin 10a moe ——? Tus Neutae! Axa 4 fs 7 @-— Rett hard foe. Sha * | Pore flown, LdIMUL 5 NF sate | ®- Shea foe. mor Pe agate. bob Cle fon ination worl iG 8B) Q Langitrdued filmes ant pes eapoos / mir Road fare Rissor’s 2) nga lake @ Mater! Aaaragpneard ( Can & yulaxad) Ard Isotag ina | @ No aout Farce (We wit elon 4 lotnt) OB Gassehrr 2} B wsdeTed ahad ths aoe papa nonmel fo TR atl beosor ar gan *€, exey CH Be 6 ere & d_k Aum Ractang ular posse ction for Sumpuieity Ores) | Blase past. twin hain autativn. Te seetron 4) SA )cetes! fo rH erweasMmg mo om eat Mm CBasim mune) . Gocnoi te crossedito well * : wn Ma) ee ny Airs Spmmebic chat Wh for Teo problem 2) Yield Srde — When enpsume frbres &raachen B@ yield Staain Moran a Yiebl stere My: Oy bab My> 159% (ageaa) [PV 7% - bd = SBS (44) 2 R bat & Barons Yierl a0: ( Plasiryies clap cleft Z, ) Ms Ghob(gz)x2 + G ($2) bof 404-29 xi] : Bb R(o-2) +206 (4 ap = Vy bl dz-22 + % Ca, dent 23) > BR Cdn. gee aah Tee. pat eoge, 228aw ‘Ohd = rll | € (eo ra = Wyle = Ww a $3+p “P43 PFW SE AGPSH VM 2b & (Braye 4 Wy) oo. [Gee] ¥ - T]he = wee) g -1 JAw z- [SS e¢ “thw = : ahd = . [8g “TAD @ ~& Ja : a R, ' + ope - ret Aw i Ten Zz (8-25 z +i| AW FW ao p ae -aZle& Pb - a tS tee -F © es $.2-b © FP eg EBS ORS ae Vo WON [CB - Be +1 2 [szz- zat? ] aby -W (2p)Moment ae Relodion ue 27H = Yield cornet on NOTE: a a> FS Aha Pr + 06 He +o on rE cr | : Pon is Lacped nn Psy "eis, 2M erat | Me . < My vs + Ws( Fovterpattecion db Plott Moreen t — @ Plawsri Hinge Ona tS Lenght P Nua Ndi 6M accor ak seetiag Utacles TS Opp leat (wad a If Pas sud fot plartic MIMO LY 4% Ato & at to seetin g tronirene we 6m, €=€y ©.) aoe ob Oe z= Pant Jue yiesed ane A plahe fei mashed Sie Fe Ly: Unstaey plabit more - Distance befwen My Ona My a Ag Mp. bia, pooch wr Of ae ay oo Incont % OK Coie leven f Mp L ’ Ny etae & Framer cnvaguns Plahon - fe Aabitnory Seokton 0s he Aaplond Qeotion osi th Aagload EE? eb “s 6M Serge as oF SO (6? ee Saran CE 3. Tle seotivo 2s Sidlyocked (Bote an gourd Foner P! _ 2. Nea, a convedink P H > tohat cvill be Me Aesastrry moot) MC) _ Step gard % Cuil) be seek vaniony = annd flex Desubting Jrnonter ooitl be plottes Quast in Jue Ps m-P Plot Cohen PD Difre wierd Coyel— Look Bey akgromatut C-9. SHPO Apply Arca Loock Pet Mone: Tha 4) foreced Contoolled C fones 4) Imdlependect Ormd eles pl Cisplosermust achat Conreb Ie) % £ and Gd Compule fom chm soos Pop. Eo Known@ Step-at Apely On BF 5aremanto Convaturk 4p. ¢g | aZi a 494 . Aon) Pn i) . & amino y RS tal Hoon ab BT Staxp NOTE: Jncuss AG, = Akon Zi APs Tacramental Fore rm at Me'p Aft= ECE) AL AG GA wes Cy 2 Total Stoocn at & EMME = Ep tASoat Zr APs Zips Go thbale— < Eon + Zi AP Ap. - E (Ga, 2%) Ai (Aer Zi Ady) - fe (Gog AD) AL EC. AAA Is ve AP= [ 2 EG AAAe Ze Eas, A%)Kizi| Abo ‘ (ea “9d@ Siemitoly , Chrge Momunt Copialkbeararn, Am- [2 £ Gn SO Ae Zi de (401, AD) AGT: A cuaiting both Boat 6 prodhin far -~ ap). P ku fe |[46 © am Lo Kar\| 4®1 Dhow Ky - 2 E Cos, AO) Ai™ Kir 2a 2° (Gs, AD)AIZI Koo “3 E (G4, Adi) Aa a Sree, GUL toa A nojopplest 1m Shep APzo © (USAC piss D Eo G) C44 AEs En A=? A&,t=— Ka Af, , En NOTE? Gy = &t4Gy 2 Ths warn AN Koon 2 mh pas) aes hanes fg5 000v) tadedenmninode. ruc, tex roam ill Le xienachve |Ss Ps CSam) 111) Crmpuke rou qr Orpurdcfones a > Gal} ACS, + Kalo 4% Th Peo (in < Pl) ste noon i Ravages . othurik, ee on Tue mee ty) If Te, proery GB convenes!» flu Compete AM; = a O5° Ss ee Spot wn Ms ~ M54 + AM; me) Cog Qepeah Pr Procon far G+4) Sep Aes oncoarg, n n n Karls A €o,5 + Gal) Ad;TDARL Re poer TDAeC_Ke port is the clement stiffness matrix relating displacements and forcgs at the clement joints, while ns and momentsAt the element exible ends, as [K.] is the stitiness matrix relating rotati given by Eq.3.7. \ Bending moments and EG 8 are considered uncoupled in the formulation, hence, the force deformation relation\for the res as follows: tte If Where ¥, and ¥, are the axial forces iy( th (3.12) nt at ends “a” " and “b”, respectively, v, and v, are the vertical displacemeyfts at ends \ and “b” of the structural