Holt Algebra 1 Student Handbook

Student
Handbook
Extra Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S4
Skills Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S4
Application Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S28
Problem-Solving Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S40

Draw a Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S40
Make a Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S41
Guess and Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S42
Work Backward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S43
Find a Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S44
Make a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S45
Solve a Simpler Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S46
Use Logical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S47
Use a Venn Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S48
Make an Organized List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S49
Skills Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S50

Number and Operations
Place Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S50
Compare and Order Rational Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S50
Times Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S51
Inverse Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S51
Translate from Words to Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S52
Mental Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S52
Measurement
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S53
Precision, Accuracy, and Significant Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S54
Absolute and Relative Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S55
Geometry
Points, Lines, Planes, and Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S56
Complementary and Supplementary Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S57
Vertical Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S57
S2 Student Handbook
Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S58
Geometric Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S58
Congruence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S59
Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S59
Perimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S60
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S61
Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S62
Classify Triangles and Quadrilaterals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S63
Three-Dimensional Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S64
Draw Three-Dimensional Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S65
Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S66
Surface Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S67
Pythagorean Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S68
Midpoint Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S68
Transformations in the Coordinate Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S69
Dilations in the Coordinate Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S70
Data Analysis
Line Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S71
Measures of Central Tendency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S72
Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S73
Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S73
Standard Deviation and the Normal Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S74
Algebra
Cubic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S75
Step Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S75
Logic and Set Theory

Conditional Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S76
Counterexamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S76
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S77
Set Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S78
Field Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S78
Selected Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S79

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S107
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S149
Symbols and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inside back cover
S3
Extra Practice
Chapter 1 Skills Practice
Lesson Give two ways to write each algebraic expression in words.
1. x + 8 2. 6(y) 3. g - 4 12
4. _
1-1 h
Evaluate each expression for a = 4, b = 2, and c = 5.
5. b + c a
6. _ 7. c - a 8. ab
b
Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression. Then evaluate the
algebraic expression for the given values of y.
Verbal Algebraic y=9 y=6

9. y reduced by 4
10. the quotient of y and 3
11. 5 more than y
12. the sum of y and 2
Lesson Add or subtract using a number line.

13. -7 - 9 14. -2.2 + 4.3 1 - 2_
15. -5 _ 1 16. 3.4 - 6.5
1-2 2 2
Subtract.
17. 12 - 47 18. 1.3 - 9.2 19. y - 4 _ 1
2 for y = 1 _
3 3
Compare. Write <, >, or =.
20. -5 - (-8) -4 - 9 21. ⎪-6 - (-2)⎥ 7-4 22. -2 - 5 7 - 14
Evaluate the expression g - (-7) for each value of g.

23. g = 121 24. g = 1.25 2
25. g = - _ 1
26. g = -8 _
5 3
Lesson Find the value of each expression.
1-3 27. -24 ÷ (-8) 28. 5(-9) 29. -5.2 ÷ y for y = -1.3
30. _
7 ( )
6
2 ÷ -_
7 ( )
4
31. 0 ÷ - _
5
32. _9 ÷0
10
Evaluate each expression for x = -8, y = 6, and z = -4.

y z
33. xy 34. yz 35. _
z 36. _
x
Let a represent a positive number, b represent a negative number, and z represent
zero. Tell whether each expression is positive, negative, zero, or undefined.
37. ab 38. -bz 39. - _a 40. _ab
b z
Lesson Write each expression as repeated multiplication. Then simplify the expression.
1-4 41. 3 3 42. -2 4 43. (-5)3 44. (-1) 5
Write each expression using a base and an exponent.

45. 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 · 5 46. 4 · 4 · 4 47. 2 · 2 · 2 · 2
Write the exponent that makes each equation true.

48. 2 ■ = 16 49. 4 ■ = 256 50. (-3)■ = 81 51. -5 ■ = -125
S4 Extra Practice
Lesson Find each square root.
1-5 52. - √
64 53. √
144 54. √
25
Compare. Write <, >, or =.

55. √
118 11 56. 6 √
35 57. 14 √
196 58. √
50 7
Write all classifications that apply to each number.

59. -44 60. √ 49 61. 15.982 1
62. _
9
Lesson Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.
1-6 63. 22 - 3g + 5 for g = 4 64. 12 - 30 ÷ h for h = 6 65. √
(11j + j) + 6 for j = 3
Simplify each expression.
5 - √
12(3)
66. 4 + 12 ÷ ⎪3 - 9⎥ 67. -36 - √
4 + 15 ÷ 3 68. __
-4 + √
2(8)
Translate each word phrase into an algebraic expression.
69. the quotient of 8 and the difference of a and 5
70. the sum of -9 and the square root of the product of 7 and c
Lesson Simplify each expression.

71. -5 + 38 + 5 + 62 1 - 42 + 7 _
72. 2 _ 2 73. _1 · 4 · 25
1-7 3 3 5
Write each product using the Distributive Property. Then simplify.
74. 12(108) 75. 7(89) 76. 11(33)
Simplify each expression by combining like terms.

77. 7a - 3a 78. -2b - 12b 79. 4c + 5c 2 - c
Simplify each expression. Justify each step with an operation or property.

80. 6(p - 2) + 3p 81. 8q - 3 + 5q(2 + q) 82. -4 + 3r - 7(2s - r)
Lesson Graph each point.

1-8 83. A(2, 3) 84. B(-4, 1) 85. C (0, -2) 86. D (-4, -1)
Name the quadrant in which each point lies. Þ

{
87. J 88. K 89. L
Ó *
90. M 91. N 92. P
Ý
{ Ó ä Ó {
Ó
{
Generate ordered pairs for each function for x = -2, -1, 0, 1, and 2.
Graph the ordered pairs and describe the pattern.
93. y = x - 3 94. y = -2x 95. y = -x 2 96. y = ⎪3x⎥
Write an equation for each rule. Use the given values for x to generate ordered
pairs. Graph the ordered pairs and describe the pattern.
97. y is equal to the sum of one-third of x and -2; x = -6, -3, 0, 3, and 6.
98. y is equal to 4 less than x squared; x = -2, -1, 0, 1, and 2.
Extra Practice S5
Lesson Solve each equation. Check your answer.
2-1 1. x - 9 = 5 2. 4 = y - 12 3 =7
3. a + _
5
4. 7.3 = b + 3.4 5. -6 + j = 5 6. -1.7 = -6.1 + k
Write an equation to represent each relationship. Then solve the equation.

7. A number decreased by 7 is equal to 10.
8. The sum of 6 and a number is -3.

2-2 n = 15
9. _ k
10. -6 = _ 11. _r =5
5 4 2.6
12. 3b = 27 13. 56 = -7d 14. -3.6 = -2f
1z=3
15. _ 4g
16. 12 = _ 1 a = -5
17. _
4 5 3

18. A number multiplied by 4 is -20.
19. The quotient of a number and 5 is 7.
Use the equation 9y = -3x to find y for each value of x.
x -3x 9y = -3x y
20. -6 -3(-6) = 18 9y = 18
21. 0
22. 3

2-3 23. 2k + 7 = 15 24. 11 - 5m = -4 25. 23 = 9 - 2d
2 b + 6 = 10 f
26. _ 27. _ - 4 = 2 28. 6n + 4 = 22
5 3
1 y.
29. If 5(y - 2) = 30, find the value of _ 30. If 4 - 3b = 19, find the value of -2b.
4
Write an equation to represent each relationship. Solve each equation.

31. The difference of 11 and 4 times a number equals 3.
32. Thirteen less than 5 times a number is equal to 7.

2-4 33. 5b - 3 = 4b + 1 34. 3g + 7 = 11g - 17
35. -8 + 4y = y - 6 + 3y - 2 36. 7 + 3d - 5 = -1 + 2d - 12 + d

37. Three more than one-half a number is the same as 17 minus three times the number.
38. Two times the difference of a number and 4 is the same as 5 less than the number.
S6 Extra Practice
Lesson Solve each equation for the indicated variable.
39. q - 3r = 2 for r 5 - c = d - 7 for c
40. _
2-5 6
y
41. 2x + 3 _ = 5 for y 42. 2fgh - 3g = 10 for h
4
Lesson Find each unit rate.
2-6 43. A long-distance runner ran 9000 meters in 30 minutes.
44. A hummingbird flapped its wings 770 times in 14 seconds.
Solve each proportion.

h =_
45. _ 5 5
46. _ 2
_ r =_
47. _ 10
4 6 m=5 3 7
2 =_
48. _ 2x 49. _ 5 =_ 3 50. b
_ - 2 =_7
3 8 x - 3 10 4 12
Lesson Find the value of x in each diagram.

2-7 51. ABCD ∼ EFGH 52. JKL ∼ MNO

ÝÊvÌ
nÊ ÈÊ
{ÊvÌ £äÊvÌ
ÝÊ
£äÊvÌ
£{Ê
"
Lesson 53. Find 25% of 60. 54. Find 40% of 95.

2-8 55. What percent of 75 is 15? 56. What percent of 60 is 33?
57. 91 is what percent of 65? 58. 35% of what number is 24.5?
Write each decimal or fraction as a percent.

4
59. _ 60. 0.55 9
61. _ 62. 0.0375
5 6
Write each percent as a decimal and as a fraction.
63. 32% 64. 24% 65. 37.5% 66. 118.75%
Write each list in order from least to greatest.

67. _2 , 0.28, 1.9%, _6 , 0.19 5 , 9.2, 117%, _
68. _ 9 , 8.8%
17 25 3 11
Lesson 69. Estimate the tax on a $2438.00 clarinet when the sales tax is 7.9%.
2-9 70. Estimate the tip on a $21.32 check using a tip rate of 20%.
Lesson Find each percent change. Tell whether it is a percent increase or decrease.
2-10 71. 10 to 25 72. 40 to 2 73. 800 to 160
74. 4 to 14 75. 8 to 30 76. 60 to 36
77. Find the result when 45 is increased by 40%.
78. Find the result when 120 is decreased by 70%.
Extra Practice S7
Lesson Describe the solutions of each inequality in words.
3-1 1. 3 + v < -2 2. 15 ≤ k + 4 3. -3 + n > 6 4. 1 - 4x ≥ -2
Graph each inequality.

5. f ≥ 2 6. m < -1 7. √4

2
+ 32 > c 8. (-1 -1)2 ≤ p
Write the inequality shown by each graph.
9. 10.
ä £ Ó Î { x È Î Ó £ ä £ Ó Î
11. 12.
ä Ó { È n £ä £Ó È { ÓÊ ä Ó { È
13. 14.
Î Ó £ ä £ Ó Î ä £ Ó Î { x È
Write each inequality with the variable on the left. Graph the solutions.
15. 14 > b 16. 9 ≤ g 17. -2 < x 18. -4 ≥ k
Lesson Solve each inequality and graph the solutions.

3-2 19. 8 ≥ d - 4 20. -5 < 10 + w 21. a + 4 ≤ 7 22. 9 + j > 2
Write an inequality to represent each statement. Solve the inequality and graph
the solutions.
23. Five more than a number v is less than or equal to 9.
24. A number t decreased by 2 is at least 7.
25. Three less than a number r is less than -1.
26. A number k increased by 1 is at most -2.
Use the inequality 4 + z ≤ 11 to fill in the missing numbers.

27. z ≤ 28. z - ≤4 29. z - 3 ≤

x <3
32. _
3-3 30. 24 > 4b 31. 27g ≤ 81
5
33. 10y ≥ 2
34. 4p < -2 3s > 3

35. _ 3d
36. 0 ≥ _ a ≥_
37. _ 3
8 7 8 4
38. -3k ≤ -12 -2e
39. _ ≥ 4 40. 8 < -12y 41. -3.5 > 14c
5
h
42. 9 > _ 43. 49 > -7m 44. 60 ≤ -12c 1 q < -6
45. - _
-2 3
Write an inequality for each statement. Solve the inequality and graph the
solutions.
46. The product of _1 and a number is not more than 6.
2
47. The quotient of r and -5 is greater than 3.
48. The product of -11 and a number is greater than -33.
49. The quotient of w and -4 is less than or equal to -6.
S8 Extra Practice
3-4 50. 3t - 2 < 5 51. 4p + 4 ≥ 12 52. 10 > 4 - 3g 53. -6 < 5b - 4
m - 2 < -2 10x - 4 2f + 3
54. _ 55. -1 > _ 56. 9a + 6 ≥ 3 57. 4 < _
4 12 2
58. 10 ≤ 3(4 - r) 2 +_
59. _ 3h<_ 4 1 (10k - 2) > 1
60. _
3 4 3 5
61. -n - 3 < -2 3 62. 37 - 4d ≤ √3
2
+ 42 63. - _
4
( )
3 8q - 2 2 < -3
Use the inequality -6 - 2w ≥ 10 to fill in the missing numbers.

64. w ≤ 65. w - 3 ≤ 66. +w≤1
Write an inequality for each statement. Solve the inequality and graph the solutions.
67. Twelve is less than or equal to the product of 6 and the difference of 5 and a number.
68. The difference of one-third a number and 8 is more than -4.
69. Seven more than a number is less than or equal to the square root of the sum of
9 and 7.
70. One-fourth of the sum of 2x and 4 is more than 5.
3-5 71. 4v - 2 ≤ 3v 72. 9e > 7 - 2e
73. 6j ≥ 2j + 8 74. 3z - 5 < 7z
75. 2(7 - s) > 4(s + 2) 76. -3(3 + 2y) - 1 ≤ 2(1 - 4y)
77. 3n < 3(6 - 2n) 78. _ 5 ≥_

1u-_ 1u
3 2 6
Solve each inequality.
79. 3 + 3c < 6 + 3c 80. 4(k + 2) ≥ 4k + 5 81. 2(5 - b) ≤ 3 - 2b
Write an inequality to represent each relationship. Solve your inequality.

82. The difference of three times a number and 5 is more than the number times 4.
83. Seven more than the product of four and a number is less than or equal to the
number increased by 3.
84. one less than a number is greater than the product of 3 and the difference of 5 and
the number.
Lesson Solve each compound inequality and graph the solutions.
3-6 85. 6 < 3 + x <- 8 86. -1 ≤ b + 4 ≤ 3
87. k + 5 ≤ -3 OR k + 5 ≥ 1 88. r - 3 > 2 OR r + 1 < 4
Write the compound inequality shown by each graph.

89. 90.
Î Ó £ ä £ Ó Î È { Ó ä Ó { È
Write and graph a compound inequality for the numbers described.
91. all real numbers less than 2 and greater than or equal to -1
92. all real numbers between -3 and 1
Solve each compound inequality and graph the solutions.

93. 2r + 3 ≥ 1 AND 3r - 4 ≤ 5 94. f - 2 > 6 OR f + 2 < 6
Extra Practice S9
Lesson Choose the graph that best represents each situation.
4-1 1. A person blows up a balloon with a steady airstream.
2. A person blows up a balloon steadily and then lets it deflate.
3. A person blows up a balloon slowly at first and then uses more and more air.
À>« Ê À>« Ê À>« Ê
6Õi
6Õi
6Õi
/i /i /i
Lesson Express each relation as a table, as a graph, and as a mapping diagram.

⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
4-2 4. ⎨(0, 2), (-1, 3), (-2, 5)⎬ 5. ⎨(2, 8), (4, 6), (6, 4), (8, 2)⎬
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
Give the domain and range for each relation. Tell whether the relation is a function.
Explain.
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
6. ⎨(3, 4), (-1, 2), (2, -3), (5, 0)⎬ 7. ⎨(5, 4), (0, 2), (5, -3), (0, 1)⎬
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
8. x 2 0 1 2 -1 9. Þ
y 1 0 -1 -2 -3 n
Ó { È n Ý
Lesson Determine a relationship between the x- and y-variables. Write an equation.

⎧ ⎫
4-3 10. ⎨(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)⎬ 11. x 1 2 3 4
⎩ ⎭
y 1 4 9 16
Identify the independent and dependent variables. Write a rule in function

notation for each situation.
12. A science tutor charges students $15 per hour.
13. A circus charges a $10 entry fee and $1.50 for each pony ride.
Evaluate each function for the given input values.

14. For f (a) = 6 - 4a, find f (a) when a = 2 and when a = -3.
15. For g (d) = _2 d + 3, find g (d) when d = 10 and when d = -5.
5
16. For h (w) = 2 - w 2, find h (w) when w = -1 and when w = -2.
17. Complete the table for f (t ) = 7 + 3t. 18. Complete the table for h(s) = 2s + s 3 - 6.
t 0 1 2 3 s -1 0 1 2
f(t) h(s)
S10 Extra Practice

Lesson Graph each function for the given domain.
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
4-4 19. 2x - y = 2; D: ⎨-2, -1, 0, 1⎬ 20. f(x) = x 2 - 1; D: ⎨-3, -1, 0, 2⎬
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
Graph each function.
21. f(x) = 4 - 2x 22. y + 3 = 2x 23. y = -5 + x 2
24. Use a graph of the function f(x) = _5 - 2x to find the value of f(x) when x = _ 1.
2 2
Check your answer.
25. Find the value of x so that (x, 4) satisfies y = -x + 8.
26. Find the value of y so that (-3, y) satisfies y = 15 - 2x 2.
For each function, determine whether the given points are on the graph.
x + 4; -3, 3 and 3, 5
27. y = _ ( ) ( ) 28. y = x 2 - 1; (-2, 3) and (2, 5)
3
Lesson Describe the correlation illustrated by each scatter plot.
4-5 29. Þ 30. Þ 31. Þ
Ý Ý Ý
Identify the correlation you would expect to see between each pair of data sets. Explain.
32. the number of chess pieces captured and the number of pieces still on the board
33. a person’s height and the color of the person’s eyes
Choose the scatter plot that best represents the described situation.
34. the number of students in a class and the À>« Ê À>« Ê
Þ Þ
grades on a test
35. the number of students in a class and the
number of empty desks
Ý Ý
Lesson Determine whether each sequence appears to be an arithmetic sequence. If so, find
the common difference and the next three terms.
4-6
36. -10, -7, -4, -1, … 37. 8, 5, 1, -4, …
38. 1, -2, 3, -4, … 39. -19, -9, 1, 11, …
Find the indicated term of each arithmetic sequence.

40. 15th term: -5, -1, 3, 7, … 41. 20th term: a 1 = 2; d = -5
42. 12th term: 8, 16, 24, 32, … 43. 21st term: 5.2, 5.17, 5.14, 5.11, …
Find the common difference for each arithmetic sequence.

44. 0, 7, 14, 21, … 45. 132, 121, 110, 99, … 46. _ 7, _
1 , 1, _ 10 , …
4 4 4
47. 1.4, 2.2, 3, 3.8, … 48. -7, -2, 3, 8, … 49. 7.28, 7.21, 7.14, 7.07, …
Find the next four terms in each arithmetic sequence.

50. -3, -6, -9, -12, … 51. 2, 9, 16, 23, …
1
_ 1
_ 5
_
52. - , , 1, , … 53. -4.3, -3.2, -2.1, -1, …
3 3 3
Extra Practice S11

Lesson Identify whether each graph represents a function. Explain. If the graph does
represent a function, is the function linear?
5-1
1. Þ 2. Þ 3. Þ
{ {
È
Ó Ó
Ý Ý {
È { Ó ä { Ó ä Ó { Ó
Ó Ó Ý
{ Ó ä Ó {
{ {
Tell whether the given ordered pairs satisfy a linear function. Explain.
4. x -4 -2 0 2 4 5. x 2 5 8 11 14
y 7 6 5 4 3 y 12 8 7 3 3
Tell whether each equation is linear. If so, write the equation in standard form and
give the values of A, B, and C.
6. y = 8 - 3x x = 4 - 2y
7. _ 8. -3 + xy = 2 9. 4x = -3 - 3y
3
Lesson Find the x- and y-intercepts.
5-2 10. Þ 11. Þ Ý
{
{ Ó ä Ó {
Ó Ó
Ý
{
{ Ó ä Ó {
Ó È
{ n
12. -4x = 2y - 1 13. x - y = 3 14. 2x - 3y = 12 15. 2.5x + 2.5y = 5
Use intercepts to graph the line described by each equation.

16. 15 = -3x - 5y 17. 4y = 2x + 8 18. y = 6 - 3x 19. -2y = x + 2
Lesson Find the slope of each line.

5-3 20. Þ 21. Þ
{ n
Ó {
Ý Ý
{ Ó ä Ó { n { ä { n
Ó {
{ n
Lesson Find the slope of the line that contains each pair of points.
5-4 22. (-1, 2) and (-4, 8) 23. (2, 6) and (0, 1) 24. (-2, 3) and (4, 0)
Find the slope of the line described by each equation.

25. 2y = 42 - 6x 26. 3x + 4y = 12 27. 3x = 15 + 5y
S12 Extra Practice

Lesson Tell whether each equation represents a direct variation. If so, identify the constant
of variation.
5-5
28. x - 2y = 0 29. x - y = 3 30. 3y = 2x
31. The value of y varies directly with x, and y = 2 when x = -3. Find y when x = 6.
32. The value of y varies directly with x, and y = -3 when x = 9. Find y when x = 12.
Each ordered pair is a solution of a direct variation. Write the equation of direct
variation.
33. (1, 4) 34. (-2, 12) 35. _(1 , -3
2 ) 36. (5, 2)
37. (8, 12) 38. (7, -2) 39. (12, -3) 40. (5, 15)
Lesson Write the equation that describes each line in slope-intercept form.
5-6 41. slope = 2, y-intercept = -2 42. slope = 0.25, y-intercept = 4
43. slope = -2, y-intercept = 3 1 , y-intercept = 2
44. slope = _
3
Write each equation in slope-intercept form. Then graph the line described by the
equation.
45. 2y = x - 3 46. -3x - 2y = 1 1x=2
47. 2y - _
2
Lesson Write an equation in point-slope form for the line with the given slope that
contains the given point.
5-7 1 ; 2, 4
48. slope = 2; (0, 3) 49. slope = -1; (1, -1) 50. slope = _ ( )
2
1 ; 1, 2
51. slope = _ ( ) 52. slope = -2; (3, 1) 53. slope = 3; (-2, -5)
3
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line through the two points.
54. (-1, 1) and (1, -2) 55. (3, 1) and (2, -3) 56. (4, -5) and (2, -1)
Lesson 57. Identify which lines are parallel: y = 3x - 2; y = -2; y = 3x + 7; y = 0

58. Identify which lines are perpendicular: y = -2(2x - 1); y = _ 1 (x + 3); y = _
1 (x + 8);
5-8 2 4
y - 4 = 2(3 - 2x)
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that is parallel to the given
line and that passes through the given point.
59. y = -2x + 3; (1, 4) 60. y = x - 5; (2, -4) 61. y = 3x; (-1, 5)
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that is perpendicular to the
given line and that passes through the given point.
62. y = x + 1; (3, -2) 63. y = -4x - 1; (-1, 0) 64. y = 4x + 5; (2, -1)
Lesson Graph f (x) and g(x). Then describe the transformation(s) from the graph of f (x) to
the graph of g(x).
5-9 1
65. f(x) = x, g(x) = x + 2 66. f(x) = x, g(x) = x - _
2
67. f(x) = 6x + 1, g(x) = 2x + 1 68. f(x) = 3x - 1, g(x) = 9x - 1
69. f(x) = x, g(x) = 2x - 1 70. f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = - _ 1x
2
Graph f (x). Then reflect the graph of f (x) across the y-axis. Write a function g(x) to
describe the new graph.
71. f (x) = 2x + 3 72. f (x) = -3x - 1 73. f (x) = -4x
Extra Practice S13

Lesson Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the given system.
6-1 ⎧ 2x - 3y = -7 ⎧4x + 3y = -2 ⎧ -2x - 3y = 1
1. (1, 3); ⎨ 2. (-2, 2); ⎨ 3. (4, -3); ⎨
⎩ -5x + 3y = 4 ⎩ -2x - 2y = 2 ⎩ x + 2y = -2
Use the given graph to find the solution of each system.
⎧ 1
_
y = 2 x - 1 ⎧y = x + 1
4. ⎨ 5. ⎨
y = - _1x+3 ⎩ y = -x + 1
⎩ 2
Þ Þ
{ {
Ó Ó
Ý
{ Ó ä Ó {Ý { Ó ä Ó {
Ó Ó
{ {
Solve each system by graphing. Check your answer.

⎧y = x + 1 ⎧3x + y = -8 ⎧x = 2 - 2y
6. ⎨ 7. ⎨ 8. ⎨
⎩ y = -2x - 2 1
⎩ 3y = _ x - 5 ⎩ -1 = -2x - 3y
2
Lesson Solve each system by substitution.

6-2 ⎧y = 12 - 3x ⎧2x + y = -6 ⎧y = 11 - 3x
9. ⎨ 10. ⎨ 11. ⎨
⎩ y = 2x - 3 ⎩ -5x + y = 1 ⎩ -2x + y = 1
⎧2x + 3y = 2 ⎧3x - 2y = -3 ⎧4y - 2x = -2
12. ⎨ 13. ⎨ 14. ⎨
1
⎩ - _ x + 2y = -6 ⎩ y = 7 - 4x ⎩ x + 3y = -4
2
Two angles whose measures have a sum of 90° are called complementary angles.
For Exercises 15–17, x and y represent complementary angles. Find the measure of
each angle.
⎧x + y = 90 ⎧x + y = 90 ⎧x + y = 90
15. ⎨ 16. ⎨ 17. ⎨
⎩ y = 9x - 10 ⎩ y - 4x = 15 ⎩ y = 2x + 15
Lesson Solve each system by elimination.

6-3 ⎧x - 3y = -1 ⎧-3x - y = 1 ⎧-x - 3y = -1
18. ⎨ 19. ⎨ 20. ⎨
⎩ -x + 2y = -2 ⎩ 5x + y = -5 ⎩ 3x + 3y = 9
⎧3x - 2y = 2 ⎧5x - 2y = -15 ⎧-4x - 2y = -4
21. ⎨ 22. ⎨ 23. ⎨
⎩ 3x + y = 8 ⎩ 2x - 2y = -12 ⎩ -4x + 3y = -24
⎧-3x - 3y = 3 ⎧4x - 3y = -1 ⎧3x + 6y = 0
24. ⎨ 25. ⎨ 26. ⎨
⎩ 2x + y = -4 ⎩ 2x - 2y = -4 ⎩ 7x + 4y = 20
S14 Extra Practice

Lesson Solve each system of linear equations.
6-4 ⎧y = 2x + 4 ⎧-y = 3 - 5x ⎧y + 2 = 3x
27. ⎨ 28. ⎨ 29. ⎨
⎩ -2x + y = 6 ⎩ y - 5x = 6 ⎩ 3x - y = -1
⎧2y = 6 - 6x ⎧y - 1 = -3x ⎧4x - 2y = 4

30. ⎨ 31. ⎨ 32. ⎨
⎩ 3y + 9x = 9 ⎩ 12x + 4y = 4 ⎩ 3y = 6 (x - 1)
Classify each system. Give the number of solutions.
⎧2y = 2 (4x - 3) ⎧3y + 6x = 9 ⎧3x - 13 = 2y

33. ⎨ 34. ⎨ 35. ⎨
⎩ y - 1 = 4x ⎩ 2(y - 3) = -4x ⎩ -3y = 2x
Lesson Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the given inequality.
6-5 36. (3, 6); y > 2x + 4 37. (-2, -8); y ≤ 3x - 2 38. (-3, 3); y ≥ -2x + 5
Graph the solutions of each linear inequality.
39. y > 2x 40. y ≤ -3x + 2 41. y ≥ 2x - 1 42. -y < -x + 4
43. y ≥ -2x + 4 44. y > -x - 3 45. y < _ 1

1 x + 1_ 46. y ≤ 4x - (-1)
2 2
Write an inequality to represent each graph.
47. Þ 48. Þ
n n
{ {
Ý Ý
n { ä { n n { ä { n
{ {
n n
Lesson Tell whether the ordered pair is a solution of the given system.
6-6 ⎧y > 3x + 3 ⎧y > -3x - 2 ⎧y > 2x
49. (2, 5); ⎨ 50. (3, 9); ⎨ 51. (2, 3); ⎨
⎩y ≥ x + 1 ⎩ y < 2x + 3 ⎩y ≤ x - 3
Graph each system of linear inequalities. Give two ordered pairs that are solutions
and two that are not solutions.
⎧x + 4y < 2 ⎧y ≤ 6 - 2x ⎧2x - 2 > -3y

52. ⎨ 53. ⎨ 54. ⎨
⎩ 2y > 3x + 8 ⎩ x - 2y < -2 ⎩ -x + 3y ≥ -10
Graph each system of linear inequalities.
⎧y > 2x + 1 ⎧y < 3x - 1 ⎧y ≥ -x + 2
55. ⎨ 56. ⎨ 57. ⎨
⎩ y < 2x - 2 ⎩ y > 3x - 4 ⎩ y ≥ -x + 5
⎧y ≥ 2x - 3 ⎧y > -4x - 2 ⎧y ≥ -2x + 1

58. ⎨ 59. ⎨ 60. ⎨
⎩ y ≥ 2x + 3 ⎩ y ≤ -4x - 5 ⎩ y < -2x + 6
Extra Practice S15

Lesson Simplify.
7-1 1. 3 -4 2. 5 -3 3. -4 0 4. -2 -5 5. 6 -3
6. (-2)-4 7. 1-7 8. (-4)-3 9. (-5)0 10. (-1)-5
Evaluate each expression for the given value(s) of the variable(s).

11. x -4 for x = 2 12. (c + 3)-3 for c = -6
13. 3j -7k -1 for j = -2 and k = 3 14. (2n - 2)-4 for n = 3
Simplify.
15. b 4g -5 k -3
16. _ 17. 5s -3c 0 z -4
18. _
r5 5t -2
f2 -3t 4 a 0k -4
19. _ 20. _ 21. _ 22. 3f -1y -5
3a -4 q -5 p2
Lesson Find the value of each power of 10.

7-2 23. 10 -7 24. 10 9 25. 10 6 26. 10 -8
Write each number as a power of 10.

27. 10,000,000 28. 0.00001 29. 10,000,000,000,000
Find the value of each expression.

30. 72.19 × 10 -2 31. 0.096 × 10 -7 32. 7384.5 × 10 6
Write each number in scientific notation.

33. 3,605,000 34. 0.0063 35. 100,500,000
Lesson Simplify.
7-3 38. (k 4)
4
36. 3 4 · 3 2 37. r 7 · r 0
39. (b 4) 40. (c 3d 2) · (cd 2) 41. (-3q 3)
3 3 -2 -2
Find the missing exponent in each expression.
43. (a 3b ■) = _
a9 b4
■
44. (a 4b -2) · a 3 = _
3
42. a ■a 6 = a 9
b6 a5
Lesson Simplify.
7-4 3 11
45. _ 46. _ 44 · 53 47. _6h 4 r 6s 5
48. _
38 3 · 43 · 53
2
12h 3 r 5s 6
Simplify each quotient and write the answer in scientific notation.
49. (4 × 10 7) ÷ (1.6 × 10 5) 50. (10 × 10 4) ÷ (2 × 10 7) 51. (2.5 × 10 8) ÷ (5 × 10 3)
Simplify.
( ) ( )
2 -3
( ) x 2y 2
() 2xy 2
4 -3
2
52. _ 53. _ 4
54. _ 55. _2
3 y3 5 3(xy)
S16 Extra Practice

Lesson Find the degree of each monomial.
r 6st 2
58. _
7-5 56. 4 7 57. x 3y
2
59. 9 0
Find the degree of each polynomial.

60. a 2b + b - 2 2 61. 5x 4y 2 - y 5z 2 62. 3 g 4h + h 2 + 4j 6 63. 4no 7 - o 6p 3 + p
Write each polynomial in standard form. Then give the leading coefficient.
64. 4r - 5r 3 + 2r 2 65. -3b 2 + 7b 6 + 4 - b 66. _1 t3 + t - _
1 t5 + 4
2 3
Classify each polynomial according to its degree and number of terms.
67. 3x 2 + 4x - 5 68. -4x 2 + x 6 - 4 + x 3 69. x 3 - 7 2
Lesson Add or subtract.

7-6 70. 4y 3 - 2y + 3y 3 71. 9k 2 + 5 - 10k 2 - 6
72. 7 - 3n 2 + 4 + 2n 2 73. 3a 2 + 4a 3 - 2a 2
74. (2 + x 2) + (5x 2 + 6) 75. (9x 6 - 5x 2 + 3) + (6x 2 - 5)
76. (2y 5 - 5y 2) + (3y 5 - y 3 + 2y 2) 77. (5y 3 - 6y + 2) + (2y 7 + y)
78. (r 3 + 2r + 1) - (2r 3 - 4) 79. (4r 4 - 3r 2 + 4) - (2r 4 - r 2)
80. (10s 2 + 5) - (5s 2 + 3s - 2) 81. (2s 7 - 6s 3 + 2) - (3s 7 + 2)
Lesson Multiply.
7-7 82. (3a 7)(2a 4) ( )
3 r 5 (12r 2)
83. _
4
84. (-3xy 3)(2x 2z)(yz 4)
85. (4kl 3m)(-2k 2m 2) 86. (-6c 2e)(-2de 2) 87. 3jk 2(2j 2 + k)
88. 4q 3r 2 (2qr 2 + 3q) 89. -2c 3 (c 3 + 3c - 2) 90. 3xy 2(2x 2y - 3y)
91. (x - 3)(x + 1) 92. (x - 2)(x - 3) 93. (x - 4)(x - 4)
94. (2x 2 - 3y)(3x - y 2) 95. (x 2 + 2xy)(3x 2y - 2) 96. (x 2 - 3x)(2xy - 3y)
97. (x - 2)(x 2 + 3x - 4) 98. (2x - 1)(-2x 2 - 3x + 4) 99. (x + 3)(2x 4 - 3x 2 - 5)
100. (2a + 3)(a 2 + 2ab - b) 101. (3a + b)(2a 2 + ab - 2b 2) 102. (a 2 - b)(3a 2 - 2ab + 3b 2)
Lesson Multiply.
7-8 103. (x + 3) 2 104. (3 + 2x) 2 105. (4x + 2y)2
106. (3x - 2)2 107. (5 - 2x) 2 108. (3x - 5y)2
109. (3 + x)(3 - x) 110. (x - 5)(x + 5) 111. (2x + 1)(2x - 1)
112. (x 2 + 4)(x 2 - 4) 113. (2 + 3x 3)(2 - 3x 3) 114. (4x 3 - 3y)(4x 3 + 3y)
Extra Practice S17

Lesson Write the prime factorization of each number.
8-1 1. 24 2. 78 3. 88 4. 63
5. 128 6. 102 7. 71 8. 125
Find the GCF of each pair of numbers.

9. 18 and 66 10. 24 and 104 11. 30 and 75
12. 24 and 120 13. 36 and 99 14. 42 and 72
Find the GCF of each pair of monomials.

15. 4a 3 and 9a 4 16. 6q 2 and 15q 5 17. 6x 2 and 14y 3
18. 4z 2 and 10z 5 19. 5g 3 and 9g 20. 12x 2 and 21y 2
Lesson Factor each polynomial. Check your answer.

8-2 21. 6b 2 - 15b 3 22. 11t 4 - 9t 3 23. 10v 3 - 25v
24. 12r + 16r 3 25. 17a 4 - 35a 2 26. 9f + 18f 5 + 12f 2
Factor each expression.

27. 3(a + 3) + 4a(a + 3) 28. 5(k - 4) - 2k (k - 4) 29. 5(c - 3) + 4c 2(c - 3)
30. 3(t - 4) + t (t - 4) 31. 5(2r - 1) - s(2r - 1) 32. 7(3d + 4) - 2e(3d + 4)
Factor each polynomial by grouping. Check your answer.

33. 2x 3 + 6x 2 - 2x - 6 34. 2m 3 - 3m 2 + 8m - 12 35. 3k 3 - k 2 + 15k - 5
36. 18r 3 + 30r 2 - 6r - 10 37. 12n 3 - 6n 2 - 10n + 5 38. 4z 3 - 3x 2 + 4z - 3
39. 2k 2 - 3k + 12 - 8k 40. 3p 2 - 2p + 8 - 12p 41. 10d 2 - 6d + 9 - 15d
42. 6a 3 - 4a 2 + 10 - 15a 43. 12s 3 - 2s 2 + 3 - 18s 44. 4c 3 - 3c 2 + 15 - 20c
Lesson Factor each trinomial. Check your answer.

8-3 45. x 2 + 15x + 36 46. x 2 + 13x + 40 47. x 2 + 10x + 16
48. x 2 - 9x + 18 49. x 2 - 11x + 28 50. x 2 - 13x + 42
51. x 2 + 4x - 21 52. x 2 - 5x - 36 53. x 2 - 7x - 30
54. Factor c 2 - 2c - 48. Show that the original polynomial and the factored form
describe the same sequence of values for c = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Complete the table.
Sign of Numbers
x 2 + bx + c Sign of c Binomial factors in Binomials
x 2 + 9x + 20 Positive (x + 4)(x + 5) Both positive
55. x - x - 20
2
? (x + ?)(x + ?) ?
56. x - 2x - 8
2
? (x + ?)(x + ?) ?
57. x - 6x + 8
2
? (x + ?)(x + ?) ?
S18 Extra Practice

Lesson Factor each trinomial. Check your answer.
8-4 58. 2x 2 + 13x + 15 59. 2x 2 + 12x + 16 60. 8x 2 - 16x + 6
61. 6x 2 + 11x + 4 62. 3x 2 - 11x + 6 63. 10x 2 - 31x + 15
64. 6x 2 - 10x - 4 65. 8x 2 - 14x - 15 66. 4x 2 - 14x + 6
67. 12x 2 - 13x + 3 68. 6x 2 - 7x - 10 69. 6x 2 + 7x - 3
70. 2x 2 + 5x - 12 71. 6x 2 - 5x - 6 72. 8x 2 + 10x - 3
73. 10x 2 - 11x - 6 74. 4x 2 - x - 5 75. 6x 2 - 7x - 20
76. -2x 2 + 11x - 5 77. -6x 2 - x + 12 78. -8x 2 - 10x - 3
79. -4x 2 + 16x - 15 80. -10x 2 + 21x + 10 81. -3x 2 + 13x - 14
Lesson Determine whether each trinomial is a perfect square. If so, factor. If not,
explain why.
8-5
82. x 2 - 8x + 16 83. 4x 2 - 4x + 1 84. x 2 - 8x + 9
85. 9x 2 - 14x + 4 86. 4x 2 + 12x + 9 87. x 2 + 8x - 16
88. 9x 2 - 42x + 49 89. 4x 2 + 18x + 25 90. 16x 2 - 24x + 9
Determine whether each trinomial is the difference of two squares. If so, factor. If
not, explain why.
91. 4 - 16x 4 92. -t 2 - 35 93. c 2 - 25
94. g 5 - 9 95. v 4 - 64 96. x 2 - 120
97. x 2 - 36 98. 9m 2 - 15 99. 25c 2 - 16
Find the missing term in each perfect-square trinomial.

100. 4x 2 - 20x + 101. 9x 2 + +1 102. - 56x + 49
103. 9b 2 - + 25 104. + 28a + 49 105. 4a 2 + 4a +
Lesson Tell whether each polynomial is completely factored. If not, factor.

8-6 106. 5(16x 2 + 4) 107. 3r (4x 2 - 9) 108. (9d - 6)(2d - 7)
109. (5 - h)(6 - 5h) 110. 12y 2 - 2y - 24 111. 3f (2f 2 + 5fg + 2g 2)
Factor each polynomial completely. Check your answer.

112. 12b 3 - 48b 113. 24w 4 - 20w 3 - 16w 2 114. 18k 3 - 32k
115. 4a 3 + 12a 2 - a 2b - 15ab 116. 3x 3y - 6x 2y 2 + 3xy 3 117. 36p 2q - 64q 3
118. 32a 4 - 8a 2 119. m 3 + 5m 2n + 6mn 2 120. 4x 2 - 3x 2 - 16x + 48x
121. 18d 2 + 3d - 6 122. 2r 2 - 9r - 18 123. 8y 2 + 2y - 4y - 4
124. 81 - 36u 2 125. 8x 4 + 12x 2 - 20 126. 10j 3 + 15j 2 - 70j
127. 27z 3 - 18z 2 + 3z 128. 4b 2 + 2b - 72 129. 3f 2 - 3g 2
Extra Practice S19

Lesson Tell whether each function is quadratic. Explain.
9-1 1. y + 4x 2 = 2x - 3 2. 4x - y = 3 3. 3x 2 - 4 = y + x
4. x -6 -4 -2 -0 2 5. x 0 1 2 3 4
y -5 -6 -4 2 11 y -5 -5 -3 1 7
Tell whether the graph of each quadratic function opens upward or downward.
Then use a table of values to graph each function.
6. y = -3x 2 7. y = _2 x2 8. y = x 2 + 2 9. y = -4x 2 + 2x
3
Identify the vertex of each parabola. Then find the domain and range.
10. Y 11. Y 12. Y

X

X

X

Lesson Find the zeros of each quadratic function and the axis of symmetry of each
parabola from the graph.
9-2
13. Y 14. Y 15. Y

X X

X

For each quadratic function, find the vertex of its graph.

16. y = 3x 2 - 6x + 2 17. y = -2x 2 + 8x - 3 18. y = x 2 + 2x - 4
Lesson Graph each quadratic function.

9-3 19. y = x 2 - 4x + 1 20. y = -x 2 - x + 4 21. y = 3x 2 - 3x + 1
22. y - 2 = 2x 2 23. y + 3x 2 = 3x - 1 24. y - 4 = x 2 + 2x
Lesson Order the functions from narrowest to widest.

9-4 25. f (x) = 2x 2, g(x) = -4x 2, h(x) = -x 2 1 x 2, h(x) = -2x 2
26. f (x) = 3x 2, g(x) = _
2
1 x2
27. f (x) = 4x 2, g(x) = x 2, h(x) = - _ 28. f (x) = 2x 2, g(x) = 5x 2, h(x) = -3x 2
4
Compare the graph of each function with the graph of f (x) = x 2.
29. g(x) = 2x 2 - 2 1 x2
30. g(x) = - _ 31. g(x) = -3x 2 + 1
2
S20 Extra Practice

Lesson Solve each quadratic equation by graphing the related function.
9-5 32. x 2 - x - 2 = 0 33. x 2 - 2x + 8 = 0 34. 2x 2 + 4x - 6 = 0
35. 2x 2 + 9x = -4 36. 2x 2 + 3 = 0 37. 2x 2 - 2x - 12 = 0
38. 3x 2 = -3x + 6 39. x 2 = 4 40. 2x 2 + 6x - 20 = 0
41. -3x 2 - 2 = 0 42. x 2 = -2x + 8 43. x 2 - 2x = 15
Lesson Use the Zero Product Property to solve each equation. Check your answer.
9-6 44. (x + 3)(x - 2) = 0 45. (x - 4)(x + 2) = 0 46. (x)(x - 4) = 0
47. (2x + 6)(x - 2) = 0 48. (3x - 1)(x + 3) = 0 49. (x)(2x - 4) = 0
Solve each quadratic equation by factoring. Check your answer.

50. x 2 + 5x + 6 = 0 51. x 2 - 3x - 4 = 0 52. x 2 + x - 12 = 0
53. x 2 + x - 6 = 0 54. x 2 - 6x + 5 = 0 55. x 2 + 4x - 12 = 0
56. x 2 = 6x - 9 57. 2x 2 + 4x = 6 58. x 2 + 2x = -1
59. 3x 2 = 3x + 6 60. x 2 = x + 12 61. 4x 2 + 8x + 4 = 0
Lesson Solve using square roots. Check your answer.

9-7 62. x 2 = 169 63. x 2 = 121 64. x 2 = 289
65. x 2 = -64 66. x 2 = 81 67. x 2 = -441
68. 4x 2 - 196 = 0 69. 0 = 3x 2 - 48 70. 24x 2 + 96 = 0
71. 10x 2 - 75 = 15 72. 0 = 4x 2 + 144 73. 5x 2 - 105 = 20
Solve. Round to the nearest hundredth.

74. 4x 2 = 160 75. 0 = 3x 2 - 66 76. 250 - 5x 2 = 0
77. 0 = 9x 2 - 72 78. 42 - 2x 2 = 48 79. 6x 2 = 78
Lesson Complete the square to form a perfect square trinomial.

9-8 80. x 2 - 8x + 81. x 2 + x + 82. x 2 + 10x +
83. x 2 - 5x + 84. x 2 + 6x + 85. x 2 - 5x +
Solve by completing the square.

86. x 2 + 6x = 91 87. x 2 + 10x = -16 88. x 2 - 4x = 12
89. x 2 - 8x = -12 90. x 2 - 12x = -35 91. -x 2 - 6x = 5
92. -x 2 - 4x + 77 = 0 93. -x 2 = 10x + 9 94. -x 2 + 63 = -2x
Lesson Solve using the quadratic formula.

9-8 95. x 2 + 3x - 4 = 0 96. x 2 - 2x - 8 = 0 97. x 2 + 2x - 3 = 0
98. x 2 - x - 10 = 0 99. 2x 2 - x - 4 = 0 100. 2x 2 + 3x - 3
Find the number of solutions of each equation using the discriminant.

101. x 2 + 4x + 1 102. 2x 2 - 3x + 2 103. x 2 - 5x + 2
104. 2x 2 - 4x + 2 105. x 2 + 2x - 5 106. 2x 2 - 2x - 3
Extra Practice S21

Lesson Use the line graph for Exercises 1–4. *«Õ>ÌÊvÊ`Ûi
10-1 1. In what year was the population the greatest?
Óä
2. Estimate the population in 2005. £x
£ä
3. During which one-year period did the
x
population increase by the greatest amount?
ä
4. Estimate the amount by which the population
ä£
äÓ
äÎ
ä{
äx
äÈ
Óä
Óä
Óä
Óä
Óä
Óä
decreased from 2005 to 2006. 9i>À
Use the circle graph for Exercises 5–7.
6Ì}ÊÀÊ-ÌÕìÌ `ÞÊ*ÀiÃìÌ
5. Which candidate received the fewest votes?
>ÀiÃ
6. Which two candidates received approximately
6iiâ £ä¯
the same number of votes?
În¯
7. A total of 400 students voted in the election.
How many votes did Velez receive? >VÃ 9>}
Óx¯ ÓÇ¯
Lesson The daily high temperatures in degrees Celsius
during a two-week period in Madison, Wisconsin,
10-2 are given at right.
8. Use the data to make a stem-and-leaf plot.
High Temperatures (oC)
9. Use the data to make a frequency table with intervals.
22 25 28 33 29 24 19
10. Use the frequency table from Exercise 9 to make a 19 18 25 32 30 32 25
histogram for the data.
11. Use the data to make a cumulative frequency table.
Lesson Find the mean, median, mode, and range of each data set.
10-3 12. 42, 45, 48, 45 13. 66, 68, 68, 62, 61, 68, 65, 60
14. The numbers of customers who attended a reading at a bookstore on five different
nights are 15, 23, 92, 15, 25. Use the mean, median, and mode of the data to answer
each question.
Mean = 34 Median = 23 Mode = 15
a. Which value describes the average number of customers at the readings?
b. Which value best describes the number of customers at the readings? Explain.
Use the data set to make a box-and-whisker plot.

15. 7, 8, 10, 2, 5, 1, 10, 8, 5, 5 16. 54, 64, 50, 48, 53, 55, 57
Lesson 17. The graph shows the ages of people who listen to a radio program.
10-4 a. Explain why the graph is misleading. }iÃÊvÊ,>`Ê*À}À>ÊÃÌiiÀÃ
b. What might someone believe because of the
graph?
c. Who might want to use this graph? ÓxÊÌÊÎÈ
Îä¯
18. A researcher surveys people at the Elmwood
library about the number of hours they spend 1ìÀÊ£n
reading each day. Explain why the following £x¯
£nÊÌÊÓ{
statement is misleading: “People in Elmwood £x¯
read for an average of 1.5 hours per day.”
S22 Extra Practice

Lesson 19. Identify the sample space and the outcome shown for the spinner at right.
10-5 Write impossible, unlikely, as likely as not, likely, or certain to describe
each event.
20. Two people sitting next to each other on a bus have the same birthday.
21. Dylan rolls a number greater than 1 on a standard number cube.
An experiment consists of randomly choosing a fruit snack from

Outcome Frequency
a box. Use the results in the table to find the experimental
probability of each event. Cherry 8
22. choosing a blueberry fruit snack. Peach 6
23. choosing a cherry fruit snack Blueberry 6
24. not choosing a cherry fruit snack
Lesson Find the theoretical probability of each outcome.

10-6 25. rolling an even number on a number cube
26. flipping two coins and both landing tails up
27. randomly choosing a prime number from a bag that contains ten slips of paper
numbered 1 through 10
28. The probability of choosing a green marble from a bag is __37 . What is the probability of
not choosing a green marble?
29. The odds against winning a game are 8 : 3. What is the probability of winning the game?
Lesson Tell whether each set of events is independent or dependent. Explain your answer.
10-7 30. You pick a bottle of orange juice from a basket containing chilled drinks, and then
your friend chooses a bottle of apple juice.
31. You roll a 6 on a number cube and a coin lands heads up.
32. A number cube is rolled three times. What is the probability of rolling three numbers
greater than 4?
33. An experiment consists of randomly selecting a marble from a bag, replacing it, and
then selecting another marble. The bag contains 3 blue marbles, 2 orange marbles,
and 5 yellow marbles. What is the probability of selecting a blue marble and then a
yellow marble?
34. Madeleine has 3 nickels and 5 quarters in her pocket. She randomly chooses one
coin and does not replace it. Then she randomly chooses another coin. What is the
probability that she chooses two quarters?
Lesson Tell whether each situation involves combinations or permutations. Then give the
number of possible outcomes.
10-8
35. How many different ways can three photographs be arranged in a row on a wall?
36. How many different smoothies can be made by blending two of the following fruits:
oranges, bananas, strawberries, and peaches?
37. There are 6 entrants in a livestock competition at a county fair. How many different
ways can the first-place, second-place, and third-place ribbons be awarded?
38. An amusement park has 7 roller coasters. How many different ways can Jacinto
choose 4 different roller coasters to ride?
Extra Practice S23

Lesson Find the next three terms in each geometric sequence.
11-1 1. 1, 5, 25, 125 … 2. 736, 368, 184, 92, … 3. -2, 6, -18, 54, …
1
_ 1
_
4. 8, 2, , , … 5. 7, -14, 28, -56, … 1, _
6. _ 1 , 1, 3, …
2 8 9 3
7. The first term of a geometric sequence is 2, and the common ratio is 3. What is the
8th term of the sequence?
8. What is the 8th term of the sequence 600, 300, 150, 75, …?
Lesson Tell whether each set of ordered pairs satisfies an exponential function. Explain
your answer.
11-2
⎧
(
9. ⎨ -1, _
⎩ 2 )
1 , 0, 2 , 1, 8 , 2, 32 ⎫⎬
( ) ( ) ( )
⎭
⎧
(
10. ⎨ -1, - _
⎩ 2 )
( ) ( )
1 , 2, 4 ⎫⎬
1 , 0, 0 , 1, _
2
( )
⎭
⎧
( )(1 , 2, _
11. ⎨(-1, 4), (0, 1), 1, _
⎩ 4 )
1 ⎫⎬
16 ⎭
⎧ ⎫
12. ⎨(0, 0), (1, 3), (2, 12), (3, 27)⎬
⎩ ⎭
Graph each exponential function.
13. y = 3(2)
x 1 (4)x
14. y = _ 15. y = -3 x
2
()
x
1 (2)x
16. y = - _ 17. y = 5 _1 18. y = -2(0.25)
x
2 2
Lesson Write an exponential growth function to model each situation. Then find the value
of the function after the given amount of time.
11-3
19. The rent for an apartment is $6600 per year and increasing at a rate of 4% per year;
5 years.
20. A museum has 1200 members and the number of members is increasing at a rate of
2% per year; 8 years.
Write a compound interest function to model each situation. Then find the balance
after the given number of years.
21. $4000 invested at a rate of 4% compounded quarterly; 3 years
22. $5200 invested at a rate of 2.5% compounded annually; 6 years
Write an exponential decay function to model each situation. Then find the value of
the function after the given amount of time.
23. The cost of a stereo system is $800 and is decreasing at a rate of 6% per year; 5 years.
24. The population of a town is 14,000 and is decreasing at a rate of 2% per year; 10 years.
Lesson Graph each data set. Which kind of model best describes the data?
⎧ ⎫
11-4 25. ⎨(0, 3), (1, 0), (2, -1), (3, 0), (4, 3)⎬
⎩⎧ ⎭ ⎫
26. ⎨(-4, -4), (-3, -3.5), (-2, -3), (-1, -2.5), (0, -2), (1, -1.5)⎬
⎧⎩ ⎫ ⎭
27. ⎨(0, 4), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 0.5), (4, 0.25)⎬
⎩ ⎭
Look for a pattern in each data set to determine which kind of model best describes
the data.
⎧ ⎫
28. ⎨(-1, -5), (0, -5), (1, -3), (2, 1), (3, 7)⎬
⎧⎩ ⎫ ⎭
29. ⎨(0, 0.25), (1, 0.5), (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 4)⎬
⎩⎧ ⎭ ⎫
30. ⎨(-2, 11), (-1, 8), (0, 5), (1, 2), (2, -1)⎬
⎩ ⎭
S24 Extra Practice

Lesson Find the domain of each square-root function.
11-5 31. y = √
x+1 32. y = √
x-2+4 33. y = √
4+x
34. y = √
3x - 6 35. y = 1 + _ x
3 √
36. y = √4x -1
Graph each square-root function.

37. y = √
x+2 38. y = √x-3 39. y = √
3x + 1
40. y = - √x
41. y = 2 √
x+1 42. y = 3 √
x-2
Lesson Simplify each expression.

11-6 43. √
_128
2
44. √7

2
+ 24 2 45. √
(4 - x)2
46. √ 48

_ 3 47. √
y 2 + 4y + 4 48. √5

2
- 42
Simplify. All variables represent nonnegative numbers.
49. √
72 50. √
75x 4y 3 51. √_

11
81
√_

√ √
4 4
52. 64 53. 16a
_ 54. 18x
_
6 2 3
x 25b 49x
Lesson Add or subtract.

11-7 + 3 √
55. 5 √7 7 56. 6 √
2 + √
2 57. 5 √
3 - 2 √
3
+ 7 √5
58. √5 - 9 √
5 59. 2 √y+ 4 √
y - 3 √y 60. 5 √
3 + 4 √
2 - 3 √
3
Simplify each expression.

75 + √
61. √ 27 45 - √
62. √ 20 63. 2 √
12 + √
18
64. 3 √
27x + √
48x 65. 5 √
20y - 2 √
80y 66. √
28a + 2 √
63a - √
175a
67. √
50y - 2 √
18y + 3 √
8y 68. √
12x - √
27x - √
5x 69. 5 √
180s - 6 √
80s
Lesson Multiply. Write each product in simplest form.

72. (3 √
3)
2
11-8 √
70. √5 10 71. √6 √
12
73. (2 √
7) (2 + √27
)
2
74. √
6x √
15x 75. √3
( √
76. 2 √5 20 + 3) 2x (3 + √
77. √ 8x ) 78. (4 + √
3 )(1 - √
3)
79. (3 + √5
)(8 - √5
) 80. (4 + √
2) 81. (5 - √
3)
2 2
Simplify each quotient.

√5 2 √
7 √3
82. _ 83. _ 84. _

√3 √5 √
20

5 √7 √
12a √
200x
85. _ 86. _ 87. _
√50 √32 √
28
11-9 88. √x = 11 89. √
3x = 9 90. √
-2x = 10
91. 5 = √
-4x 92. √
x + 5 = 12 93.
√x -4=1
94. √
3x + 1 = 4 95. √
2x + 5 = 3 96. √
x-4+1=7
97. √
6 - 3x - 2 = 4 98. √
6 - x - 5 = -3 x = 20
99. 4 √
Extra Practice S25

Lesson Tell whether each relationship is an inverse variation. Explain.
12-1 1.
x y
2.
x y
3.
x y
4 8 2 6 -1 24
8 16 3 4 2 -12
16 32 6 2 4 -6
32 64 12 1 8 -3
4. 3xy = 10 5. y - x = 6 6. 6xy = -1
7. Write and graph the inverse variation in which y = 4 when x = 3.

1 when x = 6.
8. Write and graph the inverse variation in which y = _
2
9. Let x 1 = 6, y 1 = 8, and x 2 = 12. Let y vary inversely as x. Find y 2.
10. Let x 1 = -4, y 1 = -2, and y 2 = 16. Let y vary inversely as x. Find x 2.
Lesson Identify the excluded values for each rational function.

12-2 16
11. y = _ 12. y = _1 13. y = - _3 14. y = _ 20
x x-1 x+5 x + 20
Identify the asymptotes.
15. y = _2 16. y = _8 17. y = _ 7 -6 18. y = _ 3 +4

x-4 x+5 3x - 2 2x - 2
Graph each function.
19. y = _1 20. y = _1 1 +4
21. y = _ 22. y = _3
x+3 x-2 x x-2
23. y = _1 +2 24. y = _1 -6 25. y = _1 +5 26. y = _1 +1

x-3 x-5 x+2 x+5
Lesson Find the excluded value(s) of each rational expression.

12-3 3 -2 6 p+1
27. _ 28. _ 29. __ 30. __
7x x2 - x x 2 + x - 12 p 2 + 4p - 5
Simplify each rational expression, if possible. Identify excluded values.

4m 2 7x 5 4x 2 - 8x 2y
31. _ 32. _ 33. _ 34. _
12m 28x x-2 y-1
5x 3 + 20x 2 a+1 3y 3 + 3y x 3 + 4x
35. _ 36. _ 37. _ 38. _
x+4 a-2 y2 + 1 x2 + 4
Simply each rational expression, if possible.

b+2 x-3 y 2 - 4y - 5 (m + 2)2
39. __ 40. __ 41. __ 42. __
b 2 + 5b + 6 x 2 - 6x + 9 y 2 - 2y - 3 m 2 - 6m - 16
43. __ x2 - 9 44. _2-m 45. _ x-4 46. __ 6 - 3x

x 2 + x - 12 3m 2 - 6m 12x 2 - 3x 3 x - 6x + 8
2
S26 Extra Practice

Lesson Multiply. Simplify your answer.
12-4 4a 3 · _
47. _ ab 6x 3y _
48. _ ·
8x 2yz 2 x-3 ·_
49. _ 8
b 3 6a 2 4y 4 3xz 5 2 4x - 12
x-2 ·_ 2x - 10 a 2b 3 · _
9b 2 3x · _ 3x + 6
50. _ 51. _ 52. _
x+5 3 6a c 12b 5c 2
3 2x + 4 9
2y
53. _ 1
2x + 4
(x - 2x - 8)
2
54. _ 3x (x 2 + x - 30)
4x - 20
55. _
3y + 15
(y + 10y + 25)
2
4r 3 + 8r _ x2 + x x-3 a 2 - 3a - 10 · __
a 2 - 2a - 3
56. _ · 2r 57. _ ·_ 58. __
r 3
3r + 6 x - x - 6 6x 2 + 6x
2
a2 - a - 6 a-5
4b 2 + 4 b 2 - 1 pq + 2q 3pq + 3 r 2 + 3r + 2 2r + 6
59. _ · _ 60. _ · _ 61. _ · _
b-1 8b 2 + 8 pq + 1 pq 2 + 2q 2 4r + 4 r 2 - 2r - 8
Divide. Simplify your answer.

3x 2y 3 _6y 4 x 2 + 4x + 3 ( 2 p-1 p 2 - 2p
62. _ · 63. __ ÷ x - 1) 64. __ ÷ __
x 3z 2 x 2 z 5 3x 3 + 9x 2 p 2 + 4p - 5 p 2 + 3p - 10
Lesson Add. Simplify your answer.

12-5 5x
3x · _ x2 + 1 1 - 3x 2x 2 2x
65. _ 66. _ + _ 67. __ + __
4x 4x 3
3 x-1 x-1 x - 2x - 3 x - 2x - 3
2 2
Subtract. Simplify your answer.

5 -_ 2 5a 2 + 1 15a + 1 m + 12
m 2 + 2m _
68. _ 69. _ - _ 70. _ - 2
6y 4
6y 4 a -a-6
2
a -a-6
2
m -9
2
m -9
Find the LCM of the given expressions.

71. 8x 5y 8, 6x 4y 9 72. x 2 - 4, x 2 + 7x + 10 73. d 2 - 2d - 3, d 2 + d - 12
Add or subtract. Simplify your answer.

5 -_
74. _ 3 75. _ 5 +_ 1 76. _3x - _
x
y 2
4y 2
x -x-6
2 x + 2 x-2 2-x
Lesson Divide.
12-6 77. (12y 5 - 16y 2 + 4y) ÷ 4y 2 78. (6m 4 - 18m + 3) ÷ 6m 2 79. (16x 4 + 20x 3 - 4x) ÷ -4x 3
b 2 - 4b - 5 2x 2 + 9x + 4 6a 2 - 13a - 5
80. __ 81. __ 82. __
b+1 x+4 3a + 1
Divide using long division.
83. (a 2 - 5a - 6) ÷ (a + 1) 84. (2x 2 + 10x + 8) ÷ (x + 4) 85. (3y 2 - 11y + 10) ÷ (y - 2)
86. (3x 2 - 2x - 7) ÷ (x - 2) 87. (2x 2 + 2x - 9) ÷ (x + 3) 88. (5x 3 + 2x 2 - 4) ÷ (x - 2)
Lesson Solve. Check your answer.

89. _ 5 =_ 4 90. _4 =_ 10 91. _8 _ 6
12-7 x+1 x-1 t t+9 m = m+1
92. _ 4 =_ 8 93. _ 3 =_1 94. _ 5 =_ 6
a-2 a+1 2y + 4 y 4w - 2 5w - 2
1 +_
95. _ 3 = -_ 1 96. _x +_ 3 =_2 97. 1 - _3 _ 10
2 2m m2 2 2 x a = a2
Solve. Identify any extraneous solutions.
3 =_ x-5 2=_ x+2 4x - 7 = _16
98. _ 99. _ 100. _
x+4 x+4 x x2 - 4 x-4 x-4
Extra Practice S27

Extra Practice
Chapter 1 Applications Practice
Biology Use the following information for 10. An art museum exhibits a square painting
Exercises 1 and 2. that has an area of 75 square feet. Find its side
In general, every cell in the human body contains length to the nearest tenth. (Lesson 1-5)
46 chromosomes. (Lesson 1-1) 11. Travel The base of the Washington
1. Write an expression for the number of Monument in Washington, D.C., is a square
chromosomes in c cells. with an area of 336 yards. Find the length
of one side of the monument’s base to the
2. Find the number of chromosomes in 8, 15, and nearest tenth. (Lesson 1-5)
50 cells.
12. The toll to cross a bridge is $2 for cars, $5 for
3. On a winter day in Fairbanks, Alaska, the trucks, and $10 for buses. The total amount
temperature dropped from 12°F to -16°F. of money collected can be found using the
How many degrees did the temperature expression 2C + 5T + 10B. Use the table to
drop? (Lesson 1-2) find the total amount of money collected
4. Geography The elevation of the Dead Sea in between 10 A.M. and 11 A.M. (Lesson 1-6)
Jordan is -411 meters. The greatest elevation
on Earth is Mt. Everest, at 8850 meters. What is Bridge Tolls, 10 A.M. to 11 A.M.
the difference in elevation between these two Type of Vehicle Number
locations? (Lesson 1-2) Car C 104
5. Jeremy is raising money for his school Truck T 20
by selling magazine subscriptions. Each
Bus B 3
subscription costs $16.75. During the first
week, he sells 12 subscriptions. How much
13. The expression __59 (F - 32) converts a
money does he raise? (Lesson 1-3)
temperature F in degrees Fahrenheit to a
6. As a service charge, Nadine’s checking account temperature in degrees Celsius. Convert 77°F
is adjusted by -$3 each month. What is the to degrees Celsius. (Lesson 1-6)
total amount of the adjustment over the
course of one year? (Lesson 1-3) Use the following information for Exercises 14
and 15.
7. To go from one figure to the next in the
sequence of figures, each square is split into An airplane has 12 rows of seats in first class and
four smaller squares. How many squares will 35 rows of seats in coach. Each row has the same
be in Figure 5? (Lesson 1-4) number of seats. (Lesson 1-7)
14. The total number of seats in the plane is
12x + 35x, where x is the number of seats in a
row. Simplify the expression.
}ÕÀiÊä }ÕÀiÊ£ }ÕÀiÊÓ

15. Find the total number of seats in a plane that
has 6 seats per row.
8. When you fold a sheet of paper in half and
then open it, the crease creates 2 regions. Use the following information for Exercises 16
Folding the paper in half 2 times creates 4 and 17.
regions. How many regions do you create A sales representative earns $680 per week plus a
when you fold a sheet of paper in half 5 $40 commission for each sale. (Lesson 1-8)
times? (Lesson 1-4)
16. Write a rule for the sales representative’s
9. Dan began his stamp collection with just 5 weekly earnings.
stamps in the first year. Every year thereafter,
his collection grew 5 times as large as the 17. Write ordered pairs for the amount the sales
year before. How many stamps were in Dan’s representative earns for 5, 8, and 10 sales.
collection after 4 years? (Lesson 1-4)
S28 Extra Practice

1. Economics In 2004, the average price of an 10. A cheetah can reach speeds of up to
ounce of gold was $47 more than the average 103 feet per second. What is the cheetah’s
price in 2003. The 2004 price was $410. Write speed in miles per hour? Round to the nearest
and solve an equation to find the average price tenth. (Lesson 2-6)
of an ounce of gold in 2003. (Lesson 2-1)
11. Write and solve a proportion to find the height
2. During a renovation, 36 seats were removed of the flagpole. (Lesson 2-7)
from a theater. The theater now seats 580
people. Write and solve an equation to find
the number of seats in the theater before the
renovation. (Lesson 2-1)
3. A case of juice drinks contains 12 bottles and ¶

costs $18. Write and solve an equation to find
the cost of each drink. (Lesson 2-2)
4. Astronomy Objects weigh about 3 times x°{ÊvÌ

as much on Earth as they do on Mars. A
rock weighs 42 kg on Mars. Write and solve
an equation to find the rock’s weight on n°£ÊvÌ
ÓÇÊvÌ
Earth. (Lesson 2-2)
5. The county fair’s admission fee is $8 and each 12. Paul has 8 jazz CDs. The jazz CDs are 5%
ride costs $2.50. Sonia spent a total of $25.50. of his collection. How many CDs does Paul
How many rides did she go on? (Lesson 2-3) have? (Lesson 2-8)
6. At the beginning of a block party, the 13. Sports During the 2004 season, the Texas
temperature was 84°. During the party, the Rangers baseball team had 32 players on their
temperature dropped 3° every hour. At the end active roster, 3 of whom were catchers. To the
of the party, the temperature was 66°. How nearest percent, what percent of the players
long was the party? (Lesson 2-3) were catchers? (Lesson 2-8)
7. Consumer Economics A health insurance 14. Miguel earns an annual salary of $38,000 plus
policy costs $700 per year, plus a $15 payment a 3.5% commission on sales. His sales for one
for each visit to the doctor’s office. A different year were $90,000. Find his total salary for the
plan costs $560 per year, but each office year. (Lesson 2-9)
visit is $50. Find the number of office visits
15. How long would it take $3600 to earn simple
for which the two plans have the same total
interest of $450 at an annual interest rate of
cost. (Lesson 2-4)
5%? (Lesson 2-9)
8. Geometry The formula A = __12 bh gives the
16. At the end of summer, a store offers swimsuits
area A of a triangle with base b and height at a 30% discount. What is the final price of a
h. (Lesson 2-5) swimsuit that originally sold for $28?
a. Solve A = __12 bh for h. (Lesson 2-10)
b. Find the height of a triangle with an area of 17. Mei sells strawberry jam at a farmer’s market
30 square feet and a base of 6 feet. for $4.20 per jar. Each jar costs Mei $3 to make.
What is the markup as a percent?
9. The ratio of students to adults on a school (Lesson 2-10)
camping trip is 9 : 2. There are 6 adults on the
trip. How many students are there?
(Lesson 2-6)
Extra Practice S29

1. At a food-processing factory, each box of 8. The admission fee at an amusement park is
cereal must weigh at least 15 ounces. Define $12, and each ride costs $3.50. The park also
a variable and write an inequality for the offers an all-day pass with unlimited rides for
acceptable weights of the cereal boxes. Graph $33. For what numbers of rides is it cheaper to
the solutions. (Lesson 3-1) buy the all-day pass? (Lesson 3-4)
2. In order to qualify for a discounted entry fee at 9. Geometry The perimeter of a rectangle with
a museum, a visitor must be less than 13 years length and width w is given by 2( + w). The
old. Define a variable and write an inequality length of a rectangle is 18 inches. What must
for the ages that qualify for the discounted the width of the rectangle be in order for
entry fee. Graph the solutions. (Lesson 3-1) its perimeter to be at least 50 inches?
(Lesson 3-4)
3. A restaurant can seat no more than 102
customers at one time. There are already 10. The table shows the cost of Internet access at
96 customers in the restaurant. Write and two different cafes. For how many hours of
solve an inequality to find out how many access is the cost at Cyber Station less than the
additional customers could be seated in the cost at Web World? (Lesson 3-5)
restaurant. (Lesson 3-2)
Internet Access
4. Meteorology A hurricane is a tropical
storm with a wind speed of at least 74 mi/h. Cafe Cost
A meteorologist is tracking a storm whose Cyber $12 one-time membership fee
current wind speed is 63 mi/h. Write and solve Station $1.50 per hour
an inequality to find out how much greater the
Web No membership fee
wind speed must be in order for this storm to
World $2.25 per hour
be considered a hurricane. (Lesson 3-2)
Hobbies Use the following information for 11. Larissa is considering two summer jobs. A
Exercises 5–7. job at the mall pays $400 per week plus $15
When setting up an aquarium, it is recommended for every hour of overtime. A job at the movie
that you have no more than one inch of fish per theater pays $360 per week plus $20 for every
gallon of water. For example, in a 30-gallon tank, hour of overtime. How many hours of overtime
the total length of the fish should be at most would Larissa have to work in order for the
30 inches. (Lesson 3-3) job at the movie theater to pay a higher salary
than the job at the mall? (Lesson 3-5)
Freshwater Fish
12. Health For maximum safety, it is
Name Length (in.) recommended that food be stored at
Red tail catfish 3.5 a temperature between 34°F and 40°F
inclusive. Write a compound inequality
Blue gourami 1.5 to show the temperatures that are within
the recommended range. Graph the
5. Write an inequality to show the possible solutions. (Lesson 3-6)
numbers of blue gourami you can put in a 10-
gallon aquarium. 13. Physics Color is determined by the
wavelength of light. Wavelengths are
6. Find the possible numbers of blue gourami measured in nanometers (nm). Our eyes see
you can put in a 10-gallon aquarium. the color green when light has a wavelength
between 492 nm and 577 nm inclusive.
7. Find the possible numbers of red tail catfish Write a compound inequality to show the
you can put in a 20-gallon aquarium. wavelengths that produce green light. Graph
the solutions. (Lesson 3-6)
S30 Extra Practice

1. Donnell drove on the highway at a constant 7. The function y = 3.5x describes the number
speed and then slowed down as she of miles y that the average turtle can walk in
approached her exit. Sketch a graph to show x hours. Graph the function. Use the graph to
the speed of Donnell’s car. Tell whether the estimate how many miles a turtle can walk in
graph is continuous or discrete. (Lesson 4-1) 4.5 hours. (Lesson 4-4)
2. Lori is buying mineral water for a party. The 8. Earth Science The Kangerdlugssuaq glacier
bottles are available in six-packs. Sketch a in Greenland is flowing into the sea at the
graph showing the number of bottles Lori rate of 1.6 meters per hour. The function
will have if she buys 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 six-packs. y = 1.6x describes the number of meters y
Tell whether the graph is continuous or that flow into the sea in x hours. Graph the
discrete. (Lesson 4-1) function. Use the graph to estimate the
number of meters that flow into the sea in
3. Health To exercise effectively, it is important 8 hours. (Lesson 4-4)
to know your maximum heart rate. You can
calculate your maximum heart rate in beats 9. The scatter plot shows a relationship between
per minute by subtracting your age from the number of lemonades sold in a day and
220. (Lesson 4-2) the day’s high temperature. Based on this
relationship, predict the number of lemonades
a. Express the age x and the maximum heart
that will be sold on a day when the high
rate y as a relation in table form by showing
temperature is 96°F. (Lesson 4-5)
the maximum heart rate for people who are
20, 30, 35, and 40 years old. i>ìÊ->iÃ
b. Is this relation a function? Why or why not?
nä
4. Sports The table shows the number of games
won by four baseball teams and the number Èä
Õ«ÃÊÃ`
of home runs each team hit. Is this relation a

function? Explain. (Lesson 4-2) {ä
Óä
Season Statistics
Wins Home Runs ä Óä {ä Èä nä
95 185 } ÊÌi«iÀ>ÌÕÀiÊc®
93 133
10. The Elmwood Public Library has 85 Spanish
80 140
books in its collection. Each month, the
93 167 librarian plans to order 8 new Spanish books.
How many Spanish books will the library have
5. Michael uses 5.5 cups of flour for each loaf after 15 months? (Lesson 4-6)
of bread that he bakes. He plans to bake a
maximum of 4 loaves. Write a function rule 11. Nikki purchases a card that she can use to ride
to describe the number of cups of flour used. the bus in her town. The card costs $45, and
Find a reasonable domain and range for the each time she rides the bus $1.50 is deducted
function. (Lesson 4-3) from the value of the card. How much money
will be left on the card after Nikki has taken
6. A gym offers the following special rate. New 12 bus rides? (Lesson 4-6)
members pay a $425 initiation fee and then
pay $90 per year for 1, 2, or 3 years. Write
a function rule to describe the situation.
Find a reasonable domain and range for the
function. (Lesson 4-3)
Extra Practice S31

1. Jennifer is having prints made of her 7. A bicycle rental costs $10 plus $1.50 per hour.
photographs. Each print costs $1.50. The The cost as a function of the number of hours
function f (x) = 1.50x gives the total cost of is shown in the graph. (Lesson 5-6)
the x prints. Graph this function and give its
a. Write an equation that represents the cost
domain and range. (Lesson 5-1)
as a function of the number of hours.
2. Rolando is serving on jury duty. He is paid b. Identify the slope and y-intercept and
$40, plus $15 for each day that he serves. The describe their meaning.
function f (x) = 15x + 40 gives Rolando’s total
pay for x days. Graph this function and give its c. Find the cost of renting a bike for 6 hours.
domain and range. (Lesson 5-1) VÞViÊ,iÌ>Ê ÃÌÃ
3. The Chang family lives 400 miles from Denver.

They drive to Denver at a constant speed of 50 Îä
ÃÌÊf®
mi/h. The function f (x) = 400 - 50x gives their Óä
distance in miles from Denver after x hours.
(Lesson 5-2) £ä
a. Graph this function and find the intercepts.

ä
Ó { È
b. What does each intercept represent?
/iÊ ®
4. History The table shows the number of 8. A hot-air balloon is moving at a constant rate.
nations in the United Nations in different Its altitude is a linear function of time, as
years. Find the rate of change for each time shown in the table. Write an equation in
interval. During which time interval did the slope-intercept form that represents this
U.N. grow at the greatest rate? (Lesson 5-3) function. Then find the balloon’s altitude
after 25 minutes. (Lesson 5-7)
Year 1945 1950 1960 1975
Number of Balloon’s Altitude
51 60 99 144
Nations Time (min) Altitude (m)
0 250
5. The graph shows the temperature of an oven
7 215
at different times. Find the slope of the line.
Then tell what the slope represents. 12 190
(Lesson 5-4)
9. Geometry Show that the points A(2, 3),
"ÛiÊ/i«iÀ>ÌÕÀi B(3, 1), C (-1, -1), and D(-2, 1) are the
vertices of a rectangle. (Lesson 5-8)
/i«iÀ>ÌÕÀiÊc®
{xä £ä]Ê{£ä®
Îxä
10. A phone plan for international calls costs
$12.50 per month plus $0.04 per minute. The
Óxä {ä]ÊÓä® monthly cost for x minutes of calls is given by
the function f (x) = 0.04x + 12.50. How will the
ä Óä {ä
graph change if the phone company raises the
/iÊ®
monthly fee to $14.50? if the cost per minute is
raised to $0.05? (Lesson 5-9)
6. Sports Competitive race-walkers move at
a speed of about 9 miles per hour. Write a
direct variation equation for the distance y
that a race-walker will cover in x hours. Then
graph. (Lesson 5-5)
S32 Extra Practice

1. Net Sounds, an online music store, charges $12 9. Sports The table shows the time it took two
per CD plus $3 for shipping and handling. Web runners to complete the Boston Marathon
Discs charges $10 per CD plus $9 for shipping in several different years. If the patterns
and handling. For how many CDs will the cost continue, will Shanna ever complete the
be the same? What will that cost be? marathon in the same number of minutes as
(Lesson 6-1) Maria? Explain. (Lesson 6-4)
2. At Rocco’s Restaurant, a large pizza costs $12

Marathon Times (min)
plus $1.25 for each additional topping. At
Pizza Palace, a large pizza costs $15 plus $0.75 2003 2004 2005 2006
for each additional topping. For how many Shanna 190 182 174 166
toppings will the cost be the same? What will
Maria 175 167 159 151
that cost be? (Lesson 6-1)
Use the following information for Exercises 3 10. Jordan leaves his house and rides his bike at
and 4. 10 mi/h. After he goes 4 miles, his brother
The coach of a baseball team is deciding between Tim leaves the house and rides in the same
two companies that manufacture team jerseys. direction at 12 mi/h. If their rates stay the
One company charges a $60 setup fee and $25 per same, will Tim ever catch up to Jordan?
jersey. The other company charges a $200 setup fee Explain. (Lesson 6-4)
and $15 per jersey. (Lesson 6-2)
11. Charmaine is buying almonds and cashews for
3. For how many jerseys will the cost at the two a reception. She wants to spend no more than
companies be the same? What will that cost be? $18. Almonds cost $4 per pound, and cashews
cost $5 per pound. Write a linear inequality to
4. The coach is planning to purchase 20 jerseys. describe the situation. Graph the solutions.
Which company is the better option? Why? Then give two combinations of nuts that
Charmaine could buy. (Lesson 6-5)
5. Geometry The length of a rectangle is
5 inches greater than the width. The sum of 12. Luis is buying T-shirts to give out at a school
the length and width is 41 inches. Find the fund-raiser. He must spend less than $100 for
length and width of the rectangle. (Lesson 6-2) the shirts. Child shirts cost $5 each, and adult
shirts cost $8 each. Write a linear inequality
6. At a movie theater, tickets cost $9.50 for to describe the situation. Graph the solutions.
adults and $6.50 for children. A group of Then give two combinations of shirts that Luis
7 moviegoers pays a total of $54.50. How many could buy. (Lesson 6-5)
adults and how many children are in the
group? (Lesson 6-3) 13. Nicholas is buying treats for his dog. Beef
cubes cost $3 per pound, and liver cubes
7. Business A grocer is buying large quantities cost $2 per pound. He wants to buy at least
of fruit to resell at his store. He purchases 2 pounds of each type of treat, and he wants
apples at $0.50 per pound and pears at $0.75 to spend no more than $14. Graph all possible
per pound. The grocer spends a total of $17.25 combinations of the treats that Nicholas could
for 27 pounds of fruit. How many pounds of buy. List two possible combinations.
each fruit does he buy? (Lesson 6-3) (Lesson 6-6)
8. Bricks are available in two sizes. Large bricks 14. Geometry The perimeter of a rectangle is
weigh 9 pounds, and small bricks weigh 4.5 at most 20 inches. The length and the width
pounds. A bricklayer has 14 bricks that weigh a are each at least 3 inches. Graph all possible
total of 90 pounds. How many of each type of combinations of lengths and widths that
brick are there? (Lesson 6-3) result in such a rectangle. List two possible
combinations. (Lesson 6-6)
Extra Practice S33

1. Biology The eye of a bee is about 10 -3 m in 9. A rock is thrown off a 220-foot cliff with an
diameter. Simplify this expression. initial velocity of 50 feet per second. The
(Lesson 7-1) height of the rock above the ground is given by
the polynomial -16t 2 - 50t + 220, where t is
2. A typical stroboscopic camera has a shutter the time in seconds. What is the height of the
speed of 10 -6 seconds. Simplify this expression. rock after 2 seconds? (Lesson 7-5)
(Lesson 7-1)
10. The sum of the first n natural numbers is
3. Space Exploration During a mission that given by the polynomial __12 n 2 + __12 n. Use this
took place in August, 2005, the Space Shuttle polynomial to find the sum of the first 9
Discovery traveled a total distance of natural numbers. (Lesson 7-5)
9.3 × 10 6 km. The Space Shuttle’s velocity
was 28,000 km/h. (Lesson 7-2) 11. Biology The population of insects in a
a. Write the total distance that the Space meadow depends on the temperature. A
Shuttle traveled in standard form. biologist predicts the population of insect A
with the polynomial 0.02x 2 + 0.5x + 8 and the
b. Write the Space Shuttle’s velocity in population of insect B with the polynomial
scientific notation. 0.04x 2 - 0.2x + 12, where x is the temperature
in degrees Fahrenheit. (Lesson 7-6)
4. There are approximately 10,000,000 grains in
a pound of salt. Write this number in scientific a. Write a polynomial that represents the
notation. (Lesson 7-2) total population of both insects.
b. Write a polynomial that represents the
5. A high-speed centrifuge spins at a speed of
difference of the populations of insect B
2 × 10 4 rotations per minute. How many
and insect A.
rotations does the centrifuge make in one
hour? Write your answer in scientific notation. 12. Geometry The length of the rectangle shown
(Lesson 7-3) is 1 inch longer than 3 times the width.
6. Astronomy Earth travels approximately a. Write a polynomial that represents the area
5.8 × 10 8 miles as it makes one orbit of of the rectangle.
the Sun. How far does Earth travel in
b. Find the area of the rectangle when the
50 years? (Note: One year is one orbit of
width is 4 inches. (Lesson 7-7)
the Sun.) Write your answer in scientific
notation. (Lesson 7-3)
Ý
7. Geography In 2005, the population of ÎÝÊ Ê£
Indonesia was 2.4 × 10 8. This was 8 times
the population of Afghanistan. What was the
13. A cabinet maker starts with a square piece
population of Afghanistan in 2005? Write your
of wood and then cuts a square hole from
answer in standard form. (Lesson 7-4)
its center as shown. Write a polynomial that
8. The Golden Gate Bridge weighs about represents the area of the remaining piece of
8 × 10 8 kg. The Eiffel Tower weighs about wood. (Lesson 7-8)
1 × 10 7 kg. How many times heavier is the
Golden Gate Bridge than the Eiffel Tower?
Write your answer in standard form.
(Lesson 7-4)
ÝÊ ÊÎ
ÝÊ ÊÈ
S34 Extra Practice

1. Ms. Andrews’s class has 12 boys and 18 girls. 8. A rectangular poster has an area of
For a class picture, the students will stand in (6x 2 + 19x + 15) in 2. The width of the poster
rows on a set of steps. Each row must have the is (2x + 3) in. What is the length of the
same number of students, and each row will poster? (Lesson 8-4)
contain only boys or girls. How many rows will
there be if Ms. Andrews puts the maximum 9. Physics The height of an object thrown
number of students in each row? (Lesson 8-1) upward with a velocity of 38 feet per second
from an initial height of 5 feet can be modeled
2. A museum director is planning an exhibit of by the polynomial -16t 2 + 38t + 5, where t is
Native American baskets. There are 40 baskets the time in seconds. Factor this expression.
from North America and 32 baskets from Then use the factored expression to find the
South America. The baskets will be displayed object’s height after __12 second. (Lesson 8-4)
on shelves so that each shelf has the same
number of baskets. Baskets from North and 10. A rectangular pool has an area of
South America will not be placed together (9x 2 + 30x + 25) ft 2. The dimensions of the
on the same shelf. How many shelves will pool are of the form ax + b, where a and b are
be needed if each shelf holds the maximum whole numbers. Find an expression for the
number of baskets? (Lesson 8-1) perimeter of the pool. Then find the perimeter
when x = 5. (Lesson 8-5)
3. The area of a rectangular painting is (3x 2 + 5x)ft2.
Factor this polynomial to find expressions for 11. Geometry The area of a square is
the dimensions of the painting. (Lesson 8-2) 9x 2 - 24x + 16. Find the length of each side of
the square. Is it possible for x to equal 1 in this
4. Geometry The surface area of a cylinder with situation? Why or why not? (Lesson 8-5)
radius r and height h is given by the expression
2πr 2 + 2πrh. Factor this expression. Architecture Use the following information for
(Lesson 8-2) Exercises 12–14.
An architect is designing a rectangular hotel room.
5. The area of a rectangular classroom in square
A balcony that is 5 feet wide runs along the length
feet is given by x 2 + 9x + 18. The width of the
of the room, as shown in the figure. (Lesson 8-6)
classroom is (x + 3) ft. What is the length of
the classroom? (Lesson 8-3) ÓÝÊvÌ xÊvÌ
Gardening Use the following information for

Exercises 6 and 7.
A rectangular flower bed has a width of (x + 4) ft.
The bed will be enlarged by increasing the length,
as shown. (Lesson 8-3)
12. The area of the room, including the balcony,

ÝÊ Ê{®ÊvÌ
is (4x 2 + 12x + 5) ft 2. Tell whether the
polynomial is fully factored. Explain.
6. The original flower bed has an area of 13. Find the length and width of the room
(x 2 + 9x + 20)ft 2. What is its length? (including the balcony).
7. The enlarged flower bed will have an area of 14. How long is the balcony when x = 9?
(x 2 + 12x + 32)ft 2. What will be the new length
of the flower bed?
Extra Practice S35

1. The table shows the height of a ball at 8. A child standing on a rock tosses a ball into the
various times after being thrown into the air. The height of the ball above the ground is
air. Tell whether the function is quadratic. modeled by h = -16t 2 + 28t + 8, where h is
Explain. (Lesson 9-1) the height in feet and t is the time in seconds.
Find the time it takes the ball to reach the
Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 ground. (Lesson 9-6)
Height (ft) 200 204 176 116 24 9. A fireworks rocket is shot directly up from
the edge of a rooftop. The height of the
2. The height of the curved roof of a camping rocket above the ground is modeled by
tent can be modeled by f (x) = -0.5x 2 + 3x, h = - 16t 2 + 40t + 24, where h is the height in
where x is the width in feet. Find the height of feet and t is the time in seconds. Find the time
the tent at its tallest point. (Lesson 9-2) it takes the rocket to hit the ground.
(Lesson 9-6)
3. Engineering A small bridge passes over
a stream. The height in feet of the bridge’s 10. Geometry The base of the triangle in the
curved arch support can be modeled by figure is five times the height. The area of
f (x) = -0.25x 2 + 2x + 1.5, where the x-axis the triangle is 400 in 2. Find the height of the
represents the level of the water. Find the triangle to the nearest tenth. (Lesson 9-7)
height of the arch support. (Lesson 9-2)
Ý
4. Sports The height in meters of a football that
is kicked from the ground is approximated xÝ
by f (x) = -5x 2 + 20x, where x is the time in
seconds after the ball is kicked. Find the ball’s 11. The length of a rectangular swimming pool is
maximum height and the time it takes the ball 8 feet greater than the width. The pool has an
to reach this height. Then find how long the area of 240 ft 2. Find the length and width of
ball is in the air. (Lesson 9-3) the pool. (Lesson 9-8)
5. Physics Two golf balls are dropped, one from 12. Geometry One base of a trapezoid is 4 ft
a height of 400 feet and the other from a height longer than the other base. The height of the
of 576 feet. (Lesson 9-4) trapezoid is equal to the shorter base. The
a. Compare the graphs that show the time it trapezoid’s area is 80 ft 2. Find the height.
takes each golf ball to reach the ground. ( )
Hint: A = __12 h(b 1 + b 2) (Lesson 9-8)
b. Use the graphs to tell when each golf ball Ý
reaches the ground.
Ý
6. A model rocket is launched into the air with
an initial velocity of 144 feet per second. The
ÝÊ Ê{
quadratic function y = -16x 2 + 144x models
the height of the rocket after x seconds. How
long is the rocket in the air? (Lesson 9-5) 13. A referee tosses a coin into the air at the start
of a football game to decide which team will
7. A gymnast jumps on a trampoline. The get the ball. The height of the coin above the
quadratic function y = -16x 2 + 24x models ground is modeled by h = -16t 2 + 12t + 4,
her height in feet above the trampoline after where h is the height in feet and t is the time in
x seconds. How long is the gymnast in the seconds after the coin is tossed. Will the coin
air? (Lesson 9-5) reach a height of 8 feet? Use the discriminant
to explain your answer. (Lesson 9-9)
S36 Extra Practice

Geography Use the following information for 7. Use the data to make a box-and-whisker plot.
Exercises 1–3.
8. The weekly salaries of five employees at a
The bar graph shows the areas of the Great restaurant are $450, $500, $460, $980, and
Lakes. (Lesson 10-1) $520. Explain why the following statement
is misleading: “The average salary is
Ài>ÃÊvÊÌ iÊÀi>ÌÊ>iÃ $582.” (Lesson 10-4)
>iÊ"Ì>À 9. The graph shows the sales figures for three
sales representatives. Explain why the graph
>iÊ Ài is misleading. What might someone believe
because of the graph? (Lesson 10-4)
>i
>iÊV }>
->iÃÊvÀÊ"VÌLiÀ
>iÊÕÀ
£n]äää
->iÃÊf®
>iÊ-Õ«iÀÀ
£Ç]äää
ä £ä]äää Óä]äää Îä]äää
£È]äää
Ài>ÊÓ® £x]äää
£{]äää
1. Estimate the difference in the areas between

iÀ
Ü
>
`
À
the lake with the greatest area and the lake

7
with the least area.
->iÃÊ,i«ÀiÃiÌ>ÌÛi
2. Estimate the total area of the five lakes.
3. Approximately what percent of the total area is 10. A manager inspects 120 stereos that were built
Lake Superior? at a factory. She finds that 6 are defective. What
is the experimental probability that a stereo
4. The scores of 18 students on a Spanish exam chosen at random will be defective?
are given below. Use the data to make a stem- (Lesson 10-5)
and-leaf plot. (Lesson 10-2)
Travel Use the following information for
Exam Scores Exercises 11–13.
65 94 92 75 71 83 77 73 91 A row of an airplane has 2 window seats, 3 middle
82 63 79 80 77 99 76 80 88 seats, and 4 aisle seats. You are randomly assigned
a seat in the row. (Lesson 10-6)
5. The numbers of customers who visited a hair 11. Find the probability that you are assigned a
salon each day are given below. Use the data to window seat.
make a frequency table with intervals.
(Lesson 10-2) 12. Find the odds in favor of being assigned a
window seat.
Number of Customers Per Day 13. Find the probability that you are not assigned
32 35 29 44 41 25 35 a middle seat.
40 41 32 33 28 33 34 14. A class consists of 19 boys and 16 girls. The
teacher selects one student at random to
Sports Use the following information for be the class president and then selects a
Exercises 6 and 7. different student to be vice president. What
The numbers of points scored by a college football is the probability that both students are
team in 11 games are given below. (Lesson 10-3) girls? (Lesson 10-7)
10 17 17 14 21 7 10 14 17 17 21
6. Find the mean, median, mode, and range of
the data set.
Extra Practice S37

1. Scientists who are developing a vaccine track gives the
7. The function f (x) = √1.44x
the number of new infections of a disease each approximate distance in miles to the horizon
year. The values in the table form a geometric as observed by a person whose eye level is x
sequence. To the nearest whole number, how feet above the ground. Jamal stands on a tower
many new infections will there be in the 6th so that his eyes are 180 ft above the ground.
year? (Lesson 11-1) What is the distance to the horizon? Round
your answer to the nearest tenth.
Year Number of New (Lesson 11-5)
Infections
9. Geometry Given the surface area, S, of a
1 12,000
sphere, the formula r = ___S
4π √
can be used to
2 9000 find the sphere’s radius. What is the radius of
3 6750 a sphere with a surface area of 100 m 2? Use
3.14 for π. Round your answer to the nearest
2. Finance For a savings account that earns hundredth of a meter. (Lesson 11-5)
5% interest each year, the function
9. Cooking A chef has a square baking pan with
f (x) = 2000(1.05) gives the value of a
x
sides 8 inches long. She wants to know if an
$2000 investment after x years. (Lesson 11-2)
11-inch fish can fit in the pan. Find the length
a. Find the investment’s value after 5 years. of the diagonal of the pan. Give the answer as
a radical expression in simplest form. Then
b. Approximately how many years will it take
estimate the length to the nearest tenth of
for the investment to be worth $3100?
an inch. Tell whether the fish will fit in the
3. Chemistry Cesium-137 has a half-life of pan. (Lesson 11-6)
30 years. Find the amount left from a 200-gram
10. Alicia wants to put a fence around the irregular
sample after 150 years. (Lesson 11-3)
garden plot shown. Find the perimeter of the
4. The cost of tuition at a dance school is $300 plot. Give your answer as a radical in simplest
a year and is increasing at a rate of 3% a year. form. (Lesson 11-7)
Write an exponential growth function to model
ÊȖ£ÓÊÊ
е
е
the situation and find the cost of tuition after
ÊȖÓÇÊÊ
е
е
4 years. (Lesson 11-3) ÊȖе
ÎÊÊ

5. Use the data in the table to describe how the ÊȖе

е
ÇxÊÊ
price of the company’s stock is changing. Then
write a function that models the data. Use your 11. Physics The velocity of an object in meters

2 √E
√
function to predict the price of the company’s per second is given by _____ , where E is kinetic

√m
stock after 7 years. (Lesson 11-4) energy in Joules and m is mass in kilograms.
What is the velocity of an object that has
Stock Prices
40 Joules of kinetic energy and a mass of
Year 0 1 2 3 10 kilograms? Give the answer as a radical
Price ($) 10.00 11.00 12.20 13.31 expression in simplest form. Then estimate
the velocity to the nearest tenth.
6. Use the data in the table to describe the rate (Lesson 11-8)
at which Susan reads. Then write a function 12. A rectangular window has an area of 40 ft 2.
that models the data. Use your function to The window is 8 feet long and its height
predict the number of pages Susan will read in is √
x + 2 ft. What is the value of x? What is the
6 hours. (Lesson 11-4) height of the window? (Lesson 11-9)
Total Number of Pages Read

Time (h) 1 2 3 4
Pages 48 96 144 192
S38 Extra Practice

1. The inverse variation xy = 200 relates the 7. A committee consists of five more women than
number of words per minute x at which a men. The chairperson randomly chooses one
person types to the number of minutes y person to serve as secretary and a different
that it takes to type a 200-word paragraph. person to serve as treasurer. Write and simplify
Determine a reasonable domain and range an expression that represents the probability
and then graph this inverse variation. Use the that both people who are chosen are men.
graph to estimate how many minutes it would What is the probability of choosing two men
take to type the paragraph at a rate of 60 words if there are 6 men on the committee?
per minute. (Lesson 12-1) (Lesson 12-4)
2. Business The owner of a deli finds that the 8. Transportation A delivery truck makes a
number of sandwiches sold in one day varies delivery to a town 150 miles away traveling
inversely as the price of the sandwiches. When r miles per hour. On the return trip, the
the price is $4.50, the deli sells 60 sandwiches. delivery truck travels 20% faster. Write and
How many sandwiches can the owner expect simplify an expression for the truck’s round-
to sell when the price is $3.60? (Lesson 12-1) trip delivery time in terms of r. Then find the
round-trip delivery time if the truck travels 55
3. A gardener has $30 in his budget to buy mi/h on its way to the delivery. (Lesson 12-5)
packets of seeds. He receives 3 free packets of
seeds with his order. The number of packets 9. Recreation Jordan is hiking 2 miles to a vista
y he can buy is y = __
30
x + 3, where x is the point at the top of a hill and then back to his
price per packet. Describe the reasonable campsite at the base of the hill. His downhill
domain and range values. Then graph the rate is 3 times his uphill rate, r. Write and
function. (Lesson 12-2) simplify an expression in terms of r for the
time that the round-trip hike will take. Then
4. Ashley wants to save $1000 for a trip to Europe. find how long the hike will take if Jordan’s
She puts aside x dollars per month, and her uphill rate is 2 mi/h. (Lesson 12-5)
grandmother contributes $10 per month.
The number of months y it will take to save 10. Geometry The volume of a rectangular prism
$1000 is y = _____
1000
x + 10
. Describe the reasonable is the area of the base times the height. A
domain and range values. Then graph the rectangular prism has a volume given by
function. (Lesson 12-2) (2x 2 + 7x + 5) cm 3 and a height given by
(x + 1) cm. What is the area of the base of the
5. Geometry Find the ratio of the area of a rectangular prism? (Lesson 12-6)
circle to the circumference of the circle. (Hint:
For a circle, A = πr 2 and C = 2πr). For what 11. Tanya can deliver newspapers to all of the
radius is this ratio equal to 1? (Lesson 12-3) houses on her route in 1 hour. Her brother,
Nick, can deliver newspapers along the
6. Geometry For a cylinder with radius r and same route in 2 hours. How long will it
height h, the volume is V = πr 2h, and the take to deliver the newspapers if they work
surface area is S = 2πr 2 + 2πrh. What is the together? (Lesson 12-7)
ratio of the volume to the surface area for a
cylinder? What is this ratio when r = h = 1? 12. Agriculture Grains are harvested using a
(Lesson 12-3) combine. A farm has two combines—one that
can harvest the wheat field in 9 hours and
À
another that can harvest the wheat field in
11 hours. How long will it take to harvest the
wheat field using both combines?
(Lesson 12-7)
Extra Practice S39

Problem Solving Handbook
Draw a Diagram Problem Solving Strategies

You can draw a diagram to help you visualize what
Draw a Diagram Make a Table
the words of a problem are describing. Make a Model Solve a Simpler Problem
Guess and Test Use Logical Reasoning
Work Backward Use a Venn Diagram
EXAMPLE Find a Pattern Make an Organized List
A gardener wants to plant a 2.5-foot-wide border of
flowers around a rectangular herb garden. The herb
garden is 12 feet long and 7.5 feet wide. What is the
area of the border?
1 Understand the Problem

You need to find the area of the garden’s border. You are given the garden’s
dimensions and the width of the border.
2 Make a Plan
Draw and label a diagram of the herb garden with the surrounding border. Find the
dimensions of the outer rectangle. Then find the area of the inner rectangle and
subtract to find the area of the border.
3 Solve
length of outer rectangle: 2.5 ft + 12 ft + 2.5 ft = 17 ft Ó°xÊvÌ Ó°xÊvÌ
£ÓÊvÌ
width of outer rectangle: 2.5 ft + 7.5 ft + 2.5 ft = 12.5 ft
Find the area of each rectangle: Ó°xÊvÌ
area of outer rectangle: 17 ft × 12.5 ft = 212.5 ft2

area of inner rectangle: 12 ft × 7.5 ft = 90 ft2
Subtract: Ç°xÊvÌ
area of border: 212.5 ft2 - 90 ft2 = 122.5 ft2
4 Look Back Ó°xÊvÌ
To check your answer, solve the problem in a different way.