element, respectively; and EA/L is the axigl stiflness of th gment matrix [I<'] is coystantly varied throughout the The element base es model presented is analysis according to ae lation for the spread plasti tion 3.5.2, and the hystei clic Anodel selected. Depending on the Nysteret model considered, some characteristic val for the response of the clement are 1 ed, namely moment- curvature or shear-s lect distortion, For reinforced concrete elemedts, the user may s to specify the section dimensions and rei forcement, and use the fiber model to calculate the properties, 3.2.2 Fiber Model for General Structu Elements ‘The moment curvature envelope describes the changes in the force capacity with deformation during a nonlinear analysis Therefore, the moment-curvature envelopes for columns, Beams and shear walls form an essential part of the analysis. ‘The progeam IDARC now provides an option for users to input their own ere section properties directly, and the moment-curvature is computed internally, Fig. 3.6 shows typicat 23 SFig. 3.6 Section detail for fiber model analysis Shear Wall / {_ Edge Column VIEW A-A TOP OF WALL Fig. 3.7 Fiber model analysis for a shear wall. 24rectangular section subjected to a combination of axial load and moment. The procedure outlined below is applicable to all types of cross-sections: T-beams, shear walls, columns sections, etc. Some simplifying assumptions are made in the analysis and summarized here 2) Plane sections remain plain after bending b) Tensile strength of concrete is ignored beyond the tensile cracking capacity ©) The effect of bond-slip between reinforcement and concrete is ignored 4) The difference in properties between confined core and cover is ignored €) Stress strain properties for concrete and steel are shown in Figs. A.3 and A.4 £) The axial force applied to the section is constant. The procedure outlined below works with only a few iterations required to obtain convergence. The program IDARC uses this procedure to set up moment-curvature envelopes for columns (rectangular or circular), beams (rectangular or T-sections) and shear walls (with or without edge columns). Shear walls may be irregular and include “U” haped core walls, 3.2.2.1 Moment-Curvature Envelope Computation The procedure used was outlined by Kunnath et al. (1992a), adapted from Mander (1984). The moment-curvature analysis is carried out on the cross-section by dividing the concrete area into a number of strips or fibers. The section is subjected to increments of curvature and the strain distribut nis obtained from compatibility and equilibrium considerations, Steel areas and their respective locations are identified separately. The strain at any section is given by (see Fig, 3.6 and 3.7) e() = 0, +25 @.13) Where ¢, is the centroidal strain, = the distance from the reference axis, and > is the curvature of the cross-section. The resulting axial load and moment in the cross section can be computed from: 259 ‘Aypanoadsas ‘9018 pu dus ororou0o amp jo svare a are “y pue “y ‘pur ‘Ajpanoadsas ‘4, PUP Jn $394 fy} uy ynpour waBuEy uoND9s [paIs pue araroUoD ayy axe “7 pu “y ‘Ajoanoodsax “uOHODS ‘qj ut pasapisuoo seose jaars pue sduns 19s9u09 Jo soqUIMU ay ae SSN PUB DON SOHN, (91°) sig tortor evo @or'e) ‘2ty(*o't"a) tae ‘2*¢("9°"3) Pag (eor'e) “y(19°72) "3 x oor ‘OIA, ov | [Coral ('o'*9)4 “fr Gre) fal (acy (9°3)%4|" Law OV ainyeauno pur Psy sixe yesINaU Te UIENS JO. _y days yeyuaurosout Kure s0y paureigo st uorssaudxo Sumoyjoy yp ‘S39qy pazHDx9SIP ay 39AO uopeununs onuy v £q jesSo1ut oy) Suppeydas pur pr'g “ba ow! EL'¢ by Sunmnsqns Smoljoy se siséyeue s0qyy IL sis4youe aumeasno-1uswout ay1 405 aanpadoad aanyeso1 aaqesoy! ue YBnosys OUOP st ue dojesop 01 Azessaoou st Hf ‘WUAWOW PUP PRO] EXE ayp JO anyeA UIAIT v 40} Soo paindwos 9q 1ouweo 3p qwal9l0U! LIENS jePXe ay? puE eoUYUOU st UONEIOL urENS-ssons ‘yp aouig “(z)s suresis yee at Jo UORNgLNSIp uFe9D e SOIBIOIP siy], ‘S9seo |e I OW peo} payidde ay 01 yenba aq plnoys VPRO] [ee ayy, “Spe aouasayoL oy WOH sOqy aM 0} aouersip ayy siz pue ‘oqy om Ur ULENS oy) SI 