Divide the border into four parts and find the area of £ÇÊvÌ
each part. Then add the areas.
Ó°xÊvÌ
17 ft × 2.5 ft = 42.5 ft 2 7.5 ft × 2.5 ft = 18.75 ft 2
Ó°xÊvÌ
17 ft × 2.5 ft = 42.5 ft 2
7.5 ft × 2.5 ft = 18.75 ft 2
Ç°xÊvÌ
42.5 ft 2 + 42.5 ft 2 + 18.75 ft 2 + 18.75 ft 2 + = 122.5 ft2
PRACTICE
1. A circular fish pond is surrounded by a circular border of stones that is 18 inches wide.
The fish pond is 4 feet in diameter. What is the area of the border? (Use 3.14 for π.)
2. Thirty-two teams are in the first round of a softball tournament. A team is eliminated
as soon as it loses a game. How many games need to be played to determine the
winner? (Hint: Use a tree diagram.)
S40 Problem Solving Handbook

Make a Model Problem Solving Strategies
You can make a model, or representation of the
objects in a problem, to help you solve it. Make a Model Solve a Simpler Problem
Guess and Test Use Logical Reasoning
EXAMPLE Find a Pattern Make an Organized List
Mr. Duncan is using blue and white square tiles to create a pattern on his kitchen
wall. The entire design will have 8 rows with 15 tiles in each row. The bottom row
alternates colors starting with blue, and the row above that alternates colors
starting with white. He will continue this alternating pattern so that the same two
colors are never next to each other. How many of each color tile does Mr. Duncan
need to complete the entire design?

You need to find how many of each color tile are needed. You know the number of
rows and the number of tiles in each row. The colors alternate so that the same two
colors are never next to each other.
2 Make a Plan
Use blocks (preferably blue and white, but any two colors would work) to make a
model of the first two rows. Count how many of each color you use. Then multiply to
find how many of each color would be used in the entire design.
3 Solve
Create the bottom row. Start with a blue block and alternate
colors across the row until you have used 15 blocks.
Create the row above the bottom row. Start with a white block. You could build all 8 rows
and just count the number of
each color, but each group
of two rows will be the
same, so this way is quicker.
There will be a total of 8 rows: 4 that start with blue and 4 that start with white.
Count how many of each color are used above and multiply each number by 4.
blue: 15 × 4 = 60
white: 15 × 4 = 60
Mr. Duncan needs 60 blue tiles and 60 white tiles.
4 Look Back
The grid is 15 units by 8 units, so there are 15 × 8 = 120 squares in the grid. Add the
number of blue and white tiles to see if the sum is 120: 60 + 60 = 120.
PRACTICE
1. Mr. Duncan decides to tile another area of his kitchen wall. This design will have 12 rows
with 10 tiles in each row. The bottom row will repeat this pattern: blue, white, blue, blue,
white. The row above the bottom row will repeat this pattern: white, green, white, white,
green. He will use these two patterns for each of the remaining rows so that the first colors
of each row always alternate. How many of each color tile will Mr. Duncan need?
Problem Solving Handbook S41

Guess and Test Problem Solving Strategies
The guess and test strategy can be used when you
cannot think of another way to solve the problem. Make a Model Solve a Simpler Problem
Begin by making a reasonable guess, and then test it Guess and Test Use Logical Reasoning
to see whether your guess is correct. If not, adjust the Work Backward Use a Venn Diagram
guess accordingly and test again. Keep guessing and Find a Pattern Make an Organized List
testing until you correctly solve the problem.
EXAMPLE
The manager of a college computer lab purchased 24 printers at a total cost of
$3120. Some of the printers were laser, and some were ink jet. The laser printers
cost $250 each, and the ink jet printers cost $70 each. How many of each type of
printer did the manager purchase?

You know the cost of each type of printer and the total number of printers.
You need to find the number of each type of printer purchased.
2 Make a Plan
Make reasonable first guesses for each type of printer. The sum must be 24. Then
multiply each guess by the cost of each printer. Find the total and compare it to
$3120. Adjust the guess as needed and continue until you find the solution.
3 Solve
Use a table to organize your guesses.
Laser Ink Jet Total

Printers Printers Priners Total Cost
1st guess 12 12 24 12($250) + 12($70) Too high—try fewer laser

$3000 + $840 = $3840 printers.
2nd guess 6 18 24 6($250) + 18($70) Too low—try more laser
$1500 + $1260 = $2760 printers.
3rd guess 8 16 24 8($250) + 16($70) Correct!
$2000 + $1120 = $3120
The manager purchased 8 laser printers and 16 ink jet printers.
4 Look Back
The total spent is $3120, and the total number of printers is 24. The solution
is correct.
PRACTICE
1. All 350 seats were sold for a concert in the park. Adult tickets cost $15, and
child tickets cost $5. Ticket sales totaled $4350. How many of each type of
ticket were sold?
2. Jane is 3 times as old as Theo. Luke is 5 years older than Theo. Zoe is 8 years
younger than twice Theo’s age, and Cassie is 6 years younger than Theo. The sum
of their ages is 71. How old is each person?

Work Backward Problem Solving Strategies
You can work backward to solve a problem when
you know the ending value and are asked to find the Make a Model Solve a Simpler Problem
initial value. Guess and Test Use Logical Reasoning
Find a Pattern Make an Organized List
EXAMPLE
Lee Ann is taking a vacation in Paris, France. Her flight arrived in Paris at 9:35 A.M.
on Tuesday. The plane left New York City and flew for 7 hours and 55 minutes to
Nice, France, where there was a layover of 1 hour 12 minutes. From Nice the plane
flew 1 hour and 25 minutes to Paris. Paris time is 6 hours ahead of New York City
time. What time did the plane leave New York City?

You are asked to find the time that the plane left New York City. You know when the
flight arrived in Paris, the length of the stops that were made along the way, and the
time difference between New York City and Paris.
2 Make a Plan
Work backward from the time the plane arrived in Paris, using inverse operations.
Then apply the time difference between the two cities.
3 Solve
Subtract the length of time it took to fly from Nice to Paris from the time Lee Ann
arrived in Paris.
9:35 A.M. - 1 hour 25 minutes = 8:10 A.M.
Subtract the length of the layover in Nice.
8:10 A.M. - 1 hour 12 minutes = 6:58 A.M.
Subtract the length of the flight from New York to Nice.
6:58 A.M. – 7 hours 55 minutes = 11:03 P.M. Monday
Since Paris time is ahead of New York time, subtract the time difference.
11:03 P.M., Monday - 6 hours = 5:03 P.M. Monday
Lee Ann’s flight left New York City on Monday at 5:03 P.M.
4 Look Back
Work forward to check your answer.
5:03 P.M. Monday + 6 h + 7 h 55 min + 1 h 12 min + 1 h 25 min
= 5:03 P.M. Monday + 16 h 32 min
= 9:35 A.M. Tuesday
This matches the information given in the problem.
PRACTICE
1. A bus arrives in Dallas, Texas, at 10:59 A.M. on Friday. The bus left Atlanta,
Georgia, and took 12 hours and 15 minutes to arrive in Shreveport, Louisiana,
where there was a 45-minute layover. From Shreveport it took 4 hours and 29
minutes to get to Dallas. Dallas time is 1 hour behind Atlanta time. What time did
the bus leave Atlanta?
2. Carolina bought a DVD player that was on sale for 90% of the original price. The
total amount she paid was $135.72, which included a sales tax of $5.22. What was
the original price of the DVD player?

Find a Pattern Problem Solving Strategies
If a problem involves a sequence of numbers or
figures, it is often necessary to find a pattern to Make a Model Solve a Simpler Problem
solve the problem. Guess and Test Use Logical Reasoning
EXAMPLE
Darian created the following sequence of stars:
How many stars will be in the 6th figure?

You need to find the number of stars in the 6th figure. You can find the number in
the first four figures by counting.
2 Make a Plan
Count the number of stars in each of the first four figures. Use the information to
find a pattern and determine a general rule.
3 Solve
Look for a pattern between the position of each figure in the sequence and the
number of stars in that figure.
Position 1 2 3 4
The number of stars is the square of the
position number plus the position number.
Stars 2 6 12 20 This rule written algebraically is n 2 + n.
Evaluate the expression for n = 6: n2 + n
6 2 + 6 = 36 + 6 = 42
There will be 42 stars in the 6th figure.
4 Look Back
Look for another pattern. The number of stars in each position increases by 4, then
by 6, then by 8. That is, the amount of increase always increases by 2. So the number
of stars in the 5th position will be 20 + 10, or 30, and the number of stars in the 6th
position will be 30 + 12, or 42.
PRACTICE
1. The first three figures of a pattern are shown. 2. Lily drew the first four figures of a pattern.
How many circles will be in the 10th figure? How many squares will be in the 7th figure?

Make a Table Problem Solving Strategies
You can make a table to solve problems because
the rows and columns can help you arrange Make a Model Solve a Simpler Problem
information. Sometimes this also allows you to discover Guess and Test Use Logical Reasoning
relationships that might otherwise be hard to notice. Work Backward Use a Venn Diagram
EXAMPLE
A scientist begins a culture with 500 bacteria. The number of bacteria triples every
30 minutes. How many bacteria are in the culture after 2 __
1
2
hours?

You are asked to find the number of bacteria in the culture after 2 __12 hours.
You know the initial number of bacteria, and you know that the population
triples every half hour.
2 Make a Plan
Make a table with rows for time and number of bacteria. Start with the initial
number in the culture. Increase the time in 30-minute increments and triple the
number of bacteria with each increase. Keep extending the table until the time is
2 __12 hours (150 minutes).
3 Solve
Time (min) 0 30 60 90 120 150

Bacteria 500 1500 4500 13,500 40,500 121,500
There are 121,500 bacteria in the culture after 2 __12 hours.
4 Look Back
Check your answer by solving a simpler problem. The number of bacteria in the
culture triples five times (150 min ÷ 30 min = 5). Start with 5 instead of 500 and triple
the number five times.
5 × 3 = 15
15 × 3 = 45
45 × 3 = 135
135 × 3 = 405
405 × 3 = 1215
Multiply by 100 to find the total if you had started with 500; 1215 × 100 = 121,500
PRACTICE
1. A dietician’s report states that a 125-pound woman needs to eat about 1750
Calories a day to maintain her weight. It also states that a 132-pound woman
needs 1848 Calories and a 139-pound woman needs 1946 Calories a day. Based
on these values, how many Calories does a 160-pound woman need to eat each
day to maintain her weight?
2. Simon opened a savings account with an initial deposit of $200. At the end of
each year, the account earns 4% interest. If he does not deposit or withdraw any
additional money, what would his balance be at the end of 6 years?

Solve a Simpler Problem Problem Solving Strategies
Sometimes a problem contains numbers that make
it seem difficult to solve. You can solve a simpler Make a Model Solve a Simpler Problem
problem by rewriting the numbers so they are easier Guess and Test Use Logical Reasoning
to compute. Work Backward Use a Venn Diagram
EXAMPLE
During a skating competition, Jules skated around the track 35 times. One lap is
0.9 mile. If Jules finished in 1 hour 30 minutes, what was his average speed?

You are asked to find Jules’s average speed for 35 laps. You know the distance of each
lap and the amount of time it took him to finish the competition.
2 Make a Plan
Solve a simpler problem by using easier numbers to do the computations.
3 Solve
Find the total distance skated.
35(0.9) There were 35 laps that measured 0.9 mile.
35(1 - 0.1) Write 0.9 as 1 - 0.1
35(1) - 3.5(0.1) Use the Distributive Property.
35 - 3.5
31.5
Use the distance formula to find the average speed.
d = rt
31.5 = r × 1.5 1 hour 30 minutes = 1.5 hours
_31.5 = r Solve for r.
1.5
315 = r
_ Multiply the numerator and denominator by 10
15 to eliminate the decimals.
_1 (315) = r
15
_1 (300 + 15) = r
Write 315 as 300 + 15.
15
_1 (300) + _ 1 (15) = r Use the Distributive Property.
15 15
20 + 1 = r
21 = r
Jules skated at an average speed of 21 miles per hour.
4 Look Back
Each lap is a little less than 1 mile, so 35 laps is a little less than 35 miles. Round this
distance to 30 miles and use d = rt to find the rate when the time is 1.5 hours:
30 mi = (1.5 h)r r = 20 mi/h. This is close to 21 mi/h.
PRACTICE
1. Diana swam 24 laps in the pool today. One lap is 200 feet. She swam at an
average rate of 4 feet per second. How many minutes did Diana swim?

Use Logical Reasoning Problem Solving Strategies
Use logical reasoning to solve problems when
you are given several facts and can use common sense Make a Model Solve a Simpler Problem
to find a missing fact. Guess and Test Use Logical Reasoning
EXAMPLE 1
Five players on a baseball team wear the numbers 2, 12, 15, 34, and 42. Their
positions are pitcher, catcher, first base, left field, and center field. The pitcher’s
number is less than the left fielder’s number. The center fielder’s number is greater
than 25, and the left fielder wears an even number. The catcher wears number 34.
What is the pitcher’s number?

You want to find the jersey number of the pitcher. You know there are five positions
and five jersey numbers. Some information about who wears which number is given.
2 Make a Plan
Organize the information in a table. Start with the fact that the catcher wears
number 34 and use logical reasoning to determine the numbers of the other
positions.
3 Solve
The catcher wears number 34. No other player wears 34, and the catcher wears no
other number. Enter Y’s and N’s in the chart as shown.
The center fielder’s number is greater than 25, so he must wear number 42.
The left fielder cannot wear number 15 (because it is odd), and he cannot have the
least number (the pitcher’s number is less than his). The left fielder must wear 12.
The pitcher’s number is less than 12 (the left fielder’s), so he must wear number 2.
2 12 15 34 42
Pitcher Y N N N N Y = yes; N = no
Catcher N N N Y N
First Base N N Y N N Once you enter Y in a cell, enter N in the
Left Fielder N Y N N N remaining cells for the row and the
column that include it.
Center Fielder N N N N Y
The pitcher wears number 2.
4 Look Back
Complete the chart if needed. Read the problem while looking at the chart to make
sure there are no contradictions.
PRACTICE
1. Rose, Jill, Gaby, and Chloe bowled the scores 110, 125, 144, and 150. Jill did not
bowl the 110. The person who bowled the 150 is Rose’s sister and Jill’s aunt. Chloe
bowled the 125. What score did Jill bowl?

Use a Venn Diagram Problem Solving Strategies
You can use a Venn diagram to display
relationships among sets of numbers. Circles are used Make a Model Solve a Simpler Problem
to represent the individual sets. Guess and Test Use Logical Reasoning
EXAMPLE
At a local supermarket, 194 people were given samples of two brands of orange
juice. Their opinions were as follows: 120 people liked brand A, 101 people liked
brand B, and 15 people did not like either brand. How many people liked only
brand A?

The total number of people was 194, and 15 of them did not like either brand. The
statement “120 people liked brand A” means some of the 120 people liked only brand A
and some liked brand A and brand B. The statement “101 people liked brand B” means
some of the 101 people liked only brand B and some liked brand A and brand B.
2 Make a Plan
Use a Venn diagram to show the relationship among the groups of people.
3 Solve
Draw and label two intersecting circles to show the sets of
people who liked brand A and brand B. Write 15 in the area À>`Ê À>`Ê
labeled “Neither.” Ì
Out of 194 people, 15 liked neither brand. Subtract 15 from
194 to find how many people liked at least one brand:
194 - 15 = 179.
Add the number of people who liked brand A to the number iÌ iÀ\Ê£x
of people who liked brand B: 120 + 101 = 221. You know there
are only 179 people who liked at least one brand, so subtract
179 from 221: 221 - 179 = 42. This means 42 people were
counted twice, and that 42 people liked both brands. Write 42
in the area labeled both. À>`Ê À>`Ê
Out of 120 people who liked brand A, 42 also liked brand B. Ì
Subtract 42 from 120 to find the number of people who liked Çn {Ó x
only brand A: 120 - 42 = 78.
So 78 people liked only brand A.
iÌ iÀ\Ê£x
4 Look Back
Find the number of people who liked brand B only: 101 - 42 = 59. Add all the
numbers in the Venn diagram. The sum of the number who liked only brand A,
the number who liked only brand B, the number who liked both brands, and the
number who liked neither brand should be the total number of people surveyed:
78 + 59 + 42 + 15 = 194.
PRACTICE
In a group of 138 people, 55 own a cat, 27 own a cat and a dog, and 42 own
neither pet.
1. How many people own only a cat? 2. How many people own a dog?

Make an Organized List Problem Solving Strategies
If a problem asks you to find all the possible ways
in which something can happen, you can make an Make a Model Solve a Simpler Problem
organized list to keep track of the outcomes. Guess and Test Use Logical Reasoning
EXAMPLE
A fair coin is tossed 4 times. What is the probability that it lands heads up at least
3 times?

You need to find the probability that a coin tossed 4 times lands heads up 3 or 4
times.
2 Make a Plan
The formula for probability is:
number of favorable outcomes
probability = ___
total number of outcomes
The total number of outcomes is the number of items in the list. The number of
favorable outcomes is the number of times the coin lands heads up 3 or 4 times.
Make an organized list of the coin tosses to find the total number of outcomes.
3 Solve
Start with heads for all 4 tosses, then heads for the first 3 tosses, then heads for the
first 2 tosses, and then heads for the first toss. Repeat the pattern for tails.
HHHH HTHH TTTT THTT There are 16 total

HHHT HTHT TTTH THTH outcomes.
HHTH HTTH TTHT THHT There are 5 favorable

HHTT HTTT TTHH THHH outcomes.
The probability that the coin lands heads up 3 or 4 times is __

5
16
.
4 Look Back
Double-check that each combination is listed and that no combination is written
more than once. You can also use the Fundamental Counting Principle to check
the total number of outcomes. For each of the 4 coin tosses, there are 2 possible
outcomes, so the total number of outcomes is 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16.
PRACTICE
1. A beagle, a fox terrier, an Afghan hound, and a golden retriever are competing in
the finals of a dog show. How many ways can the dogs finish in first, second, and
third place?
2. Two number cubes are rolled. What is the probability that the sum of the
numbers rolled is an odd number?

Skills Bank
Place Value
You can use a place-value chart to read and write numbers. The number 5,304,293,087,201.286
is shown below.
Trillions Billions Millions Thousands Ones . Tenths Hundredths Thousandths
5, 304, 293, 087, 201 . 2 8 6
EXAMPLE 1 Use the place-value chart to find the place value of the underlined digit.
A 5,304,293,087,201.286 B 5,304,293,087,201.286 C 5,304,293,087,201.286

billions ten millions thousandths
Expanded form shows the number as the sum of the values of each digit. The number 1463
written in expanded form is 1000 + 400 + 60 + 3.
EXAMPLE 2 Write 16,752,045.12 in expanded form.
10,000,000 + 6,000,000 + 700,000 + 50,000 + 2,000 + 40 + 5 + 0.1 + 0.02
PRACTICE
Use the place-value chart to find the place value of the underlined digit.
1. 22.38 2. 1,238,400 3. 2,809,354.003
− − −
Write each number in expanded form.
4. 899,456 5. 1645.445 6. 3,009,844,002,359
Compare and Order Rational Numbers

You can compare and order rational numbers by graphing them on a number line.
EXAMPLE 1 Order 0.25, __

3
4
, 0.1, and __
4
5
from least to greatest.
ÚÚ
ÊÎÊ ÚÚ
Ê{Ê __
3
ä°£ ä°Óx { x 4
= 0.75
__
4
= 0.8
ä ä°x £ 5
The values increase from left to right: 0.1, 0.25, __34 , __45 .
PRACTICE
Order each set of numbers from least to greatest.
2, 2_
1. 2.6, 2 _ 1 2. 0.45, _3, _
4 3. 0.55, _2 , 0.6
5 2 8 9 3
1 , 5.05, 5.5
4. 5.25, 5 _ 3, _
5. 0.4, _ 1 , 0.42 5, _
6. _ 4 , 0.6, _6
3 5 4 8 9 7
S50 Skills Bank

Times Tables
You can use a multiplication table to multiply and write number families. A number family
is a group of related number sentences that use the same numbers.
EXAMPLE 1 × 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Find 8 × 9.
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Find where the 8’s row and
the 9’s column intersect. 3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
8 × 9 = 72 4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
EXAMPLE 2 6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84
Write a multiplication and division 8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96
number family for 8, 9, and 72.
9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108
8 × 9 = 72
9 × 8 = 72 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
72 ÷ 9 = 8 11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132
72 ÷ 8 = 9
12 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144
PRACTICE
Find each product. Write a multiplication and division number family for each set of
numbers.
1. 4 × 8 2. 5 × 12 3. 3 × 11
4. 8 × 7 5. 9 × 6 6. 12 × 12
Inverse Operations
Inverse operations “undo” each other. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations.
Multiplication and division are inverse operations.
EXAMPLE 1 Use inverse operations to check each answer.
A 567 - 180 487 B 110 ÷ 11 10

487 + 180 Use addition 10 × 11 Use multiplication
667 to check 110 to check division.
subtraction.
667 ≠ 557 110 = 110
incorrect correct
PRACTICE
Use inverse operations to check each answer.
1. 51 + 25 = 86 2. 14 × 4 = 48 3. 144 ÷ 4 = 36 4. 345 - 72 = 273
5. 134 + 653 = 787 6. 364 ÷ 7 = 52 7. 500 - 428 = 82 8. 6 × 25 = 150
Skills Bank S51

Translate from Words to Math
Some words indicate certain math operations. Common math words and phrases are shown
below. Some are listed in more than one column, so always read the problem carefully.
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

add, plus, total, sum, subtract, minus, multiply, times, of, divide, divided by,
more, more than, difference, less, less product, per, for each, quotient, divide equally,
increased by, in all, than, more, more than, total per, percent
combined decreased by
EXAMPLE
A Caroline saved $42 in September, $25 in B Jamal bought 13 gallons of gas for $1.98 per
October, and $33 in November. How much gallon. What is the total amount he paid?
money did she save in all? The word “per” could mean multiplication
The words “in all” indicate addition. or division. But the word “total” indicates
42 + 25 + 33 = 100 multiplication.
Caroline saved $100 in all. 13 × 1.98 = 25.74.

Jamal paid a total of $25.74.
PRACTICE
1. Sarah worked 15 hours this week and 2. Lance biked 28.5 miles on Monday. On Thursday
earned a total of $112.50. How much does he biked 5.75 miles less than he did on Monday.
she earn per hour? What words tell you How far did he bike on Thursday? What words
which operation to use? tell you which operation to use?
Mental Math
Mental math strategies include using the Distributive Property, using the Commutative
Property, and using facts about powers of 10.
EXAMPLE Use mental math to solve each problem.
A 6 × 17 B 225 + 78 + 75 C 132 × 100,000

Break 17 into 10 + 7. Use the Commutative Count the number of zeros
Then use the Distributive Property to add or multiply in 100,000. Move the decimal
Property. numbers in a different order. point that many places right.
6 × 17 = 6 (10 + 7) 225 + 78 75 = 225 + 75 + 78 132 × 100,000 = 13,200,000

= 6 (10) + 6 (7) = 300 + 78 = 13,200,000
= 60 + 42 = 378
= 102
PRACTICE
Use mental math to solve each problem.
1. 3987 × 10,000 2. 5 × 29 3. 950 + 273 + 50
4. 12 × 41 5. 25 × 42 × 4 6. 4.5 × 100 × 2
S52 Skills Bank

Measurement
The measurements for time 1 min = 60 s 1 wk = 7 days 1 leap yr = 366 days
are the same worldwide. 1 h = 60 min 1 yr = 12 mo
1 day = 24 h 1 yr = 365 days
The customary system of Length Capacity Weight

measurement is used in the 12 in. = 1 ft 8 oz = 1 c 16 oz = 1 lb
United States. 3 ft = 1 yd 2 c = 1 pt 2000 lb = 1 ton
5280 ft = 1 mi 2 pt = 1 qt
The metric system is used Length Capacity Mass

elsewhere and in science 1 mm = 0.001 m 1 mL = 0.001 L 1 mg = 0.001 g
worldwide. 1 cm = 0.01 m 1 kL = 1000 L 1 kg = 1000 g
1 km = 1000 m
Use the table below to convert from metric to customary measurements.
Length Capacity Mass/Weight Temperature

1 cm ≈ 0.394 in. 1 L ≈ 1.057 qt 1 g ≈ 0.0353 oz
(_95 × C) + 32
1 m ≈ 3.281 ft 1 L ≈ 0.264 gal 1 kg ≈ 2.205 lb
F=
1 m ≈ 1.094 yd 1 L ≈ 4.227 c 1 kg ≈ 0.001 ton
1 km ≈ 0.621 mi 1 mL ≈ 0.338 fl oz 1 metric T ≈ 1.102 ton
Use the table below to convert from customary to metric measurements.
Length Capacity Weight/Mass Temperature

1 in. ≈ 2.540 cm 1 qt ≈ 0.946 L 1 oz ≈ 28.350 g
1 ft ≈ 0.305 m 1 gal ≈ 3.785 L 1 lb ≈ 0.454 kg _5 × (F - 32)
C=
1 yd ≈ 0.914 m 1 c ≈ 0.237 L 1 ton ≈ 907.185 kg 9
1 mi ≈ 1.609 km 1 fl oz ≈ 29.574 mL 1 ton ≈ 0.907 metric ton
EXAMPLE
A Write <, =, or >. B Convert 32 km/h to mi/h. C Convert 25°C to °F.

35 in. 1 yd 1 km/h ≈ 0.621 mi/h F= _(5 )
9 × 25 + 32
35 in. < 36 in. 1 yd = 3 ft 32 km/h ≈32 0.621 mi/h F = 45 + 32

35 in. < 1 yd 3 ft = 36 in. 32 km/h ≈ 19.872 mi/h F = 77°F
PRACTICE
Write <, >, or =.
1. 3 lb 40 oz 2. 200 cm 2m 3. 6 c 2 qt
Convert.
4. 15mi/h to km/h 5. 2 weeks to hours 6. 32 fl oz to mL 7. 95°F to °C 8. 14 tons to kg
Skills Bank S53

Precision, Accuracy, and Significant Digits
Significant digits are those digits that are known to be correct in a measurement.
• All nonzero digits are significant. • Zeros between significant digits are significant.
• Zeros after the last nonzero number after the • Zeros at the end of a whole number are not
decimal point are significant. significant
EXAMPLE 1 Determine the number of significant digits in each measurement.
A 272 ft Three significant digits: 272 All digits are nonzero digits.
B 0.0050 mm Two significant digits: 0.0050 The last zero is significant.
Accuracy is determined by the exactness of a measurement—that is, how close it is to the

actual or accepted value. Precision describes the level of detail an instrument measures. A
measurement of 200 mm is more precise than a measurement of 20 cm because millimeters are
a smaller unit of measurement. A measurement can be precise, but not accurate, and vice versa.
EXAMPLE 2 Three students measured the width of a dictionary. Their measurements were
21 cm, 8.5 in., and 212 mm. The publisher lists the width of the dictionary as 8.52 in.
A Which measurement is most accurate?

8.5 in. 8.5 in. is closest to the accepted width of the dictionary.
B Which measurement is most precise?

212 mm Millimeters are the smallest unit of measurement used.
• When adding or subtracting measurements, the answer must have the same number of
decimal places as the measurement with the least number of decimal places.
• When multiplying or dividing measurements, the answer must have the same number
of significant digits as the least precise measurement.
EXAMPLE 3 Perform the indicated operation. Write the answer with the correct number of
significant digits.
A 14 in. + 2.76 in. B 12.3 cm × 6.4 cm

14 in. + 2.76 in. = 16.76 in. 12.3 cm × 6.4 cm = 78.72 cm 2
14 has zero decimal places. 12.3 has three significant digits.
2.76 has two decimal places. 6.4 has two significant digits.
Round to zero decimal places: 17 in. Round to two significant digits: 79 cm 2
PRACTICE
Determine the number of significant digits in each measurement.
1. 1,234.55 yd 2. 10,000 mi 3. 0.040 km 4. 102.045 ft
5. Three students measured the length of a classroom. Their measurements were 18.5 ft,
362 in., and 21 ft. A blueprint shows that the length of the classroom is 18.43 ft.
a. Which measurement is most accurate?
b. Which measurement is most precise?
Perform the indicated operation. Write the answer with the correct number of significant digits.
6. 244 in. + 4.58 in. 7. 155.02 ft ÷ 0.05 ft 8. 38.33 yd × 2.8 yd
S54 Skills Bank

Absolute and Relative Error
It is never possible to measure quantities exactly—all measures are estimates. Accuracy
refers to how close a measurement is to its actual or accepted value. Absolute error is the
difference between the measured value and the actual or accepted value.
absolute error = ⎪measured value - actual value⎥
EXAMPLE 1 Carolyn used her car’s odometer to measure the distance between her house
and her grandmother’s house. Carolyn’s measurement was 1653 miles. The
distance given on a map is 1642.2 miles. Find the absolute error in Carolyn’s
measurement.
absolute error = ⎪measured value - actual value⎥ Use the equation for
= ⎪1653 - 1642.2⎥ absolute error.
= 10.8 miles
Relative error takes into account the size of the measurement by converting the error into
a percent.
absolute error , written as a percent
relative error = __
actual value
EXAMPLE 2 What was the relative error in Carolyn’s measurement?
absolute error
relative error = __ Use the equation for relative error.
actual value
=_ 10.8 Though the absolute error is 10.8 miles, it is
1642.2 a relatively small error (less than 1%) when
≈ 0.66% compared to the total distance measured.
Tolerance is the maximum amount that a measure may vary from an accepted standard.
To find the maximum tolerated value for a measurement, add the tolerance to the
measurement. To find the minimum tolerated value for a measurement, subtract the
tolerance from the measurement. These two values give a tolerance interval.
EXAMPLE 3 A pencil manufacturer specifies that the length of each pencil produced must be
18 cm, with a tolerance of 0.05 cm. What is the tolerance interval?
18 ± 0.05 Add and subtract 0.05.
The tolerance interval ranges from 17.95 cm to 18.05 cm.
PRACTICE
1. Jerome measured the liquid in a filled eye dropper as 0.95 mL. The manufacturer’s label
says the capacity of the eye dropper is 1 mL. What are the absolute and relative errors
in Jerome’s measurement?
2. Julio used a metric ruler to take a measurement of 7.6 cm. The ruler has a precision of
0.1 cm. What is the tolerance interval for Julio’s measurement?
Skills Bank S55

Points, Lines, Planes, and Angles
A point specifies an exact location in space. A line is a straight path that has no thickness
and extends forever in two directions. A ray is a part of a line that extends forever in one
direction. A plane is a flat surface that has no thickness and extends forever in all directions.
An angle is formed by two rays joined at Acute Obtuse

their endpoints. Angles are classified by
size and can be measured with a protractor. < 90° > 90°
Parallel lines are lines in the same plane Right Straight

that never intersect.
90° 180°
Perpendicular lines intersect to form
right angles.
EXAMPLE 1 Name a line, angle, ray, or plane. Then name the lines that are parallel or
perpendicular.
Line Choose two points on the line. Draw a bar with
AB
arrows over the letters.
Angle Use one point on one ray or line, then the vertex, ∠BAC
then a point on the other ray or line.
−−
Ray Write the endpoint first. Then write another point AC
the ray passes through.
Plane Use three points that are not all on the same line plane ABE
or ray.
Parallel Choose two lines that will never intersect. AB
, EG
Perpendicular Choose two lines that form a right angle. DF

, EG
EXAMPLE 2 Use a protractor to measure the angle. Then classify the angle.
Align one ray along the base of the protractor, with the
endpoint at the center. Read the protractor where the
second ray crosses it, extending the ray if needed.
120°; obtuse
PRACTICE
Name a line, angle, ray, or plane. Then name the lines that are
parallel or perpendicular.
1. line 2. angle 3. ray

4. plane 5. parallel 6. perpendicular
Use a protractor to measure each angle. Then classify the angle.

7. 8. 9.
S56 Skills Bank

Complementary and Supplementary Angles
Complementary angles are angles whose measures
add to 90°. ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary. Î {
£
Ó
Supplementary angles are angles whose measures
add to 180°. ∠3 and ∠4 are supplementary.
Complementary and supplementary angles may or may not be adjacent (have a ray in common).
EXAMPLE
A The angles shown are complementary. B The two angles that form a draw
Find the unknown angle measure. bridge are supplementary. One angle
measures 30°. What is the measure of
the other angle?
¶ Óä¨ 180 - 30 = 150

The other angle measures 150°.
90 - 20 = 70°
PRACTICE
1. Find the complement and supplement of a 48° angle.
Tell whether each pair of angles is complementary,

supplementary, or neither.
Ó
Î
2. ∠1 and ∠4 3. ∠2 and ∠3 £
{ x
4. ∠1 and ∠2 5. ∠4 and ∠5
Vertical Angles
When two lines intersect, the nonadjacent angles are called vertical
angles. Vertical angles always have the same measure. In the section
of fencing shown, there are two pairs of vertical angles: ∠1 and ∠3, ∠4 £
and ∠2. { Ó
Î
EXAMPLE 1 Find the measures of ∠BEC, ∠AEB, and ∠DEC.
m∠BEC = 70° ∠AED and ∠BEC are vertical.

m∠AEB = 110° ∠AED and ∠AEB are supplementary.
Çä¨
m∠DEC = 110° ∠AEB and ∠DEC are vertical.
PRACTICE
1. Name two pairs of vertical angles. 2. Find m∠PTS, m∠PTQ, and m∠QTR.
7 * +
6
< /
££x¨
9
8 -
,
Skills Bank S57

Polygons
A polygon is a closed figure with
Number Number
three or more sides. The name of a
of Sides Name of Sides Name
polygon is determined by its number
of sides. 3 Triangle 8 Octagon
4 Quadrilateral 9 Nonagon
If all the sides are the same length,
and all the angles have the same 5 Pentagon 10 Decagon
measure, the polygon is a regular 6 Hexagon 12 Dodecagon
polygon. Sides and angles with the 7 Heptagon n n-gon
same measures are marked with the
same symbol.
EXAMPLE Identify each polygon.
A The mark on each side indicates that they are

all the same length. The arch inside each angle
indicates that they all have the same measure.
regular hexagon
pentagon
PRACTICE
Identify each polygon.
1. 2. 3.
Geometric Patterns
Patterns involving polygons may deal with size, color, position, or shape.
EXAMPLE Predict the next term:

hexagon Each term has one more side than the
previous term. The next term will have
six sides.
PRACTICE
1. Predict the next term. 2. Describe the missing term.

S58 Skills Bank

Congruence
Congruent segments are segments that are the same length.
Congruent angles are angles that have the same measure.
Figures are congruent if all pairs of corresponding angles are congruent and all pairs of
corresponding sides are congruent.
EXAMPLE Identify the corresponding angles and sides.

−− −−
∠A ∠D AB DE The order of the letters in
−− −− ABC DEF shows which
∠B ∠E BC EF
−− −− angles and sides are congruent.
∠C ∠F AC DF
Congruent sides and angles are also
identified by the same mark.
̱ ÊɁÊ̱ ÊÊ
PRACTICE
Identify the corresponding angles and sides.
1. , 7 2. JKL OPQ
- 8
/ 9
Symmetry
A line of symmetry is a line that can be drawn through a plane figure so that the figure on
one side of the line is a reflection of the figure on the other side.
EXAMPLES
A Determine the number of lines of B The line shown is a line of symmetry.

symmetry. Draw the reflection.
3 lines of
symmetry
PRACTICE
1. Determine the number 2. Determine the number 3. The line shown is a line of
of lines of symmetry. of lines of symmetry. symmetry. Draw the reflection.
Skills Bank S59

Perimeter
The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the lengths of its sides. The following formulas can
be used to find the perimeters of rectangles and squares.
Rectangle 2 + 2w Square 4s
EXAMPLE 1 Find the perimeter of each figure.
A B C
nÊ° £ÓÊ°
{Ê
ÇÊ £ÎÊ°
ÈÊvÌ
P = 4s P = 2 + 2w P = 8 + 12 + 13
=4×6 = (2 × 7) + (2 × 4) = 33
= 24 = 14 + 8 = 33 in.
= 24 ft = 22
= 22 m
EXAMPLE 2 Estimate the perimeter of the figure.
Find the length of the nondiagonal lines.

top: 4 units
left: 4 units
bottom: 9 units
Estimate the length of the diagonal line.
right: ≈ 6 units
Add the lengths of all four sides:
P ≈ 4 + 4 + 4 + 9 + 6 ≈ 23 units
PRACTICE
Find the perimeter of each figure.
1. 2. 3. £äÊvÌ
ÎÊ° ÇÊvÌ
£äÊvÌ
£xÊvÌ
ÈÊ°
Estimate the perimeter of each figure.

4. 5.
S60 Skills Bank

Area
The area of a polygon is the Square s2 s: length of one side
number of nonoverlapping
square units that will exactly Rectangle w : length, w: width
cover its interior. Parallelogram bh b: base, h: height
Triangle 1 bh
_ b: base, h: height
Formulas for the areas of some 2
polygons are given at right.
Trapezoid b 1: top base, b 2: bottom base
_
2
( 1 2)
1h b + b
h: height
EXAMPLE 1 Find the area of each polygon.
A A = s2 B xÊ°
A=_
2
( 1 2)
1h b +b
= 52
{Ê°
=_1 (4)(5 + 7)
= 25
2
= 25 ft2 ÇÊ° = 2 × 12
xÊvÌ
= 24
= 24 in2
EXAMPLE 2 Estimate the area of the figure.
Count full squares: 21 red squares

Count almost full squares: 8 blue squares
Count squares that are about half full: 6 green squares ≈ 3 full squares
Do not count almost empty purple squares.
Add: 21 + 8 + 3 ≈ 32
A ≈ 32 square units
PRACTICE
Find the area of each polygon.
1. 2. 3.
È
{ÊvÌ
£ÓÊ
ÊÊvÌ
£äÊ°
nÊ°
Estimate the area of each figure.
4. 5.
Skills Bank S61

Circles
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are a given distance
from a given point, known as the center. The center names the
circle. The circle shown at right is referred to as circle C.
A diameter is a line segment that passes through the center and >iÌiÀ
whose endpoints are points on the circle.
,>`ÕÃ
A radius is a segment whose endpoints are the center of the circle
and a point on the circle. Any radius of a circle is half as long as any
diameter of that circle.
Circumference is the distance around a circle. The ratio of circumference to diameter is the
same for all circles and is denoted by the Greek letter π (pi), which is approximately 3.14.
Circle Formulas
Area: A = πr 2
Circumference: C = πd or C = 2πr
EXAMPLE 1 Find the circumference of each circle. Use 3.14 for π.
A C = πd B C = 2πr
≈ 3.14(15) ≈ 2(3.14)(5)
≈ 47.1 ft ≈ 31.4 m

£xÊvÌ xÊ
EXAMPLE 2 Find the area of each circle. Use 3.14 for π.
A A = πr 2 B A = πr 2
≈ 3.14(4) 2 ≈ 3.14(8) 2
{ÊvÌ ≈ 3.14(16) ≈ 3.14(64)
≈ 50.24 ft 2 £ÈÊ ≈ 200.96 m 2
PRACTICE
1. The radius of a circle is 13 inches. What is the diameter of the circle? Use 3.14 for π.
2. The diameter of a circle is 22 feet. What is the radius of the circle? Use 3.14 for π.
Find the circumference and area of each circle.

3. 4. 5.
£äÊ°
£ÓÊvÌ
ÎÊ

S62 Skills Bank

Classify Triangles and Quadrilaterals
A triangle can be classified
Classifying by Angles Classifying by Sides
according to its angle
measurements or according Acute Three acute angles Scalene No sides congruent
to the number of congruent Right One right angle Isosceles At least 2 sides congruent
sides it has.
Obtuse One obtuse angle Equilateral All sides congruent
EXAMPLE 1 Classify each triangle according to its angles and sides.

£ÓÊV
A B C
{ÊV
ÊV
obtuse scalene acute equilateral

acute isosceles
Quadrilaterals can also be classified according to their sides and angles.
Parallelograms Other Quadrilaterals

Parallelogram Trapezoid
2 pairs of parallel, exactly 1 pair of parallel sides
congruent sides Isosceles Trapezoid
Rectangle congruent, nonparallel legs
4 right angles
Kite
Rhombus 2 pairs of adjacent
4 congruent sides congruent sides
Square
4 right angles and
4 congruent sides
EXAMPLE 2 Tell whether the following statement is always, sometimes, or never true:
A square is a rectangle.
always A rectangle must have four right angles, and a square always has four right angles.
PRACTICE
Classify each triangle according to its angles and sides.
1. 2. 3. {Ê°
Îx¨ ÓÊ°
Îx¨ ££ä¨ {Ê°
Tell whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true.

4. A rectangle is a square. 5. A trapezoid is a parallelogram.
Name the quadrilaterals that always meet the given conditions.

6. All sides are congruent. 7. Two pairs of sides are congruent.
Skills Bank S63

Three-Dimensional Figures
Polyhedrons are three-dimensional figures made up of polygons >Vi
which are called faces. The sides where faces intersect are edges.
Any point where three or more edges intersect is a vertex.
`}i
6iÀÌiÝ
EXAMPLE 1 Tell how many faces, edges, and vertices the figure has.
6 faces ABCD, ABFE, BFHD, DCGH, ACGE, FHGE

−− −− −− −− −− −− −−− −− −− −− −−− −−
12 edges AB, BD, DC, AC, AE, BF, DH, CG, EF, FH, HG, EG

8 vertices A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H

A prism has two faces called bases. The bases are congruent,
0RISM 0YRAMID
parallel polygons. The faces that are not bases are parallelograms.
Pyramids have only one base, and the faces other than the
base are triangles. Both prisms and pyramids are named
according to the polygon that forms the base or bases.
>Ãi
EXAMPLE 2 Name each figure.
A Two congruent bases B One base

Bases are rectangles. Base is a pentagon.
rectangular prism pentagonal pyramid
Some three-dimensional figures are not polyhedrons #YLINDER

because they are not made up of polygons. #ONE
À
Cones and cylinders have circles as bases. A cone has
one base, and a cylinder has two congruent bases.
PRACTICE >Ãi
Name each figure. If the figure is a polyhedron, tell how
many faces, edges, and vertices the figure has.
1. 2. 3. 4.
S64 Skills Bank

Draw Three-Dimensional Figures
Three-dimensional figures appear different from different perspectives.
EXAMPLE 1 Side views are shown. Draw each figure as viewed from the bottom.
A B
Pretend you are directly The base would be seen

below the figure. You from a bottom view.
would see only a circle.
EXAMPLE 2 Draw the top, front, and side views of the figure.
Top Front Side
From the top, you can

see the faces of 3 cubes.
From the front, you can From the side, you can
see the faces of 6 cubes see the faces of 3 cubes,
arranged in 3 stacks. one from each stack.
PRACTICE
Side views are shown. Draw each figure as viewed from the top.
1. 2. 3.
Side views are shown. Draw each figure as viewed from the top and from the front.
4. 5. 6.
Skills Bank S65

Volume
The volume of a three-dimensional figure is the
Prism Bh B: area of base
number of nonoverlapping cubic units that will
h: height of prism
exactly fill its interior. The formulas for the volumes
of some types of three-dimensional figures are Cube s3 s: length of one side
given in the table. Pyramid 1 B: area of base
_ Bh
3 h: height of pyramid
Notice that a cube is listed in the table. A cube
is a prism, so the formula for a prism can be Cylinder πr 2h r: radius
used; however, since all sides in a cube are h: height
congruent, the formula s 3 is more convenient. Cone r: radius
1 2
_ πr h
3 h: height
EXAMPLE 1 Find the volume of each figure. Use 3.14 for π.
V=_1 Bh ÓÊ V = πr 2h
A 3 B
≈ 3.14 × (2 2) × 5
=_1 ×9×4
{Ê° 3 ≈ 3.14 × 4 × 5
=3×4 xÊ ≈ 62.8
ÎÊ°
ÎÊ°
= 12 in 3 62.8 m 3
EXAMPLE 2 Estimate the volume of the figure.

xÊvÌ Find the volume of the rectangular prism (bottom part):
Bh = 21 × 4 = 84
Pretend the top part is a rectangular prism with
w = 3 ft, = 5 ft, and h = 6 ft - 4 ft = 2 ft.
{ÊvÌ ÈÊvÌ Bh = 15 × 2 = 30.
Add the volumes of the two prisms:
ÎÊvÌ 84 + 30 = 114
ÇÊvÌ The volume is approximately 114 ft 3.
PRACTICE
Find or estimate the volume of each figure. Use 3.14 for π.
1. 2. ÎÊ 3.
{Ê°
{Ê° £äÊ ÇÊ

£äÊ
{Ê°
nÊ
{Ê
Ê
S66 Skills Bank

Surface Area
The surface area of a three-dimensional
Prism 2B + Ph B: area of base
figure is the sum of the areas of its
h: height
surfaces.
Pyramid B: area of base
Formulas for the surface areas of some 1 P
B+_ P: perimeter of base
2
three-dimensional figures are given in : slant height
the table.
Cube 6s 2 s: length of one side
Cylinder 2πr 2 + 2πrh r: radius; h: height
Cone πr 2 + πr r: radius; : slant height
EXAMPLE 1 Find the surface area of each figure. Use 3.14 for π.
A B C
ÇÊ°
ÊvÌ ÈÊvÌ
xÊ°
xÊ° {Ê
xÊvÌ
{ÊvÌ
S = 2B + Ph S=B+_ 1 P S = πr 2 + πr
2
= 2 × 20 + 18 × 9 1 (20 × 7) ≈ 3.14 × 4 2 + (3.14 × 4 × 6)
= 25 + _
= 40 + 162 2 ≈ 50.24 + 75.36
= 202 ft 2 = 25 + 70 ≈125.6 m 2
= 95 in 2
EXAMPLE 2 The net of a prism is shown below. Estimate the surface area of the prism.
Count full squares: 16 red squares
Count squares that are about half full: 4 blue squares ≈ 2 full squares
Add: 16 + 2 = 18
S ≈ 18 square units
PRACTICE
Find or estimate the surface of each figure. Use 3.14 for π.
1. ÎÊvÌ 2. 3.
nÊvÌ
Ê°
Skills Bank S67

Pythagorean Theorem
In the right triangle shown, a and b are the lengths of the legs, and c is the
length of the hypotenuse. The Pythagorean Theorem states the following:
If a triangle is a right triangle, then a 2 + b 2 = c 2. The converse of the theorem
is also true: For any triangle, if a 2 + b 2 = c 2, then the triangle is a right triangle. Ó
D
Ó
B B D
C
Ó
C
EXAMPLE 1 Find the missing measure. Round to the nearest tenth

if necessary.
A a2 + b2 = c2 B £äÊ° a2 + b2 = c2
32 + 42 = c2 a 2 + 10 2 = 12 2
DÊ
ÎÊ 9 + 16 = c 2 a 2 + 100 = 144
£ÓÊ° BÊ° Subtract
25 = c 2 a 2 = 44
100 from
{Ê √25 = c2 √a 2 = √44 each side.
5m=c a ≈ 6.6 in. Round.
EXAMPLE 2 Determine whether a a2 + b2 = c2

triangle with side lengths 8 2 + 14 2 20 2 The hypotenuse is always the
of 8 cm, 14 cm, and 20 cm
64 + 196 400 longest side.
is a right triangle.
260 400 ✗ The triangle is not a right triangle.
PRACTICE
Find the missing measure. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
1. £ÓÊ 2. 3. A leg is 6 ft long 4. Both legs are
VÊvÌ
{ÊvÌ and the hypotenuse 20 mm long.
BÊ is 10 ft long.
£ÎÊ ÈÊvÌ
5. Determine whether a triangle with side lengths of 16 ft, 30 ft, and 34 ft is a right triangle.
Midpoint Formula
If a segment in the coordinate plane has endpoints (x 1, y 1) and (x 2, y 2), the coordinates of
( y +y
x 1 + x 2 _____
the midpoint are _____
2
, 12 2 . )
EXAMPLE Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the segment with endpoints A(2, 1) and B(6, 5).
Let (x 1, y 1) = (2, 1).

Let (x 2, y 2) = (6, 5).
(_
x +x _
1
2
, 2
2 ) ( 2
y +y
= _ , _ ) = (_
1 2+6 1+5
2
2 2 2)
8, _
6 = 4, 3
( )
PRACTICE
−−
Find the coordinates of the midpoint of segment AB.
1. A(0, 5), B(-4, 3) 2. A(6, -2), B(3, -8) 3. A(4, 9), B(-2, -3)
S68 Skills Bank

Transformations in the Coordinate Plane
A transformation is a change in the size or position of a figure. If the preimage, or
original figure, is named ABC, then the transformed figure, or image, is named ABC.
Transformations include translations (slides), reflections (flips), and rotations (turns),
for which preimages and images are congruent.
EXAMPLE 1
A Translate ABC 2 units B Reflect ABC across the C Rotate ABC 90° clockwise
right and 1 unit up. y-axis. about point A.
Þ Ī Þ Þ
{
{
Ý
£
Î { Ó Ó { Ī
Ó Ī
Ó Ó Î { Ý
Ī Ī £
£ Ī Ī Ī
È Ó
£ Ó Î { Ý
Move each vertex 2 units The y-axis is a line of symmetry. A is the same as A. Maintain the
right and 1 unit up. same side lengths on the image.
EXAMPLE 2 Could ABCD be transformed into ABCD ? Explain. Þ

{
The figures are congruent, so a translation, rotation, or reflection is
possible. Study the figures. If A B C D is translated 1 unit right, Ó
both figures would be symmetric about the x-axis. Ý
ABCD can be transformed into ABCD by reflecting it Ó { È
Ī Ī
across the x-axis and translating it 1 unit left. Ó
{ Ī Ī
PRACTICE
1. Translate ABCD 2 units left and 4 units down.
Þ
Ó
Ý
Ó Ó { È
Ó
2. Graph triangle ABC with vertices A(1, -2), B(3, -2), and C(2, -4).
Rotate ABC 90° counterclockwise about A and reflect it across the x-axis.
Use the graph for Exercises 3 and 4. Þ

{ Ī Ī
3. Could ABCD be transformed into ABCD? Explain.
Ī Ī Ī Ī
4. Could FGHJKL be transformed into FGHJKL? Explain. Ī
Ī Ī ¼ Ý
{ ä £

Ó

Skills Bank S69

Dilations in the Coordinate Plane
A dilation is a transformation that changes the size, but not the shape, of a figure.
A scale factor, k, describes how much a figure is enlarged or reduced.
Every dilation has a fixed point, C, that is the center of dilation.
If a dilation with center C and scale factor k is applied to *®

the preimage, point P(x, y), then the image will be point (kx, ky). * *Ī
>}i
If k is the scale factor and C is the center of the dilation: «Ài>}i
ViÌiÀÊv
• when ⎪k⎥ > 1, the dilation is an enlargement. `>Ì
• when 0 < ⎪k⎥ < 1, the dilation is a reduction.
• when k is positive, k(x, y) = (kx, ky) and (kx, ky) lies on CP
.
• when k is negative, ⎪k⎥(x, y) = (kx, ky) and (kx, ky) lies on the ray opposite CP
.
EXAMPLES
−−
A Sketch the dilation image of AB with center C and scale factor __13 .
k is between 0 and 1, so it is a reduction.

−−− 1 −−
Ī Draw A so that the length of CA is _ the length of CA, and draw B
3
−−− 1 −−
so that the length of CB is _ the length of CB.
3
Ī
B The preimage is blue. The image is shown in red. What scale factor, with center C,
was used?
Þ Count the blocks from C to a point on the image and then from
C to a point on the preimage that is on the same ray. Find the ratio.
£È
{
n 8 = 2.
The scale factor was _
£Ó
4
n
Ó { È n Ý
PRACTICE
1. Sketch the dilation image of MNO with 2. The preimage is blue. The image is red.
center C and scale factor 4. What scale factor, with center C, was used?
£È

£Ó
n
"
{
Ó { È n Ý
S70 Skills Bank

Line Plots
How often a data value occurs in a data set is called its frequency. A line plot is a graph
made up of a number line and columns of X’s (or other markers) to show frequency. Line
plots make it easy to identify gaps and clusters in a data set. A gap is a large empty space in
a graph. A cluster is an isolated group of data values bunched together.
EXAMPLE Twenty people went on a tour. Their Age Frequency Age Frequency
ages are shown in the frequency table.
Create a line plot. Identify any gaps 15 2 21 0
and clusters. 16 0 22 3
17 1 23 4
Draw a number line that includes the minimum and
maximum data values. Use an X to represent each person. 18 1 24 5
Draw each X the same size.Title the axis and the graph. 19 1 25 1
20 0 26 2
*i«iÊÊÌ iÊ/ÕÀ
£{ £È £n Óä ÓÓ Ó{ ÓÈ There is a gap between 19 and 22.

}i There is a cluster from 22 through 26.
PRACTICE
Create a line plot for each data set. Identify any gaps and clusters.
1.
High Temperatures for Two Weeks
Temperature Frequency Temperature Frequency
55 2 60 0
56 0 61 2
57 0 62 4
58 0 63 3
59 2 64 1
2. scores on a math test: 75, 81, 82, 84, 92, 76, 77, 77, 81, 75, 95, 83, 84, 90, 84, 76, 76
Use the line plot for Exercises 3–6.
-i>iÀÃÊÊ>Ê-ÌÀi
{ä {x xä xx Èä Èx Çä
ÃÌÊf®
3. What are the minimum and maximum prices?

4. What is the most common price?
5. Where is the largest cluster?
6. Where is the largest gap?
Skills Bank S71

Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of central tendency are values that represent the center of a data set and can be
considered typical of the set. These measures are the mean, median, and mode.
It is… Find by…
Mean The average. Adding the data values and dividing by the number of values.
Median The “middle value.” First ordering the data values from least to greatest.
If there are an odd number of values, the median is the middle number.
If there are an even number of values, the median is the mean of the
two middle values.
Mode The value or values that Choosing the value or values that occur more often than any other.
occur most often. If every
value occurs the same
number of times, the data
set has no mode.
EXAMPLES Find the mean, median, and mode of each data set.
A 18, 22, 13, 16, 15, 18, 10 B These are the number of people who attended a
seminar each of four days: 102, 96, 88, 109.
mean: 102 + 96 + 88 + 109 395
mean: __ = _ = 98.75
18 + 22 + 13 + 16 + 15 + 18 + 10 _
____ = 112 = 16 4 4
7 7 The mean is 98.75.
The mean is 16. median:
median:
Order the data values from least to greatest.
Order the data values from least to greatest. There are an even number of values. Find the
There are an odd number of values. Choose the mean of the two middle numbers.
middle number.
88, 96, 102, 109
10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 18, 22
96 + 102 _
The median is 16.
_ = 198 = 99
2 2
mode: The median is 99.
Every value occurs once except 18, which mode:
occurs twice. Every value occurs once.
The mode is 18. There is no mode.
PRACTICE
Find the mean, median, and mode of each data set.
1.
High Temperatures (°F)
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
85 81 83 85 86 82 84
2. These are the ages of the students in an after-school club:

14, 15, 14, 16, 15, 17, 14, 15.
3. Jenny took a survey of her classmates to find out how much they each paid for their
notebooks. Here are their responses: 85¢, 55¢, 80¢, 85¢, 75¢, 95¢, 85¢, 75¢, 67¢.
S72 Skills Bank

Sampling
A population is a group that someone is gathering information about.
A sample is part of a population. For example, if 5 students are chosen to represent a class
of 20 students, the 5 chosen students are a sample of the population of 20 students.
The sample is a random sample if every member of the population had an equal chance of
being chosen.
EXAMPLE Explain whether each sample is random.
A Carlos wrote the name of each student B Jamal telephoned people on a list of
in his class on a slip of paper and put the 100 names in the order in which they
papers into a hat. Then, without looking appeared. He surveyed the first 20
at the slips, he drew the names of the people who answered their phone.
students who would complete his survey. Names at the beginning of the list have
Each name is in the hat once, so each has a greater chance of being selected than
an equal chance of being selected. The those at the end of the list, so the sample
sample is random. is not random.
PRACTICE
Explain whether each sample is random.
1. Rebecca surveyed every person in a theater who was sitting in a seat along the aisle.
2. Inez assigned 50 people a number from 1 to 50. Then she used a calculator to generate
10 random numbers from 1 to 50 and surveyed those with matching numbers.
Bias
Bias is error that favors part of a population and/or does not accurately represent the
population. Bias can occur from using sampling methods that are not random or from
asking confusing or leading questions.
EXAMPLE Explain why each survey is biased.
A Jenn went to a movie theater and asked B A student asked, “A new cafeteria would
people who exited if they agree that the mean that loud construction would
theater should be torn down to build take place for several weeks. Also, the
office space. hallways would become even more
People usually only go to movies if they congested in that area. Do you want a
enjoy them, so those exiting a movie new cafeteria?”
theater would not want it torn down. The question only mentions the bad
People who do not use the theater did things that could come from a new
not have a chance to answer. cafeteria, not the good ones, such as
better food or more seats.
PRACTICE
Explain why each survey is biased.
1. A surveyor asked, “Is it not true that you do not oppose the candidate’s views?”
2. Brendan asked everyone on his track team how they thought the money from the athletic department
fund-raiser should be spent.
Skills Bank S73

Standard Deviation and the Normal Curve
The standard deviation of a data set is a number that describes how spread out the data
values are from the mean. Suppose two tests are given and both have the same mean
score, but the standard deviations are 2.5 and 6.8. The scores on the test with the standard
deviation of 6.8 are more spread out than the scores on the test with the standard deviation
of 2.5.
EXAMPLE 1 Find the standard deviation of the following data set: 6, 5, 6, 7, 2, 4. Round to the
nearest hundredth.
Step 1 Find the mean. (6 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 2 + 4) ÷ 6 = 5

Step 2 Square the difference between each data value and the mean. Use a table to organize the
information.
Data Value 6 5 6 7 2 4
Data Value – Mean 6-5=1 5-5=0 6-5=1 7-5=2 2 - 5 = -3 4 - 5 = -1
(Data Value – Mean) 2
1 =1
2
0 =0
2
1 =1
2
2 =4
2 (-3) = 9
2
(-1)2 = 1
1 + 0 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 1 16 −
Step 3 Find the mean of the squares of the differences. __ = _ = 2.6
6 6
−
Step 4 Take the square root of the quotient. √2. 6 ≈ 1.63
The standard deviation is approximately 1.63.
Some data sets are normally distributed, which means the
graph of the distribution is a bell-shaped curve with the mean Èn¯
at the center. In a normal distribution:
• 68% of data fall within one standard deviation of the mean. x¯
• 95% of data fall within two standard deviations of the mean. °Ç¯
i> i> i> i> i> i> i>
• 99.7% of data fall within three standard deviations of the mean. ÎÊÃ` ÓÊÃ` £ÊÃ` £ÊÃ` ÓÊÃ` ÎÊÃ`
EXAMPLE 2 The heights of 1000 men are normally distributed,

with a mean of 70 inches and a standard deviation
of 3 inches. Between what heights do the middle 95%
of the men fall?
Sketch a normal curve with 70 at the center.
Label the standard deviations above and below
the mean by repeatedly adding or subtracting 3.
Because 95% of the data fall within two standard

deviations, the heights of the middle 95% of the
men fall between 64 inches and 76 inches. È£» È{» ÈÇ» Çä» ÇÎ» ÇÈ» Ç»
PRACTICE
Find the standard deviation of each data set.
1. 12, 15, 20, 16, 32, 25 2. 10, 15, 9, 5, 8, 6, 10
3. A collection of test scores are normally distributed, with a mean of 80 and a standard
deviation of 5. In what range do the middle 68% of the test scores lie?
4. The scores on a certain test are normally distributed, and 99.7% of the test takers
scored between 92 and 128. The standard deviation is 6. What is the mean score?
S74 Skills Bank

Cubic Functions
A cubic function contains a variable that is raised to the third power.
ÞÊÊÝÎ
The parent function is y = x 3. Its graph is shown at right. Cubic equations
such as x 3 - 2 = 0 can be solved by graphing the related function
(y = x 3 - 2). Then the solution is the x-value where y = 0.
EXAMPLE Graph the function y = 2x 3. Use the graph to solve the

equation 2x 3 = 0.
Create a table of ordered Þ

x y = 2x 3 (x, y) £È
pairs. Then plot each
point and connect them -2 2(-2)3 = 2(-8) = -16 (-2, -16) n
with a smooth curve. -1 2(-1) = 2(-1) = -2
3
(-1, -2) Ý
To solve 2x 3 = 0, find
the value of x when y = 0.
0 2(0) = 2(0) = 0
3
(0, 0) n { { n
n
The solution is x = 0. 1 2(1) = 2(1) = 2
3
(1, 2)
2 2(2)3 = 2(8) = 16 (2, 16)
PRACTICE
Graph each cubic function.
1. y = x 3 - 2 2. y = _1 x3 3. y = x 3 + 1 4. y = -x 3
2
5. Use a graphing calculator to estimate the solution of 0 = x 3 + 4x - 8 to the nearest tenth.
Step Functions
A step function is a function whose graph looks like a series of steps. The graph of a step
function is made up of unconnected line segments.
EXAMPLE At a garage, parking costs $5.50 for each hour or fraction of an hour.
After 4 hours it costs $25.00 to park for any amount of time up to 8 hours.
Graph this step function.
Create a table. Use x-values to *>À}Ê ÃÌÃ

x y
represent time and y-values to
represent the costs for those times. 0<x≤1 $5.50
Óx
On the graph, an open circle 1<x≤2 $11.00 Óä
ÃÌÊf®
indicates a value that is not

2<x≤3 $16.50 £x
included, and a closed circle
£ä
indicates a value that is included. 3<x≤4 $22.00
x
4<x≤8 $25.00
ä £ Ó Î { È Ç n
/iÊ ®
PRACTICE
1. A bookseller gives discounts for book purchases made online and the amount of the
discount is based on the cost of the book. A $2 discount is applied to books costing at
least $20 but less than $50. A $5 discount is applied to books costing at least $50 but
less than $100, and a $10 discount is applied to books costing at least $100. No book
costs more than $150. Graph this step function.
Skills Bank S75

Conditional Statements
If-then statements are called conditional statements. The phrase that follows if is called the
hypothesis, and the phrase that follows then is called the conclusion.
If the hypothesis is true, the conclusion is also true.
If the conclusion is true, the hypothesis may or may not be true.
EXAMPLE
A Identify the hypothesis and conclusion: If it is raining, then Jim will go to the movies.
Hypothesis: It is raining today. Conclusion: Jim will go to the movies.
B If it is raining, then Jim will go to the movies. It is raining. What can you conclude? Explain.
Jim will go to the movies. The hypothesis is true, so the conclusion is also true.
C If it is raining, then Jim will go to the movies. Jim goes to the movies. What can you conclude? Explain.
Nothing can be concluded. Jim may have gone to the movies for reasons other than rain.
PRACTICE
1. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion: If it is Thursday, then Paulo has soccer practice.
2. If it is Thursday, then Paulo has soccer practice. Paulo has soccer practice today.
What can you conclude? Explain.
3. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion: All dogs have four legs. (Hint: Write in if-then
form first.)
4. All dogs have four legs. Barry is a dog. What can you conclude? Explain.
Counterexamples
Conjectures are guesses and could be either true or false. If a conjecture is true, then it is
always true. Therefore, just one example is enough to prove a conjecture false. An example
that proves a conjecture false is called a counterexample.
EXAMPLE Find a counterexample for each conjecture.
A If the clock reads 5:55, then it is early in B If xy is a positive number, then x and
the morning. y are both positive.
Counterexample: It could be 5:55 P.M. Counterexample: (-2)(-3) = 6
PRACTICE
Find a counterexample for each conjecture.
1. If an integer is divisible by 2, then it is also divisible by 4.
2. If the DVD recorder did not record the program, then the recorder is broken.
S76 Skills Bank

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning involves examining a set of data to determine a pattern and then
making a conjecture about the data. Sometimes inductive reasoning can lead to different
conclusions. In contrast, deductive reasoning uses logical reasoning based on given
statements that are assumed to be true.
EXAMPLE 1 Use inductive reasoning to predict the value of the 100th term in the sequence 1, 5,
9, 13, 17, … .
Examine the numbers and look for a pattern.
Term 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

Value 1 5 9 13 17
Pattern 1 + (0)(4) 1 + (1)(4) 1 + (2)(4) 1 + (3)(4) 1 + (4)(4)
Each term is 4 more than the previous term. The rule 1 + (n - 1)(4) can be used to find any term n.
So a reasonable prediction for the value of the 100th term is 1 + (99)(4) = 397.
EXAMPLE 2 Use deductive reasoning to make a conclusion based on the given statements.
Given: If it is raining, the grass is wet. Hypothesis: It is raining.Conclusion:
Given: It is raining. The grass is wet.
If the hypothesis is true, the conclusion
Conclusion: The grass is wet.
is always true.
PRACTICE
Use inductive reasoning to predict the value of the given term in each sequence.
1. 100th term: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, … 2. 50th term: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ...
3. 28th term: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, ... 4. 77th term: 12, 8, 4, 0, -4, ...
Use deductive reasoning to make a conclusion based on the given statements.

5. Given: Darla bowls in a bowling league every Tuesday.
Given: Today is Tuesday.
6. Given: A quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides is a parallelogram.
Given: A rectangle is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides.
Determine if the reasoning used was inductive or deductive. Explain.

7. Sandra visited San Diego four times. Each time it was raining. Sandra concludes, “San
Diego is a very rainy city.”
8. Charlie’s mother told him that if he wants to go out Friday night, then he has to clean his
room. Charlie wants to go out Friday night. He concluded that he has to clean his room.
9. Looking at the series 3, 9, 27, 81, ..., Trina concludes that the next number is 243
because each term is three times the previous term.
Skills Bank S77

Set Theory
A set is a collection of objects. Each object is called an element of the set. A set can have no elements, a
finite number of elements, or an infinite number of elements. A set that contains no elements is called the
⎧⎫
null or empty set. The null set is symbolized by or ⎨ ⎬.
⎩⎭
Set A is a subset of set B (A ⊂ B), if each element of A is also in B.
The intersection of sets A and B (A " B), is the set of all elements that are in both A and B.
The union of A and B (A # B), is the set of all elements that are in A or B.
EXAMPLE Tell whether A ⊂ B. Then find A B and A B.

⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
A = ⎨ 2, 7, 8, 10 ⎬; B = ⎨ 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13 ⎬
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
A$B 10 is an element of A but not an element of B.
⎧ ⎫
A " B = ⎨ 2, 7, 8 ⎬ 2, 7, and 8 are in both sets.
⎩⎧ ⎭ ⎫
⎨
A # B = 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13 ⎬ Elements belonging to both sets are listed only once.
⎩ ⎭
PRACTICE
Tell whether A ⊂ B, B ⊂ A, or neither. Then find A B and A B.
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
1. A = ⎨ red, blue, yellow ⎬; B = ⎨ green, red ⎬
⎩⎧ ⎫ ⎭ ⎧ ⎩ ⎫ ⎭
2. A = ⎨ 2, 14, 15, 20 ⎬; B = ⎨ 2, 20 ⎬
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
Field Properties
The table shows properties of addition and multiplication where a, b, and c are real numbers.
A property is said to hold for a set of numbers if it is true for each element of the set.
EXAMPLE 1 Name the property shown by

Addition Multiplication
25 + (-25) = 0.
Commutative a+b=b+a ab = ba
Inverse Property of Addition
(a + b) + c =
Associative (ab)c = a(bc)
a + (b + c)
EXAMPLE 2 Does the Closure Property
1
a×_
hold for the set of negative Inverse a + (-a) = 0 a = 1, a ≠ 0
integers under multiplication?
Identity a+0=a a×1=a
Justify your answer.
a + b is a real
No; (-2)(-3) = 6, and since 6 is not an element Closure
number.
ab is a real number.
of the set of negative integers, the property does
not hold. Distributive a(b + c) = ab + ac
PRACTICE
Name the property shown.
1. 7 + 4 = 4 + 7 2. 23 × 1 = 23 3. 2(4 + 7) = 8 + 14 4. (9 × 3)2 = 9(3 × 2)
Tell whether the Closure Property holds for each set under the given operation. Justify your answer.
5. whole numbers; multiplication
⎧ ⎫
6. ⎨ 1, 2, 3 ⎬; addition
⎩ ⎭
S78 Skills Bank
Selected Answers
Chapter 1 1-3 81. c divided by d; the quotient of c
and d 83. _52_ 85. 280
Check It Out! 1a. -7 1b. 44
1-1 1c. -42 2a. __
1
12
2b. - _14_ 2c. - _12_ 1-5
3a. 0 3b. undefined 3c. 0 4. 7.875 mi
Check It Out! 1a. 4 decreased by Check It Out! 1a. 2 1b. -5 1c. _47_
n; n less than 4 1b. the quotient of Exercises 3. -121 5. 7 7. -2 2. about 6.2 3a. rational number,
t and 5; t divided by 5 1c. the sum 9. undefined 11. 0 13. about repeating decimal 3b. rational
of 9 and q; q added to 9 1d. the $210,000,000 15. -32 17. - _35_ number, terminating decimal,
product of 3 and h; 3 times h 19. 3 21. 0 23. 0 25. -15°F integer 3c. irrational number
2a. 65t 2b. m + 5 2c. 32d 3a. 6 27. -4 29. -62 31. 18.75
3b. 7 3c. 3 4. a. 63s, b. 756 bottles; 33. 1 35. -12 37. 6 39. negative Exercises 1. any negative
1575 bottles; 3150 bottles 41. negative 43. positive integer 3. 15 5. 13 7. rational
45. undefined 47. 1 49. __12 number, terminating decimal,
Exercises 1. variable 3. the integer 9. irrational number
51. - __15 53. __98 55. 15 h per
quotient of f and 3; f divided
semester 57. < 59. < 61. = 11. 11 13. -10 15. 14.9 yd
by 3 5. 9 decreased by y; y less 17. rational number, terminating
63a. positive b. negative c. The
than 9 7. the sum of t and 12; t decimal, integer, whole number,
product of two negative numbers
increased by 12 9. x decreased by
is positive. The product of that natural number 19. irr. 21. >
3; the difference of x and 3
positive number and a negative 23. = 25. 6 in. 27. 45; rational
11. w + 4 13. 12 15. 6 17. the
number is negative. d. no 65. 75 __( )
1 number, terminating decimal,
( )
product of 5 and p; 5 groups 15
__
1
67. -121 11 69. sometimes integer, whole number, natural
of p 19. the sum of 3 and x; 3 number 29. 34.625; rational
73. B 75. 16 quarter notes 77. __25
49
increased by x 21. negative 3 __
27 number, terminating decimal
79. 5 81. 1 83. - 64 85. Multiply by
times s; the product of negative 3 31. always 33. always
-2; -16, 32, -64. 87. The numbers
and s 23. 14 decreased by t; the 35. whole numbers 37. positive
are alternating positive and
difference of 14 and t 25. t + 20 rational numbers 39. positive
negative multiples of 5; 30,
27. 1 29. 2 31a. h - 40, b. 0; 4; 8; rational numbers 41. irrational
-35, 40. 89. $85 91. hexagon
12 33. 2x 35. y + 10 37. 9w; 9 in 2; numbers 43a. c 2 = 169; c = 13
93. triangle 95. -6 97. 8
72 in 2; 81 in 2; 99 in 2 39. 13; 14; 15; b. 130 ft 45. A 47. B 49. 0.5 51. 1.5
16 41. 6; 10; 13; 15 43a. 47.84 + m; 1-4 53. no 55. 168 in 2 57. _12_ 59. -81
b. 58.53 - s 45. x + 7; 19; 21 61. 196
47. x + 3; 15; 17 49. F 51. 36 Check It Out! 1a. 2 2 1b. x 3
53. 1 55. 45° 57. 90° 59. __12 61. 1 2a. -125 2b. -36 2c. __
27
64
3a. 8 2 1-6
63. Multiply the previous term by 3; 3b. (-3) 4. 2 = 256
3 8
Check It Out! 1a. 12 1b. 2.6
729, 2187, 6561. Exercises 1. the number of times 1c. 2 2a. 15 2b. 3 3a. 1 3b. -3
to use the base as a factor 3. 2 3 3c. 21 4. 6.2(9.4 + 8) 5. 0.413
1-2
5. 49 7. -32 9. 9 2 11. (-4)3
Check It Out! 1a. 4 1b. -10 13. 3 4 15. 3 5 = 243 17. 3 3 19. 27
Exercises 3. 15 5. -9
7. 14 9. 1 11. 14 13. 92 15. 1.5
1c. 1.5 2a. -12 2b. -35.8 21. -16 23. 7 2 25. (-2) 3 27. 4 3
2c. -16 3a. -8 3b. 4 3c. -2 17. -3 19. -22 21. 12(-2 + 6)
29. 2 4 = 16 31. < 33. = 35. =
23. 188.4 ft2 25. 19 27. -15 29. 3
4. 13,018 ft 37. > 39. 8 41. -64 43. -1 45. __ 1
27 31. -5 33. 24 35. 17 37. -9
47a. 36 in b. 9 in c. 27 in 49. 6 2
2 2 2
Exercises 1. opposite 3. -8.5 39. 17 41. -7 43. 0 45. _14_ 47. 1
( )
51. (-1) 53. __19
4 3
55. between
5. 9 _14_ 7. 1 9. -13 11. -1 _35_ 49. 6 51. 3 - _25_ 53. 8 - ⎪3 · 5⎥
13. 4 15. -11 __34 17. -30 19. 14 8000 cm3 and 15,625 cm 3 57. 2 55a. 55 b. 10 c. 498 d. 30 e. 250
21. - _12_ 23. 23°F 25. 0.75 59. 4 61. 2 63. 4 65a. 100, 1000, √
f. 70 57. 2⎡⎣9 + (-x)⎤⎦ 59. ____
7
3 · 10
27. -12 _25_ 29. -12 31. 37 33. 0 10,000 b. The exponent is the
63. 3 · 5 - 6 · 2 = 3 69. H 71. -3
35. __ 1
37. > 39. > 41. < same as the number of zeros in
10 73. 6 77. 20 79. acute 81. 100
the number. 67. C 69. B 71. 64
43. 11,331 ft 45. always 47. A 83. -11 85. 8 87. __67
51. F 53. -9 55. 2 57. Subtract 4; 73. 65,536 75a. 4 · 4; 4 · 4 · 4
-2, -6, -10. 59. 12,660.5 ft b. 4 · 4 · 4 · 4 · 4 = 4 5 c. 2 + 3 = 5; 1-7
61. 44 in2 63. 13 cm 65. 12 67. 4 the sum of the exponents in 4 2 and
4 3 is the exponent in the product 4 5. Check It Out! 1a. 21 1b. 560
77. 5 79. 5 minus x; x less than 5 1c. 28 2a. 9(50) + 9(2) = 468
2b. 12(100) - 12(2) = 1176
Selected Answers S79

2c. 7(30) + 7(4) = 238 3a. 100p c. 78–81.
f c
3b. -28.5t 3c. 3m 2 + m 3 y

4a. 6x - 15 4b. 3a - 16x 1 2.90 C
B
2 5.80 A
Exercises 1. Associative Property of x
3 8.70
Addition 3. 24 5. 56 7. 118,000 9. 304
4 11.60
11. 456 13. 763 15. 20x 17. -9r D
5 14.50
19. 7.9x 21. 9a - 31 23. 7x - 3x 2
6 17.40
25. 2a + 2 39. -3x - 14
7 20.30
43. 13y - 10 45a. Amy: 98:21; 82. I 83. IV 84. I 85. II 86. III
8 23.20
Julie: 81:12; Mardi: 83:39; Sabine: 87. IV 88. y = p + __
1
p; $2.10; $15.75;
d. 7 yards 39. y = _12_ x + (-3); 20
63:47 b. Sabine, Julie, Mardi, Amy
(-4,-5), (-2, -4), (0, -3), (2, -2),
$31.50; $42.00 89. (-4, 4), -2, __14 , ( )
47. Commutative Property of
Addition 49. Distributive Property (4, -1); line 41a. y = 50 + 1.5x
( )
(0, 0), 2, __14 , (4, 4); U shape
51. Distributive Property 53. 6p + 9 b. (100, 200); (150, 275); (200, 350);
57a. equal b. 96π c. 2(16π) + 96π (250, 425); (300, 500) 43. line Chapter 2
= 128π 59. J 61. 12x + 116 45. line 51. G 53. H 57. (-4, 4)
63. -3b - 7 65a. Commutative 59. The points make a horizontal
Property of Addition b. Associative line at y = 6. 61. (-4, 5); 42 square 2-1
Property of Addition c. Distributive units 63. cylinder 65. pentagon Check It Out! 1a. 8.8 1b. 0 1c. 25
Property d. Rule for subtraction 67. irrational 69. rational, 2a. __12 2b. -10 2c. 8 3a. 9.3 3b. 2
67. 36 ft 2 69. 64 terminating, integer 71. x 2 + 3x 3c. 44 4. 35 years old
1-8 Study Guide: Review Exercises 3. 21 5. 16.3 7. __12 9. 0

11. 2.3 13. 1.2 15. 32 17. 3.7 19. __17
6
Check It Out! 1. constant 2. whole numbers
21. 9 23. 17 25. __7 27. 10.5 29. 9
4
1a. y 3. coefficient 4. origin 5. 1.99g
T 31. 0 33. -17 35. -3100 37. -0.5
1b. 6. t + 3 7. 5 8. 5 9. 6 10. 150 ÷ m;
39. 0.05 41. 15 43. 1545 45. 30
1c. S 30; 25; 15 11. -14 12. -4.6
x 47. __13 49. a + 500 = 4732; $4232
13. 4 _12_ 14. -1 15. -24 16. 14.3 17. 5
51. x - 10 = 12; x = 22 53. x + 8 =
18. -769 ft 19. 90 20. 0 21. -15.2

R 16; x = 8 55. 5 + x = 6; x = 1
22. -8 23. 0 24. undefined 25. 9
57. x - 4 = 9; x = 13 59. m + 560 =
26. - __23 27. __
15
28. 3,650,000 steps
7 1680; $1120 61. 63 + x = 90;
2a. none 2b. I 2c. III 2d. II 29. 64 30. -27 31. 81 32. -25
x = 27 63. x + 15 = 90; x = 75
3. y = 10 + 20x; (1, 30), (2, 50), 33. __
8
34. __
16
35. 2 4 36. (-10)3
27 25 65. h - 47 = 28; 75 69. J 71. - __12
(3, 70), (4, 90) 4a. (-4, -6), 37. (-8) 38. 12 1 39. 729 in3 40. 6
2 5
73. - __ 13
75. 10 77. 90 79. 9 81. 72
(-2, -5), (0, -4), (2, -3), (4, -2); 41. 14 42. -7 43. -12 44. _56_ 45. __ 1 12
13 83. 6 ft 85. -80 87. -3
line 4b. (-3, 30), (-1, 6), (0, 3), 46. rational number, terminating
(1, 6), (3, 30); U shape 4c. (0, 2), decimal, integer, whole number, 2-2
(1, 1), (2, 0), (3, 1), (4, 2); V shape natural number 47. rational
Check It Out! 1a. 50 1b. -39
number, terminating decimal,
Exercises 7. none 9. none 11. I integer, whole number 48. rational 1c. 56 2a. 4 2b. -20 2c. 5 3a. - __54
13. (-2, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 2), (1, 3), number, terminating decimal, 3b. 1 3c. 612 4. 15,000 ft
(2, 4); line 15. (-2, -4), (-1, -2), integer 49. rational number, Exercises 1. 32 3. 14 5. 19 7. 7
(0, 0), (1, -2), (2, -4); V shape terminating decimal 50. irrational 9. 5 11. 2.5 13. 14 15. -9 17. _18_
21. none 23. none 25. II number 51. rational number, 19. 16c = 192; $12 21. 24 23. -36
27. y = 500 + 0.10x; (500, 550), repeating decimal 52. 3.6 ft 53. 23 25. -150 27. 55 29. -3 31. 1
(3000, 800), (5000, 1000), 54. 8 55. 6 56. __12 57. -18 58. 0 33. 13 35. 0.3 37. 2 39. -16 41. -3.5
(7500, 1250) 29. (-2, -4), (-1, -1), 59. 62 60. 10 61. 8 62. 10 43. -2 45. __ 7
s = 392; $560
(0, 0), (1, -1), (2, -4); U shape 63. 8 + 7(-2) 64. ____ 12
65. 4 √
20 - x
10
49. 4s = 84; 21 in. 51. 4s = 16.4;
8+3
31. (-2, 7), (-1, 4), (0, 3), (1, 4), 66. 168 ft 67. 40 68. 270 4.1 cm 53. -3x = 12; x = 4
(2, 7); U shape 33. triangle 69. 13(100) + 13(3) = 1339 55. __3x = -8; x = -24 57. 6.25h = 50;
35. rectangle 37a. f = yards; 70. 18(100) - 18(1) = 1782 71. 4x 8 h 59. 0.05m = 13.80; 276 min
c = total cost; c = 2.90f b. f is input; 72. 7y 2 73. 4x + 24 74. 2x 2 + 2 61. -2 63. 0; 8y = 0; 0 65a. number
c is output. 75. -4y + 3y 2 76. 8y - a of data values c. 185,300 acres
77. about $9.00 67. 7 69. 605 71. __ 3
73. 5.7
16
__
2
75. 3 g = 2; 3 g 77. D 79. B
81a. 6c = 4.80 b. c = $0.80 83. 2
S80 Selected Answers

85. 9 87. 2 89. -20 91. -132 (
35. C 37. D 39. a = _52_ c + __34 b ) 45. 0.06; __
3
50
47. 0.006; ___
3
500
49. 0.5 is
93. Multiply both sides by a. 95. 12
( ) v -u greater than __12 % because __12 % = 0.005.
2 2
41. d = 500 t - __12 43. s = ______
2a
97. 25 99. 6 years old 101. 6 103. 16
45. 120 s 47. 12 49. -6 51. 20 53. 12 51. 0.001, 1%, __ 1
10
, 11%, 1.1 53. 0.49,
__
5 __4
, , 82%, 0.94 55a. 40%
2-3 9 5
2-6 b. action c. 3% d. 36.9%
Check It Out! 1a. 1 1b. 6 1c. 0 57. box 1: 200; 100; 50
Check It Out! 1. 12 2. $7.50/h
2a. __
55
2b. _12_ 2c. 15 3a. - __56 3b. 5 box 2: 12; 24; 148; 96
4 3. 20.5 ft/s 4a. -20 4b. 5.75
3c. 8 4. $60 5. -42 box 3: 25; 50; 100; 200
5. 6 in.
59a. __ x
= ___
40
; $36 b. $54 61. F
Exercises 1. 2 3. -18 5. 2 7. 66 90 100
Exercises 1. The ratios are 63. G 65. 17.2% 67. 88.5 71. 120
9. __54 11. -12 13. 16 15. -3.2 17. 4
equivalent. 3. 682 trillion 5. 18,749 73. 160 75. 6 in. 77. 3
19. 15 passes 21. 4 23. -4 25. 4
lb/cow 7. 0.075 page/min
27. 5 29. -9 31. _14_ 33. 1 35. 3 2-9
9. 18 mi/gal 11. __35 13. 39 15. 6.5
37. __ 28
5
39. 3 41. 8 43. 7 45. - _12_
47. x = 40 49. x = 35 17. 23 19. _35_ = ___
h
4.9
; 2.94 m 21. 72 Check It Out! 1. $462.80 2a. $270
51. 8 - 3n = 2; n = 2 23. $403.90/oz 25. 2498.4 km/h 2b. $7650 3a. about $3.30
53a. 1963 - 5s = 1863; s = 20 53b. 3 27. 10 29. -1 31. 13 33. 1.2 35. __19 3b. about $5.60
55. 8 57. 4.5 59. -10 61. 10 37. 45 39. $84 43. 1.625 45. 3
Exercises 3. $41,775 5. 4 _12_ yr
63. 5k - 70 = 60; 26 in. 65. Stan: 36; 47. - __27 49. __11
3
51. 3 53. 24
7. about $6.45 9. $462.50
Mark: 37; Wayne: 38 67a. 45,000; 55. -120 59. A 61. D 63. 40°; 50°
11. $266.75 13. 5 yr 15. about $30
112,500; 225,000; 337,500; 225n 65. 0.0006722 people/m2 67. -27
17. $50,400 19. 2 yr 21. $2.89 25. A
67b. c = 225n 71. H 73. 27 75. 6 __15 69. - __
32
1
71. 10 2 73. -5 75. 8
____
nRT 27. D 29. 900 31. $47.17 33. $93
77. 14.5 79. -6 81. irrational 77. V = P
35. x - 2 37. > 39. > 41. 24
83. repeating decimal, rational 43. 22.2%
85. 8(60) + 8(1) = 488 87. 11(20)
2-7
+ 11(8) = 308 89. 13 91. -18 Check It Out! 1. 2.8 in. 2-10
2a. ___
150 ___
45 ___
5.5 ___
3.5
x = 195 ; 650 cm 2b. x = 28 ;
2-4 Check It Out! 1a. 45% decrease
44 ft 3. The ratio of the perimeters
1b. 20% increase 1c. 43.75% increase
Check It Out! 1a. -2 1b. 2 is equal to the ratio of the
2a. 90 2b. 6 3a. $88 3b. 20%
2a. 4 2b. -2 3a. no solution corresponding sides.
4a. $15.30 4b. 130%
3b. all real numbers 4. 10 years old Exercises 3. 10 ft 7. 7 in. 11. 480 ft2
Exercises 3. 20% decrease
Exercises 1. contradiction 3. 1 13. 4 15. 2.8 cm 17. 4 cm
5. 12.5% increase 7. 20% decrease
5. 40 7. - _23_ 9. 3 11. no solution 21. ___
1.5 ___
4.5
x = 36 ; 12 m 23. k 25. G
2
9. 61.8 11. 8 13. 70% 15. 90%
13. all real numbers 15. 6 17. 6 27. w = 4 m; x = 7.5 m; y = 8 m
17. 25% decrease 19. 400% increase
19. 2.85 21. 10 23. 6 25. 14 27. _34_ 29. 16.6 cm 31. -12 33. -46
21. 30% increase 23. 15% decrease
29. -4 31. no solution 33a. 15 weeks 35. (-2, 4); (-1, 1); (0, 0); (1, 1);
25. 20% increase 27. 8 _13_% decrease
33b. 180 lb 35. x - 30 = 14 - 3x; (2, 4) 37. (-2, -7); (-1, -4); (0, -1);
29. 252 31. 7.6 33. 15% 35. 650%
x = 11 37. -4 39. 7 41. -3 43. 2 (1, 2); (2, 5) 39. 32 41. 3.5
37. 50% 41. 18 43. 200% increase
45. 1 47. - __75 49. 4 51. no solution 45. 20 47. 60 49. 25% decrease
53. 9 59. F 61. H 63. 2 65. no
2-8
51a. 60% b. ___
60
100
= __
18
x ; x = $30
solution 67. -20 69. 6, 7, 8 71. $1.68 Check It Out! 1a. 12 1b. 16.8 53. H 55. G 57. 200 59. 625
73. 3y cm 75. -63 77. 4 79. 2 1c. 1.44 2a. 20% 2b. 300% 3a. 75 61. 64 fl oz 63. $9.44 65. 80°; 170°
81. -125 83. 15 85. 3 3b. 320 4. 10 karats 67. 60°; 150° 69. -20 71. 57 73. 36
Exercises 3. 21 5. 5.6 7. 80% 75. -100 77. about $4.20
2-5
9. 12.5% 11. 175 13. 36 15. 48
Check It Out! 1. about 1.46 h Extension Answers
5-b
17. 2.5 19. 25% 21. 50% 23. 40
2. i = f + gt 3a. t = ____
2
3b. V = _m
_
D 25. 511.1 27. 100 mg 29. 2% 31. 8% Check It Out! 1a. -7, 7 1b. -6,
Exercises 3. w = __
V
h
5. m = 4n + 8 33. 64% 35. 85% 37. 85% 39. 0.52; 10 2a. no solution 2b. 4
__
13
41. 0.0; ___
0
43. 1.12; __
28
7. a = ____
10
b+c
9. I = A - P 25 100 25 Exercises 1. -6, 6 3. 0 5. -2, 2
k+5 x-2
11. x = ____
y 13. ____ =y
z 7. -11, 5 9. -9, 13 11. -57, 57
y-b
15. x = 5(a + g) 17. x = ____
m
13. -3, 3 15. -16, 16 17. 0, 4
19. T = ___
PV
21. T = M + R 19. -5, 5 21. -5, 3 23. -3
nR
c - 2a 25. 8, -2 27. 6.54 mm; 6.46 mm
23. b = _____ 25. r = 7 - ax
2
5 - 4y t-g 29. ⎪x - 5⎥ = 0.001; 4.999 mm,
27. x = _____
3
31. a = ______
-0.0035 5.001 mm 31. 18.8, 65.28

33. -9.5, 3.75 35. 0 37. no solution equal to 12 27. v < -11 29. x > -3.3 1c. g > 36
39. no solution 41. -2.7, 10.3 31. z ≥ 9 33. y = years of experience;
43. ⎪x - 2⎥ = 2.5; -0.5°F; 4.5°F y ≥ 5 35. h is less than -5. 37. r is
45. ⎪x - 168⎥ = 3; 165 lb, 171 lb greater than or equal to -2. 2a. x ≥ -10
39. p ≤ 17 41. f > 0 43. p = profits;
Study Guide: Review p ≥ 10,000 45. e = elevation;
e ≤ 5000 47. x represents the age in 2b. h > -17

1. literal equation 2. ratio 3. 36
4. -2 5. -21 6. 18 7. __98 8. _73_ years of a child at a childcare center

9. 27 + s = 108; 81 10. 7 11. - __ 10 when x is positive. 49. x represents
3
the number of millions of albums 3. 10g ≤ 128; g ≤ 12.8; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
12. -90 13. 13 14. 0 15. -2
sold by a popular band. 51. D 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 servings
16. 17.5 17. -5 18. 40 19. -3
20. - _12_ 21. 15 22. 18 23. 1 53. C 59. D 61. C 65. < 71. 10 Exercises 1. b > 9 3. d > 18
24. 41; 123°; 57° 25. -2 26. -2 27. 1 73. 7 75. 3x + 3 77. g = 2b; 5. m ≤ 1.1 7. s > -2 9. x > 5
28. - _23_ 29. no solution 30. all real g = 2(8) = 16 79. b = 9 81. no 11. n > -0.4 13. d > -3 15. t > -72
numbers 31. 9 32. n = ___ 360 solutions 17. 80n ≤ 550; n ≤ 6.875; 0, 1, 2, 3,
c
225 - y 4, 5, or 6 nights 19. j ≤ 12 21. d < 7
33. a = __
2S ______
n - 34. x = 0.25 3-2 23. h ≤ __87 25. c ≤ -12 27. b ≥ __ 1
35. 3.7 gal 36. __
1
37. 3 __13 c _3_
10
16
Check It Out! 1a. s ≤ 9 29. b ≤ -16 31. r < - 2 33. y < 2
38. $1.83/golf ball 39. $0.18/oz.
35. t > 4 37. z < -11 39. k ≤ -7
40. 1080 m/h 41. 0.85 mi/min
41. p ≤ -12 43. x > -3 45. x < 20
42. 1.6 43. 54 44. 5 45. -3
1b. t < 5 __12 47. p ≤ -6 49. b < 2 51. 7x ≥ 21;
46. 3.85 in. 47. 2.5 cm 48. 16 ft
x ≥ 3 53. - _45_ b ≤ -16; b ≥ 20 57. D
49. The ratio of the areas is the
Ê??

Ê??

59. B 61. 0.9p ≥ 567; p ≤ 630 63. A
square of the ratio of the radii.
65a. 75n ≤ 250 b. n ≤ 3.33;
50. 5.29 51. 3105 52. 66.7% 1c. q < 11
n must be a natural number.
53. 400% 54. 133.3 55. 240 56. 80%
c. 65n ≤ 250; n ≤ 3.85; no, they still
57. $48,500 58. $9000 59. about
can reserve only 3 or fewer rooms.
$5.60 60. 37% increase 61. 33% 2. 11 + m ≥ 15; m ≥ 4; Sarah must
67. G 71. x < 12.375 73. f ≥ 4
decrease 62. 91 63. 127.5 64. $3.75; get at least 4 mg more iron to reach
75. yes 77. 3 2 79. 43 81. _23_ ft/yr
$6.25 65. 37.5% the RDA. 3. 250 + p ≥ 275; p ≥ 25;
83. x ≥ -2 85. x < 5
Josh needs to bench press at least
32 additional pounds to break the 3-4
Chapter 3 school record.
Check It Out! 1a. x ≤ -6
Exercises 1. p > 6 3. x ≤ -15
3-1 5. 102 + t ≤ 104; t ≤ 2 7. a ≥ 5
Check It Out! 1. all real numbers 9. x < 15 11. 1400 + 243 + w ≤ 2000; 1b. x < -11
greater than 4 w ≤ 357 13. x - 10 > 32; x > 42
15. r - 13 ≤ 15; r ≤ 28 17. q > 51
2a.
19. p ≤ 0.8 21. c > -202 23. x ≥ 0 1c. n ≤ -10
Ê?? Ê??

25. 21 + d ≤ 30; d ≤ 9 27. x < 3; B
2b. 29. x ≤ 3; D 31. 936 + 4254 + p ≤
45,611; 5190 + p ≤ 45,611; p ≤ 40,421 2a. m > 10
2c. 35. a. 411 + 411 = 882 miles

b. 822 + m ≤ 1000 c. m ≤ 178, but
3. x < 2.5 4. d = amount employee m cannot be negative. 37. F 39. J 2b. x > -4
can earn per hour; d ≥ 8.25 41. r ≤ 5 __
1
43. sometimes
10

45. always 47. y = 3 - __23 x
49. a = ____c
51. k = 2s - 11 2c. x > 2 __13
2+b
Ê??