3 ‘sAQY JPaIS 40 B}2:0N09 BuIpUodsa.I09 ‘aut JO snmpous onsvjs ay) St J ‘IWoWOUL jeINxo[Y Oy fy ‘90J0} [IKE BYP St AY TOYAL (bre) ‘ wee = err) vor] =nes) With the above relations, the complete procedure for developing the moment- curvature envelope is as follows: 1) Apply a small incremental curvature Ap, to a previous known value )., ie. =o. + Ad, 2) In the first step (k= 0), the entire axial load is applied. Since the computation assumes this axial load to be constant, the axial force increment AN? must be zero for the remaining steps. Based on the previous stiffness matrix (in Eq. 3.15), compute the incremental centroidal strain as follows, where 1 is the iteration step number (» > 1): eg = Kb, G17 Note &?, and £3, are the stiffness characteristics at the previous step, k-1 3) Update the new strains and curvatures: fh-fsh fof om 4) Recompute the terms of the stiffness matrix of Eq. 3.15 using the expressions in Eq. 3.16 . 5) Find the unbalanced axial load from: AND = ki sAee. +AE, Ab, G19) 6) If |ANz| 2E where & isa tolerance limit value, then continue the iteration procedure by returning to step (2). Otherwise calculate the moment increment: AM, = Ki be0, +h ds G.20) and update the moment capacity, and continue to search for the moment-curvature relation by adding another increment A@,,, to the process and continue to step (1). In the fiber model analysis, the effect of hoop spacing on the moment-curvature of columns can also be considered. It is assumed that the capacity of the column remains unchanged after the concrete cover has spalled: O85 fA, = SA 21) 27Where {is the confined compressive strength; A,. is the area of the core concrete; and A, is the gross concrete area. An expression relating confined to unconfined strength of concret given by Park and Paulay (1975), and is based on the confining stress relation of Richart et al. (1928) Se = L4205p,f, (22) where p, is the volumetric ratio of confinement stecl to concrete cover: And, ), = (3.23) 9,2 (6.23) and A, is the cross-sectional area of the hoop steel; and s is the spacing of hoops. The modified compressive stress of concrete is obtained subs ting Eq. 3.22 into Eq. 3.21: (3.24) 3.2.2.2 Ultimate Deformation Capaci ‘Computation The ultimate deformation capacity is expressed through the ultimate curvature of the section as determined from the fiber model analysis of the cross-section. The incremental curvature that is applied to the section is continued until one of the following conditions is reached: a) The specified ultimate compressive strain in the concrete is reached (€ 2 €,,), b) The specified ultimate strength of one of the rebar is reached (f, 2 J). The attained curvature of the section when cither of the two conditions is reached is recorded as the ultimate curvature. This parameter forms an important part of the damage analysis, ‘The only factor considered to influence the ultimate deformation capacity of the section is the degree of confinement. Since confinement does not significantly affect the maximum compressive stress, the present formulation only considers the effect of confinement on the downward slope of the concrete stress-strain curve (see Fig, 3.8). ‘The 28&) Stress, o Fee Jecn=Foezr Strain, € EPSU FT Fig. 3.8 Stress-strain curve for unconfined concrete a o& Tt Beam Details Fig. 3.9 Deformation parameters 29factor ZF defines the shape of the descending branch, ‘The expression developed by Kent and Park (1971) /i8 used: fi oF. os (3.25) Say +Eso5 Ey (3.262) G.6b) in which the concrete strength is prescribed in psi, p, is the volumetric ratio of confinement steel to core concrete; 5 is the width of the confined core, and s, is the spacing of hoops The effect of introducing this parameter is to define additional ductility : to well-confined columns Improved formulations for stress-strain behavior of confined : concrete can be found in a publication by Paulay and Priestley (1992) 3.2.3 Column Elements Column elements are modeled considering flexural, shear and axial deformations. A typical column element with the