Exercises 1. A solution of an 53. x = 10 55. x ≥ -1
inequality makes the inequality

true when substituted for the
3-3
95 + x
3. _____ ≥ 90; 95 + x ≥ 180; x ≥ 85;
variable. 3. all real numbers greater Check It Out! 1a. k > 6 2
than -3 5. all real numbers greater Jim’s score must be at least 85.
than or equal to 3 11. b > -8 _12_ Exercises 1. m > 6 3. x ≤ -2
13. d < -7 15. f ≤ 14 17. r < 140 1b. q ≤ -10 5. x > -16 7. x ≥ -9 9. x > - _12_
19. all real numbers less than 2 11. x ≤ 19 13. x > 1
21. all real numbers less than or

15. 300 + 0.1x > 1200; sales of more 51a. 400 + 4.50n Extension Answers
than $9000 17. x ≤ 1 19. w < -2 b. 12n c. 400 + 4.50n < 12n;
Check It Out! 1a. -3 < x < 3
21. x < -6 23. f < -4.5 25. w > 0 n > 53 __13 ; 54 CDs or more
27. v > _23_ 29. x > -5 31. x < -2 53. 5x - 10 < 6x - 8; x < -2

33. a ≥ 11 35. x > 3 55. _34_ x ≥ x - 5; x ≤ 20
37. 29.99 < 19.99 + 0.35x; 59. x can never be greater than 1b. -1 < x < 1
x > 28.57; starting at 29 min 39. x ≤ 2 itself plus 1. 61. D 63. A

41. x < 4 43. x < -6 45. r < 8 67. x < -3 69. w ≥ -1 _67_
47. x < 7 49. p ≥ 18 51. __12 x + 9 < 33; 71. The two numbers cannot be the 2a. x ≤ -2 or x ≥ 2
x < 48 53. 4(x + 12) ≤ 16; x ≤ -8 same. 73. _25_ = __w
65
; w = 26 in.
55. B 57. A 59. 225 + 400 < 275 + 75. y = years; y ≥ 14
15m; 23 _13_ < m; 24 months or more
3-6 2b. x < -6 or x > 6
61a.
Number Process Cost Check It Out! 1. 1 < c < 3.0
1 350 + 3 353 2c. x ≤ -6 or x ≥ 1

2 350 + 3(2) 356 2a. 1 < x < 5
3 350 + 3(3) 359

10 350 + 3(10) 380 2b. -3 ≤ n < 2 Exercises 1. -3 ≤ x ≤ 3
n 350 + 3n 350 + 3n 3. -15 < x < 13 5. -2 < x < 2

7. ⎪x⎥ ≤ 15; -15 ≤ x ≤ 15 9. ⎪x - 2⎥
b. c = 350 + 3n c. 350 + 3n ≤ 500; 3a. r < 10 OR r > 14
≤ 3; -1 ≤ x ≤ 5 11a. -6 < x < 16
n ≤ 50; 50 CDs or fewer 65. G 67. 59
b. x ≤ 1 OR x ≥ 9 c. -3 ≤ x ≤ 13
69. a > 5 71. x > 0 73. x ≥ 0
13. no 15. yes 17. ⎪b⎥ > 3 19. ⎪d⎥ < 7
75. -3x > 0 77. 7 79. _23_ 81. -1 3b. x ≥ 3 OR x < -1
83. 25 + 2m = 10 + 2.5m; m = 30
Study Guide: Review
85. a ≤ 6
4a. -9 < y < -2 1. inequality 2. union 3. compound
3-5 inequality 4. intersection
4b. x ≤ 3 or x ≥ 2
5. solution of an inequality
Check It Out! 1a. x ≤ -2
Exercises 1. intersection 6.
3. -5 < x < 5 5. 0 < x < 3
7. x < -8 OR x > 4 9. n < 1 OR n > 4 7.

1b. t < -1 11. -5 ≤ a ≤ -3 13. c < 1 OR c ≥ 9
15. 16 < k < 50 17. 3 ≤ n ≤ 6 8.

19. 2 < x < 6 21. x < 0 OR x > 13
2. more than 160 flyers 9.
23. x < -3 OR x > 2
3a. r ≤ 2 25. q < 0 OR q ≥ 2 27. -2 < s < 1
10.
29a. 225 + 80n; they will spend

between $200 and $550. 11.
3b. x < 3 b. -0.3125 ≤ n ≤ 4.0625; n cannot
be a negative number 12. a < 2 13. k ≥ -3.5

c. 4.0625 h; they need an additional 14. q < -10 15. t ≥ 72 16. s ≤ 12
4a. no solutions 4b. all real numbers
$155 to use the studio for 6 h. 17. m < 30 18. t < 7 19. k ≤ 2
Exercises 1. x < 3 3. x < 2 31. 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 33. -10 ≤ x ≤ 10 20. m > -5 21. x ≥ 4.5 22. w < 9.5
5. c < -2 7. 100 + 4p < 7p; 35. t < 0 OR t > 100 37. -2 < x < 5 23. a < 5 24. h < 1 25. v < -2
p > 33.33; they’ll have to sell at 39. a < 0 OR a > 1 41. n < 2 OR n > 5 26. 4.5 + m ≥ 10; m ≥ 5.5; Tammy
least 34 pizzas. 9. p < -17 43. 7 ≤ m ≤ 60 47. D 49. B must run 5.5 mi or more. 27. 32 +
11. x > 3 13. t < 6.8 15. no solutions 51. 0.5 < c < 3 53. s ≤ 6 OR s ≥ 9 d ≤ 50; d ≤ 18; Rob can spend $18
17. all real numbers 19. no solutions 55. -1 ≤ x ≤ 3 57. 4x - 5 59. 3a + 3 or less. 28. a ≤ 5 29. t > -3
21. y > -2 23. b ≥ -7 25. m > 5 61. (-2, 3), (-1, 0), (0, -1), 30. p > 8 31. x ≤ -25 32. n > 6
27. x ≥ 2 29. w ≥ 6 31. r ≥ -4 (1, 0), (2, 3); U-shaped 63. m < 2 33. g < -12 34. k > -7 35. r < -9
33. no solutions 35. all real numbers 65. x ≤ -2 36. h < -3 37. g < 2.5 38. 0, 1, 2, 3,
37. all real numbers 39. t < -7 4, 5, 6, 7 39. 0.75n ≥ 250;
41. x > 3 43. x < 2 45. x > -2 n ≥ 333 _13_; they must sell at least
47. x ≤ -6 49. s > 26.67; 27 s 334 lanyards. 40. x < 5 41. t ≥ 6

42. m > 5 43. r < 6 44. p > -4 4-2 4-3
45. g > -7 46. x < -1 47. h > -3
Check It Out! 1. x Check It Out! 1. y = 3x
48. x > 1 _12_ 49. b ≤ 10 50. y > 3 __12 y
2a. independent variable: time;
51. n > -15 52. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1 3
dependent variable: cost
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 53. 25 mo
2 4 2b. independent variable: pounds;
total 54. up to $300,000 55. m < -1
3 5 dependent variable: cost
56. y ≥ -2 57. c < -3 58. q ≤ -4
3a. independent variable: pounds;
59. x > 2 60. t < 3 61. no solutions y
dependent variable: cost; f (x) =
62. all real numbers 63. p > - __12
1.69x 3b. independent variable:
64. all real numbers 65. k > 2
people; dependent variable: cost;
66. no solutions 67. 210 + 16m >
f (x) = 6 + 29.99x 4a. h(1) = 1;
175 + 20m; 8.75 > m 68. -10 < t < 4 x
h(-3) = -7 4b. g(-24) = -5;
69. -6 < k ≤ 7 70. r > 7 OR r < -2
g(400) = 101 5. f (x) = 500x;
71. no solutions 72. -2 < p ≤ 5 2a. D: {6, 5, 2, 1}; R: {-4, -1, 0}
D: {0, 1, 2, 3}; R: {0, 500, 1000, 1500}
73. all real numbers 74. 68 ≤ t ≤ 84 2b. D: {1, 4, 8}; R: {1, 4}
75. 102 ≤ n ≤ 183.6 3a. D: {-6, -4, 1, 8}; R: {1, 2, 9}; Exercises 1. dependent variable
function; each domain value is 3. y = x - 2 5. independent
paired with exactly one range variable: size of bottle; dependent
Chapter 4 value. 3b. D: {2, 3, 4}; R: {-5, -4, variable: cost of water
-3}; not a function; the domain 7. independent variable: hours;
4-1 value 2 is paired with both -5 dependent variable: cost;
and -4. f (h) = 75h 9. f (0) = 2; f (1) = 9
Check It Out! 1. graph C 11. h(27) = -1; h(-15) = -15
2a. discrete; Exercises
+EYBOARDING 13. y = -2x 15. independent
3. x y 5. x y variable: size of lawn; dependent
7ORDS PER MINUTE
1 1 -7 7 variable: cost 17. independent

1 2 -3 3 variable: days late; dependent
variable: total cost; f(x) = 3.99 +
-1 1
0.99x 19. independent variable:
7EEKS 5 -5 gallons of gas; dependent variable:
2b. continuous; 7ATER 4ANK 7. D: {-5, 0, 2, 5}; R: {-20, -8, 0, miles; f(x) = 28x 21. g(1) = 7;
7} 9. D: {2, 3, 5, 6, 8}; R: {4, 9, 25, g(2) = 10 23. f(n) = 2n + 5;
D: {1, 2, 3, 4}; R: {$7, $9, $11, $13}
7ATER LEVEL
36, 81} 11. D: {1}; R: {-2, 0, 3, 8};

not a function 13. D: {-2, -1, 0, 1, 25.
z 1 2 3 4
2}; R: {1}; function
g(z) -3 -1 1 3
15. x y
4IME 27. f (-6.89) ≈ -16; f (1.01) ≈ 8;
3. Possible answer: When the -2 -4 f (4.67) ≈ 20 33. D 35. 3.5 37. 44.1
number of students reaches a -1 -1 m/s 39. y = -3 41. x = 2
certain point, the number of pizzas 43. D: x ≥ 0; R: all real numbers;
0 0
bought increases. not a function
1 -1
Exercises 1. continuous 3. graph
2 -4 4-4
B 5. graph C 11. graph A
13. continuous 19. The point of 17. D: {3}; R: 1 ≤ y ≤ 5 19. D: -2 ≤ Check It Out! 1a.
intersection represents the time x ≤ 2; R: 0 ≤ y ≤ 2; function 21. yes y
of day when you will be the same 23. yes 25. yes 27. no 29a. D:
distance from the base of the 0 ≤ t ≤ 5; R: 0 ≤ v ≤ 750 b. yes
mountain on both the hike up and c. (2, 300); (3.5, 525) 33. G
35a. {(-3, 5), (-1, 7), (0, 9), (1, 11),

x
the hike down. 23. C 27. Container

C 29. -8 31. _19_ 33. (-2, 5), (-1, 3), (3, 13)} b. D: {-3, -1, 0, 1, 3};

(0, 1), (1, -1), (2, -3); the points R: {5, 7, 9, 11, 13} c. yes 37. all real
form a line. 35. (-2, 6), (-1, 3), numbers 39. _34_ = __ x
36
; 27 cm
(0, 2), (1, 3), (2, 6); the points form 41. x + 45 ≥ 64; x ≥ 19
a U-shaped figure.
37. n - 5 = -2; 3

1b. y 7. y 29. y

x

x

9. y
x 31. y

x

2a. y x
x

33. y
11. y = -1

13.
y
2b. y x
x

x 35. y

15. y
3. x = 3 4. Possible answer: about
x
32.5 mi
!VERAGE 3PEED OF ,AVA &LOW

x
37. x = 1 39. y = -8 41. yes;
yes 43. no; yes 45. no; yes; yes
$ISTANCE MI

47. yes; no; yes 55a. v = 10,000 -
1500h b. 8500 gal

17. y
c. Time Volume
(h) (gal)
4IME H
0 10,000
x 1 8,500
Exercises
1. y 2 7,000
19. y 3 5,500
4 4,000
x

59. J 61. J 63. y = 4x + 64
x
65. 2 3 67. p < -4 69. b ≥ 20

71. h(-6) = -3; h(9) = 7
21. y
4-5
3. y
Check It Out!

1. &OOTBALL 4EAM 3CORES

0OINTS SCORED

x

23. y

5. y
x

x 'AME
25. y = 5
2. positive correlation 3a. No
correlation; the temperature in

Houston has nothing to do with the 1d. arithmetic; common difference: weeks, they buy some more fish.
number of cars sold in Boston. -3 2a. -343 2b. 19.6 3. 750 lb After two more weeks, they buy
3b. Positive correlation; as the Exercises 1. common difference more fish. 8. Possible answer: A
number of family members 3. arithmetic; common difference: monkey swings from a high branch
increases, more food is needed, so -0.7; -0.7, -1.4, -2.1 5. not to a lower branch. He sits for a
the grocery bill increases too. arithmetic 7. -53 9. not arithmetic while. Then he jumps to a higher
3c. Negative correlation; as the 11. arithmetic; common difference: branch and takes a nap.
number of times you sharpen -9; -58, -67, -76 13. 5.9 9.
your pencil increases, the length x -1 0 2
15. 9500 mi 17. _14_ 19. -2.2
of the pencil decreases. 4. Graph A; y 0 1 1
21. 0.07 23. - __38 , - _12_, - __
8
5
, - __34
it cannot be graph B because 10.
25. -0.2, -0.7, -1.2, -1.7 27. -0.3, x -2 -1 2 3
graph B shows negative minutes;
-0.1, 0.1, 0.3 29. 22 31. 122 33a. It y -1 1 3 4
it cannot be graph C because
could be arithmetic because you
graph C shows the temperature
pay $2 per lap, so the common 11. D: {-4, -2, 0, 2}; R: { -1, 1, 3, 5}
of the pie increasing, a positive
difference could be 2. b. $9, $11, 12. D: {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}; R: {-1, 0}
correlation. 5. about 75 rolls
$13, $15; a n = 2n + 7 c. $37 d. no 13. D: {0, 1, 4}; R: {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
Exercises 3. no 5. positive 35. -104.5 37. __ 20
3
39a. a n = 3n + 3 14. D: -4 ≤ x ≤ 4; R: -6 ≤ y ≤ 8
correlation 7. negative correlation b. 48 c. $7800 d. a n = 3n + 4; $8200 15. D: {-5, -3, -1, 1}; R: {-3, -2,
9. positive correlation 11. Graph A 41a. -1, 0}; function 16. D: {-4, -2,
15. positive correlation 17. positive 0, 2}; R: {-2, 1}; function
Time Mile
correlation 19. Graph A 23. Positive 17. D: {1, 2, 3 ,4}; R: {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3};
Interval Marker
correlation; as the number of left not a function 18. {(1, 5.00), (2, 6.50),
shoes sold increases, the number 1 520 (3, 8.00), (4, 9.50), (5, 11.00)};
of right shoes sold also increases, 2 509 yes 19. yes 20. The value of y is 7
because people need shoes for 3 498 less than x; y = x - 7. 21. The
both feet. 25. B value of y is 9 times x; y = 9x.
4 487
27a. *UANS 4RIP 22. independent variable: number
5 476 of cakes; dependent variable: cost;

6 465 f (c) = 6c 23. independent variable:
number of CDs Raul will buy;
$ISTANCE MI
b. a n = 520 + (n - 1)(-11)

dependent variable: number of
c. number of miles per interval
CDs Tim will buy; g(n) = 2n
d. 421 43. F 45. 20th and 21st
24. f(5) = 14 25. g(-3) = -11
terms 47a. session 16; yes
26. h(-4) = 6; h(5) = -1
b. Thursday 49. x = 16 51. t < -2
OR t > 2 53. negative correlation 27. y
4IME MIN
b. positive correlation 29. C Study Guide: Review
35. 5(n + 2) = 2n - 8, n = -6 x
1. domain 2. negative
37. no solution
correlation 3. term
39. y
x 4.
$ISTANCE

28. y

4IME
5.
(EIGHT OF BALL
41. y
x
x

4IME

6. 29. y
(EIGHT

4-6 x

Check It Out! 1a. arithmetic; 4IME
common difference: _12_ 1b. not 7. Possible answer: A family buys a
arithmetic 1c. not arithmetic fish tank and some fish. After two

30. y 3b. yes y 3a. y
x
x

x

3b.
y
31. y x
3c. no
x
4. 2ENTAL 0AYMENT

2ENTAL PAYMENT

Exercises 1. y-intercept
32.
3. x-intercept: 2; y-intercept: -4
5. x-intercept: 2; y-intercept: -1

7. x-intercept: 2; y-intercept: 8
-ANICURES
D: {0, 1, 2, 3, …} 13. x-intercept: -1; y-intercept: 3
x
R: {$10, $13, $16, $19, …} 15. x-intercept: -4; y-intercept: 2

17. x-intercept: -4; y-intercept:
33. Possible answer: about $43 Exercises 1. No; it is not in the 2 19. x-intercept: 2; y-intercept:
34. negative correlation form Ax + By = C. 3. Yes; each 8 21. x-intercept: _18_; y-intercept: -1
35. Possible answer: 28 36. appears domain value is paired with exactly 35. a 37. b 41. F 47. x-intercept:
to be arithmetic; -6; -4, -10, -16 one range value; yes. 5. yes 7. yes 950; y-intercept: -55
37. appears to be not arithmetic 9. yes 11. no 15. Yes; each domain
38. appears to be not arithmetic value is paired with exactly one 5-3
39. appears to be arithmetic; 2.5; 2, range value; no. 17. Yes; each
Check It Out! 1. day 1 to day 6:
4.5, 7 40. 105 41. -62 42. 20 domain value is paired with exactly
-53; day 6 to day 16: -7.5; day 16
43. $408 44. -15.5°C one range value; no. 19. yes
to day 22: 0; day 22 to day 30:
23. no 27. yes; yes 29. yes; yes
-4.375; from day 1 to day 6
31. yes; -4x + y = 2; A = -4; B = 1;
2. "ANK "ALANCE
Chapter 5 C = 2 33. no 35. yes; x = 7; A = 1;
B = 0; C = 7 37. yes; 3x - y = 1;

A = 3; B = -1; C = 1 39. yes; 5x -
5-1
"ALANCE
2y = -3; A = 5, B = -2, C = -3

Check It Out! 1a. yes; each 41. no 55. no 57. C 63. not
domain value is paired with exactly linear 65. -1 67. _19_ 69. 2 71. 9

one range value; yes 1b. yes;
each domain value is paired with 5-2
exactly one range value; yes 1c. no; Check It Out! 1a. x-intercept: -2; $AY
each domain value is not paired y-intercept: 3 1b. x-intercept: -10; 3. - _25_ 4a. undefined 4b. 0
with exactly one range value y-intercept: 6 1c. x-intercept: 4; y- 5a. undefined 5b. positive
2. yes; a constant change of +2 intercept: 8
in x corresponds to a constant 2a. 3CHOOL 3TORE 0URCHASES Exercises 1. constant 5. - _34_
change of -1 in y. 7. undefined 9. undefined
.OTEBOOKS

3a. yes 11. positive 15. 1 17. 0
y x 19. positive 23. __ 17
18
29. C 31. G

35. -2 37. D: {3}; R: {4, 2, 0, -2};
yes 39. x-intercept: 3; y-intercept: 6
0ENS
41. x-intercept: _14_; y-intercept: _12_

x-intercept: 30; y-intercept: 20
2b. x-intercept: number of pens 5-4

that can be purchased if no
Check It Out! 1a. m = 0 1b. m = 3
notebooks are purchased;
1c. m = 2 2a. m = _12_ 2b. m = -3
y-intercept: the number of
2c. m = 2 2d. - _32_ 3. m = _12_; the
notebooks that can be purchased
height of the plant is increasing at a
if no pens are purchased.
rate of 1 cm every 2 days.
4. m = - _23_

Exercises 1. 1 3. - __12 5. 10 7. ___
1
540
29. k = - __29 x 3c. y = -4
y
9. - __59 11. -4 13. undefined
y
x
15. - _3_ 17. - ____
4
9
19. - __
13
5000 5
21. Student A is correct. x
23a. Car 1; 20 mi/h b. The speed
and the slope are both equal to the

distance divided by time. c. 20 mi/h
4a. y = 18x + 200 4b. slope: 18;
25a. y = 220 - x 27. G 29. - __ab
The value of k is - _29_, and the graph cost per person; y-intercept: 200;
31. _32_ - y 33. x = _12_ 35. x = -3 deposit 4c. $3800
shows that the slope of the line is
37. x = 0 39. p = 5 41. n = -11 - __29 . Exercises
43. a = 2 45. no 33. y = -6x 1. y
x
y
5-5

Check It Out! 1a. no 1b. yes; - _34_

1c. yes; -3 2a. No; possible

y
answer: the value of __x is not the x
same for each ordered pair. 2b. Yes; 5. y = 8x + 2 7. y = -3
y
possible answer: the value of __x is
9. y = __25 x - 6
the same for each ordered pair.
The value of k is -6, and the graph y x
2c. No; possible answer: the value
y shows that the slope of the line is
of __x is not the same for each
-6. 41. C 43. B 47. p = 7 - 4q
ordered pair. 3. 90 4 - 2y
49. x = _____
y 51. y = -2x 53. -4
4. y = 4x 0ERIMETER OF A 3QUARE _
1_
55. 2

5-6
0ERIMETER
13. y
Check It Out!

1a.
y
x

x
3IDE LENGTH

Exercises 1. direct variation
3. yes; -4 5. no 7. 18 11. yes; _14_ 1b. y
17. y = 5x - 9 19. y = - _12_ x + 7
13. yes 15. 16 19. no 21. y = -3x
x 21. y = - _12_ x + 3 y

y

x x
2. y = 8x - 25

3a. y = _23_ x
The value of k is -3, and the graph y 25. y = __72 y
shows that the slope of the line is

-3. x

25. y = 2x
x
y

3b. y = -3x + 5
x y

x

The value of k is 2, and the graph
shows that the slope of the line is 2.

29. y = -2x + 8 y product of their slopes is -1. Since reflection across y-axis and
PQR contains a right angle, PQR is translation 2 units up 5. The graph
a right triangle. 5a. y = __45 x + 3 will be rotated about (0, 175) and

5b. y = - __15 x + 2 become less steep; the graph will
be translated 5 units up.
Exercises 1. parallel 3. y = __
3
4
x-1

and y - 3 = 4 (x - 5) 5. y = 3 x - 4
_
3_ _
2 _ Exercises 1. translation
x 3. y

and y = - _32_ x + 2; y = -1 and x = 3
9. x = 7 and x = -9; y = - __56 x + 8
f x
31. Student B is correct. 33. possible and y = - _56_ x - 4 11. y = -3x + 2
35. impossible 37. A 41. B 43. B and 3x + y = 27; y = _12_ x - 1 and x
45. y = __13 x - 3 47. -6 51. n ≤ 8 -x + 2y = 17 13. y = 6x and y = - __16 x; gx
53. t < -3 55. no y = _16_ x and y = -6x 14. y - 9 =
3(x + 1) and y = - _1_ x + 5; y = 0 3
5-7 and x = 6 15. x - 6y = 15 and translation 4 units down
Check It Out! y = -6x - 8; y = 3x - 2 and 7. y
f x
1. y 3y = -x - 11 17. y = - __67 x 19. neither

21. parallel 23. y = _12_ x - 5 gx
x
x 25. y = 2x + 5 27. y = 3x + 13

29. y = -x + 5 31. y = 4x - 23

33. y = - __34 x 35. y = -x + 1
37. y = __
2
5
x - __31
5
39. y = - _15_ x - __
11
5

( )
__
1 _1_ __
41. y = - 2 x - 2 43. y = 2 x + 61
2a. y - 1 = 2 x - __12 2b. y + 4 = rotation about (0, 0) (less steep)
45. y = x - 3 47. y = -4 51a. y = 50x
0(x - 3) 3. y = _13_ x + 2 4a. y = 9. y
b. y = 50x + 30 53. H 57. - __15
gx f x
6x - 8 4b. y = __2 x - 1 5. y = 2.25x +
3 59. 94 + t > 112; t > 18 63. y = _23_ x - 5
6; $53.25
65. y = - __12 x - _12_ 67. y = 3 x
Exercises 5. y - 5 = -4(x - 1)
7. y = - __13 x + 7 9. y = __13 x 5-9
11. y = 3x - 13 13. y = -x Check It Out!

15. y = - _13_ x + __43 17. y = -x + 15 1. y
19. y = __15 x + 3; 9 ft 23. y - 5 = rotation about (0, -2) (steeper)
f x 13. y
_2_ (x + 1) 25. y - 8 = 8(x - 1)
9 x
27. y - 7 = 3(x - 4) 29. y = - __27 x + 1
x
31. y = - _14_ x 33. y = -5x + 13 gx

35. y = __17 x + 7 37. y = -5x - 3 gx f x
39. y = 2x + 11 41. y = - ___ 1
500
x + 212; translation 6 units down
200°F 43. y = -8; x = 4 49. D 2. y
51. slope: _52_; y-intercept: 2

g(x) = - _13_ x - 6
53. y = __23 x 59. y = 3x - 5
x 17. gx y

5-8
f x
Check It Out! 1a. y = 2x + 2 and rotation about (0, -1) (less steep) x
y = 2x + 1 1b. y = 3x and y - 1 = 3. y
−−
3(x + 2) 2. slope of AB = 0; slope
−− __5 −−
of BC = 3 ; slope of CD = 0; slope
−−− −− −−
of AD = _53_ ; AB is parallel to CD x
rotation about (0, 0) (steeper) and
because they have the same slope.
−− −− translation 1 unit up
AD is parallel to BC because
they have the same slope. Since g(x) = - _23_ x + 2 23.

y f x
gx
opposite sides are parallel, ABCD is 4.
y

a parallelogram. 3. y = -4 and x = 3;
x
y - 6 = 5(x + 4) and y = - __15 x + 2

x
−− −−
4. slope of PQ = 2; slope of QR = -1;

−− 1 −−
__
slope of PR = - 2 ; PQ is
−−
perpendicular to PR because the gx
f x

rotation about (0, 2) (less steep)

27. y of +2 in y. 7. No; a constant 61. gx y f x
gx f x change of -1 in y corresponds to
different changes in x. 9. x + 6y = x
x -2; A = 1; B = 6; C = -2 11. y = 9;

A = 0; B = 1; C = 9 13. x-intercept: 2;

y-intercept: -4 15. x-intercept: 3;
y-intercept: -9 17. x-intercept: -18; reflection across y-axis
y-intercept: 3
rotation about (0, 0) (steeper) and 63. translation 2 units up; rotation
translation 5 units down
19. 2ATE about (0, 3) (steeper)

31. rotation about (0, 0) (steeper)
y
Chapter 6
$ISTANCE FT

f x
x

6-1

g x
Check It Out! 1a. yes 1b. no
2a. (-2, 3) 2b. (3, -2) 3. 5 movies;
They have different slopes and the 4IME S
$25
same y-intercept. 21. - __43 23. - _12_ 25. 7 27. -5
Exercises 1. an ordered pair that
37. y 29. 1 31. undefined
x satisfies both equations 3. yes
33. yes; -6 35. no 37. -12
5. (2, 1) 7. (-4, 7) 9. no 11. no
39. y
13. (3, 3) 15. (3, -1)
⎧y = 2x
17a. ⎨
⎩ y = 16 + 0.50x
g(x) = __16 x - 4 39. translation 9 x #ARNATION 3ALES
b.
units down 41. rotation about (0, 0)
(steeper) 43. rotation about (0, 0)
&LORISTS PRICE
(steeper) 45a. $300 b. 20% 41. y = _13_x + 5
#OST

c. Commission changes to 25%. 43. y x

Base pay changes to $400. 49. D 3CHOOL BANDS PRICE

53. 15x 55. positive 57. negative

59. y = - _35_ x and y + 1 = - __35 (x - 2)
#ARNATIONS
61. x = 4 and y = -3; 2y + x = 6 and
It represents how many carnations
y = 2x + 3
need to be sold to break even.
45. y - 3 = 2(x - 1) 47. y = 2x + 2
Extension Answers c. No, because the solution is not
49. y = 2x + 8 51. y = - _13_ x and
a whole number of carnations; 11
Check It Out! y = - __13 x - 6 53. y - 1 = -5(x - 6)
carnations. 19. (-2.4, -9.3)
1. y and y = __15 x + 2 21. (0.3, -0.3) 23. 45 white; 120
57. y pink 25. 8 yr 29. C 31. month 11;
x 400 33. 42 35. 2.2 37. numbers
gx
less than 5 39. numbers greater

x than 6 41. c ≤ -9
f x
axis of symmetry: x = 0; vertex: 6-2
(0, 0); x-intercept: 0; y-intercept: 0; translation 4 units up
Check It Out! 1a. (-2, 1)
D: all real numbers; R: y ≥ 0 59. y
gx
1b. (0, 2) 1c. (3, -10) 2. (-1, 6)
Exercises 5. D: all real numbers 3. 10 months; $860; the first option;
R: y ≥ 0 7. D: all real numbers x
the first option is cheaper for the

R: y ≥ 7 9. never 11. never first 9 months; the second option is
f x cheaper after 10 months.
Study Guide: Review
rotation about (0, 0) (less steep) Exercises 1. (9, 35) 3. (3, 8)
1. translation; rotation; reflection 5. (-3, -9) 7a. 3 months; $136
3. slope; y-intercept 5. Yes; a b. Green Lawn 9. (-4, -2)
constant change of +1 in x 11. (-1, 2) 13. (1, 5) 15. (3, -2)
corresponds to a constant change

17. 6 months; $360; the second Exercises 1. consistent 3. no Exercises 3. yes
option 19. (2, -2) 21. (8, 6) solutions 5. infinitely many 5. y
23. (-9, -14.8) 25. 12 nickels; solutions 7. infinitely many
8 dimes solutions 9. inconsistent; no x
⎧x + y = 1000 solutions 11. Yes; the graphs of the
27. ⎨ ; $200 at 5%;
⎩ 0.05x + 0.06y = 58 $800 at 6% two equations have different slopes
so they intersect. 13. no solutions
29. m∠x = 60°; m∠y = 30° 15. infinitely many solutions 7. y
35. Possible estimate: (1.75, -2.5); 17. infinitely many solutions
(1.8, -2.4) 37. F 39. r = 5; s = -2; 19. infinitely many solutions

t = 4 41. a = 9; b = 5; c = 0 21. consistent, independent; one
45. x-intercept: 2; y-intercept: -6 solution 23. Yes; the graphs of

47. x-intercept: 8; y-intercept: 10 the two equations have different
49. yes slopes, so they intersect. 27. They 9a. r + p ≤ 16
will always have the same amount; b. 0UNCH #OMBINATIONS
6-3
both started with 2 and add 4 every
Check It Out! 1. (-2, 4) 2. (4, 1) year. 29. The graph will be
0INEAPPLE JUICE C
3a. (2, 0) 3b. (3, 4) 4. 6 lilies; 2 parallel lines. 31. A 33. D
4 tulips 35. p = q; p ≠ q 37. 11 km 39. not

arithmetic 41. d = -1 _12_; -6,
Exercises 1. (-4, 1) 3. (-2, -4)
-7 _12_, -9 43. (-2, -4)
5. (-6, 30) 7. (3, 2) 9. (4, -3)
(
11. (-1, -2) 13. (1, 5) 15. 6, - __12 ) 6-5
17. (-1, 2) 19. (-1, 2)

/RANGE JUICE C
⎧ - w = 2 Check It Out! 1a. no 1b. yes
21. ⎨ ; length: 11 units; 2a. y c. Possible answer: (2 c orange,
⎩ 2 + 2w = 40 width: 9 units
2 c pineapple), (4 c orange, 10 c
pineapple) 11. y ≥ x + 5 13. yes
(
25. (3, 3) 27. __
46 __
7 7 )
, 8 29. __,9
7 7(
15 __
) x
15. y

⎧3A + 2B = 16
31a. ⎨ b. A = 4; B = 2
⎩ 2A + 3B = 14
x
c. Buying the first package will save
2b. y
$8; buying the second package will x
save $7. 33. A 35a. s = number
of student tickets; n = number of
19a. 3b + 2d ≤ 30
nonstudent tickets; b. &OOD #OMBINATIONS
⎧s + n = 358
⎨
⎩ 1.50s + 3.25n = 752.25
(OT DOGS LB
2c. y
b. s = 235; n = 123; 235 student

tickets, 123 nonstudent tickets
x
37. x = 4; y = -1; z = 10
⎧x + y = 5

39. ⎨ ; x = 1; y = 4; (AMBURGER MEAT LB
⎩ 3(10x + y) = 42 c. Possible answer: (3 lb hamburger,
the number is 14. 3a. 2.5b + 2g ≤ 6 2 lb hot dogs), (5 lb hamburger, 6 lb
41. y = 3x 43. yes; __12 45. no 47. (4, 9) 3b. /LIVE #OMBINATIONS hot dogs) 21. y ≤ - _15_ x + 3
6-4 23. y

'REEN OLIVES
Check It Out! 1. no solution

x
2. infinitely many solutions

3a. consistent, dependent;
infinitely many solutions
3b. consistent, independent; one

solution 3c. inconsistent; no
solution 4. Yes; the graphs of the "LACK OLIVES
two equations have different slopes 3c. Possible answer: (1 lb black, 1 lb

so they intersect. green), (0.5 lb black, 2 lb green)
4a. y < -x 4b. y ≥ -2x - 3

25. y 2b. y 9. y
x

x x

29. y Possible answer: solutions: (0, 0), 11. y

(3, -2); not solutions: (4, 4), (1, -6)
x 3a. y x

x

31. y 13.
y
x
x 3b. y

x

33. y 15. 3ALES 'OALS

x 3c. y
#UPCAKES

x

35. y

,EMONADE C
x 4. #HEESE #OMBINATIONS
Possible answer: (6 lemonade,
13 cupcakes), (10 lemonade, 10
#HEDDAR CHEESE LB
cupcakes) 17. yes

37. 7a + 4s ≥ 280 41. A 43. B 45. C 19. y
47. y
x
x

0EPPER JACK CHEESE LB

Possible answer: (3 lb pepper jack,
2 lb cheddar), (2.5 lb pepper jack,
4 lb cheddar) Possible answer: solutions: (-2, 0),
49. y ≥ __12 x + 3 51. yes 53. yes (-3, 1); not solutions: (0, 0), (1, 4)
55. y = _34_ x + __74 57. y = x + 3 Exercises 1. all 3. yes 21. y
59. y = __12 x + _1_
2
61. (-2, 15) 63. (2, 5) 5. y
65. (12, 3)
x
6-6 x

Check It Out! 1a. yes 1b. no
2a. y Possible answer: solutions: (-1, 3),
Possible answer: solutions: (3, 3), (0, 4); not solutions: (0, 0), (1, 4)
x (4, 3); not solutions: (0, 0), (2, 1) 23. y

7. y

x x
Possible answer: solutions: (3, 3),
(4, 4); not solutions: (-3, 1),
(-1, -4)
Possible answer: solutions: (0.5, 3),
(1, 3); not solutions: (0, 0), (-1, 2)

25. y 7. yes 8. yes 9. no 10. (-1, -1) 51. y
11. (3, 4) 12. 8 h; $10 13. (-9, -6)

x ( )
14. __12 , -2 15. (-1, 6) 16. (4, -5)

17. (5, -2) 18. (6, 6) 19. 10 h;

$1350; Motor Works 20. (-1, 3) x

21. (5, -3) 22. (11, 1) 23. (0, 3)
27. y 24. (-2, 8) 25. (3, -5) 26. (4, -6)
52. x = slices of pizza; y = bottles of
27. (2, 2) 28. no solution
x
soda; 2x + 1y ≥ 450
29. infinitely many solutions
&UNDRAISING .EEDS
30. (-2, -4) 31. infinitely many

"OTTLES OF LEMONADE
solutions 32. no solution

33. (-1, -3) 34. no 35. consistent,
29. ,INDAS 7ORK (OURS independent; one solution
36. inconsistent; no solution

(OURS BABYSITTING

37. consistent, dependent; infinitely
many solutions 38. inconsistent;

no solution 39. consistent, 3LICES OF PIZZA

independent; one solution Possible answer: (200, 50),

40. consistent, dependent; (150, 150) 53. no 54. yes
(OURS AT PHARMACY infinitely many solutions 55. y
Possible answer: (0, 9), (8.5, 10) 41. inconsistent; no solution

42. no 43. yes 44. yes 45. no x
31. y
46. y

x
x

Possible answer: solutions: (-6, 6),

(-10, 0); not solutions: (0, 0), (4, -4)
56. y
33. y
47. y

x
x

x

⎧y > x + 1 Possible answer: solutions: (0, 0),

35. ⎨ y (-5, 0); not solutions: (8, 0), (3, -3)
⎩y<x+3 48.
57. y
⎧y < 2
37. ⎨
⎩ x ≥ -2 x x
39. Student B 45. G

47. about 12 square units

49. y 49. y

Possible answer: solutions: (-6, 2),
x x (-8, 1); not solutions: (0, 0), (4, 1)
58.
y

51. 25 cm 2 53. 12.5 cm 2 55. no 50. y
x
57. yes

Study Guide: Review Possible answer: solutions: (8, -8),
1. independent system 2. system

(9, 0); not solutions: (0, 0), (0, -4)
of linear equations 3. solution of a
system of linear inequalities
4. inconsistent system
5. independent system 6. no

59. y 29. 2.7 × 10 7 31. 2.35 × 10 5 4a. cubic polynomial 4b. constant
33. 6 × 10 -7 35. 4.12 × 10 -2 monomial 4c. 8th degree trinomial
x 37. yes 39. no; 2.5 × 10 2 41. yes 5. 1606 ft
43. yes 47. 10 -3 51. F 55. Let
Exercises 1. d 3. a 5. 3 7. 0 9. 8
m = number of minutes; m ≥ 45.
11. 3 13. 4 15. -8a 9 + 9a 8; -8
59. (-2, 1) 61. __
1
63. ___
3
16 125 17. 3x 2 + 2x - 1; 3 19. 5c 4 + 5c 3 +
60. y
7-3 3c 2 - 4; 5 21. linear binomial
23. quartic polynomial 25. quartic
x Check It Out! 1a. 7 12 1b. 3 × 5 10 trinomial 27. 4 29. 6 31. 7 33. 1
5
1c. ___
m
4
1d. __
1
7
2. 6.696 × 10 8 mi 35. 4 37. 2 39. 3 41. 4.9t 3 - 4t 2 +
n x
3a. 3 20 3b. 1 3c. a 18 4a. 64p 3 t + 2.5; 4.9 43. x 10 + x 7 - x 5 +
4b. 25t 4 4c. __
1
4 x 3 - x; 1 45. 5x 3 + 3x 2 + 5x - 4; 5
y
47. -d 3 + 3d 2 + 4d + 5; -1
Exercises 1. 2 5 3. n 8 5. 7.5 × 10 8
49. -x 5 - x 3 + 4x 2 + 1; -1
Chapter 7 mi 7. y 32 9. __
1
4
, or __
1
81
3
11. x 7 y 13
51. linear monomial 53. quadratic
13. 36k 2 15. -8x 15 17. b 10 19. 6 8
a 12 trinomial 55. quartic trinomial
7-1 21. __
x
23. 2 9, or 512 25. __
1
27. ___
3
y 2 5
x b 57. quadratic monomial 59. always
29. 27x 3 31. p 28q 14 33. -256x 12 61. never 63a. 58.5 in3 b. 66 in3
Check It Out! 1. ___1
125
m 2a. _____ 1
10,000
35. 6 37. 3 39. 8 41. 2x 3 43. 2m 10n 6 c. 0 d. yes 65. -48; 0; 3270 75. A is
2b. __
1
16
2c. - __
1
32
2d. - __
1
32
3a. __ 1
64 45. 108x 13 47. 125x 6 49. 3a 6 incorrect 77. J 79a. 58 cm; 65 cm
3b. 2 4a. ___ 4b. ___ 4c. g 4h 6
2 1 a7
51. 10 3, or 1000 57. __ 59. 15m 12n 9 b. 50.310 cm 81. 90 - m
m3 7r 3 b5
Exercises 1. ________
1
m 3. 1 5. __
1 61. 9s t 63. t 67. yes 69. 17k 2
2 7 7
83. inconsistent; no solutions
10,000,000 27
71. 6x 4 73. 15a 2b 3 75a. 6 × 10 -7 m 85. consistent and independent;
7. - ___
1
9. 1 11. __
1
13. ___
1
p8
512 16 256
g6
b. 3 × 10 8 m/s c. Associative one solution 87. __ x2
89. __
15. - __
1
17. __
3
19. x 10d 3 21. __4 16
5
y
32 4
k f and Commutative Properties of
( )
p7 2
Multiplication 77. (6ab) 79. _____
2
23. __ 25. 1 27. __
1
29. - __
1
31. 1 1 7-6
q 81 36 2kmn
33. - _13_ 35. 4 37. ___
1
39. 1 41. ___
1 81. J 83. F 85. 3 2x 87. x + 1 Check It Out! 1a. 5s 2 + s
256 144
89. x 3y + 3z 91. x x 93. x = 4
2
10
43. __
1
45. __
b 3
47. - __
5 2g
49. ____ 1b. 20z 4 - 6 1c. x 8 + 6y 8 1d. b 3c 2
k4 2 x3 7 95. x = 4 97. 1.728 × 10 -6 99. 15 2. 12a 3 + 15a 2 - 16a 3. -2x 2 - x
__
1 h3
_____
51. s 5t 12 53. 1 55. 57. 101. no 103. 7,800,000 105. 98.3
q2 6m 2k 4. -0.05x 2 + 46x - 3200
a3
59. __
1
61. - _16_ 63. 3 65. 3 67. __
16
w2
b2 7-4 Exercises 1. -3a 2 + 9a 3. 0.26r 4 +
69. ___
y 71. - __ 5
73. 2a 3b 75. _____
6
1
8 12 0.32r 3 5. 3b 3c 7. 23n 3 + 3n + 15
y 3x y
79. never 81. sometimes Check It Out! 1a. 4 1b. __
1
1c. m 5n 3
y3 9. 9x 2 - x - 6 11. 4c 4 + 8c + 6
83. sometimes 87. 81 89. 1 91. -3 1d. __
3
16
2. 1.1 × 10 -2 3. $12,800 13. -3r + 11 15. 8a 2 + 5a + 9
93. -1 95. D 97. A 103. -2
6 5 20 3 3
4a. __
2
4
, or __
64
81
4b. _____
a b
10 15
4c. __
a
3
5a. __
9
3
, 17. -3m + 12n 2 + 6n 19. d 5 + 1
3 c d b 4
105. 4 107. 28 111. y = _13_ x + 5 ___ 8 12
21. 5x 23. 2x 3 - 5 25. 10t 2 + t
or 729
5b. ____
b c
5c. __
t
113. y = -4x + 9 64 16a 4 4
s
27. x 5 + x 4 29. -2t 3 + 8t 2
Exercises 1. 25 3. 3 5. 7 × 10 2 7. 1 31. -6m 3 + 2m 2 + 5m + 3
2
7-2 9. __
4
11. ____
1
13. __
16
15. ___
2b
17. 27 33. 4w 2 + 6w + 4 35. t - 5
25 6 4
a b9 2
3a
Check It Out! 1a. 0.01 1b. 100,000 19. x 5 21. 5 × 10 -7 23. 7 × 10 -3 37. 2n -2 39. 6x 2 - x - 1
y3
41. -u 3 + 7u 2 + 3u + 8 43 x = _32_,
12
-4
1c. 10,000,000,000 2a. 10 2b. 10 8
25. 2 × 10 27 kg 27. ___
a
6
29. __6
b x
2c. 10 -1 3a. 85,340,000 3b. 0.00163 y 25
___ ___
196 2 3x 5
___ or 1.5 45. B 47. 3x + 6
31. 33. 35. 2 d 37.
4a. 1.428 × 10 5 km 4b. 13,000 m/s x 10 9x 2 4 49. 6x + 14 51. 2x 2 + x - 5 55. G
c4
__ __
25 ___
1
5. 2 × 10 -12, 4 × 10 -3, 5.2 × 10 -3, 39. 41. 43. 100
45. -1 57. 3x 2 - 2 69. b 11 71. 9z 12
a4 p2
3 × 10 14, 4.5 × 10 14, 4.5 × 10 30 47. 2000: 3 × 10 13 1995: 2.84 × 10 13
1990: 2.65 × 10 1 51. 3 53. 3; 4 7-7
Exercises 3. 0.00001 5. 100,000,000 55. B 57. A 59. 3 61. m; (-n);
7. 10 -6 9. 650,300,000 11. 0.092 Check It Out! 1a. 18x 5 1b. 10r 2t 4
m; -n; Definition of negative 1c. 4x 5y 5z 7 2a. 8x 2 + 2x + 6
13. 5.85 × 10 -3, 2.5 × 10 -1, exponent; an 63. 1 65. 12 67 x = - _12_
8.5 × 10 -1, 3.6 × 10 8, 8.5 × 10 8 2b. 15a 3b + 3ab 2 2c. 5r 3s 2 - 15r 2s 3
69. 1 71. -125x 12 3a. a 2 - a - 12 3b. x 2 - 6x + 9
15. 0.000000001
17. 100,000,000,000,000 19. 10 6 3c. 2a 2 + 7ab 2 - 4b 4 4a. x 3 - x 2 -
7-5
21. 92,000 23. 0.00042 6x + 18 4b. 3x 3 - 4x 2 + 11x + 10
25. 10,000,000,000,000 27. 1.23 ×
Check It Out! 1a. 3 1b. 1 1c. 3 4c. 6x 4 - 15x 3 + 4x 2 - 12x + 5
2a. 1 2b. 5 3a. x 5 + 9x 3 - 4x 2 + 4d. x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 5a. x 2 - 4x
10 -3, 1.32 × 10 -3, 3.12 × 10 -3,
16; 1 3b. -3y 8 + 18y 5 + 14y; -3 5b. 12 m 2
2.13 × 10 -1, 2.13 × 10 1, 3.12 × 10 2

Exercises 1. 14x 6 3. 3r 5s 5t 5 Study Guide: Review Chapter 8
5. 21x 7y 3 7. 4x 2 + 8x + 4 1. cubic 2. standard form of a
9. 6a5b 2 + 2a 4b 3 polynomial 3. monomial
11. 10x 3y 4 - 5x 2y 2 13. x 2 - x- 2
8-1
4. trinomial 5. scientific notation
15. x 2 - 4x + 4 17. 4a 4 - 2ab 6. __
1
in. 7. 1 8. 1 9. ___
1
10. _____
1
, Check It Out! 1a. 2 3 · 5 1b. 3 · 11
32 125 10,000
- 12a 3b 2 + 6b 3 19. x 3 + 3x 2 - 7x 1c. 7 2 1d. 19 2a. 4 2b. 5 3a. 9g 2
or 0.001 11. __
1
12. ___
1
13. __
27
+ 15 21. -6x 4 + 12x 3 + 4x 2 - 18x 16 256 4 3b. 1 3c. 1 4. 7
+ 20 23. x 3 - 4x 2 - 4x - 5 14. ___
1
2
15. b 16. - ____
1
2 4
17. 2b 6c 4
m 2x y
Exercises 3. 3 2 · 2 2 5. 3 3 · 2 7. 7
25a. 2x 2 - 3x b. 20 in 2 27. -12r 5s 5 18. ___
3a 2
19. ___
s 3
20. 10,000,000
2
4c 2
qr (prime) 9. 3 · 5 2 11. 7 13. x 2
29. 10a 4 31. -6a 5b 6 33. -12a 7b 7c 8
21. 0.00001 22. 10 2 23. 10 -11 15. 1 17. 2 · 3 2 19. 2 2 · 3
35. 9s 2 + 54s 37. 27x 3 - 12x 2
24. 325,000 25. 1800 26. 0.17 21. 17 23. 7 2 25. 9 27. 10 29. 9s
39. 10s 3t 3 - 15s 2t 5 41. -10x 3 +
27. 0.000299 28. 5.8 × 10 -7, 31. 9 33. 4x 2 35. 2n 39. 15
15x 2 + 5x 43. -14x 6y 3 + 7x 5y 4
6.3 × 10 -3, 2.2 × 10 2, 1.2 × 10 4 rows 41. 8 and 20; 4 43. 63 and
45. x 2 + 8x + 16 47. 5x 2 + 13x - 6
29. $38,500,000,000 30. 5 9 105; 21 45. 54 and 72; 18 47. 36; 2;
49. 10x 2 - x - 2 51. 7x 2 - 52x - 32
3 31. 2 3 · 3 4 32. b 10 33. r 5 34. x 12 9; 3 49. 105; 5; 7 51. 2; 2; 27; 3
53. x 3 - x 2 - x + 10 55. -10x 4 + 2x
35. 1 36. __ 1
, or _18_ 37. __
1
, or ___
1
53. 24; 2; 6; 3 55. 2; 2; 10, 5 57. D
+ 20x - 19x + 3 57. 8x - 12x -
2 5 3 3
2 5 4 625
38. ____
1
39. g 12h 8 40. x 4y 2 61. 9y 63. 2p 2r 65. 4a 2b 3 69. 24
2x 4 + 17x 2 - 21 59. x 3 - 3x - 2 16b6
41. -x 4y 2 42. x 6y 15 43. j 6k 9 71. 25% 73. no 75. 3x 2 + 14x - 3

61. -x 3 + 3x 2 - 3x - 1 63. 16x 2 -
48x + 36 65a. 3; 2; 10x 5 + 5x 3; 5 44. _15_ 45. m 8n 30 46. 8 × 10 11
47. 9 × 10 7 48. 1 × 10 10 49. 2.8 ×
8-2
b. 2; 2; x 4 - x 3 + 2x 2 - 2x; 4 c. 1; 3;
x 4 - 5x 3 + 6x 2 + x - 3; 4 d. m + n 10 15 50. 6 × 10 1 51. 1.8 × 10 -8 Check It Out! 1a. b(5 + 9b 2)
67. 12x 2 + 12x + 3 69a. 2x 2 52. 3.55 × 10 7 53. 64 54. 4 55. m 5 1b. cannot be factored
b. 800 m 2 71. 2x 3 - 7x - 30 56. 1 57. __ 7
32
58. 6b 59. t 3v 4 1c. -y 2(18y + 7)
73. 8x 2 - 16xy + 6y 2 75. 6x 2 - 60. 16 61. 5 × 10 1 62. 2.5 × 10 7 1d. 2x 2(4x 2 + 2x - 1)
9x - 6 77. x 3 + 3x 2 79. 2x 3 - 63. 2 × 10 4 64. 2.25 × 10 7 65. 0 2. 2x cm; (x + 2) cm
7x 2 - 10x + 24 81. 8p 3 - 36p 2q + 66 4 67. 6 68. 7 69. 2 70. 1 3a. (4s - 5)(s + 6) 3b. (7x + 1)(2x + 3)
54pq 2 - 27q 3 87. C 89. D 71. 3n 2 + 2n - 4; 3 72. -a 6 - a 4 + 3c. cannot be factored 3d. (5x - 2)2
91. -x 2 - 6 93. a. x 2 - 1 b. 8x + 3a 3 + 2a; -1 73. -5t 2 - t + 1; -5 4a. (2b 2 + 3)(3b + 4)
16 95. x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x 97. a = 2 74. 6v 4 + 12v + 3; 6 75. -2x 2 + x + 4b. (4r + 1)(r 2 + 6)
103. quadratic monomial 5; -2 76. -2w 6 - w 3 + w 2 - w; -2 5a. -1(5x 2 - 4)(2x - 3)
77. linear binomial 78. quintic 5b. (8 - x)(y - 1)
7-8 monomial 79. quadratic trinomial
80. cubic polynomial 81. quartic Exercises 1. 5a(3 - a) 3. 7(-5x + 6)
Check It Out! 1a. x 2 + 12x + 36
trinomial 82. constant monomial 5. 2h(6h 3 + 4h - 3) 7. m(9m + 1)
1b. 25a2 + 10ab + b2 1c. 1 + 2c 3 + c6
83. quintic trinomial 84. 7th-degree 9. 3(12f + 6f 2 + 1) 11. 16t(-t + 20)
2a. x 2 - 14x + 49 2b. 9b 2 - 12bc + 13. (2b + 5)(b + 3)
polynomial 85. -4t + 3
4c 2 2c. a 4 - 8a 2 + 16 3a. x 2 - 64
86. -6x 6 - x 5 87. 3h 3 - 3h 2 + 5 15. (x 2 + 2)(x + 4)
3b. 9 - 4y 4 3c. 81 - r 2 4. 25
88. 2m 2 - 5m - 1 89. p 2 + 5p + 8 17. (2b 2 + 5)(2b - 3)
Exercises 3. 4 + 4x + x 2 5. 4x 2 + 2
90. -7z 2 - z + 10 91. 3g + 2g + 4 19. (7r 2 + 6)(r - 5)
24x + 36 7. 4a 2 + 28ab + 49b 2 92. -x - 4x + 8 93. 8r
2 2 21. 2(r - 4)(r - 3)
9. x 2 - 4x + 4 11. 64 - 16x + x 2 94. 6a 6b 95. 18x 3y 2 96. 3s 6t14 23. (7q - 2)(2q - 3)
13. 49a 2 - 28ab + 4b 2 15. x 2 - 36 97. 2x 2 - 8x + 12 98. -3a 2b 2 + 25. (2m 2 - 3)(m - 3) 27. 9y(y + 5)
17. 4x 4 - 9 19. 4x 2 - 25y 2 6a 3b 2 - 15a 2b 99. a 2 - 3a - 18 29. x 2(-14x 2 + 5)
21. x 2 + 6x + 9 23. x 4 + 2x 2y 2 + y 4 100. b 2 - 6b - 27 101. x 2 - 31. -1 (d 2)(4d 2 - d + 3)
25. 4 + 12x + 9x 2 27. s 4 - 14s 2 + 49 12x + 20 102. t 2 - 1 103. 8q 2 + 33. 7c(3c + 2) 35. -5g 2(g + 3)
29. a 2 - 16a + 64 31. 9x 2 - 24x + 34q + 30 104. 20g 2 - 37g + 8 37. cannot be factored
16 33. a 2 - 100 35. 49x 2 - 9 105. p 2 - 8p + 16 106. x 2 + 24x + 39. (6y + 1)(y - 7)
37. 25a 4 - 81 39. π x 2 + 8π x + 16π 144 107. m 2 + 12m + 36 108. c 2 + 41. (-3 + 4b)(b + 2)
41. x 2 + 2xy + y 2 43. x 4 - 16 42c + 49 109. 4r 2 - 4r + 1 43. (2a 2 + 3)(a - 4)
45. x 4 - 8x 2 + 16 47. 1 + 2x + x 2 110. 9a 2 - 6ab + b 2 111. 4n 2 - 45. (6x 2 + 1)(x + 3)
49. x 6 - 2a 3x 3 + a 6 51. 36a 2 - 20n + 25 112. h 2 - 26h + 169 47. (n 2 + 5)(n - 2)
25b 2 53. 4; 4 55. 25; 25 57. 9; 9 113. x 2 - 1 114. z 2 - 225 49. (2m 2 - 3)(m - 1)
59. -5; -5 61. 840 65. 1, 4, 9, 16, 115. c 4 - d 2 116. 9k 2 - 49 51. (2f 2 - 5)(3f - 4)
25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100 67. B 53. (b 2 - 2)(b + 4) 55. 3v
69. D 71. x 3 + 4x 2 - 16x - 64 57. 2k 59. 2; binomial; x(x + 5)
73. b = __12 c or b = - __12 c 75. 13 cm 61. 3; trinomial; a 2(a 2 + a + 1)

63a. 100x 3; 200x 2; 400x 79. (d 2 + 21)(d 2 + 1) 8-5
b. 100x 3 + 200x 2 + 400x + 800 81. (de - 5)(de + 4) 83. 16; 11; 29
Check It Out! 1a. (x + 2)2
c. 100(x 2 + 4)(x + 2) 67. The 85a. (x + 7) ft b. (4x + 26) ft c. $92.00
1b. ( x - 7) 2 1c. no; -6x ≠ 2(3)(2)
sum of opposite binomials is d. $36.96 e. $128.96 87. x 5 89. t 12
2. 4(3x + 1) m; 40 m
0. 69a. Commutative Property of 91. (x + 2)(x 2 + 5)
3a. (1 - 2x)(1 + 2x)
Addition b. Associative Property 93. (p - 2)(2p 3 + 7)
3b. (p 4 + 7q 3)(p 4 - 7q 3) 3c. no; 4y 5
of Addition c. Distributive
8-4 is not a perfect square.
Property d. Distributive Property
71. D 73. C 75. -9ab(8ab + 5) Check It Out! 1a. (3x + 1)(2x + 3) Exercises 1. yes; (x - 2)2 3. yes;
77. (a + c)(b + d) 1b. (3x + 4)(x - 2) (3x - 2)2 5. yes; (x - 3) 2
79. (x 2 + 3)(x - 4) 83. 2 2 · 13 2a. (2x + 5)(3x + 1) 7. 4(x + 12); 88 yd 9. yes;
85. 2 3 · 3 2b. (3x - 4)(3x - 1) (s + 4)(s - 4) 11. yes;
2c. (3x + 4)(x + 3) (2x 2 + 3y)(2x 2 - 3y)
8-3
3a. (3x - 1)(2x + 3) 13. yes; (x 3 + 3)(x 3 - 3) 15. No; the
Check It Out! 1a. (x + 4)(x + 6) 3b. (4n + 3)(n - 1) last term must be positive. 17. no;
1b. (x + 4)(x + 3) 2a. (x + 6)(x + 2) 4a. -1(2x + 3)(3x + 4) 10x ≠ 2(5)(2) 19. yes; (4x - 5)2
2b. (x - 6)(x + 1) 2c. (x + 6)(x + 7) 4b. -1(3x + 2)(x + 5) 21. yes; (1 + 2x)(1 - 2x) 23. No;
2d. (x - 8)(x - 5) 3a. (x + 5)(x - 3) x and y are not perfect squares.
Exercises 1. (2x + 5)(x + 2) 25. yes; (9 - 10x 2)(9 + 10x 2)
3b. (x - 4)(x - 2) 3c. (x - 10)(x + 2)
3. (5x + 3)(x - 2) 5. (3x + 4)(x - 6) 27. 49 29. 4y 2
4.
n n 2 - 7n + 10 7. (x + 2)(5x + 1) 31. (10x + 9y)(10x - 9y); difference
0 0 2 - 7 (0) + 10 = 10 9. (4x - 5)(x - 1) of 2 squares 33. (2r 3 + 5s 3)
11. (5x + 4)(x + 1) (2r 3 - 5s 3); difference of 2 squares
1 1 2 - 7(1) + 10 = 4
13. (2a - 1)(2a + 5) 35. (x 7 + 12)(x 7 - 12); difference of
2 2 2 - 7(2) + 10 = 0 15. (2x - 3)(x + 2) 2 squares 39. c = 32 41a. 5z - 4
3 3 2 - 7(3) + 10 = -2 17. (10x + 1)(x - 1) b. 20z - 16 c. 11; 44; 121
4 4 2 - 7(4) + 10 = -2 19. (-2x - 3)(x - 4) 43a. 0; 0; 100; 100; 0 b. 16; 16; 36;
21. -1(5x + 3)(x - 2) 36; -24 c. 25; 25; 25; 25; -25
n (n - 5)(n - 2) 23. -1(2x - 1)(2x + 5) d. 36; 36; 16; 16; -24 e. 100; 100; 0;
0 (0 - 5)(0 - 2) = 10 25. (3x + 2)(3x + 1) 0; 0 45. a - b; a + b 47. C 49. 1
1 (1 - 5)(1 - 2) = 4 27. (n + 2)(3n + 2) 51a. a = 2; b = (v + 2)
29. (4c - 5)(c - 3) b. [2 + (v + 2)][2 - (v + 2)] =
2 (2 - 5)(2 - 2) = 0
31. (2x + 5)(4x + 1) (v + 4)(-v) = -v 2 - 4v 53. a = 3y;
3 (3 - 5)(3 - 2) = -2 33. (5x - 6)(x + 3) b = y; (3y - 4)(9y 2 + 12y + 16)
4 (4 - 5)(4 - 2) = -2 35. (10n - 7)(n - 1) 55. D: {5, 4, 3, 2}; R: {2, 1, 0, -1}; yes
37. (7x + 1)(x + 2) 57. D: {2}; R: {-8, -2, 4, 10}; no
Exercises 1. (x + 4)(x + 9) 39. (3x - 4)(x - 5)
3. (x + 4)(x + 10) 5. (x + 2)(x + 8) 59. 6a 3 + 14a 2 - 10a 61. t 2 - 8t + 16
41. (x - 7)(4x - 3) 63. 8
7. (x - 1)(x - 6) 9. (x - 3)(x - 8)
43. (4y - 1)(3y + 5)
11. (x + 9)(x - 3) 13. (x - 2)(x + 1)
45. (2x - 1)(2x + 3) 8-6
15. (x - 9)(x + 5) 17. (x + 3)(x + 10)
47. (3x + 5)(x - 3)
19. (x + 4)(x + 12) Check It Out! 1a. yes 1b. no;
49. -1(2x - 3)(2x + 5)
21. (x + 2)(x + 14) 23. (x - 1)(x - 5) 4(x + 1) 2 2a. 4x(x + 2) 2
51. -1(3x - 2)(x + 1)
25. (x - 4)(x - 8) 27. (x + 7)(x - 3) 2b. 2y(x - y)(x + y)
53. 2x 2 - x - 4x + 2; (x - 2)(2x - 1)
29. (x - 13)(x + 1) 31. (x - 7)(x + 5) 3a. (3x + 4)(x + 1)
55. (9n + 8)(n + 1)
33. C 35. D 37. They are inverse
57. (2x - 1)(2x - 5) 3b. 2p 3(p + 6)(p - 1)
operations. 39. (x - 2)(x - 9) 3c. 3q 4(3q + 4)(q + 2) 3d. 2(x 4 + 9)
59. (3x + 8)(x + 2)
41. (x + 1)(x + 9) 43. (x + 6)(x + 7)
61. (3x + 4)(2x - 3)
45. (x + 2)(x + 9) 47. (x - 3)(x + 8) Exercises 1. yes 3. yes 5. no;
63. (2x - 3)(2x - 3)
49. (x - 5)(x + 9) 51. approximately 4(2p 2 + 1)(2p 2 - 1)
65. (2x + 3)(3x + 2)
1.5 55. x 2 + 6x + 8; (x + 4)(x + 2) 7. 3x 3(x + 2)(x - 2) 9. 2p(2q + 1) 2
69a. -16t 2 + 20t + 6
57. Positive; - , - ; Both negative 11. mn(n 2 + m)(n 2 - m)
b. -1(8t + 2)(2t - 3) c. 10 ft 71. D
59. Negative; + , - ; Positive; 13. 3x 2(2x - 3)(x + 1)
73. A 77. B 79. A 81. (2x + 1)(2x + 1)
negative 61a. d = t 2 b. d = 4t 15. (p 3 + 1)(p 2 + 3)
83. (9x + 1)(9x + 1)
c. t(t - 4) 63. true 65. false 67. 4 17. unfactorable 19. no;
85. (5x + 2)(5x + 2) 87. -7; -5; 5; 7
69. 4 71a. (x + 10) ft b. = (x + 14) ft; 2xy(y 2 - 4y + 5)
89. -6; 6 95. (x + 1)(x - 9)
w = (x + 6) ft c. A = (x 2 + 20x + 84) ft 2 21. no; 3n 2(n + 5)(n - 5) 23. yes
73. D 75. C 77. (x + 9)(x + 9) 25. -4x(x - 3)2 27. 5(d - 3)(d - 9)

29. 2x(7x + 5y)(7x - 5y) 59. (x + 4)(x - 7) 60. (x - 1)(x + 5) 120. 5m(5m + 2)(m - 4)
31. unfactorable 61. (x + 3)(x - 2) 62. (x + 5)(x - 4) 121. 4x(4x 2 + 1)(2x - 3)
33. (p 2 + 4)(p + 2)(p - 2) 63. (x - 8)(x + 6) 64. (x - 9)(x + 4) 122. 6s 2t (s + t 2)
35. (k 2 + 3)(2k + 3) 37. x 2 + 12x + 65. (x - 12)(x + 6) 123. 2(m + 3)(m - 3)(5m + 2)
36 = (x + 6)2 39. s 2 - 16s + 28 = 66. (x - 10)(x + 7)
(s - 2)(s - 14) 41. b 2 - 49 = 67. (x + 20)(x - 6)
(b + 7)(b - 7) 45. (3x - 1)(x + 7) 68. (x + 7)(x - 1) 69. (y + 3) m Chapter 9
47. (3x + y - 3)(3x - y - 7) 70. (2x + 1)(x + 5)
53. 8 55. C 57. C 59a. V = 71. (3x + 7)(x + 1) 9-1
8p⎡⎣π(3p + 1)2⎤⎦ b. r = (3p + 1) cm 72. (2x - 1)(x - 1)
73. (3x + 2)(x + 2)
Check It Out! 1a. Yes; the second
c. h = 8 cm; V = 128π cm 3 differences are constant. 1b. Yes;
74. (5x + 3)(x + 5)
61. h 2(h 4 + 1)(h 2 + 1) the function can be written in the
75. (2x - 3)(3x - 5)
63. x n + 3(x 2 + x + 1) 65. -2n form y = ax 2 + bx + c.
76. 4(x + 5)(x + 2)
67. 12.3r 69. __ 23
= __3x ; 34.5 cm
2 77. (3x + 4)(x + 2) 2a.

y
71. (2x - 1)(2x + 3) 78. (7x - 2)(x - 5)
79. (3x + 2)(3x + 4)
Study Guide: Review
80. (2x + 1)(x - 1)
1. prime factorization 2. greatest 81. (3x + 1)(x - 4) x

common factor 3. 2 2 · 3 4. 2 2 · 5 82. (2x - 1)(x - 5)
5. 2 5 6. prime 7. 2 3 · 5 8. 2 6 83. (7x + 2)(x - 3)

2b. y
9. 2 · 3 · 11 10. 2 · 3 · 19 11. 5 84. (5x + 1)(x - 2) x
12. 12 13. 1 14. 27 15. 4 16. 3 85. -1(2x - 1)(3x + 2)
17. 2x 18. 9b 2 19. 25r 20. 6 boxes; 86. (6x + 5)(x - 1)
13 rows 21. 5x(1 - 3x 2) 87. (3x - 2)(2x + 7)
22. 16(-b + 2) 23. -7(2v + 3) 88. -1(2x + 1)(2x - 5)
24. 4(a 2 - 3a - 2) 89. -1(2x - 3)(5x + 2)
3a. Because a < 0, the parabola
25. 5g(g 2 - 3)(g 2 + 1) 90. (4x - 5)(3x + 1)
opens downward. 3b. Because
26. 10(4p 2 - p + 3) 91. yes; (x + 6)2 92. no; 5x ≠ 2(x)(5)
a > 0, the parabola opens upward.
27. (6x + 5) by x 28. (2x + 9)(x - 4) 93. no; -2x ≠ 2(2x)(1)
4a. Vertex: (-2, 9); maximum: 9.
29. (t - 6)(3t + 5) 94. yes; (3x + 2)2 95. no; 8x ≠
4b. Vertex: (3, -1); minimum: -1.
30. (5 - 3n)(6 - n) 2(4x)(x) 96. yes; (x + 7)2 97. yes;
5a. D: all real numbers; R: y ≥ 4
31. (b + 2)(b + 4) (10x - 9)(10x + 9) 98. No; 2 is
5b. D: all real numbers; R: y ≤ 3
32. (x 2 + 7)(x - 3) not a perfect square. 99. No; 5
33. (n 2 + 1)(n - 4) and 10 are not perfect squares. Exercises 1. minimum 3. yes
34. (2b + 5)(3b - 4) 100. yes; (-12 + x 3)(-12 - x 3) 5. no
35. (2h 2 - 7)(h + 7) 101. no; must have a minus 7. y
36. (3t + 1)(t + 6) sign 102. yes; (10p - 5q)(10p + 5q)
103. (x - 5)(x + 5); difference of 2
37. (5m - 1)(2m + 3)
2

squares 104. (x + 10) 2; perfect-
38. (4p - 3)(2p 2 + 1) x
square trinomial 105. (j - k2)(j + k2);
39. -1(r - 5)(r - 2)
difference of 2 squares
40. (b 2 - 5)(b - 3)
106. (3x - 7)2; perfect-square
41. (t + 4)(-t 2 + 6) 9. y

trinomial 107. (9x + 8) 2; x
42. -1(3h - 1)(h - 4)
perfect-square trinomial
43. -1(d - 1) 44. (2 - b)(5b - 6)
2
108. (4b 2 - 11c 3)(4b 2 + 11c 3);
45. (t + 1)(5 - t)
difference of 2 squares
46. (2b 2 + 5)(4 - b)
109. no; 2(2x + 3)(x + 1)
47. -1(3r - 1)(r - 1)
110. yes 11. upward; a > 0 13. upward;
48. left rectangle: 2x 2 + 3x; right
111. no; (b 2 + 9)(b - 3)(b + 3) a > 0 15. downward; a < 0
rectangle: 8x + 12; combined:
112. yes 113. (2x - 8)(2x + 8) 17. (-3, -4); minimum: -4 19. D:
2x 2 + 8x + 3x + 12; (2x + 3)(x + 4)
114. 3b 3(b - 4)(b + 2) all real numbers; R: y ≤ 4 21. D: all
49. (x + 1)(x + 5) 50. (x + 2)(x + 4)
115. a 2b 3(a - b)(a + b) real numbers; R: y ≥ -4 23. yes
51. (x + 3)(x + 5) 52. (x - 6)(x - 2)
116. t 4 (t 8 + 1)(t 4 + 1)(t 2 + 1) 25. yes 31. upward; a > 0
53. (x + 5) 2 54. (x - 2)(x - 11)
(t + 1)(t - 1) 117. 5(x + 3)(x + 1) 33. vertex: (0, -5); minimum: -5
55. (x + 4)(x + 20) 56. (x - 6)(x - 20)
118. 2x 2(x - 5)(x + 5) 35. D: all real; numbers; R: y ≤ 0
57. (x + 12)(x - 7) 58. (x + 3)(x - 8)
119. (2s + 8)(t + 4) 37. D: all real numbers; R: y ≥ -2

39. never 41. always 7. Maximum height: 144 ft at 3 s; Exercises 1. f (x), g (x) 3. h (x),
43. sometimes 45. no 47. yes time in the air: 6 s g (x), f (x) 5. same width, same axis
49. yes 53. quadratic 55. quadratic 9. y of symmetry, opens upward, vertex
57. neither 59. linear 61b. t ≥ 0 is translated 6 units up 7. wider,
c. 16 ft d. 2 s 65. C 67. yes x same axis of symmetry, opens
71. (-2)4 73. 42 _34_ mi upward, same vertex
9a. h 1(t) = -16t 2 + 16, h 2(t) =

9-2 -16t 2 + 256; The graph of h 2 is a
Check It Out! 1a. no zeros 11.
y vertical translation of the graph
x
1b. 3 2a. x = -3 2b. x = 1 of h 1. The y-intercept of h 2 is 240

3. x = - _14_ 4. (2, -14) 5. 7 ft units higher. b. The baseball that
is dropped from 256 ft reaches the
Exercises 3. -1 5. no zeros
ground in 5 s. The baseball that
7. x = 2 9. x = -2 11. x = - _34_ is dropped from 16 ft reaches the
13. (1, 8) 15. (-2, -2) 17. (-2, -9) ground in 1 s. 11. f(x), g(x) 13. f(x),
19. no zeros 21. -8, -2 13. y
h (x), g (x) 19. always 21. never
23. x = 6 25. x = - __12 27. x = 5
25. f (x) = 3x 2 - 6 39. D 41. 0
29. (-3.5, -12.25) 31. (-2, 5) 43a. f (x) = x 2 - 7 b. f (x) = -x 2 + 2
33. (1, 4.5) 35. x = 0. 37. 0 39. 2 x
c. f (x) = _12_ x 2 + 1 45. no correlation
41. G 43. 2 45. 25 ft; 100 ft
47. y = -2x + 3 49. y = -4x + 2 9-5

15. x = 4; (4, -16) 17. x = 0; (0,4)
51. yes
(
19. x = - _12_; - _12_, - __
15
4
21. vertex: ) Check It Out! 1a. x = -4 1b. no
zeros 1c. x = -2 or x = 2 2. 2 s
9-3 (0, 0); axis of symmetry x = 0
Check It Out! 23. vertex: (3, -5); axis of symmetry Exercises 1. zeros, x-intercepts
x = 3 25. vertex: (0, -4); axis of 3. -4, 4 5. 6 7. -2, 4 9. -1
1a.
y
symmetry x = 0 27b. D: {x | 0 ≤ 11. no real solutions 13. no real
x x ≤ 3.16}; R: {y | 0 ≤ x ≤ 50} c. 3.16 s solutions 15. x = -4 or x = 4
35a. h(t) = -16t 2 + 45t + 50 17. x = __12 or x = 5 19. x = -3
b. (1.4, 81.6) 37. A 39. D 41. -1 21. no real solutions 23. no real
43. 3; 6 45. none; 3 47. (3, -1) solutions 25. always 27. always
49. (-1, -16) 51. (-1, 4) 29. never 31a. 4 s b. 10 ft 33. 1.4 s
1b. y
35. -1, 1 41. C 45. no real solutions
9-4 47. x ≈ -1.6 or x ≈ 0.86 49. y =
Check It Out! 1a. f(x), g(x) 1b. g(x), -3x - 2 51. 27 53. x 11 55. a 3b 3
27b 2
x
f (x), h (x) 2a. same width, same 57. ____
6
8a

axis of symmetry, opens upward,
9-6
2. maximum height: 9 ft at 0.75 s; vertex is translated 4 units
time it takes to reach the pool: 1.5 s down 2b. narrower, same axis of Check It Out! 1a. 0, -4 1b. -4, 3
symmetry, opens upward, vertex is 2a. 3 2b. 1, -5 2c. - __53 2d. _13_, 1
Exercises 1.
y
translated 9 units up 2c. wider, same 3. 1.5 s
x axis of symmetry, opens upward,

Exercises 1. -2, 8 3. -7, -9
vertex is translated 2 units up
5. -11, 0 7. -6, 2 9. 2, 3
3a. The graph of the ball that is
11. -8, -2 13. 4 15. 6 17. 8
dropped from a height of 100 ft is
19. 1 s 21. -4, -7 23. 0, 9
a vertical translation of the graph
3. y 25. - _12_, _13_ 27. -2, 4 29. -5
x of the ball that is dropped from
31. -2 33. 1 35. 1 37. 1 39. A
a height of 16 ft. The y-intercept
41. 5 m 43. 6 s 45. no 47a. 3 s
of the graph of the ball that is
b. 64 ft c. yes 49. F 51. -5, -1
dropped from 100 ft is 84 units
53. __12 , -3 55. -2, 5 57. 3x 59. f - 4
higher. 3b. The ball that is dropped
61. 11 63. -10 65. -7, 7 67. 3, 5
from 16 ft reaches the ground in
5. y
1 s. The ball that is dropped from
x 100 ft reaches the ground in 2.5 s.


9-7 Exercises 1. no 3. _12_, 3 5. -4, -10 21. y
7. -__1 __
, 3 9. ≈-5.45, ≈-0.55
Check It Out! 1a. ±11 1b. 0 1c. no 2 2
11. ≈1.14, ≈-1.47 13. ≈-1.85, x
real solutions 2a. no real solutions
≈1.35 15. 1 17. 0 19. 2 21. 0
2b. ± _16_ 3a. ±9.49 3b. ±5.66 3c. no
23. yes 25. -3 27. - _12_ 29. -3, __32
real solutions 4. 45 ft
31. 1, 9 33. ≈0.27, ≈3.73
Exercises 1. ±15 3. no real 35. ≈2.78, ≈-0.72 37. 2 x
22. y
solutions 5. no real solutions 7. ±5 39. no 41. -5, 3 43. no real
9. no real solutions 11. ±2 solutions 45. 2 solutions; -2, _14_
13. ±5.20 15. ±4.47 17. ±13 47. 1 solution; __23 49. 2 x-intercepts;
19. no real solutions 21. no real _7_, -3 51. 1 x-intercept; 5 57. A
2

solutions 23. ± __29 25. ± _58_ 27. ± __
13
7 59a. 1 b. -1 c. -1 d. -1 63. -10, 4
29. ±4.69 31. ±10.20 33. ±7.07 65. (r 3 + t)(s 2 + 5)
35. 6.1 s 37. 6 and -3, -6 and 3 67. (n 4 - 2)(n - 6) 69. f (x), g (x) 23. y
39. about 4.2 ft by 8.4 ft 41. A x
43. sometimes 45a. a must be Study Guide: Review
greater than 0. b. a must be equal
1. vertex 2. minimum; maximum
to 0. c. a must be less than 0.

√2 3. zero of a function 4. discriminant
47. no; x = ___
2
, irrational 49. yes;
of a quadratic equation
x = ± 2 , rational 53. H 55. ± _14_
_
1_
5. completing the square 6. Yes; it 24. y x
57. ± __
8
11
59. 11 61. 2, 4 63. -2, 7 is in standard form. 7. No; there
is no ax 2 term. 8. Yes; it is in
9-8
standard form. 9. No; a quadratic
__
25
Check It Out! 1a. 36 1b. 1c. 16
4
function does not have a term to
2a. -9, -1 2b. 4 ± √ 21 3a. - __13 , 2 the third power.
3b. no real solutions 4. 16.4 ft by 10. y 25. y

24.4 ft

Exercises 3. 4 5. -5, -1 7. -6, 5

-5 ± 3 √5 x x
9. 1, 9 11. ________
2
13. no real

solutions 15. 4 ± √ 10 17. 7.2 m;
11.2 m 19. 1 21. -2, 12 26. y x
11. y
23. -13, -2 25. -6, 8 27. -2, 3 x
-1 ± √
5 -15 ± √
105
29. _______
2
31. _________
2
33. 4 in.
35. 1 ± √7 __
37. -3, 39. -10, 2
1
2
41. 81 43. __
49
4
45. 9 47a. 640 =
(10 + 2x)(34 + 2x) b. 3 ft
51. -6 ± 3 √3 53. -6 55. no real 12.
y
solutions 57. no real solutions 27. 7ATER &OUNTAIN

61a. -16t 2 + 64t + 32 = 0 b. 4
c. ≈4.4 s 63. B 65. B 67. - __32 , __23
(EIGHT M
√
7 √
7 x
69. - _23_ - ___
3
, - _23_ + ___
3
71. 0, - __ab

77. x 2 - 8x + 16 79. t 2 - 8t + 16
81. 64b 4 - 4 83. ±1 85. ±4 87. ±15

89. ±1.55 91. ±5.10 93. ±1.48 13. y
4IME S
x
9-9 In 2 seconds, the water reaches its
maximum height of 20 meters. It
Check It Out! 1a. 2, - _13_ 1b. 2, __15 takes a total of 4 seconds for the
2. ≈ 0.13, ≈ 3.87 3a. 0 3b. 1 3c. 2 water to reach the ground. 28. g(x),
4. No; for the equation 45 = f (x) 29. The graphs have the same
-16t 2 + 20t + 0, the discriminant is 14. upward 15. downward width. 30. h (x), f(x), g(x) 31. same
negative, so the weight will not ring 16. (-2, -4); minimum: -4 width, same axis of symmetry,
the bell. 5a. -2, -5 5b. -2, 7 17. -5 and 2 18. -1 and 2 opens upward, vertex translated 5
5c. ≈-4.39, ≈2.39 19. x = 6; (6, 4) 20. x = -1; units up 32. narrower, same axis
(-1, -18) of symmetry, opens upward, vertex

translated 1 unit down 47. x 2 + 2x = 48; 6 ft 48. x = -8 or 2. Interval Frequency
33. narrower, same axis of x = 8 49. x = -12 or x = 12 50. no
symmetry, opens upward, vertex real solutions 51. x = 0 52. x = -5 4–6 5
translated 3 units up or x = 5 53. x = - __52 or x = __52 54. 4 ft 7–9 4
34. y 55. x = -8 or x = 6 56. x = -7 or 10–12 4
x = 3 57. x = 1 or x = 5 58. x = 5 ±
13–15 2
√5 59. 16 ft by 12 ft 60. x = -1 or

x = 6 61. x = - __12 or x = 5 62. x = 1
x 6 ± √
8 3. 6ACATION
63. x = ______
2
64. 1 65. 0 66. 2 67. 2

x = -3 or x = -1
35. y Chapter 10
.UMBER

10-1
x Check It Out! 1a. bread

1b. cheese and mayonnaise
x = -3 2. 2001, 2002, and 2005; about
n n n n
13,000 3. about 18°F 4. Prices ,ENGTH DAYS
36. y
increased from January through 4a.
July or August, and then prices
Cumulative
decreased through November.
Interval Frequency Frequency
5. 31.25%
x
6. 6ERAS $AY
28–31 2 2

(OMEWORK
32–35 7 9
no real solutions /THER
37.

36–39 5 14
y
3LEEPING
40–43 3 17

4b. 9
3PORTS 3CHOOL
x

%ATING Exercises 1. stem-and-leaf plot
3. Austin New York
A circle graph shows parts of a whole.
x = 1 or x = 5 999 1
Exercises 1. one part of a whole
38. y 1234 2
3. 82 animals 5. $17 7. Prices at
02356 3 13336679
stadium A are greater than prices at
4 1122
stadium B. 9. between weeks 4 and

5 11. 18% 13. purple 15. blue and Key: | 3 | 1 means 3.1
x 9 | 1 | means 1.9
green 17. 215,000 19. Friday
21. 4 times 23. games 3, 4, and 5 5. "REATHING )NTERVALS
x=4
25. Stock X changed the most
39.
y between April and July of 2004.
x 27. 8 _13_% 31. double line 33. circle
&REQUENCY

35a. Greece; about 40% b. United
States; about 15% 37. D 41. 19
girls 43. D: {-3, -1, 0, 1, 3}; R: {0,

1, 3}; yes 47. quadratic binomial
x = 1 or x = -1

40. y 10-2 n n
n n
Check It Out! ,ENGTH MIN

1. 3TEM ,EAVES
x

no real solutions 41. x = -5 or

x = -1 42. x = -7 or x = -2
Key: 1]9 means 19
43. x = -3 or x = 5 44. x = -1 or
x = 2 45. x = -5 46. x = 4.5

7. 3UMMER 7INTER 7. 7a. The vertical scale does not
start at 0. b. Single men pay

significantly more than single
women. 9a. The sectors of the
graph do not add to 100%.

9. b. Someone might believe that

half of the state’s spending was for
Key: ] 1] 1 means 11
Ê Ê 7 ] 2] means 27
welfare. c. someone who wants
to justify cutting spending on
9.
Interval Frequency welfare 15. B 19. w ≤ 1500
2.0–2.4 2 11. mean: 79.5; median: 82; mode: 21. b ≤ 20 23. t ≥ -4
2.5–2.9 7 none 13. mean: 26.875; median:

10-5
28; modes: 19, 31, and 34
3.0–3.4 5
15a. mean: 151 b. mean Check It Out! 1. sample space:
3.5–3.9 3 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}; outcome shown: 3
17.
2. certain 3a. __ 7
20
3b. __
13
20
4a. 99.8%
11a.
4b. 34,930
Cumulative
Exercises 3. sample space: {blue,
Interval Frequency Frequency
red, yellow}; outcome shown:
36–38 4 4 yellow 5. impossible 7. unlikely
21. mean: 5.4; median: 5; mode: 5;
39–41 6 10 range: 1 23. mean: _12_; median: __12 ; 9. __35 11a. 30% b. 54 13. sample
42–44 5 15 mode: none; range: 1 25. mean: -2 __13 ; space: {blue, red, yellow}; outcome
median: -2 _12_; mode: -3; range: 2 shown: blue 15. as likely as not 17.
45–47 1 16
27. mean: 51.8; median: 51; likely 19. __ 6
25
21a. 5% b. 21 25. as
b. 10 mode: 51; range: 2 31a. mean: likely as not 27. 1%; 52 29. B 31. B
15a. 5.6875; median: 5.65; mode: 5.55; 33. as likely as not 35. unlikely
Interval Frequency
range: 0.4 b. 5.95 m c. mean 37a. 7 b. 8 39. $14 41. reflected
160–169.9 2 across the x-axis 43. mean: 6;
37. increase the mean; decrease the
170–179.9 4 mean 39. sometimes 41. always median: 5; mode: 5
180–189.9 3 43. sometimes 45. B 47. C 51. 32;
10-6
190–199.9 1 Typing speed is 32 words per
200–209.9 2
minute. 53. length: 5 yd; width: 3 yd Check It Out! 1a. 50% 1b. 33 _13_%
2. 0.4 3. __
1
25
210–219.9 1 10-4
Exercises 1. complement 3. 25%
19. G 21. 8; 8; 41; 66 23. -2.3 Check It Out! 1. Company D; the 5. _12_ 7. __23 9. __
9
10
11. 1:12 13. _14_ 15. 50%
25. 0.5 in. 27. books fertilizer from company D appears
17. __59 19. 70% 21. __
9
10
23. _15_ 25. _45_
to be more effective than the other _1_
10-3 27. 4:1 31. 2 35. D 37. B
fertilizers. 2. Possible answer: taxi
41. (4x - 3)(x - 1) 43. __1
10
45. __
13
20
Check It Out! 1a. mean: 9; drivers; the drivers could justify
median: 8; mode: 8; range: 8 charging higher rates by using 10-7
1b. mean: 3.6; median: 3; mode: this graph, which seems to show
none 1c. mean: 15 _16_; median: 15 _12_; that gas prices have increased Check It Out! 1a. Independent;
mode: 12 and 18; range: 6 2a. mode: dramatically. 3. Smith; Smith the result of rolling the number
75 2b. Median; the mean is lowered might want to show that he or she cube the first time does not affect
by the 2 scores of 75, and the mode got many more votes than Atkins or the result of the second roll.
is the lowest score. Napier. 4. The sample size is much 1b. Dependent; choosing the first
too small. student leaves fewer students to
3.
choose from the second time. 2. __14
Exercises 3a. The vertical scale 3. __
8
87
does not start at 0, and the

categories on the horizontal scale Exercises 1. dependent
Exercises 3. mean: 31.5; median: are not at equal time intervals. 3. dependent 5. independent 7. _18_
33.5; mode: 44 5. mean: 78.25;
b. Tourism is decreasing rapidly. 9. __16 11. __
1
16
13. _27_ 15. dependent
median: 78; mode: 78
c. someone who wants to run a 17. __18 19. __
1
12
21. _29_ 23a. __
27
64
b. __
1
64
campaign to increase tourism 25. dependent 27. independent
5. The sample size is too small. 29a. __
3
20
b. __16 c. ___
9
100
d. __
1
15
31. __
2
15

35. D 37. A 39. 72.9% 41. 80% 17. ⎡ -4 0 16 ⎤ 12.
43. 48% 45. 24 47. wider 49. __35
51. __
5
-12⎢12 -20 .
26 ⎣ 0 -24 4⎦

10-8 19. ⎡⎣-4.92 -6 1.68⎤⎦
13. The scale on the vertical axis is
Check It Out! 1. 15,600 21. ⎡ 12 __1 -7 _12_ -2⎤ too large. This makes the slopes of
2a. permutation; 6 ⎢ __12 .
⎣ -2 10 -5⎦ the segments less steep.
2b. combination; 6 3. 362,880 14. Someone might believe that the
4. 792 Study Guide: Review price has been relatively stable,
Exercises 1. combination 3. 8 when in fact it has doubled.
1. outcome 2. interquartile range
5. combination; 6 7. 20,160 9. 35 15. 99.5% 16. 24,875 17. 250 18. __12
3. independent events 4. 2003
11. 15,504 13. 441,000 19. __14 20. _58_ 21. independent
5. 14 more boys
15. combination; 10 17. 120 22. independent 23. dependent
6. 3TEM ,EAVES 24. ____
2048
25. 0 26. ____256
27. 60
19. 133,784,560 21. nP r 9555 2401
25a. _________
1
b. 85,810 h 27. J 28. permutation; 604,800
308,915,776 29. combination; 220
29. 227,920 31. 168 39. independent:
30. combination; 1365
minutes, t; dependent: volume Key: 1]2 means 12
of water in tub, v : v(t) = 15t
7. #OMEDY $AYS AND
41. independent: hours; dependent:
total fee; f (x) = 5x
#AMP $AYS Chapter 11

Extension Answers 11-1

Check It Out! 1. North West Check It Out! 1a. 80, -160, 320
P ⎡14 19 ⎤

1b. 216, 162, 121.5 2. 7.8125
⎢ .

B 23 36 3. $1342.18
W ⎣16 41 ⎦
Exercises 3. 25, 12.5, 6.25
2a. 217 2b. 21 Key: ]12]8 means 128
5. 1,000,000,000 7. 4 9. 162, 243,
Ê Ê 4]10] means 104
3. Short Long 364.5 11. 2058; 14,406; 100,842
8. Gas Tank Capacities 13. __
5 ___
, 5 , ___
5
15. 0.0000000001, or
sleeve sleeve 32 128 512
Small ⎡ 126 156⎤ Capacity Tally Frequency 1 × 10 -10 17. 80; 160 19. __13 21. _17_; __
1
⎢ .
49
Medium 228 129 23. 6; -48 25. 4913 27. yes; 3 29. no__
1
10−14 IIII I 6
Large ⎣ 57 78⎦ 31. no 33a. 6.4 mm b. 20.48 cm
15−19 IIII IIII 10
35. -2, -8, -32, -128
Exercises 20−24 III 3 37. 2, 4, 8, 16 39. 12, 3, __34 , __
3
16
1. F V E
⎡ 4 4 6⎤ 25−29 III 3 43a. $3993; $4392.30 b. 1.1
Tetrahedron
⎢ .
c. $2727.27 45. J 47. x 4, x 5, x 6
Cube 6 8 12 9. 'AS 4ANK #APACITIES
49. 1, y, y 2 51. -400 53. the 7th
Octahedron 8 6 12
term 55. b > 10 57. c < - _13_
Icosahedron ⎣ 20 12 30⎦
61. f (x) = x 2 + 4
3. At bats Hits

Johnson ⎡ 69 22⎤ 11-2
&REQUENCY
⎢
Crabtree 108
Aguirre ⎣ 47
31.
13⎦

Check It Out! 1. 3.375 in. 2a. no
2b. yes
5. 1 × 1 7. 2 × 4 9. 3 × 3 3a.
y

11. ⎡ 3 10 ⎤ 13. ⎡-1.4 ⎤
⎢ . ⎢ .
⎣-1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 0.7 ⎦ n

n n n

x
15a. Km #APACITY GAL
Day 1 ⎡16.32 ⎤
⎢ .
10. mean: 14; median: 12; mode:
Day 2 29.76 12; range: 28 11. Median; the mean 3b. y

Day 3 ⎣ 6.88 ⎦ is higher than 4 of the 5 prices; the
b. 52.96 km mode is the lowest price.
x


4a.
y 11-4 11-6
x
Check It Out! Check It Out! 1a. 1.8 1b. 7 1c. 13
1a. y 1d. ⎪3 - x⎥ 2a. 8 √
2 2b. xy √x
y3
2c. 4a √
3b 3a. __23 3b. __
6
2
3c. __
2
x

2 √5 z 2 √z
p3
4a. ____
7
4b. ____
5y
4c. __ 5. 60 √
2 ft;
q5
4b.
y x
x
84.9 ft

Exercises 1. 3x - 6 3. 7 5. 6 √5
exponential √
17 √
6
2 9. 4x 2y √
7. 18 √ 2y 11. ____
5
13. ___
7
1b. y x √x 6 √
3 16 2 √ 5x 2 √
15. ___
3
17. ____
7
19. _____
9
21. _____
13

23. 5 √
41 mi; 32 mi 25. 20 27. 9
5a. y
29. ⎪x + 1⎥ 31. ⎪x - 3⎥ 33. 20 √
10

3 √5 14 √ x √x
5 37. ____
35. 8rs √ 2
39. ____
3
41. ____
3
y
8s √
3
43. ____
7
45. -20 √3 47. 15x √7
x 3 √x

x 49. x 51. ____
3
53. √
36 ; 6 55. √50 ;
quadratic 2. quadratic 3. The oven
temperature decreases by 50°F 5 √2 57. √3 59. √ 20 ; 2 √5 67. C
5b. y x
69. C 71. x √x + 1 73a. ⎪x⎥ b. x 2
every 10 min; y = -5x + 375; 75°F
c. ⎪x 3⎥ d. x 4 e. ⎪x 5⎥ f. x n; ⎪x n⎥

Exercises 5. exponential 7. Grapes 77. exponential

cost $1.79/lb; y = 1.79x ; $10.74
11. linear 13. exponential 11-7
15. = 6k ; linear 17. linear
Check It Out! 1a. - √7 1b. 3 √
3
19. y = 0.2(4) 21. linear 33. ___
x 145
6. after about 13 yr g n 1d. √
1c. 8 √ 5s 2a. 5 √
2s + 8 √ 6
35. 5, -5 37. _4_, - __4
9 9
Exercises 1. no 3. no 17. about 2b. 12
√ √ 2c. 5 √
3 -3 2 3y
2023 19. 289 ft 21. yes 23. no
11-5 3. 10 √
b in.
35. 64 37. 0.0004, or 4 × 10 -4
Exercises 3. 10 √5 5. 3 √7 + 5 √2
41. y = 4.8(2) 43. C 45. D 47. 3
x
Check It Out! 1a. 1. 40 ft/s
+ 6 √5a
7. 5 √6a 9. 13 √3 11. - √5x
49. The value of a is the 1b. 30.98 ft/s 2a. x ≥ _12_ 2b. x ≥ __53 - 4 √3t
13. 8 √2t 15. 6 √3 17. -3 √ 11
y-intercept. 51. 25 53. 9x 2
3a.
y 19. -4 √ n 21. 7 √7 23. 12 √ 2
11-3 25. 3 √7x - 12 √3x 27. 3 √ 5j
31. 12 √7 33. 0 35. 7 √3
29. 14 √3m
Check It Out! 1. y = 1200(1.08)t; 37. 7 √ + 5 √
2 41. 2 √3 5+5
$1904.25 2a. A = 1200(1.00875)4t; x 43. 8 √ 70x 45. 35 √
7x - √ 5k
$1379.49 2b. A = 4000(1.0025)12t;
47. 5 √3 + 5 √
5 51. 9 53. 18
$5083.47 3. y = 48,000(0.97) ; 38,783
t
3b.
y 55. 36x 2 57. 16 √ in.;
3 in.; 8 √3
4a. 1.5625 mg 4b. 0.78125 g 24 √3 in. 59. B 61. A 63. √ x (x + 2 )
Exercises 1. exponential growth 65. 0 67. (x + 2) √
x-1
3. y = 300(1.08) ; 441 5. A =
t 69. 3 √ x + 2 73. __
x + 1 - x √ 1
12
4200(1.007) ; $4965.43 7. y =
4t x 75. x ≥ -3

10(0.84) ; 4.98 mg 9. 5.5 g 11. y =
t
1600(1.03) ; 2150 13. A = 30(1.078)2t;

t Exercises 1. There is no variable 11-8
47 members 15. A = 7000(1.0075)4t; under the square-root sign. Check It Out! 1a. 5 √
2 1b. 63
$9438.44 17. A = 12,000(1.26) ;
t 3. x ≥ -6 5. x ≥ 0 7. x ≥ -3 1c. 2m √7 2a. 4 √3 - 3 √6
$17,635.66 19. y = 58(0.9) ; $24.97
t 15. 49.96 mi/h 17. x ≥ 0 19. x ≤ __32 2b. 5 √
2 + 4 √15 2c. 7 √k - 5 √
7k
21. growth; 61% 23. decay; 33 __13 % 21. x ≥ - _53_ 23. x ≥ 40 25. x ≥ 9 5 3a. 21 - 5 √
2d. 10 √ 3 3b. 83 +
25. growth; 10% 27. growth; 25% 45. A 47. C 49. x ≤ -5 OR x ≥ 5 18 √2 3c. 11 - 6 √2 3d. 17 - √3
29. y = 58,000,000(1.001) ;
t 51. x ≤ -4 OR x ≥ __32 √
65 √
21a 8 √
35
4a. ____ 4b. _____ 4c. _____
58,174,174 31. y = 8200(0.98) ;
t 53. D: x ≤ 3; R: y ≤ 4 57a. 2 and 4 5 6 7
$7118.63 33. y = 970(1.012) ; 1030

t b. 0 and 1 61. 9x 2 - 6x + 1 Exercises 1. √
6 3. 125 5. 3 √
30a
35. B 37. 18 yr 39. A; B 45. D 47. D 63. a 2 - 2ab 2c + b 4c 2 65. 9r 2 - 4s 2 7. 2 √ 9. √35
6 + √42 - √21
49. about 20 yr 51. 100 min, or 1 h 67. A = 42,000(1.0125)4t; 11. 5 √3y + 4 √ 5y 13. 12 + 7 √2
40 min 53. $225,344 55. 16 ft $48,751.69 15. -5 - 2 √ 3 17. 81 - 30 √2
√
26 √33
19. ____
2
21. ____
18
27. 3 √
10 29. 8
31. 6d √7 33. 4 √5 - 5 √2

35. 2 √3 5 37. 3 √f + 12 √
- 2 √ 3f 12. no 37. y x
39. 75 + 19 √
15 41. 10 - √ 2 13. y

5 √6 √3x
3 45. ____
43. 67 + 16 √ 2
47. ____
x
7 √
2x
49. _____
2
51. 2 √y 53. 180 in 2

55. 6 √ 5 cm 2 57. √
10 - 2 √ 30 x
59. -5 - 2 3 61. 3 √
√ 2
63. 134 √
3 + 96 65. x - 2 √
xy + y 38. y
π √6 14.
67. 3 + 2 √3x + x 69. ____
4
s ≈ 1.9 s
y
2 ___
1
71. 269.5 ft 73. 75. B 77. D

√3 x
+ 4 √5
79. -4 √3 81. -5 - 2 √
6
x
85. 2 √
83. 2 - √3
6 + 2 √5

87. translation 4 units down 39. y
15. y = 9(1.15) ; 24
t
11-9 16. y = 24,500(0.96) ; 3182
t

Check It Out! 1a. 36 1b. 3 1c. _13_ 17. quadratic y x x
2a. 9 2b. 18 2c. 3 3a. 121 3b. 64
3c. 100 4a. 2 4b. __
11
2
5a. no solution
5b. no solution 5c. 4 6. 8; 3 cm 40. y

Exercises 1. No; it does not contain
a variable under the radical sign. x
3. -8 5. -144 7. 27 9. 50 11. -2

13. 9 15. 64 17. 16 19. 16 21. __49
23. 100 25. 5 27. 13 29. 6 31. 2
41. y
33. no solution 35. 4 37. 2 39. no
18. linear y
solution 41. 48 43. -25 45. 71
47. -8 49. 36 51. -16 53. 8 55. 9 x
57. 2 59. -5 61. 5 63. 1 65. 1