corresponding degrees of freedom is shown in Fig. 3.2. Flexural and shear components of the deformation are modeled using one of the following hysteretic models described in Section 3.3 a) Three parameter Park model b) Three parameter Steel model - ©) Bilinear model - a 4) Linear-elastic model : ‘The axial deformation component is modeled using a linear-clastic spring The column clements include @ rigid length zone to simulate the increase in stiffness at the joint. ‘The the rigid Zone ‘depending on the dimensions of the user can specify the lengthQ connecting elements. The stiffness formulation for column elements is described in Section 3.2.1. ‘The clement stiffness matrix [K,] is constantly varied throughout the analysis according to the formulation for the spread plasticity model presented in Section 3.5.2, and the hysteretic model selected. Depending on the hysteretic model considered, some characteristic values for the response of the clement are required, namely moment- curvature or shear to shear distortion, For reinforced concrete elements, the user may select to specify the section dimensions and reinforcement, and use the fiber model to calculate the properties as described in Section 3.2.2, or provide user supplied values. Simplified formulations can be used alternatively to determine the moment- curvature characteristics. For reinforced concrete columns, the following formulas may be used to estimate the characteristic values of the moment-curvature response of the element (Park et al., 1984) a) Cracking moment: M, = G27 where is the section modulus in in*; N is the axial load in kips; and d is the depth to rebar in inches. b) Yield Curvature (Park and Paulay, 1974) % - G.28) Where e, is the strain at yield stress of steel; and k is calculated according to: 1 ay 7 -(0.+0/)—— ke {o. +p.) Te. +B.07) Ad, aly Where A, is the area of the tensile reinforcing bars; 4, is the area of the compressive reinforcing bars; € is the strain at maximum strength of the concrete; and d, is the cover 31ey depth for compression bars. Note that this expression tends to underestimate the actual curvature since the inelasticty of concrete and the effect of axial loads is not taken into Account, Based on the results on an iterative analysis (Aoyama, 1971) the following modification is introduced: % [tos +(C,-0. 05) fs 6.29) Where: 0.45/(0.84 +p,) ng = NI( fd) ¢) Yield Moment (Park et al., 1984): 5.4 {(1+B,—n)n, +(2—n)p, +(n=28.)e.0;} G30) 0.75 (J +a, Ley a, =(I-B,)2-B, <10 4) Ultimate Moment (Park et al., 1984) M, =(1.24-0.15p, -0.5n,)M, (3.31) ¢) Ultimate Curvature: For ultimate curvature estimates, the relations suggested by Park and Paulay (1975) can be used More up to date relations of capacity of columns are presented by Mander et al (1995), and could be used instead of those suggested. 3.2.4 Beam Elements Beam elements are modeled as flexural elements with shear deformations coupled, A typical beam element with the corresponding degrees of freedom is shown in Fig. 3.3. 32_ The flexural component of the deformation is modeled using one of the following hysteretic models described in Section 3.3: a) Three parameter Park model b) Three parameter Steel model ©) Bilinear model ©) Linear-clastie model The beam elements include a rigid length zone to simulate the increase in stiffness at the Joint. ‘The user can specify the length of the rigid length depending on the dimensions of the connecting elements. ‘The stiffness formulation for column elements is described in Section 3.2.1 The element stiffness matrix [K,] is constantly varied throughout the analysis according to the formulation for the spread plasticity model presented in Section 3.5.2, and the hysteretic model selected, Depending on the hysteretic model considered, some characteristic values for the response of the element are required, namely moment- curvature or shear-shear distortion. For reinforced concrete elements, the user may select to specify the section dimensions and reinforcement, and use the fiber model to calculate the properties as described in Section 3.2.2, or provide user supplied values. Simplified formulations can be used alternatively to determine the moment- curvature characteristics. For reinforced concrete beams the following formulas may be used to estimate the characteristic values of the moment-curvature response: ) Cracking Moments (Park et al., 1984) Mz = 11.0) F(i,/2) (3.32a) M,, = 10 F(I, /(4-2)) (3.32b) Where Mj, and M;, are the positive and negative cracking moments; J, is the gross moment of inertia of the section; ¥ is the distance from the base to the centroid of the section; and / is the height of the section. 