67. x = 144; 12 in. 69. √x - 3 = 4; 49
71. x = √
x + 6 ; 3 73. 3 in. by 1 in. x 42. y

75a. 54.88 joules b. 0 joules
77. Radical equations may have
extraneous solutions. 79. 1690 ft 19. exponential
y
x
87. A 89. C 95. 2 x

Extension Answers

43. y
Check It Out! 1a. 3 1b. 0 1c. 2
1d. 12 2a. 11 2b. 3 2c. 4 3a. 8 3b. 1
3c. 81 20. exponential 21. quadratic
22. linear 23. y = 1.5x; 15 h x
Exercises 1. 13 3. 5 5. 2 7. 20 9. 7 24. 4.74 cm 25. x ≥ 0 26. x ≥ -4
11. 2 13. 6 15. 8 17. 2 19. 4 27. x ≥ 0 28. x ≥ -2 29. x ≥ _43_
25. $9698 27. 4 29. 9 31. 1 33. 27 30. x ≥ -3 31. x ≥ _72_ 32. x ≥ - __
18
5
44. y
35. 14 37. 17 39. 20 41. 25 43. 216 __
3
33. x ≥ 4 34. x ≥ 1
45. 64 47. 125 49. 32 51. 113.04 cm 2 x
35. y
53. _23_ 55. _14_ 57. _49_ 59. ___
8
343
61. __
1
27

63. ___
16
625
65. 1 67. 0 69. 625 71. -1
73. 11% 75. x 4
x
45. 11 46. n 2 47. x + 3 48. 5
Study Guide: Review
x 51. 2 √
49. 6d 50. y 3 √ 3
2 √ √
5
___
1. square-root function 52. 4b 2ab 53. 54. __
t
55. _2_ 2 10 3
36. y

4p 2 √2 3 √
2. exponential decay 3. common 2b 2 t 4 √t
56. _____
7
57. ____
s 58. _____
5
ratio 4. exponential function
61. 3 √
7 60. 3 √3
59. 9 √ 2 + 2 √
3
5. 81, 243, 729 6. 48, -96, 192
62. √ 64. 2 √
5t 63. 2 √2 3 + 2 √
5
7. 5, 2.5, 1.25 8. -256, -1024, -4096 x
66. 10 √6
65. -2 √5x 67. √14
9. 7,812,500 10. 19,131,876 11. yes

z-1 p-7
69. 6 √
68. 3 √2 7x 70. 150 3a. y 33. ____
z+1
35. ____
p-5
37. ____
2
x-4
4 √5
71. 4 √2 7 73. ____
- 4 72. 71 + 16 √ 5 39. - ____
1
43. ____
p+6 3w + 7
45. _13_ 47. _____
b+7 12 3
3a 2 √ √
3 √
10n √
6
74. _____
2
75. ___
3
76. _____
2n
77. ___
2 x
5+x
49. 1 51. - ____ 53a. _6s_ b. 3 c. 1
x+2
78. - √3 79. 64 80. 8 81. 3 82. 25 a-3
57. A 63. ____
a+5
65. ±14 67. -2, 0
83. -81 84. 100 85. 3 86. no
73. -6
solution 87. x = 4 88. x = 6
89. x = 7 90. x = __
19
91. x = 6 3b.
y
2 12-4
92. x = 3 93. x = 4 94. x = 5 5x 2y 4
Check It Out! 1a. - _94_ 1b. ____
6
x
3m - 15 n+4 p - p - 20 2
2. ______
m-6
3a. ______ 3b. _________
2
n + 2n
3
p + 16p
Chapter 12 3x - 15
4a. ______ 4b. ____
2w 6
4c. ________
x
5
x 2 3 2
v x x + 5x + 6
4a. D: x > 0; R: natural numbers 5. approximately 0.23
12-1 > 10 2x - 4
Exercises 1. ___
6h
5jk 2
3. _____
3
5. __a6
Check It Out! 1a. No; the product 4b.
m - 10m 2
xy is not constant. 1b. Yes; the 7. 3y -6 9. ________
2
11. a 3 + 10a 2 +
a + 6b 2r + 28
product xy is constant. 1c. No; the 25a 13. _____ 15. _12_ 17. ______
r-4
19. b
0RICE
2
b
equation cannot be written in the 3p q 10y + 20
8 2
21. ______
1
23. - _____ 25. _______
form y = _kx_. 2. y = __5x 3x - 15 7r 4 3y + 15
3n 2 - 3n
y 27. 4m 2 - 4m 29. _______ 31. 1
n+8

33. - ___
1
35a. _______
x

3
2a 16(x + 2)

x #OPIES
b. approximately 0.012 37. B 39. ___
1
2m
___
1
41. 16x 43. 1 45a. 64 cm b. 80 cm

Exercises 1. excluded value 3. -3
5. 4 7. x = -5; y = 0 9. x = -9; c. 4 47. H 49. ______
1
51. __13 53. __
x
2
3x + 9x 2
z
y = -10 15. 0 17. 0 19. x = 4; y = 0 55. _____
1
2a + 2
57. 12 + 9 + m ≤ 30; m ≤ 9
21. x = 3; y = 4 29. 7 39. x = 2; y = 5 59. 8 √
3t 61. x ≠ 3; x = 3 and y = 0
3. D: x > 0; R: y > 0; 2.5 mm 3
41. B 43. C 51. D: x > 2 53. D: x > 63. x ≠ 0; x = 0 and y = 3 65. x ≠ 0;
- _15_ 55. I and III; II and IV 59. D x = 0 and y = 0
6OLUME OF GAS MM
61a. yes b. D: all real numbers

c. R: 0 < y ≤ 1 d. yes 63. y = ____
3
x+2
+3 12-5
65. 2, 3 67. 0.46875 cm 69. No; the
Check It Out! 1a. 2 1b. 3y
product xy is not constant. 4b + 12
2a. ____
3
a-2
2b. ________ 3a. 15f 2h 2
2
b + 3b - 4
4d - 3
12-3 3b. (x - 6)(x + 2)(x + 5) 4a. _____
2
3d
a+8

Check It Out! 1a. -5 1b. 0, -5 4b. ____
a-2
5. __
5
24
h or 12.5 min
0RESSURE ATM
4. 3 5. 80.625 lb 1c. -3, -4 2a. _m 3
_; m ≠ 0 2b. 6p
Exercises 1. _2y_ 3. ____
1
5. ____
2
x-4 a+1
2c. n - 2 ; n ≠ 2 3a. ____
____
3n 1
r+5
; r ≠ -5 7. 6x 3y 2z 9. (y + 4)(y - 4)(y + 9)
Exercises 3. no 5. yes 9. 4 b-5
3b. ____ ; b ≠ -5 4a. - ____
3 x+3
11. ____ 13a. ___
260 _1_
11. 16 teeth 13. yes 15. no b+5 4+x x+2 r b. 6 2 h 15. a - 1
19. 2 21. 12 yd 23. direct; 8 4b. - ____
1
4c. _____
x+1
3
5. The barrel x + 11 17. m 19. 3a + 1 21. 36a(3a + 1)
25. neither 27. inverse; 12 cactus with a radius of 3 inches 23. 10xy 3z 25. (y + 2)(y + 4)(y + 5)
y+2 -m - 6m 2
29. inverse; 15 31. d = __10
n ; inverse
has less of a chance to survive. 27. ______ 29. ___
19
31. ________
3(y - 3) 21z 4 (m - 2 ) 2
33. neither 41. C 43. C 45. the Its surface-area-to-volume ratio
33a. r b. 14 h 35. 7 + c 37. ___
___
700 ____
1 3
constant function y = 0 is greater than for a cactus with a 2
2b
x-5 8x + 20
47. 888.9 watts 49. D: {-4, -2, 0, 2, radius of 6 inches. 39. ____ 41. __________ 43. A
3 (x + 4)(x + 2)
4}; R: {1, 3, 5}; yes 51. -1, 7 47. 4x 2; 8x 2; 8x 3 49. D 51. D
Exercises 3. 0, 8 5. __a2 ; a ≠ 0 7. ____
2
y+3
;
53. 2 √10 cm x - 4y
53. __________ ; x ≠ y and x ≠ -y
y ≠ -3 9. ____
h
h+2
; h ≠ -2 11. ____
1
b+1
(x+y x-y )( )
az + by +cx
12-2 c+2
13. ____
j-5
15. ____ 17. - ____
2 55. _________
xyz ; x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, and
c-4 8+n j-3 _
1_
Check It Out! 1a. 0 1b. 1 1c. -4 -5(r - 2) z ≠ 0 61. 2 , 4 63. 2; t ≠ ±2
19. __________ 21. - _____
5
10 + q 65. - ____
1
; x ≠ ±4
2a. x = 5; y = 0 2b. x = -4; y = 5 (r - 6)(r + 2) x+4
b
2c. x = -77; y = -15 23a. ______
2
b. They will be the
b +b 1 2 12-6
b
same: ______
2
. 25. 0 27. - __12 , 4
b +b 1 2 Check It Out! 1a. -2p + 1 - __p3
29. not possible 31. __8t ; t ≠ 0 1b. x 2 + __13 - __
5
2a. k + 5 2b. b - 7
2x

2c. s + 6 3a. 2y + 1 3b. a - 2 Study Guide: Review 20. D: x > 0; R: y > 0
4a. 3m - 5 + _____
13
m+3
4b. y + 6 + ____
20
y-3 1. rational expression 2. rational
-7
5a. x 2 - 2x - 4 + ____
x-2
5b. 2p 2 - function 3. rational equation
-7
,ENGTH CM
2p + 6 + ____
p+1
4. inverse variation 5. discontinuous
function 6. Yes; the product xy is
Exercises 1. 2x - __12 3. 7b - __
14
3
+ __b8
__
3 constant. 7. No; the product xy is
5. 2x + 4 + 7. 2x - 3 9. 2y + 5
x
not constant.
11. x + 1 13. c + 3 15. x - 2
-1 -1 8. y = - __4x
17. a + 2 + ____
a+2
19. n + 4 + ____
n+4
y
-2 7IDTH CM
21. 4n - 5 + _____
2n + 1
23. -2x 2 + 6x -
21. 0 22. 7 23. 0, 1 24. -1, 5 25. 5,
15 + ____
35
25. m + 1 + _____
3 x
x+3 m-1

-5 26. 4, 7 27. __
1
; x ≠ 0 28. _____
1
2k - 3
;
-10 3r
27. 4k 2 - 4k + 2 + ____ 29. 3t + 4
k+1 k ≠ 0 and k ≠ _32_ 29. ____
1
x-2
; x ≠ -6
- _2t_ 31. -4p + 1 + __
2
33. 4t + 3 -2
3
p and x ≠ 2 30. ____
x+3
; x ≠ ±6 and x ≠
35. x - 3 37. 3a - 1 39. 3x + 4 ____
3
±3 31. x - 1 ; x ≠ -5 and x ≠ 1
-2
+ ____
14
x-2
41. 3x + 1 + _____
2x - 1
43. 2t 2 9. y = _1x_ y x+3
32. ____ ; x ≠ -6 and x ≠ 5 33. __
4
x-5 π
-216
- 6t + 25 + _____ 45. -20 47. 2x - 2b + 2b 4x - 12x
2 2 2
3t + 9 34. _______
3
35. _______
3
36. ____
15b
2
5+ ____
3
51. 0.5m + 1 57. C 59. B - 3c 3 b+2 n 2 + 3n + 2
x+1
2y
x 37. ____ 38. _______ 39. ________
2 2 2
2b + 8b n - n - 42
61. 3x - __
1
2y
+ __
x 63. x + 2 65. 3 m
4d
2
y 12n 3 x 2 + 2x - 3
√ 40. ____
1
41. __ 42. ____
m 43.
________
2 71. 4(x + 1)
15 b-3
67. ____ 5 - 5 √
69. 6 √ 3 4x - 16
2
15 (b + 8)(b + 7)
73. 2k 2 + 5k + 2

44. ____________ 45. 10a 2b 2
2(b + 4)(2b + 7)
b2 + 8
10. -15 11. $13,200 12. -4; x = -4 46. 10x (x - 3) 47. _____
12-7 2b
and y = 0 13. -1; x = -1 and y = 3 3x 2 + 2x - 4 8p - 2
48. _________ 49. _________
Check It Out! 1a. 2 1b. 1 1c. - __76 14. -3; x = -3 and y = -4 15. _74_; 2
x -2
2
p - 4p + 2
5b - 1 -10 7m + 2
2a. -4 2b. -4 2c. 1, 3 3. 22 __29 min x = _74_ and y = 5 50. _____
7-b
51. _____ 52. ______
2 2
n -1 10m
4a. 5; 7 is an extraneous solution. h 2 + 5h - 1
16.
y 53. _________
h-5
54. __
40
3r
55. 2n2 - 3n - 5
4b. 1 and 5; no extraneous
56. x - __2x + __
5
57. x + 2 58. 3n + 1
solutions. 4c. 4; 0 is an extraneous 2
x
solution. x 59. h + 12 60. 3x + 2 61. m - 6
62. 3m + 4 63. x + 2 64. x + 6
Exercises 1. rational equation -3
65. p - 2 66. 2x - 1 + ____
x+2
3. -24 5. - _83_ 7. __32 9. __35 11. - __
11
5 67. 2n + 7 + ____
36
68. 3b 2 + 6b + 8
13. 19 15. 3, - 3 17. -2, 1 19. -1, _32_
__
15 __
4 n-5
+ ____
18
69. -4x 2 + 10x - 17 + ____
34
21. _12_ h, or 30 min 23. - _43_; 1 is 17.
y b-2 x+2
extraneous. 25. -2 27. 0 29. __45 70. - _34_ 71. __

12
7
72. - __
18
11
73. - _76_;

31. 5 33. _32_; 0 is extraneous. 35. -4, 3 0 is extraneous. 74. - __23 ; 1 is
x
37. 6 h 39. 2; 3 is extraneous. 41. No;
extraneous. 75. - __13 , 1 76. -3 77. ±1
-4 is extraneous. 43. ___ 240
t
; t - 2; 40 78. - __
1
12
79. -2; 4 is extraneous.
__
1 __
1 __
1
mi/h 45a. 15 = 24 + y b. 40 cm 80. 4, 5 81. -12, 1 82. -19 83. 0; 2

c. It will increase to 72 cm. 49. F is extraneous.
51a. Cross Product Property 18. y

b. Distributive Property
c. Subtraction Property of Equality
x
d. Division Property of Equality

53. Eddie: 6 h; Luke 3 h; Ryan: 4 h
55. y = -2x and y = __12 x + 4 are
perpendicular. 59. 5
Extension Answers 19. y

Check It Out! 1. __45 = 0.800;

_3_ = 0.600; __
4
≈ 1.333 2. 4.8 ft x
5 3

Exercises 1. 0.923; 0.385; 2.400
3. 5.0 5. 8.0 7. 0.5 mi


Glossary/Glosario
A
ENGLISH SPANISH EXAMPLES
absolute value (p. 14) The valor absoluto El valor absoluto
absolute value of x is the distance de x es la distancia de cero a x
from zero to x on a number line, en una recta numérica, y se ⎪3⎥ = 3
denoted ⎪x⎥. expresa ⎪x⎥.
⎪-3⎥ = 3
⎧x if x ≥ 0 ⎧x si x ≥ 0
⎪x⎥ = ⎨ ⎪x⎥ = ⎨
⎩ -x if x < 0 ⎩ -x si x < 0
absolute-value equation (p. 148) ecuación de valor absoluto Ecuación

An equation that contains que contiene expresiones de valor ⎪x + 4⎥ = 7
absolute-value expressions. absoluto.
absolute-value function (p. 366) función de valor absoluto Función

A function whose rule contains cuya regla contiene expresiones de y = ⎪x + 4⎥
absolute-value expressions. valor absoluto.
absolute-value inequality (p. 212) desigualdad de valor absoluto

An inequality that contains Desigualdad que contiene ⎪x + 4⎥ > 7
absolute-value expressions. expresiones de valor absoluto.
acute angle (p. S56) An angle that ángulo agudo Ángulo que mide más
measures greater than 0° and less de 0° y menos de 90°.
than 90°.
acute triangle (p. S63) A triangle triángulo acutángulo Triángulo con

with three acute angles. tres ángulos agudos.
Addition Property of Equality Propiedad de igualdad de la x-6= 8

(p. 79) For real numbers a, b, and suma Dados los números reales a, b +6 +6
−−−− −−−
c, if a = b, then a + c = b + c. y c, si a = b, entonces a + c = b + c. x = 14
Addition Property of Inequality Propiedad de desigualdad de la x-6< 8

(p. 174) For real numbers suma Dados los números reales a, b +6 +6
−−−− −−−
a, b, and c, if a < b, then y c, si a < b, entonces a + c < b + c. x < 14
a + c < b + c. Also holds true Es válido también para >, ≤, ≥ y ≠.
for >, ≤, ≥, and ≠.
additive inverse (p. 15) The inverso aditivo El opuesto de un The additive inverse of
opposite of a number. Two número. Dos números son inversos 5 is -5.
numbers are additive inverses if aditivos si su suma es cero. The additive inverse of
their sum is zero. -5 is 5.
algebraic expression (p. 6) An expresión algebraica Expresión que 2x + 3y

expression that contains at least contiene por lo menos una variable. 4x
one variable.
algebraic order of operations See orden algebraico de las operaciones

order of operations. Ver orden de las operaciones.
Glossary/Glosario S107
AND (p. 202) A logical operator Y Operador lógico que representa A = {2, 3, 4, 5} B = {1, 3, 5, 7}
representing the intersection of la intersección de dos conjuntos. The set of values that are in A
two sets. AND B is A " B = {3, 5}.
angle (p. S56) A figure formed by ángulo Figura formada por dos
two rays with a common endpoint. rayos con un extremo común.

area (p. S61) The number of área Cantidad de cuadrados x

nonoverlapping unit squares of a unitarios de un determinado
given size that will exactly cover tamaño no superpuestos que Ó
the interior of a plane figure. cubren exactamente el interior
de una figura plana.
The area is 10 square units.
arithmetic sequence (p. 272) sucesión aritmética Sucesión 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, …
A sequence whose successive cuyos términos sucesivos difieren
terms differ by the same nonzero en el mismo número distinto de +3+3 +3 +3
number d, called the common cero d, denominado diferencia d=3
difference. común.
Associative Property of Addition Propiedad asociativa de la suma

(p. 46) For all numbers a, b, and c, Dados tres números cualesquiera 5 + 3 + 7 = (5 + 3) + 7 =
a + b + c = (a + b) + c a, b y c, a + b + c = (a + b) + c 5 + (3 + 7)
= a + (b + c). = a + (b + c).
Associative Property of Propiedad asociativa de la

Multiplication (p. 46) For all multiplicación Dados tres números 5 · 3 · 7 = (5 · 3) · 7 =
numbers a, b, and c, a · b · c = cualesquiera a, b y c, a · b · c = 5 · (3 · 7)
(a · b) · c = a · (b · c). (a · b) · c = a · (b · c).
asymptote (p. 858) A line that a asíntota Línea recta a la cual se Þ

graph gets closer to as the value aproxima una gráfica a medida
of a variable becomes extremely que el valor de una variable
{
large or small. se hace sumamente grande o
pequeño. asymptote
Ý
{ ä {
average See mean. promedio Ver media.
axis of a coordinate plane (p. 54) eje de un plano cartesiano Þ>ÝÃ
One of two perpendicular number Una de las dos rectas numéricas

lines, called the x-axis and the perpendiculares, denominadas eje
y-axis, used to define the location x y eje y, utilizadas para definir la ä
of a point in a coordinate plane. ubicación de un punto en un Ý>ÝÃ
plano cartesiano.
axis of symmetry (p. 366, p. 600) eje de simetría Línea que divide la ÝÃÊvÊÃÞiÌÀÞ
Þ
A line that divides a plane figure una figura plana o una gráfica en dos { ÞÊNÝN
or a graph into two congruent mitades reflejadas congruentes.
Ó
reflected halves. Ý
{ Ó ä Ó {
Ó
{
S108 Glossary/Glosario
B
back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagrama doble de tallo y hojas Data set A: 9, 12, 14, 16, 23, 27
plot (p. 687) A graph used to Gráfica utilizada para organizar Data set B: 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 21
organize and compare two sets of y comparar dos conjuntos de Set A Set B
data so that the frequencies can datos para poder comparar las 9 0 68
be compared. See also stem-and- frecuencias. Ver también 642 1 0356
leaf plot. diagrama de tallo y hojas.
37 2 1
Key: ⎪2⎥ 1 means 21
7 ⎪2⎥ means 27
bar graph (p. 678) A graph that gráfica de barras Gráfica con -Õ} Ì½ÃÊ/À>ÛiÊ/i
uses vertical or horizontal bars to barras horizontales y verticales ÌÊ*>iÌÃ
display data. para mostrar datos. {nää
xäää
/iÊÃ®
{äää
Îäää ÓÈää
Óäää
£äää xää ÇÈä
À
>À
Ìi
Ì
>À
ÌÕ

«
->
Õ
*>iÌ
base of a power (p. 26) The base de una potencia Número de 3 4 = 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 = 81

number in a power that is used as una potencia que se utiliza como 3 is the base.
a factor. factor.
base of an exponential base de una función exponencial

In the function f (x) = 5(2) ,
x
function (p. 772) The value of b in Valor de b en una función del tipo
a function of the form f (x) = ab x, f(x) = ab x, donde a y b son the base is 2.
where a and b are real numbers números reales con a ≠ 0,
with a ≠ 0, b > 0, and b ≠ 1. b > 0 y b ≠ 1.
biased sample (p. 709) A sample muestra no representativa To find out about the exercise
that does not fairly represent the Muestra que no representa habits of average Americans, a
population. adecuadamente a una fitness magazine surveyed its
población. readers about how often they
exercise. The population is all
Americans and the sample is
readers of the fitness magazine.
This sample will likely be biased
because readers of fitness
magazines may exercise more
often than other people do.
binomial (p. 477) A polynomial binomio Polinomio con dos x+y

with two terms. términos. 2a 2 + 3
4m 3n 2 + 6mn 4
boundary line (p. 414) A line that línea de límite Línea que divide Þ
Î
divides a coordinate plane into un plano cartesiano en dos Õ`>ÀÞÊi
two half-planes. semiplanos.
Ý
Î ä Î
Î
box-and-whisker plot (p. 695) A gráfica de mediana y rango Método
&IRST QUARTILE 4HIRD QUARTILE
method of showing how data is para demostrar la distribución de -INIMUM -EDIAN -AXIMUM
distributed by using the median, datos utilizando la mediana, los

quartiles, and minimum and cuartiles y los valores mínimos y
ä Ó { È n £ä £Ó £{
maximum values; also called a máximos; también llamado gráfica
box plot. de caja.
C
Cartesian coordinate system sistema de coordenadas
See coordinate plane. cartesianas Ver plano cartesiano.
center of a circle (p. S62) The centro de un círculo Punto dentro

point inside a circle that is the de un círculo que se encuentra a la
same distance from every point misma distancia de todos los
on the circle. puntos del círculo.
central angle of a circle (p. 681) ángulo central de un círculo Ángulo

An angle whose vertex is the cuyo vértice es el centro de un
center of a circle. círculo.
circle (p. S62) The set of points in círculo Conjunto de puntos en

a plane that are a fixed distance un plano que se encuentran a
from a given point called the una distancia fija de un punto
center of the circle. determinado denominado
centro del círculo.
circle graph (p. 680) A way to gráfica circular Forma de mostrar ,iÃìÌÃÊvÊiÃ>]Ê<
display data by using a circle datos mediante un círculo dividido Èx³
1ìÀÊ
£Î¯
divided into non-overlapping en sectores no superpuestos. {xqÈ{
ÓÇ¯ £n
sectors. £¯
££¯
Îä¯ £nqÓ{
Óxq{{
circumference (p. S62) The circunferencia Distancia alrededor

distance around a circle. del círculo.
ÀVÕviÀiVi
closure (p. 37) A set of numbers cerradura Se dice que un The set of integers is closed
is said to be closed, or to have conjunto de números es cerrado, under addition because the
closure, under a given operation if o tiene cerradura, respecto de sum of any two integers is also
the result of the operation on any una operación determinada, si el an integer.
two numbers in the set is also in resultado de la operación entre The set of whole numbers is
the set. dos números cualesquiera del not closed under subtraction
conjunto también está en el because the difference of any
conjunto. two whole numbers may not
be another whole number; for
example, 2 - 4 = -2.
coefficient (p. 47) A number coeficiente Número multiplicado In the expression 2x + 3y, 2 is
multiplied by a variable. por una variable. the coefficient of x and 3 is the
coefficient of y.
combination (p. 737) A selection combinación Selección de un grupo
of a group of objects in which de objetos en la cual el orden no For objects A, B, C, and D,
order is not important. The es importante. El núm ero de there are 6 different
number of combinations of r combinaciones de r objetos combinations of 2 objects.
objects chosen from a group of n elegidos de un grupo de n objetos AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD
objects is denoted nCr. se expresa así: nCr.
commission (p. 133) Money comisión Dinero que se paga a una

paid to a person or company for persona o empresa por realizar una
making a sale, usually a percent of venta; generalmente se trata de un
the sale amount. porcentaje del total de la venta.
common difference (p. 272) In an diferencia común En una sucesión

arithmetic sequence, the nonzero aritmética, diferencia constante In the arithmetic sequence 3,
constant difference of any term distinta de cero entre cualquier 5, 7, 9, 11, …, the common
and the previous term. término y el término anterior. difference is 2.
common factor (p. 525) A factor factor común Factor que es común Expression: 4x 2 + 16x 3 - 8x
that is common to all terms of a todos los términos de una Common factor: 4x
an expression or to two or more expresión o a dos o más Expressions: 12 and 18
expressions. expresiones. Common factors: 2, 3, and 6
common ratio (p. 766) In a razón común En una sucesión In the geometric sequence
geometric sequence, the constant geométrica, la razón constante 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, . . ., the
ratio of any term and the previous entre cualquier término y el common ratio is __ 1
2
.
term. término anterior.
Commutative Property of Propiedad conmutativa de la

Addition (p. 46) For any two suma Dados dos números 3+4=4+3=7
numbers a and b, a + b = b + a. cualesquiera a y b, a + b = b + a.
Commutative Property of Propiedad conmutativa de la

Multiplication (p. 46) For any two multiplicación Dados dos números 3 · 4 = 4 · 3 = 12
numbers a and b, a · b = b · a. cualesquiera a y b, a · b = b · a.
complement of an event (p. 721) complemento de un suceso In the experiment of

All outcomes in the sample Todos los resultados en el espacio rolling a number cube, the
space that are not in an event E, muestral que no están en el complement of rolling a 3 is
− − rolling a 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6.
denoted E. suceso E, y se expresan E.
complementary angles (p. S57) ángulos complementarios Dos

Two angles whose measures have ángulos cuyas medidas suman 90°.
xÎÂ
a sum of 90°. ÎÇÂ

completing the square (p. 645) A completar el cuadrado Proceso x 2 + 6x +

process used to form a perfect- utilizado para formar un trinomio
( ) = 9.
2
6
Add _
square trinomial. To complete cuadrado perfecto. Para completar
2
() el cuadrado de x 2 + bx, hay que
2
the square of x 2 + bx, add __b2 . x 2 + 6x + 9
()
2
sumar _b2_ .
composite figure (p. 83) A plane figura compuesta Figura plana
figure made up of triangles, compuesta por triángulos,
rectangles, trapezoids, circles, rectángulos, trapecios, círculos
and other simple shapes, or a y otras formas simples, o figura
three-dimensional figure made tridimensional compuesta por
up of prisms, cones, pyramids, prismas, conos, pirámides, cilindros
cylinders, and other simple three- y otras figuras tridimensionales
dimensional figures. simples.
compound event (p. 737) An suceso compuesto Suceso formado In the experiment of tossing
event made up of two or more por dos o más sucesos simples. a coin and rolling a number
simple events. cube, the event of the coin
landing heads and the
number cube landing on 3.
compound inequality (p. 202) Two desigualdad compuesta Dos x ≥ 2 AND x < 6 (also
inequalities that are combined desigualdades unidas en un written 2 ≤ x < 6)
into one statement by the word enunciado por la palabra y u o.
ä Ó { È n
and or or.
x < 2 OR x > 6
ä Ó { È n
compound interest (p. 782) interés compuesto Intereses

Interest earned or paid on both ganados o pagados sobre el capital
the principal and previously y los intereses ya devengados. La If $100 is put into an
earned interest. The formula fórmula de interés compuesto es account with an interest
F = C(1 + __
n ) , donde F es la
rate of 5% compounded
for compound interest is int
A = P(1 + __
n )
r nt
, where A is the cantidad final, P es el capital, r
monthly, then after 2 years,
the account will have
final amount, P is the principal, r es la tasa de interés expresada ____
is the interest rate expressed as a como un decimal, n es la cantidad (
100 1 + ) = $110.49.
0.05 12·2
12
decimal, n is the number of times de veces que se capitaliza el
interest is compounded, and t is interés y t es el tiempo.
the time.
compound statement (p. 201) Two enunciado compuesto Dos The sky is blue and the grass is
statements that are connected by enunciados unidos por la palabra green.
the word and or or. y u o. I will drive to school or I will
take the bus.
cone (p. 874, p. S64) A three- cono Figura tridimensional con

dimensional figure with a circular una base circular y una superficie
base and a curved surface that lateral curva que conecta la base
connects the base to a point con un punto denominado vértice.
called the vertex.
−− −−
congruent (p. S59) Having the congruente Que tiene el mismo + , PQ RS
same size and shape, denoted tamaño y forma, expresado por .
by . * -
conjugate of an irrational conjugado de un número irracional

is
The conjugate of 1 + √2
number (p. 821) The conjugate of El conjugado de un número en la

1 - √2.
a number in the form a + √b is forma a + √b es a - √
b.
a - √b.

consistent system (p. 406) sistema consistente Sistema de
⎧x + y = 6
A system of equations or ecuaciones o desigualdades que ⎨
inequalities that has at least one tiene por lo menos una solución. ⎩x - y = 4
solution. solution: (5, 1)
constant (p. 6) A value that does constante Valor que no cambia.

not change. 3, 0, π
constant of variation (p. 326) The constante de variación La constante y = 5x

constant k in direct and inverse k en ecuaciones de variación directa
variation equations. e inversa. constant of variation
continuous graph (p. 231) A graph gráfica continua Gráfica compuesta }iµÕi½ÃÊi>ÀÌÊ,>Ìi
Þ
made up of connected lines or por líneas rectas o curvas
curves. conectadas.
i>ÀÌÊÀ>Ìi
Ý
/i
contradiction (p. 101) An contradicción Ecuación que no tiene x+1=x

equation that has no solutions. soluciones. 1=0✗
conversion factor (p. 115) The factor de conversión Razón entre

ratio of two equal quantities, each dos cantidades iguales, cada una 12 inches
_
measured in different units. medida en unidades diferentes. 1 foot
A
coordinate (p. 54) A number used coordenada Número utilizado
to identify the location of a point. para identificar la ubicación { Î Ó £ ä £ Ó Î { x È
On a number line, one coordinate de un punto. En una recta
is used. On a coordinate plane, numérica se utiliza una The coordinate of A is 2.
two coordinates are used, called coordenada. En un plano Þ
{
the x-coordinate and the cartesiano se utilizan dos
Ó
y-coordinate. coordenadas, denominadas
Ý
coordenada x y coordenada y. { Ó ä Ó {
The coordinates of B are

(-2, 3).
coordinate plane (p. 54) A plane plano cartesiano Plano dividido Þ>ÝÃ
that is divided into four regions en cuatro regiones por una línea
by a horizontal line called the horizontal denominada eje x y una
x-axis and a vertical line called línea vertical denominada eje y. ä
the y-axis. Ý>ÝÃ
correlation (p. 264) A measure of correlación Medida de la *ÃÌÛiÊVÀÀi>Ì

Þ
the strength and direction of the fuerza y dirección de la
relationship between two relación entre dos variables ÊVÀÀi>Ì
variables or data sets. o conjuntos de datos. Þ
i}>ÌÛiÊVÀÀi>Ì
Þ
Ý
corresponding angles of ángulos correspondientes de los
polygons (p. 121) Angles in the polígonos Ángulos que tienen la
same position in two different misma posición relativa en dos
polygons that have the same polígonos diferentes que tienen
number of angles. el mismo número de ángulos. ∠A and ∠D are corresponding angles.
corresponding sides of lados correspondientes de los

polygons (p. 121) Sides in the polígonos Lados que tienen la
same position in two different misma posición en dos polígonos
polygons that have the same diferentes que tienen el mismo
number of sides. número de lados. −− −−
AB and DE are corresponding sides.
cosine (p. 908) In a right triangle, coseno En un triángulo rectángulo,

the cosine of angle A is the ratio el coseno del ángulo A es la Þ«ÌiÕÃi
of the length of the leg adjacent razón entre la longitud del cateto
to angle A to the length of the adyacente al ángulo A y la longitud >`>ViÌ

hypotenuse. de la hipotenusa.
adjacent
cos A = _________
hypotenuse
counterexample (p. S76) An contraejemplo Ejemplo que

example that proves that a demuestra que una conjetura o
conjecture or statement is false. enunciado es falso.
cross products (p. 115) In the productos cruzados En el _1 = _3

statement _ab_ = __
c
, bc and ad are the enunciado _ab_ = __
c
, bc y ad son 2 6
cross products.
d d
productos cruzados. Cross products: 2 · 3 = 6
and: 1 · 6 = 6
Cross Product Property (p. 115) Propiedad de productos cruzados
For any real numbers a, b, c, and Dados los números reales a, b, c
_
If 4 = _
10 , then 4x = 60,
6 x
d, where b ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0, if _ab_ = __
c
, y d, donde b ≠ 0 y d ≠ 0, si _ab_ = __
c
,
d d so x = 15.
then ad = bc. entonces ad = bc.
cube (p. S66) A prism with six cubo Prisma con seis caras
square faces. cuadradas.
cube in numeration (p. 26) The cubo en numeración Tercera

third power of a number. potencia de un número. 8 is the cube of 2.
cube root (p. 832) A number, raíz cúbica Número, expresado √

3

64 = 4, because 4 3 = 64;
3 3
written as √ whose cube is x.
x, como √ cuyo cubo es x.
x, 4 is the cube root of 64.
cubic polynomial (p. 477) A polinomio cúbico Polinomio de

x 3 + 4x 2 - 6x + 2
polynomial of degree 3. grado 3.
cumulative frequency (p. 689) The frecuencia acumulativa For the data set 2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 6,
frequency of all data values that Frecuencia de todos los valores 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, the cumulative
are less than or equal to a given de los datos que son menores frequency table is shown below.
value. que o iguales a un valor dado. Cumulative
Data Frequency Frequency
2 2 2
3 1 3
5 2 5
6 1 6
7 2 8
8 3 11
9 1 12
cylinder (p. S64) A three- cilindro Figura tridimensional con
dimensional figure with two dos bases circulares congruentes
parallel circular bases and a paralelas y una superficie lateral
curved surface that connects curva que conecta las bases.
the bases.
D
data (p. 678) Information datos Información reunida en una
gathered from a survey or encuesta o experimento.
experiment.
degree measure of an angle medida en grados de un ángulo

(p. S56) A unit of angle measure; Unidad de medida de los ángulos;
one degree is ___
1
360
of a circle. un grado es ___
1
360
de un círculo.
degree of a monomial (p. 476) grado de un monomio Suma de

The sum of the exponents of the los exponentes de las variables del 4x 2y 5z 3 Degree: 2 + 5 + 3 = 10
variables in the monomial. monomio. 5 = 5x 0 Degree: 0
degree of a polynomial (p. 476) grado de un polinomio Grado 3x 2y 2 + 4xy 5 - 12x 3y 2

The degree of the term of the del término del polinomio con el
polynomial with the greatest grado máximo. Degree 4 Degree 6 Degree 5
degree. Degree 6
dependent events (p. 726) sucesos dependientes Dos sucesos From a bag containing 3 red
Events for which the occurrence son dependientes si el hecho de marbles and 2 blue marbles,
or nonoccurrence of one event que uno de ellos se cumpla o no drawing a red marble, and then
affects the probability of the other afecta la probabilidad del otro drawing a blue marble without
event. suceso. replacing the first marble.
dependent system (p. 407) A sistema dependiente Sistema de

⎧x + y = 2
system of equations that has ecuaciones que tiene infinitamente ⎨
infinitely many solutions. muchas soluciones. ⎩ 2x + 2y = 4
dependent variable (p. 245) The variable dependiente Salida de una

For y = 2x + 1, y is the
output of a function; a variable función; variable cuyo valor depende
dependent variable.
whose value depends on the value del valor de la entrada, o variable
input: x output: y
of the input, or independent independiente.
variable.
diameter (p. S62) A segment that diámetro Segmento que atraviesa

has endpoints on the circle and el centro de un círculo y cuyos
that passes through the center of extremos están sobre el círculo;
the circle; also the length of that longitud de dicho segmento.
segment.
difference of two cubes (p. 564) A diferencia de dos cubos Polinomio

polynomial of the form a 3 - b 3, del tipo a 3 - b 3, que se puede
which may be written as the expresar como el producto x 3 - 8 = (x - 2)(x 2 + 2x + 4)
product (a - b)(a 2 + ab + b 2). (a - b)(a 2 + ab + b 2).
difference of two squares (p. 503) diferencia de dos cuadrados

A polynomial of the form a 2 - b 2, Polinomio del tipo a 2 - b 2, que se
x 2 - 4 = (x + 2)(x - 2)
which may be written as the puede expresar como el producto
product (a + b)(a - b). (a + b)(a - b).
direct variation (p. 326) A variación directa Relación lineal {
Þ
linear relationship between two entre dos variables, x e y, que puede Ó
variables, x and y, that can be expresarse en la forma y = kx, donde Ý
written in the form y = kx, where k es una constante distinta de cero. { Ó Ó {
k is a nonzero constant.
{
y = 2x
discontinuous function (p. 858) A función discontinua Función cuya Þ
function whose graph has one or gráfica tiene uno o más saltos,
more jumps, breaks, or holes. interrupciones u hoyos. {
Ý
{ ä {
discount (p. 139) An amount by descuento Cantidad por la que se

which an original price is reduced. reduce un precio original.
discrete graph (p. 231) A graph gráfica discreta Gráfica compuesta Theme Park Attendance
made up of unconnected points. de puntos no conectados.
People
Years
discriminant (p. 654) The discriminante El discriminante The discriminant of

discriminant of the quadratic de la ecuación cuadrática 2x 2 - 5x - 3 is
equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is ax 2 + bx + c = 0 es b 2 - 4ac. (-5) 2 - 4(2)(-3) or 49.
b 2 - 4ac.
Distance Formula (p. 642) In a Fórmula de distancia En un plano Þ Ó]Êx®

coordinate plane, the distance cartesiano, la distancia desde (x 1, y 1) {
from (x 1, y 1) to (x 2, y 2) is hasta (x 2, y 2) es
Ó
£]Ê£®
d= √
(x 2 - x 1)2 + (y 2 - y 1) 2 . d= √
(x 2 - x 1)2 + (y 2 - y 1) 2 .
{ Ó ä Ó {
Ý
The distance from (2, 5) to (-1, 1) is

d = √
(-1 - 2)2 + (1 - 5)2
= √
(-3) 2 + (-4) 2
= √
9 + 16 = √
25 = 5.
Distributive Property (p. 47) For Propiedad distributiva Dados los

all real numbers a, b, and c, números reales a, b y c, 3(4 + 5) = 3 · 4 + 3 · 5
a(b + c) = ab + ac, and a(b + c) = ab + ac, y : (4 + 5)3 = 4 · 3 + 5 · 3
(b + c)a = ba + ca. (b + c)a = ba + ca.
Division Property of Equality Propiedad de igualdad de la 4x = 12

(p. 86) For real numbers a, b, división Dados los números reales _ _
4x = 12
and c, where c ≠ 0, if a = b, a, b y c, donde c ≠ 0, si a = b, 4 4
then __ac = __bc . entonces _ac_ = __bc . x=3
Division Property of Inequality Propiedad de desigualdad de la
(p. 180) If both sides of an división Cuando ambos lados de una 4x ≥ 12
inequality are divided by the desigualdad se dividen por el mismo _ _
4x ≥ 12
same positive quantity, the new número positivo, la nueva desigualdad 4 4
inequality will have the same tiene el mismo conjunto solución. x≥3
solution set. If both sides of an Cuando ambos lados de una
-4x ≥ 12
inequality are divided by the desigualdad se dividen por el
same negative quantity, the new mismo número neg ativo, la nueva _ _
4x ≥ 12
-4 -4
inequality will have the same desigualdad tiene el mismo conjunto x ≤ -3
solution set if the inequality solución si se invierte el símbolo de
symbol is reversed. desigualdad.
domain (p. 236) The set of all dominio Conjunto de valores de The domain of the function
possible input values of a relation entrada de una función o relación. f (x) = √
x is x ≥ 0.
or function.
E
element (p. 746) Each member in elemento Cada miembro en un
a set or matrix. See also entry. conjunto o matriz. Ver también
entrada.
elimination method (p. 397) A eliminación Método utilizado para

method used to solve systems of resolver sistemas de ecuaciones en
equations in which one variable las cuales se elimina una variable
is eliminated by adding or sumando o restando dos ecuaciones
subtracting two equations of the del sistema.
system.
empty set (p. 102) A set with no conjunto vacío Conjunto sin The solution set of ⎪x⎥ < 0 is
elements. elementos. the empty set, { }, or 7.
entry (p. 746) Each value in a entrada Cada valor de una matriz, 3 is the entry in the first row
matrix; also called an element. también denominado elemento. and second column of
⎡2 3 ⎤
A=⎢ ., denoted a 12.
⎣0 1⎦
equally likely outcomes (p. 720) resultados igualmente probables Los If a fair coin is tossed, then
Outcomes are equally likely if resultados son igualmente probables _
P(heads) = P(tails) = 1 .
they have the same probability of si tienen la misma probabilidad de 2
occurring. If an experiment has n ocurrir. Si un experimento tiene n So the outcome “heads”
equally likely outcomes, then the resultados igualmente probables, and the oucome “tails” are
probability of each outcome is __
1 equally likely.
n. entonces la probabilidad de cada
resultado es __
1
n.
equation (p. 77) A mathematical ecuación Enunciado matemático x+4=7

statement that two expressions que indica que dos expresiones son 2+3=6-1
are equivalent. equivalentes. (x - 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 4
equilateral triangle (p. S63) A triángulo equilátero Triángulo con

triangle with three congruent tres lados congruentes.
sides.
equivalent ratios (p. 114) Ratios razones equivalentes Razones que _1 and _2 are equivalent ratios.
that name the same comparison. expresan la misma comparación. 2 4
evaluate (p. 7) To find the value evaluar Calcular el valor de una Evaluate 2x + 7 for x = 3.
of an algebraic expression by expresión algebraica sustituyendo 2x + 7
substituting a number for each cada variable por un número y 2(3) + 7
variable and simplifying by using simplificando mediante el orden de 6+7
the order of operations. las operaciones. 13
event (p. 713) An outcome or suceso Resultado o conjunto de In the experiment of rolling
set of outcomes in a probability resultados en un experimento de a number cube, the event
experiment. probabilidades. “an odd number” consists of
the outcomes 1, 3, and 5.
excluded values (p. 858) Values valores excluidos Valores de x para The excluded values of
of x for which a function or los cuales no está definida una (x + 2)
expression is not defined. función o expresión. f (x) = __
(x - 1)(x + 4)
are x = 1 and x = -4,
which would make the
denominator equal to 0.
experiment (p. 713) An operation, experimento Una operación,
process, or activity in which proceso o actividad en la que se Tossing a coin 10 times and
outcomes can be used to estimate usan los resultados para estimar noting the number of heads.
probability. una probabilidad.
experimental probability (p. 714) probabilidad experimental Kendra attempted 27 free

The ratio of the number of times Razón entre la cantidad de throws and made 16 of them.
an event occurs to the number of veces que ocurre un suceso The probability that she will
trials, or times, that an activity is y la cantidad de pruebas, make her next free throw can
performed. o veces, que se realiza una be estimated by
actividad. P(free throw) ≈
__number made 16 ≈ 0.59.
=_
number attempted 27
exponent (p. 26) The number that exponente Número que indica la
indicates how many times the cantidad de veces que la base de 3 4 = 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 = 81
base in a power is used as a factor. una potencia se utiliza como factor. 4 is the exponent.
()
x
exponential decay (p. 783) An decremento exponencial Función 1
f (x) = 3 _
exponential function of the form exponencial del tipo f (x) = ab x 2
f (x) = ab x in which 0 < b < 1. en la cual 0 < b < 1. Si r es la tasa Þ
If r is the rate of decay, then the decremental, entonces la función

function can be written se puede expresar como
y = a (1 - r) , where a is the initial y = a (1 - r) ,donde a es la
t t
amount and t is the time. cantidad inicial y t es el tiempo.