33® +) Yield Curvature (Park and Paulay, 1974) 6.330) 3) and isthe sain at yield stress ofthe stele i factor to amplify the curvature due to inclasciy ofthe concrete; i the neta axis parameter (sini the variables were defined in Section 32.1 ©) Yield Moment (Park eta, 1984) M; = OS fb, [2—Wp, +(n-20,)a.0%] G34) M, = 05,8")'[(2—np,+(0"-20.)a.0%] Gay Where: to and the rest of (-0)8-9,<10; a; =(1-p:)5-p s10 Where Mj and M; are the postive and negative yield moments; c, and ef are the ‘maximum compresion and tention stains inthe concrete; and all aditonal parameters are defined in Fig. 39. 4) imate Moment (Park eta, 1984) 24-0159,))My 35) 24-015p,)M, 39) MWhere M; and M, are the positive and negative ultimate moments. ) Ultimate Curvature: For the ultimate curvature estimates, the relations suggested by Park and Paulay (1975) could be used as a rough approximation. 3.2.5 Shear Wall Elements Shear wall clements are modeled considering flexural, shear and axial deformations, A typical shear wall element with the corresponding degrees of freedom is shown in Fig. 3.4, Flexural and shear components of the deformation are modeled using one of the following hysteretic models described in Section 3.3: a) Three parameter Park model b) Three parameter steel model ©) Bilinear mode! 4) Linear-elastic model ‘The axial deformation component is modeled using a linear-clastic spring. The user can specify the length of the rigid zone depending on the dimensions of the connecting elements. The stiffness formulation for shear wall elements is described in Section 3.2.1. The element stiffness matrix [K,] is constantly varied throughout the analysis according to the formulation for the spread plasticity model presented in Section 3.5.2, and the hysteretic model sclected. Depending on the hysteretic model considered, some characteristic values for the response of the clement are required, namely moment- curvature or shear-shear distortion. For reinforced concrete elements the user may select to specify the section dimensions and reinforcement, and use the fiber model to calculate the shear wall flexural properties as described in Section 3.2.2, or provide user supplied values, Simplified formulations can be used alternatively to determine the moment- curvature characteristics. 35‘The inelastic shear properties are evaluated based on a regression analysis of a large number of test data presented by Hirosawa (1975). The cracking and shear strengths, Vand V, , are determined from the following empirical relations: ° 0.6(f+7.11) (36a) Mi(¥,)F17 *™ — [0.08p! "(72+ 2.56 ' 7, = [Pee as +0327. our}er, (6.366) Where M/(VI.,) is the shear span ratio; p, is the tension steel ratio in percent; p, is the wall reinforcement ratio, /, is the axial stress, b, is the equivalent web thickness, and is the distance between edge columns, ‘The shear deformation may be determined using the secant stiffness as follows osM k v1, * 637 where &, is the elastic shear stiffness (G/L, ) The above relations which resulted from the parametric analysis of test data (Hirosawa, 1975) was found to be the most suitable for defining the shear properties of walls This formulation is incorporated in the program IDARC. 3.2.6 Edge Column Elements edge column elements with the ci degrees of freedom. This elements may, also be used to model other tr vents, such as secondary shear walls that can beStress, o Strain, € Symmetric Fig. A.4 Stress curve for reinforcing bars Ad IDARC 40