Ý
exponential expression (p. 792) expresión exponencial Expresión

An algebraic expression in which algebraica en la que la variable está
the variable is in an exponent en un exponente y que tiene un 2 x+1
with a fixed number as the base. número fijo como base.
exponential function (p. 772) A función exponencial Función del f (x) = 3 · 4 x

function of the form f (x) = ab x, tipo f (x) = ab x, donde a y b son Þ
where a and b are real numbers números reales con a ≠ 0, b > 0

with a ≠ 0, b > 0, and b ≠ 1. y b ≠ 1.
exponential growth (p. 781) An crecimiento exponencial Función f (x) = 2 x
exponential function of the form exponencial del tipo f (x) = ab x
Þ
f (x) = ab x in which b > 1. If r en la que b > 1. Si r es la tasa de
Ó
is the rate of growth, then the crecimiento, entonces la función se Ý
puede expresar como y = a(1 + r) ,
t
function can be written
Ó ä Ó
y = a(1 + r) , where a is the initial
t
donde a es la cantidad inicial y t es el
amount and t is the time. tiempo.
expression (p. 6) A mathematical expresión Frase matemática que

phrase that contains operations, contiene operaciones, números y/o 6x + 1
numbers, and/or variables. variables.
extraneous solution (p. 824) A solución extraña Solución de una To solve √x = -2, square
solution of a derived equation ecuación derivada que no es una both sides; x = 4.
that is not a solution of the solución de la ecuación original. Check √4 = -2 is false; so 4
original equation. is an extraneous solution.
F
factor (p. S24) A number or factor Número o expresión que 12 = 3 · 4
expression that is multiplied by se multiplica por otro número o 3 and 4 are factors of 12.
another number or expression to expresión para obtener un
get a product. See also factoring. producto. Ver también factoreo. x 2 - 1 = (x - 1)(x + 1)
(x - 1) and (x + 1) are
factors of x 2 - 1.
factorial (p. 738) If n is a positive factorial Si n es un entero positivo,

integer, then n factorial, written n!, entonces el factorial de n, expresado
is n · (n - 1) · (n - 2) · … · 2 · 1. como n!, es n · (n - 1) · (n - 2) · … 7! = 7 · 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1
The factorial of 0 is defined to · 2 · 1. Por definición, el factorial de = 5040
be 1. 0 será 1.
factoring (p. 524) The process factoreo Proceso por el que se

of writing a number or algebraic expresa un número o expresión x 2 - 4x - 21 = (x - 7)(x + 3)
expression as a product. algebraica como un producto.
fair (p. 720) When all outcomes justo Cuando todos los resultados When tossing a fair coin, heads
of an experiment are equally de un experimento son igualmente and tails are equally likely.
likely. probables. Each has a probability of __12 .
family of functions (p. 357) A set familia de funciones Conjunto de ÊÞÊÊÝÓÊ Ê£ ÊÞÊÊÎÝÓ
Þ
of functions whose graphs have funciones cuyas gráficas tienen n
basic characteristics in common. características básicas en común.
È ÊÞÊÊÝÊÊÓ®Ó
Functions in the same family are Las funciones de la misma familia
transformations of their parent son transformaciones de su {
function. función madre.
Ó
ÊÞÊÊÝÓ
Ý
{ Ó ä Ó {
first differences (p. 590) The primeras diferencias Constant change in x-values
differences between y-values of Diferencias entre +1 +1 +1 +1
a function for evenly spaced los valores de y de una
x 0 1 2 3 4
x-values. función para valores
y = x2 0 1 4 9 16
de x espaciados
uniformemente. +1 +3 +5 +7
First differences
first quartile (p. 695) The median primer cuartil Mediana de la mitad
Lower half Upper half
of the lower half of a data set, inferior de un conjunto de datos,
18, 23, 28, 49, 36, 42
denoted Q 1. Also called lower expresado como Q 1. También se
quartile. llama cuartil inferior. First quartile
FOIL (p. 493) A mnemonic FOIL Regla mnemotécnica para

(memory) device for a method of recordar el método de multiplicación
multiplying two binomials: de dos binomios:
Multiply the First terms. Multiplicar los términos Primeros F L
Multiply the Outer terms. (First).
Multiply the Inner terms. Multiplicar los términos Externos (x + 2)(x - 3) = x 2 - 3x + 2x - 6
(Outer). I = x2 - x - 6
Multiply the Last terms.
Multiplicar los términos Internos O
(Inner).
Multiplicar los términos Últimos
(Last).
formula (p. 107) A literal equation fórmula Ecuación literal que

that states a rule for a relationship establece una regla para una relación A = πr 2
among quantities. entre cantidades.
fractional exponent See rational exponente fraccionario Ver

exponent. exponente racional.
frequency (p. 688, p. S71) The frecuencia Cantidad de veces que In the data set 5, 6, 6, 7, 8,
number of times the value appears aparece el valor en un conjunto 9, the data value 6 has a
in the data set. de datos. frequency of 2.
frequency table (p. 688) A table tabla de frecuencia Tabla Data set: 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6
that lists the number of times, or que enumera la cantidad Frequency table:
frequency, that each de veces que ocurre cada Data Frequency
data value occurs. valor de datos, o la
1 2
frecuencia.
2 2
3 1
4 1
5 3
6 4
function (p. 237) A relation in función Una relación en la que

which every input is paired with cada entrada corresponde È
{
exactly one output. exactamente a una salida. x
£
Ó
ä
£
function notation (p. 245) If x is notación de función Si x es la
the independent variable and y is variable independiente e y es la
the dependent variable, then the variable dependiente, entonces equation: y = 2x
function notation for y is f (x), la notación de función para y es function notation: f(x) = 2x
read “f of x,” where f names the f (x), que se lee “f de x,” donde f
function. nombra la función.
function rule (p. 246) An algebraic regla de función Expresión f (x) = 2x 2 + 3x - 7

expression that defines a algebraica que define una
function. función. function rule
Fundamental Counting Principio fundamental de conteo

Principle (p. 736) For n items, if Dados n elementos, si existen
there are m 1 ways to choose a first m 1 formas de elegir un primer
item, m 2 ways to choose a second elemento, m 2 formas de elegir un If there are 4 colors of shirts,
item after the first item has been segundo elemento después de 3 colors of pants, and 2 colors
chosen, and so on, then there are haber elegido el primero, y así of shoes, then there are
m 1 · m 2 · … · m n ways to choose sucesivamente, entonces existen 4 · 3 · 2 = 24 possible outfits.
n items. m 1 · m 2 · … · m n formas de elegir n
elementos.
G
geometric sequence (p. 766) A sucesión geométrica Sucesión en
sequence in which the ratio of la que la razón de los términos 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …
successive terms is a constant r, sucesivos es una constante r,
called the common ratio, where denominada razón común, ·2 ·2 ·2 ·2 r=2
r ≠ 0 and r ≠ 1. donde r ≠ 0 y r ≠ 1.
graph of a function (p. 252) The gráfica de una función Conjunto {

Þ Þ
set of points in a coordinate plane de los puntos de un plano Ó

with coordinates (x, y), where x is cartesiano con coordenadas Ý Ý
in the domain of the function (x, y), donde x está en el { Ó ä

Ó
Ó { n {
{
ä { n
f and y = f (x). dominio de la función f e

y = f (x). { n
graph of a system of linear gráfica de un sistema de Þ

inequalities (p. 421) The region desigualdades lineales Región de Ó]£®ÊÃÊÊÌ iÊ Ó
ÛiÀ>««}Ê
in a coordinate plane consisting un plano cartesiano que consta Ã >ì`ÊÀi}Ã]
of points whose coordinates are de puntos cuyas coordenadas ÃÊÌÊÃÊ>ÊÃÕÌ° Ó ä Ó Ý
solutions to all of the inequalities son soluciones de todas las Ó
in the system. desigualdades del sistema.
graph of an inequality in one gráfica de una desigualdad en una

x≥2
variable (p. 169) The set of variable Conjunto de los puntos de
points on a number line that are una recta numérica que representan { Î Ó £ ä £ Ó Î { x È
solutions of the inequality. soluciones de la desigualdad.
graph of an inequality in two gráfica de una desigualdad en dos y≤x+1

variables (p. 414) The set of variables Conjunto de los puntos Þ
Î
points in a coordinate plane de un plano cartesiano cuyas
whose coordinates (x, y) are coordenadas (x, y) son soluciones Ý
solutions of the inequality. de la desigualdad. Î ä Î
Î
graph of an ordered pair (p. 54) gráfica de un par ordenado Dado {
Þ
For the ordered pair (x, y), the el par ordenado (x, y), punto en un Ó
point in a coordinate plane that plano cartesiano que está a una Ý
{ Ó ä
is a horizontal distance of x units distancia horizontal de x unidades Ó {
Ó
from the origin and a vertical desde el origen y a una distancia
{ -
distance of y units from the vertical de y unidades desde el
origin. origen. (2, -4)
greatest common factor (GCF) máximo común divisor (MCD) de
(p. 521) The product of the una expresión Producto del entero The GCF of 4x 3y and 6x 2y is
greatest integer and the greatest mayor y la potencia mayor de cada 2x 2y.
power of each variable that variable que divide exactamente The GCF of 27 and 45 is 9.
divide evenly into each term. cada término de la expresión.
grouping symbols (p. 40) Symbols símbolos de agrupación Símbolos

⎧ ⎫
such as parentheses ( ), brackets tales como paréntesis ( ), corchetes 6 + ⎨3 - ⎡⎣(4 - 3) + 2⎤⎦ + 1⎬ - 5
[ ], and braces { } that separate [ ] y llaves { } que separan parte ⎧⎩ ⎫ ⎭
6 + ⎨3 - ⎡⎣1 + 2⎤⎦ + 1⎬ - 5
part of an expression. A fraction de una expresión. La barra de ⎩ ⎭
bar, absolute-value symbols, and fracciones, los símbolos de valor 6 + {3 - 3 + 1} - 5
radical symbols may also be used absoluto y los símbolos de radical 6+1-5
as grouping symbols. también se pueden utilizar como 2
símbolos de agrupación.
H
half-life (p. 783) The half-life of a vida media La vida media de
Carbon-14 has a half-life of
substance is the time it takes for una sustancia es el tiempo que
5730 years, so 5 g of an initial
one-half of the substance to decay tarda la mitad de la sustancia en
amount of 10 g will remain
into another substance. desintegrarse y transformarse en
after 5730 years.
otra sustancia.
half-plane (p. 414) The part of the semiplano La parte del plano Þ
Î
coordinate plane on one side of a cartesiano de un lado de una línea,
line, which may include the line. que puede incluir la línea. Ý
Î ä Î
Î
Heron’s Formula (p. 810) A fórmula de Herón Un triángulo con

triangle with side lengths a, b, and longitudes de lado a, b y c tiene un
c has area área A = √
s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) ,
A = √
s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) , donde s es la mitad del perímetro
where s is one-half the perimeter, ó s = __12 (a + b + c).
or s = _12_ (a + b + c).
histogram (p. 688) A bar graph histograma Gráfica de barras -Ì>ÀÌ}Ê->>ÀiÃ

used to display data grouped in utilizada para mostrar datos
ÀiµÕiVÞ
class intervals. The width of each agrupados en intervalos de clases. {ä

Îä
bar is proportional to the class El ancho de cada barra es Óä
interval, and the area of each bar proporcional al intervalo de clase £ä
ä
is proportional to the frequency. y el área de cada barra es
n n n n
proporcional a la frecuencia.
->>ÀÞÊÀ>}iÊÌ ÕÃ>`Êf®
horizontal line (p. 312) A line recta horizontal Línea descrita por
y=4
described by the equation la ecuación y = b, donde b es la
y = b, where b is the y-intercept. intersección con el eje y. Þ
Ó
Ý
{ Ó ä Ó {
hypotenuse (p. S68) The side hipotenusa Lado opuesto al ángulo

Þ«ÌiÕÃi
opposite the right angle in a right recto de un triángulo rectángulo.
triangle.
I
identity (p. 101) An equation identidad Ecuación verdadera para 3=3
that is true for all values of the todos los valores de las variables. 2(x - 1) = 2x - 2
variables.
inclusive events (p. 734) Events sucesos inclusivos Sucesos que In the experiment of rolling a
that have one or more outcomes tienen uno o más resultados en number cube, rolling an even
in common. común. number and rolling a number
less than 3 are inclusive events
because both contain the
outcome 2.
inconsistent system (p. 406) sistema inconsistente Sistema de

⎧x + y = 0
A system of equations or ecuaciones o desigualdades que ⎨
inequalities that has no solution. no tiene solución. ⎩x + y = 1
independent events (p. 726) sucesos independientes Dos sucesos From a bag containing 3 red
Events for which the occurrence son independientes si el hecho de marbles and 2 blue marbles,
or nonoccurrence of one event que se produzca o no uno de ellos drawing a red marble,
does not affect the probability of no afecta la probabilidad del otro replacing it, and then
the other event. suceso. drawing a blue marble.
independent system (p. 407) sistema independiente Sistema ⎧x + y = 7

⎨
A system of equations that has de ecuaciones que tiene sólo una ⎩x - y = 1
exactly one solution. solución. Solution: (4, 3)
independent variable (p. 245) variable independiente Entrada de

The input of a function; a variable una función; variable cuyo valor For y = 2x + 1, x is the
whose value determines the determina el valor de la salida, o independent variable.
value of the output, or dependent variable dependiente.
variable.
n n
index (p. 832) In the radical √
x, índice En el radical √
x, que
The radical √
3
which represents the nth root of representa la enésima raíz de x, n es 8 has an
x, n is the index. In the radical √x, el índice. En el radical √x, se da por index of 3.
the index is understood to be 2. sentado que el índice es 2.
indirect measurement (p. 122) A medición indirecta Método de

method of measurement that uses medición en el que se usan
formulas, similar figures, and/or fórmulas, figuras similares y/o
proportions. proporciones.
inequality (p. 168) A statement desigualdad Enunciado que
x≥2
that compares two expressions by compara dos expresiones utilizando
using one of the following signs: uno de los siguientes signos: { Î Ó £ ä £ Ó Î { x È
<, >, ≤, ≥, or ≠. <, >, ≤, ≥, o ≠.
input (p. 55) A value that is entrada Valor que sustituye a la For the function f (x) = x + 5,
substituted for the independent variable independiente en una the input 3 produces an output
variable in a relation or function. relación o función. of 8.
input-output table (p. 248) A table tabla de entrada y salida Tabla

that displays input values of a que muestra los valores de entrada Input x 1 2 3 4
function or expression together de una función o expresión junto y 4 7 10 13
Output
with the corresponding outputs. con las correspondientes salidas.
integer (p. 34) A member of the entero Miembro del conjunto de

set of whole numbers and their números cabales y sus opuestos. … -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …
opposites.
intercept See x-intercept and intersección Ver intersección con el

y-intercept. eje x e intersección con el eje y.
interest (p. 133) The amount of interés Cantidad de dinero que se

money charged for borrowing cobra por prestar dinero o cantidad
money or the amount of money de dinero que se gana cuando se
earned when saving or investing ahorra o invierte dinero. Ver también
money. See also compound interés compuesto, interés simple.
interest, simple interest.
interquartile range (IQR) rango intercuartil (RIC) Diferencia Lower half Upper half
(p. 695) The difference of the third entre el tercer cuartil (superior) y 18, 23, 28, 29, 36, 42
(upper) and first (lower) quartiles el primer cuartil (inferior) de un First quartile Third quartile
in a data set, representing the conjunto de datos, que representa Interquartile range:
middle half of the data. la mitad central de los datos. 36 - 23 = 13
intersection of sets (p. 203) The intersección de conjuntos La
intersection of two sets is the set intersección de dos conjuntos es el A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
of all elements that are common conjunto de todos los elementos B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
to both sets, denoted by ". que son comunes a ambos A " B = {1, 3}
conjuntos, expresado por ".
inverse operations (p. 97) operaciones inversas Operaciones Addition and subtraction are
Operations that undo each other. que se anulan entre sí. inverse operations:
5 + 3 = 8, 8 - 3 = 5
Multiplication and division are
inverse operations:
2 · 3 = 6, 6 ÷ 3 = 2
inverse variation (p. 851) A variación inversa Relación entre 8

y=_
x
relationship between two dos variables, x e y, que puede
variables, x and y, that can be expresarse en la forma y = _kx_, donde
written in the form y = _kx_, where k k es una constante distinta
is a nonzero constant and x ≠ 0. de cero y x ≠ 0.
irrational number (p. 34) A real número irracional Número real que
number that cannot be expressed no se puede expresar como una π, e
√2,
as the ratio of two integers. razón de enteros.
isolate the variable (p. 77) To despejar la variable Para despejar
10 = 6 - 2x
isolate a variable in an equation, la variable de una ecuación, utiliza
-6 -6
use inverse operations on both operaciones inversas en ambos lados −− −−−−−−
4= -2x
sides until the variable appears by
itself on one side of the equation
hasta que la variable aparezca sola
en uno de los lados de la ecuación y
_ _
4 = -2x
-2 -2
and does not appear on the other no aparezca en el otro lado. -2 = x
side.
isosceles triangle (p. S63) triángulo isósceles Triángulo

A triangle with at least two que tiene al menos dos lados
congruent sides. congruentes.
L
leading coefficient (p. 477) The coeficiente principal Coeficiente del
primer término de un polinomio en 3x 2 + 7x - 2
coefficient of the first term of a
forma estándar. Leading coefficient: 3
polynomial in standard form.
least common denominator mínimo común denominador

3 and _
The LCD of _ 5 is 12.
(LCD) (p. 887) The least common (MCD) Mínimo común múltiplo de
4 6
multiple of the denominators of dos o más denominadores dados.
two or more given fractions.
least common multiple (LCM) mínimo común múltiplo (MCM) El

(p. 886) The product of the producto del número positivo
smallest positive number and the más pequeño y la menor potencia The LCM of 10 and 18 is 90.
lowest power of each variable that de cada variable que divide
divide evenly into each term. exactamente cada término.
leg of a right triangle (p. S68) cateto de un triángulo

One of the two sides of a right rectángulo Uno de los dos lados de i}
triangle that form the right angle. un triángulo rectángulo que forman
ángulo recto. i}
like radicals (p. 811) Radical radicales semejantes Términos

terms having the same radicand radicales que tienen el mismo 3 √
2x and √
2x
and index. radicando e índice.
like terms (p. 47) Terms with the términos semejantes Términos con
same variables raised to the same las mismas variables elevadas a los 3a 3b 2 and 7a 3b 2
exponents. mismos exponentes.
line (p. S56) An undefined term in línea Término indefinido en

geometry, a line is a straight path geometría, una línea es un trazo
Ű
that has no thickness and extends recto que no tiene grosor y se
forever in two directions. extiende infinitamente.
line graph (p. 679) A graph that gráfica lineal Gráfica que se vale >À½ÃÊ6ìÊ>iÊ-VÀiÃ
uses line segments to show how de segmentos de líneas para
£Óää
data changes. mostrar cambios en los datos.
-VÀi
nää
{ää
ä
£ Ó Î { x È
>iÊÕLiÀ
linear equation in one variable ecuación lineal en una variable
(p. 298) An equation that can be Ecuación que puede expresarse en
written in the form ax = b where la forma ax = b donde a y b son x+1=7
a and b are constants and a ≠ 0. constantes y a ≠ 0.
linear equation in two variables ecuación lineal en dos variables

(p. 298) An equation that can be Ecuación que puede expresarse en
written in the form Ax + By = C la forma Ax + By = C donde A, B y 2x + 3y = 6
where A, B, and C are constants C son constantes y A y B no son
and A and B are not both 0. ambas 0.
linear function (p. 296) A function función lineal Función que puede y=x-1
that can be written in the form expresarse en la forma y = mx + b, {
Þ
y = mx + b, where x is the donde x es la variable independiente Ó
independent variable and m and y m y b son números reales. Su Ý
b are real numbers. Its graph is a gráfica es una línea. { Ó ä Ó {
line.
{
linear inequality in one variable desigualdad lineal en una variable

(p. 414) An inequality that can be Desigualdad que puede expresarse
written in one of the following de una de las siguientes formas: 3x - 5 ≤ 2(x + 4)
forms: ax < b, ax > b, ax ≤ b, ax < b, ax > b, ax ≤ b, ax ≥ b o
ax ≥ b, or ax ≠ b, where a and b ax ≠ b, donde a y b son constantes
are constants and a ≠ 0. y a ≠ 0.
linear inequality in two desigualdad lineal en dos variables

variables (p. 414) An inequality Desigualdad que puede expresarse
that can be written in one of the de una de las siguientes formas:
following forms: Ax + By < C, Ax + By < C, Ax + By > C, Ax + By 2x + 3y > 6
Ax + By > C, Ax + By ≤ C, ≤ C, Ax + By ≥ C o Ax + By ≠ C,
Ax + By ≥ C, or Ax + By ≠ C, donde A, B y C son constantes y A y
where A, B, and C are constants B no son ambas 0.
and A and B are not both 0.
literal equation (p. 108) An ecuación literal Ecuación que d = rt

equation that contains two or contiene dos o más variables.
more variables. A=_
2
( 1 2)
1h b + b
lower quartile See first quartile. cuartil inferior Ver primer cuartil.
M
mapping diagram (p. 236) diagrama de correspondencia >««}Ê >}À>
A diagram that shows the Diagrama que muestra la relación > ,>}i
relationship of elements in the entre los elementos del dominio
domain to elements in the range y los elementos del rango de una Ó
of a relation or function. función.
markup (p. 139) The amount by margen de beneficio Cantidad que

which a wholesale cost is increased. se agrega a un costo mayorista.
matrix (p. 746) A rectangular matriz Arreglo rectangular de ⎡ 1 0 3⎤

array of numbers. números. ⎢ -2 2 -5 .
⎣ 7 -6 3⎦
maximum of a function (p. 592) máximo de una función Valor ä]ÊÓ®
The y-value of the highest point de y del punto más alto en la
on the graph of the function. gráfica de la función.
The maximum of the function is 2.

mean (p. 694) The sum of all the media Suma de todos los valores Data set: 4, 6, 7, 8, 10
values in a data set divided by the de un conjunto de datos dividido 4 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 10
Mean: __
number of data values. Also called por el número de valores de datos. 5
the average. También llamada promedio. =_ 35 = 7
5
measure of an angle (p. S56) medida de un ángulo Los ángulos
Angles are measured in degrees. A se miden en grados. Un grado es ÓÈ°nÂ
degree is ___
1
360
of a complete circle. ___
1
360
de un círculo completo.
measure of central tendency medida de tendencia dominante

(p. 694) A measure that describes Medida que describe el centro de mean, median, or mode
the center of a data set. un conjunto de datos.
median (p. 694) For an ordered mediana Dado un conjunto de

data set with an odd number of datos ordenado con un número 8, 9, 9, 12, 15 Median: 9
values, the median is the middle impar de valores, la mediana es el
value. For an ordered data set valor medio. Dado un conjunto 4, 6, 7, 10, 10, 12
with an even number of values, de datos con un número par de 7 + 10
Median: _ = 8.5
the median is the average of the valores, la mediana es el promedio 2
two middle values. de los dos valores medios.
minimum of a function (p. 592) mínimo de una función Valor de

The y-value of the lowest point on y del punto más bajo en la gráfica
the graph of the function. de la función.
ä]ÊÓ®
The minimum of the function

is -2.
mode (p. 694) The value or values moda El valor o los valores que se
that occur most frequently in a presentan con mayor frecuencia Data set: 3, 6, 8, 8, 10 Mode: 8
data set; if all values occur with en un conjunto de datos. Si todos Data set: 2, 5, 5, 7, 7 Modes: 5
the same frequency, the data set is los valores se presentan con la and 7
said to have no mode. misma frecuencia, se dice que el Data set: 2, 3, 6, 9, 11 No mode
conjunto de datos no tiene moda.
monomial (p. 476) A number or a monomio Número o producto de

product of numbers and variables números y variables con exponentes 3x 2y 4
with whole-number exponents, or de números cabales, o polinomio
a polynomial with one term. con un término.
Multiplication Property of Propiedad de igualdad de la 1x =7

_
Equality (p. 86) If a, b, and c are multiplicación Si a, b y c son 3
real numbers and a = b, then
ac = bc.
números reales y a = b,
entonces ac = bc.
( )
1 x = (3)(7)
(3) _
3
x = 21
Multiplication Property of Propiedad de desigualdad de la
Inequality (p. 180) If both sides multiplicación Si ambos lados de 1x >7
_
of an inequality are multiplied by una desigualdad se multiplican 3
the same positive quantity, the
new inequality will have the same
por el mismo número positivo,
la nueva desigualdad tendrá el
( )
1
(3) x > (3)(7)
_
3
solution set. mismo conjunto solución. x > 21
If both sides of an inequality are Si ambos lados de una desigualdad
multiplied by the same negative se multiplican por el mismo número -x ≤ 2
quantity, the new inequality negativo, la nueva desigualdad (-1)(-x) ≥ (-1)(2)
will have the solution set if the tendrá el mismo conjunto solución si x ≥ -2
inequality symbol is reversed. se invierte el símbolo de desigualdad.
multiplicative inverse (p. 21) The inverso multiplicativo Recíproco de The multiplicative inverse
reciprocal of the number. un número. of 5 is _15_.
mutually exclusive events (p. 734) sucesos mutuamente excluyentes In the experiment of rolling
Two events are mutually exclusive Dos sucesos son mutuamente a number cube, rolling a 3
if they cannot both occur in the excluyentes si ambos no pueden and rolling an even number
same trial of an experiment. ocurrir en la misma prueba de un are mutually exclusive
experimento. events.
N
natural number (p. 34) A counting número natural Número que se
number. utiliza para contar. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …
negative correlation (p. 264) correlación negativa Dos conjuntos Þ

Two data sets have a negative de datos tienen una correlación
correlation if one set of data negativa si un conjunto de valores de
values increases as the other set datos aumenta a medida que el otro
decreases. conjunto disminuye. Ý
negative exponent (p. 446) For exponente negativo Para cualquier

1 ; 3 -2 = _
x -2 = _ 1
any nonzero real number x and número real distinto de cero x y
any integer n, x -n = __
1
. cualquier entero n, x -n = __
1
. x2 32
xn xn
negative number (p. 36) A número negativo Número menor

number that is less than zero. que cero. Los números negativos -2 is a negative number.
Negative numbers lie to the left se ubican a la izquierda del cero
{ Î Ó £ ä £ Ó Î {
of zero on a number line. en una recta numérica.
negative square root (p. 32) The raíz cuadrada negativa Opuesto de la
opposite of the principal square raíz cuadrada principal de un número The negative square root
root of a number a, written as - √
a. a, que se expresa como - √ a. = -3.
of 9 is - √9
net (p. S67) A diagram of the plantilla Diagrama de las caras

faces of a three-dimensional y superficies de una figura
£äÊ
figure arranged in such a way that tridimensional que se puede plegar £äÊ
the diagram can be folded to form para formar la figura tridimensional. ÈÊ
the three-dimensional figure.

ÈÊ
no correlation (p. 264) Two data sin correlación Dos conjuntos Þ
sets have no correlation if there is de datos no tienen correlación si

no relationship between the sets no existe una relación entre los
of values. conjuntos de valores. Ý
nth root (p. 832) The nth root enésima raíz La enésima raíz de un
n n
of1 a number a, written as √
__

a or número
__
1
a, que se escribe como √
a √
5

32 = 2, because 2 5 = 32.
a , is a number that is equal to a
n
o a , es un número igual a a cuando
n
when it is raised to the nth power. se lo eleva a la enésima potencia.
number line (p. 14) A line used to recta numérica Línea utilizada para
represent the real numbers. representar los números reales. { Î Ó £ ä £ Ó Î { x È
numerical expression (p. 6) An expresión numérica Expresión que

expression that contains only contiene únicamente números y 2 · 3 + (4 - 6)
numbers and operations. operaciones.
O
obtuse angle (p. S63) An angle ángulo obtuso Ángulo que mide más
that measures greater than 90° de 90° y menos de 180°.
and less than 180°.
obtuse triangle (p. S63) A triangle triángulo obtusángulo Triángulo con

with one obtuse angle. un ángulo obtuso.
odds (p. 722) A comparison posibilidades Comparación

of favorable and unfavorable de los resultados favorables y
outcomes. The odds in favor desfavorables. Las posibilidades a
of an event are the ratio of the favor de un suceso son la razón The odds in favor of rolling a 3
number of favorable outcomes entre la cantidad de resultados on a number cube are 1 : 5.
to the number of unfavorable favorables y la cantidad de
The odds against rolling a 3 on
outcomes. The odds against an resultados desfavorables. Las
a number cube are 5 : 1.
event are the ratio of the number posibilidades en contra de un
of unfavorable outcomes to the suceso son la razón entre la
number of favorable outcomes. cantidad de resultados
desfavorables y la cantidad
de resultados favorables.
opposite (p. 15) The opposite of opuesto El opuesto de un número

a number a, denoted -a, is the a, expresado -a, es el número xÊÕÌÃ xÊÕÌÃ
number that is the same distance que se encuentra a la misma
from zero as a, on the opposite distancia de cero que a, del lado È x { Î Ó £ ä £ Ó Î { x È
side of the number line. The sum opuesto de la recta numérica. La 5 and -5 are opposites.
of opposites is 0. suma de los opuestos es 0.
opposite reciprocal (p. 352) The recíproco opuesto Opuesto

opposite of the reciprocal of a del recíproco de un número. 3.
2 is - _
The opposite reciprocal of _
number. The opposite reciprocal El recíproco opuesto de a 3 2
of any nonzero number a is - __a1 . es - __a1 .
OR (p. 202) A logical operator O Operador lógico que A = {2, 3, 4, 5} B = {1, 3, 5, 7}

representing the union of two representa la unión de dos The set of values that are in
sets. conjuntos. A OR B is A # B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}.
order of operations (p. 40) orden de las operaciones Regla
A process for evaluating para evaluar las expresiones:
expressions: Primero, realizar las operaciones 2 + 3 2 - (7 + 5) ÷ 4 · 3
First, perform operations in entre paréntesis u otros símbolos 2 + 3 2 - 12 ÷ 4 · 3 Add inside
parentheses or other grouping de agrupación. parentheses.
symbols. Segundo, evaluar las potencias y 2 + 9 - 12 ÷ 4 · 3 Evaluate the
Second, evaluate powers and las raíces. power.
roots. Tercero, realizar todas las 2+9-3·3 Divide.
Third, perform all multiplication multiplicaciones y divisiones de 2+9-9 Multiply.
and division from left to right. izquierda a derecha. 11 - 9 Add.
Fourth, perform all addition and Cuarto, realizar todas las sumas y 2 Subtract.
subtraction from left to right. restas de izquierda a derecha.
ordered pair (p. 54) A pair of par ordenado Par de números (x, y) Þ
{
numbers (x, y) that can be used que se pueden utilizar para ubicar
to locate a point on a coordinate un punto en un plano cartesiano. El Ó
Ý
plane. The first number x indicates primer número, x, indica la distancia
{ Ó ä Ó {
the distance to the left or right of a la izquierda o derecha del origen
the origin, and the second number y el segundo número, y, indica la The coordinates of B
y indicates the distance above or distancia hacia arriba o hacia abajo are (-2, 3).
below the origin. del origen.
origin (p. 54) The intersection of origen Intersección de los ejes

the x- and y-axes in a coordinate x e y en un plano cartesiano. Las
plane. The coordinates of the coordenadas de origen son (0, 0). À}
origin are (0, 0).
ä
outcome (p. 713) A possible result resultado Resultado posible de un In the experiment of rolling
of a probability experiment. experimento de probabilidades. a number cube, the possible
outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
outlier (p. 695) A data value that valor extremo Valor de -OST OF DATA -EAN /UTLIER
is far removed from the rest of the datos que está muy alejado
data. del resto de los datos.
output (p. 55) The result of salida Resultado de la sustitución For the function f (x) = x 2 + 1,
substituting a value for a variable de una variable por un valor en the input 3 produces an output
in a function. una función. of 10.
P
parabola (p. 591) The shape of the parábola Forma de la gráfica de una
graph of a quadratic function. función cuadrática.
parallel lines (p. 349, p. S56) Lines líneas paralelas Líneas rectas en el À
in the same plane that do not mismo plano que no se cruzan.

Ã
intersect.
parallelogram (p. S59) A paralelogramo Cuadrilátero con dos

quadrilateral with two pairs of pares de lados paralelos.
parallel sides.
parent function (p. 357) The función madre La función más
simplest function with the básica que tiene las características f (x) = x 2 is the parent
defining characteristics of the distintivas de una familia. Las function for g (x) = x 2 + 4
family. Functions in the same funciones de la misma familia son and h (x) = (5x + 2)2 - 3.
family are transformations of their transformaciones de su función
parent function. madre.
Pascal’s triangle (p. 570) A triángulo de Pascal Disposición 1

triangular arrangement of triangular de números en la cual 1 1
numbers in which every row cada fila comienza y termina con 1 2 1
starts and ends with 1 and each 1 y los demás números son la suma 1 3 3 1
other number is the sum of the de los dos valores que están arriba 1 4 6 4 1
two numbers above it. de cada uno.
percent (p. 127) A ratio that porcentaje Razón que compara un _17 = 17%
compares a number to 100. número con 100. 100
percent change (p. 138) An porcentaje de cambio Incremento

increase or decrease given as a o disminución dada como un
percent of the original amount. porcentaje del monto original. Ver
See also percent decrease, percent también porcentaje de disminución,
increase. porcentaje de incremento.
percent decrease (p. 138) A porcentaje de disminución If an item that costs $8.00 is
decrease given as a percent of the Disminución dada como un marked down to $6.00, the
original amount. porcentaje de la cantidad original. amount of the decrease is
$2.00, so the percent decrease is
____
2.00
= 0.25 = 25%.
8.00
percent increase (p. 138) An porcentaje de incremento If an item’s wholesale cost of

increase given as a percent of the Incremento dado como un $8.00 is marked up to $12.00,
original amount. porcentaje del monto original. the amount of the increase is
$4.00, so the percent increase
is ____
4.00
8.00
= 0.5 = 50%.
perfect square (p. 32) A number cuadrado perfecto Número cuya 36 is a perfect square
whose positive square root is a raíz cuadrada positiva es un número because √36 = 6.
whole number. cabal.
perfect-square trinomial (p. 501) trinomio cuadrado perfecto Trinomio

A trinomial whose factored form cuya forma factorizada es el
is the square of a binomial. A cuadrado de un binomio. Un x 2 + 6x + 9 is a perfect-
perfect-square trinomial has the trinomio cuadrado perfecto tiene square trinomial, because
form a 2 - 2ab + b 2 = (a - b) or
2
la forma a 2 - 2ab + b 2 = (a - b)
2 x 2 + 6x + 9 = (x + 3) 2.
a + 2ab + b = (a + b) . o a + 2ab + b = (a + b) .
2 2 2 2 2 2
perimeter (p. S60) The sum of perímetro Suma de las longitudes £nÊvÌ
the side lengths of a closed plane de los lados de una figura plana ÈvÌ
figure. cerrada.
Perimeter = 18 + 6 + 18 + 6 = 48 ft
permutation (p. 737) An permutación Arreglo de un grupo For objects A, B, C, and

arrangement of a group of objects de objetos en el cual el orden es D, there are 12 different
in which order is important. importante. permutations of 2 objects.
AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD
BA, CA, DA, CB, DB, DC
perpendicular (p. 351) perpendicular Que se cruza para
Intersecting to form 90° angles. formar ángulos de 90°.
perpendicular lines (p. 351, líneas perpendiculares Líneas que se

p. S56) Lines that intersect at 90° cruzan en ángulos de 90°.
angles.
plane (p. S56) An undefined term plano Término indefinido en

in geometry, it is a flat surface geometría; un plano es una
that has no thickness and extends superficie plana que no tiene grosor
forever in all directions. y se extiende infinitamente.
plane R of plane ABC
point (p. S56) An undefined term punto Término indefinido de la

in geometry, it names a location geometría que denomina una *
and has no size. ubicación y no tiene tamaño. point P
point-slope form (p. 342) The forma de punto y pendiente La

point-slope form of a linear forma de punto y pendiente de una
equation is y - y 1 = m(x - x 1), ecuación lineal es y - y 1 = m(x - x 1), y - 3 = 2(x - 3)
where m is the slope and (x 1, y 1) donde m es la pendiente y (x 1, y 1) es
is a point on the line. un punto en la línea.
polygon (p. S58) A closed plane polígono Figura plana cerrada

figure formed by three or more formada por tres o más segmentos
segments such that each segment tal que cada segmento se cruza
intersects exactly two other únicamente con otros dos
segments only at their endpoints segmentos sólo en sus extremos y
and no two segments with a ningún segmento con un extremo
common endpoint are collinear. común a otro es colineal con éste.
polynomial (p. 476) A monomial polinomio Monomio o suma o

2x 2 + 3xy - 7y 2
or a sum or difference of diferencia de monomios.
monomials.
polynomial long division (p. 893) división larga polinomial x+1

A method of dividing one Método por el que se divide un x + 2 :
x 2 + 3x + 5
polynomial by another. polinomio por otro. -(x 2 + 2x)
−−−−−−−
x+5
-(x + 2)
−−−−−−
3
x 2
+ 3x +
__ = x + 1 + _ 5 3
x+2 x +2
positive correlation (p. 264) correlación positiva (p. 264) Þ

Two data sets have a positive Dos conjuntos de datos tienen
correlation if both sets of data correlación positiva si los valores
values increase. de ambos conjuntos de datos
Ý
aumentan.
positive number (p. 36) A number número positivo Número mayor 2 is a positive number.
greater than zero. que cero.
{ Î Ó £ ä £ Ó Î {
positive square root (p. 32) The raíz cuadrada positiva Raíz cuadrada The positive square root of
positive square root of a number, positiva de un número, expresada 36 is √
36 = 6.
indicated by the radical sign. por el signo de radical.
power (p. 26) An expression potencia Expresión escrita con una

written with a base and an base y un exponente o el valor de 2 3 = 8, so 8 is the third
exponent or the value of such an dicha expresión. power of 2.
expression.
Power of a Power Property Propiedad de la potencia de una

(p. 462) If a is any nonzero real potencia Dado un número real (6 7)4 = 6 7·4
number and m and n are integers, a distinto de cero y los números = 6 28
then (a m) = a mn. enteros m y n, entonces (a m) = a mn.
n n
Power of a Product Property Propiedad de la potencia de un

(p. 463) If a and b are any nonzero producto Dados los números reales (2 · 4)3 = 2 3 · 4 3
real numbers and n is any integer, a y b distintos de cero y un número = 8 · 64
then (ab) = a nb n. entero n, entonces (ab) = a nb n.
n n
= 512
( ) = _53 · _53 · _53 · _53

4
Power of a Quotient Property Propiedad de la potencia de un 3
_
(p. 469, p. 470) If a and b are any cociente Dados los números reales a 5
nonzero real numbers and n is an y b distintos de cero y un número ·3·3·3
= 3__
5·5·5·5
(b) (b)
n an n an
integer, then _a_ = __
bn
. entero n, entonces _a_ = __
bn
.
=_ 34
54
prediction (p. 715) An estimate or predicción Estimación o suposición
guess about something that has sobre algo que todavía no ha
not yet happened. sucedido.
prime factorization (p. 520) A factorización prima Representación

The prime factorization of
representation of a number or de un número o de un polinomio
60 is 2 · 2 · 3 · 5
a polynomial as a product of como producto de números primos.
primes.
prime number (p. 524) A whole número primo Número cabal mayor
5 is prime because its only
number greater than 1 that has que 1 que es divisible únicamente
factors are 5 and 1.
exactly two factors, itself and 1. por sí mismo y por 1.
principal (p. 133) An amount of capital Monto de dinero que se pide

money borrowed or invested. prestado o se invierte.
prism (p. 874, p. S64) A prisma Poliedro formado por dos

polyhedron formed by two bases poligonales congruentes
parallel congruent polygonal paralelas conectadas por caras
bases connected by faces that are laterales que son paralelogramos.
parallelograms.
probability (p. 713) A number probabilidad Número entre 0 y 1 A bag contains 3 red marbles
from 0 to 1 (or 0% to 100%) that (o entre 0% y 100%) que describe and 4 blue marbles. The
is the measure of how likely an cuán probable es que ocurra un probability of randomly
event is to occur. suceso. choosing a red marble is __37 .
Product of Powers Property Propiedad del producto de potencias

(p. 460) If a is any nonzero real Dado un número real a distinto de 6 7 · 6 4 = 6 7+4
number and m and n are integers, cero y los números enteros m y n, = 6 11
then a m · a n = a m+n. entonces a m · a n = a m+n.
Product Property of Square Propiedad del producto de raíces
Roots (p. 806) For a ≥ 0 and cuadradas Dados a ≥ 0 y √
9 · 25 = √9 · √
25
b ≥ 0, √
ab = √a · √b.
b ≥ 0, √
ab = √a · √
b. = 3 · 5 = 15
proportion (p. 114) A statement proporción Ecuación que establece 2 =_

_ 4
that two ratios are equal; __ab = __
c
d
. que dos razones son iguales; __ab = __
c
d
. 3 6
pyramid (p. 874, p. S64) A pirámide Poliedro formado por

polyhedron formed by a polygonal una base poligonal y caras laterales
base and triangular lateral faces triangulares que se encuentran en
that meet at a common vertex. un vértice común.
Pythagorean Theorem (p. S68) If a Teorema de Pitágoras Dado un £ÎÊV

right triangle has legs of lengths a triángulo rectángulo con catetos de xÊV
and b and a hypotenuse of length longitudes a y b y una hipotenusa de
c, then a 2 + b 2 = c 2. longitud c, entonces a 2 + b 2 = c 2. £ÓÊV
5 2 + 12 2 = 13 2
25 + 144 = 169
Pythagorean triple (p. 519) A set Tripleta de Pitágo Conjunto de tres The numbers 3, 4, and 5
of three nonzero whole numbers números cabales distintos de cero a, form a Pythagorean triple
a, b, and c such that a 2 + b 2 = c 2. b y c tal que a 2 + b 2 = c 2. because 3 2 + 4 2 = 5 2.
Q
quadrant (p. 54) One of the four cuadrante Una de las cuatro
regions into which the x- and regiones en las que los ejes x e y
+Õ>`À>ÌÊ +Õ>`À>ÌÊ
y-axes divide the coordinate dividen el plano cartesiano.
plane.
ä
+Õ>`À>ÌÊ +Õ>`À>ÌÊ6
quadratic equation (p. 622) An ecuación cuadrática Ecuación

equation that can be written in que se puede expresar como x 2 + 3x - 4 = 0
the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where ax 2 + bx + c = 0, donde a, b y c x2 - 9 = 0
a, b, and c are real numbers and son números reales y a ≠ 0.
a ≠ 0.
Quadratic Formula (p. 652) fórmula cuadrática La fórmula The solutions of 2x 2 - 5x - 3 = 0

-b ± √
b 2 - 4ac -b ± √
b 2 - 4ac are given by
The formula x = ____________ , x = ____________ , que da
2a 2a -(-5) ± √
(-5)2 - 4 (2)(-3)
which gives solutions, or roots, of soluciones, o raíces, para x = ___
equations in the form las ecuaciones del tipo 2(2)
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0. ax 2 + bx + c = 0, donde 5 ± √
25 + 24 5±7
= __ = _
a ≠ 0. 4 4
x = 3 or x = - _1.
2
quadratic function (p. 590) A función cuadrática Función
function that can be written in the que se puede expresar como
f (x) = x 2 - 6x + 8
form f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c, where f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c, donde a,
a, b, and c are real numbers and b y c son números reales
a ≠ 0. y a ≠ 0.
quadratic polynomial (p. 477) A polinomio cuadrático Polinomio de
polynomial of degree 2. grado 2. x 2 - 6x + 8
quartile (p. 695) The median of cuartil La mediana de la mitad &IRST QUARTILE 4HIRD QUARTILE
-INIMUM -EDIAN -AXIMUM
the upper or lower half of a data superior o inferior de un conjunto
set. See also first quartile, third de datos. Ver también primer
quartile. cuartil, tercer cuartil. ä Ó { È n £ä £Ó £{
Quotient of Powers Property Propiedad del cociente de

(p. 467) If a is a nonzero real potencias Dado un número real a 6 7 = 6 7-4 = 6 3
_
number and m and n are integers, distinto de cero y los número enteros 64
am am
then ___
an
= a m-n. m y n, entonces ___
an
= a m-n.
Quotient Property of Square Propiedad del cociente de raíces

Roots (p. 806) For a ≥ 0 and cuadradas Dados a ≥ 0 y
_ √
9 =_9 3
=_
25 √
25 5

b > 0, __
a
√a
= ___ .
b > 0. __
a
√a
= ___ .
b √
b b √
b
R
radical equation (p. 822) An ecuación radical Ecuación que
equation that contains a variable contiene una variable dentro de un √
x+3+4=7
within a radical. radical.
radical expression (p. 805) An expresión radical Expresión que

expression that contains a radical contiene un signo de radical. √
x+3+4
sign.
radical symbol (p. 32) The símbolo de radical Símbolo √

symbol √ used to denote a que se utiliza para expresar una √
36 = 6
root. The symbol is used alone raíz. Puede utilizarse solo para
√
3
27 = 3
to indicate a square root or with indicar una raíz cuadrada, o con un
an index, √, to indicate the nth índice, √, para indicar la enésima
n n
root. raíz.
radicand (p. 805) The expression radicando Número o expresión x+3

Expression: √
under a radical sign. debajo del signo de radical. Radicand: x + 3
radius (p. S62) A segment whose radio Segmento cuyos extremos son
endpoints are the center of a el centro de un círculo y un punto ,>`ÕÃ
circle and a point on the circle; del círculo; distancia desde el centro
the distance from the center of a de un círculo hasta cualquier punto
circle to any point on the circle. de éste.
random sample (p. 703) A sample muestra aleatoria Muestra Mr. Hansen chose a random
selected from a population so that seleccionada de una población sample of the class by writing
each member of the population tal que cada miembro de ésta each student’s name on a slip
has an equal chance of being tenga igual probabilidad de ser of paper, mixing up the slips,
selected. seleccionada. and drawing five slips without
looking.
range of a data set (p. 694) The rango de un conjunto de datos The data set {3, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10,
difference of the greatest and least La diferencia del mayor y menor 11, 11, 12} has a range of
values in the data set. valor en un conjunto de datos. 12 - 3 = 9.
range of a function or relation rango de una función o relación
(p. 236) The set of output values of Conjunto de todos los valores de
The range of y = x 2 is y ≥ 0.
a function or relation. salida posibles de una función o
relación.
rate (p. 114) A ratio that tasa Razón que compara dos
compares two quantities cantidades medidas en diferentes 55 miles = 55mi/h
_
measured in different units. unidades. 1 hour
rate of change (p. 310) A ratio tasa de cambio Razón que compara The cost of mailing a letter
that compares the amount of la cantidad de cambio de la variable increased from 22 cents in
change in a dependent variable dependiente con la cantidad 1985 to 25 cents in 1988.
to the amount of change in an de cambio de la variable During this period, the rate of
independent variable. independiente. change was
change in cost
___________ 25 - 21
change in year
= _________ = _3_
1988 - 1985 3
= 1 cent per year.
ratio (p. 114) A comparison of razón Comparación de dos 1 or 1 : 2

_
two quantities by division. cantidades mediante una división. 2
rational equation (p. 900) An ecuación racional Ecuación que

__ x+2
equation that contains one or contiene una o más expresiones =6
more rational expressions. racionales. x 2 + 3x - 1
rational exponent (p. 832) An exponente racional Exponente que

exponent that can be expressed se puede expresar como __
m
n tal que si __1
64 6 = √
6
as __
m 64
n such that if m and n are m y n son números enteros,
b m = ( √b) . b m = ( √b) .
_m_ m __
m m
integers, then b n = √ entonces b n = √
n n n n
rational expression (p. 866) expresión racional Expresión

An algebraic expression whose algebraica cuyo numerador y __ x+2
numerator and denominator denominador son polinomios y cuyo x 2 + 3x - 1
are polynomials and whose denominador tiene un grado ≥ 1.
denominator has a degree ≥ 1.
rational function (p. 858) A función racional Función cuya

x+2
function whose rule can be regla se puede expresar como una f(x) = __
written as a rational expression. expresión racional. x 2 + 3x - 1
rational number (p. 34) A number número racional Número que se

that can be written in the form __ab , puede expresar como __ab , donde a y b − 2, 0
3, 1.75, 0.3, - _
where a and b are integers and son números enteros y b ≠ 0. 3
b ≠ 0.
rationalizing the denominator racionalizar el denominador Método

(p. 818) A method of rewriting a que consiste en escribir nuevamente
1 ·_
_
√2
√2
fraction by multiplying by another una fracción multiplicándola por =_
fraction that is equivalent to 1 otra fracción equivalente a 1 a fin de √2
√2 2
in order to remove radical terms eliminar los términos radicales del
from the denominator. denominador.
ray (p. S56) A part of a line that rayo Parte de una recta que
starts at an endpoint and extends comienza en un extremo y se
forever in one direction. extiende infinitamente en una
dirección.
real number (p. 34) A rational or número real Número racional o ,i>Ê ÕLiÀÃ
,>Ì>Ê ÕLiÀÃÊύ® ÀÀ>Ì>Ê ÕLiÀÃ
irrational number. Every point on irracional. Cada punto de la recta ÚÚÚ
Ü
ä°ÊÎÊ
ÊÓÇÊÊÊÊ
{ Ìi}iÀÃÊϖ® ÊÚÚÚ
Ê£äÊÊÊÊ ÊȖ£ÇÊ
е
еÊ
the number line represents a real numérica representa un número Î
7 iÊ ÕLiÀÃÊϓ® Ó
££
ÊÊȖ££Ê
е
еÊ
number. real. £ >ÌÕÀ>Ê ÕLiÀÃÊϊ® ä
ÊȖÓÊ
е
Ê
£ Î
i
Ó
{°x ÚÚÊxÊÊÊÊ û

reciprocal (p. 21) For a real recíproco Dado el número real

Number Reciprocal
number a ≠ 0, the reciprocal of a a ≠ 0, el recíproco de a es __a1 . El
__
1
is __a1 . The product of reciprocals producto de los recíprocos es 1. 2 2
is 1. 1 1
-1 -1
0 No reciprocal
rectangle (p. S59) A quadrilateral rectángulo Cuadrilátero con cuatro

with four right angles. ángulos rectos.
rectangular prism (p. 874) A prism prisma rectangular Prisma cuyas

whose bases are rectangles. bases son rectángulos.
rectangular pyramid (p. 874) pirámide rectangular Pirámide cuya

A pyramid whose base is a base es un rectángulo.
rectangle.
reflection (p. 359, p. S69) A reflexión Transformación en la

transformation that reflects, or que una gráfica o figura se refleja Ī
“flips,” a graph or figure across a o se invierte sobre una línea,

Ī
line, called the line of reflection. denominada la línea de reflexión. Ī
regular polygon (p. S58) A polígono regular Polígono equilátero

polygon that is both equilateral de ángulos iguales y equiangulares.
and equiangular.
relation (p. 236) A set of ordered relación Conjunto de pares ⎧ ⎫

⎨(0, 5), (0, 4), (2, 3), (4, 0)⎬
pairs. ordenados. ⎩ ⎭
repeating decimal (p. 34) A decimales periódicos Números

rational number in decimal form racionales en forma decimal que − − −− −
1.3, 0.6, 2.14, 6.773
that has a block of one or more tienen un bloque de uno o más
digits that repeat continuously. dígitos que se repite continuamente.
replacement set (p. 8) A set of conjunto de reemplazo Conjunto de

numbers that can be substituted números que pueden sustituir una
for a variable. variable.
rhombus (p. S59) A quadrilateral rombo Cuadrilátero con cuatro

with four congruent sides. lados congruentes.
right angle (p. S58) An angle that ángulo recto Ángulo que mide 90°.
measures 90°.
rise (p. 311) The difference in the distancia vertical Diferencia entre
For the points (3, -1) and
y-values of two points on a line. los valores de y de dos puntos de
(6, 5), the rise is 5 - (-1) = 6.
una línea.
rotation (p. 358, p. S69) A rotación Transformación que rota Ī
Ī
transformation that rotates or o gira una figura sobre un punto
turns a figure about a point called llamado centro de rotación. Ī Ī

the center of rotation.
run (p. 311) The difference in the distancia horizontal Diferencia For the points (3, -1) and
x-values of two points on a line. entre los valores de x de dos (6, 5), the run is 6 - 3 = 3.
puntos de una línea.
S
sales tax (p. 134) A percent of the impuesto sobre la venta Porcentaje
cost of an item that is charged by del costo de un artículo que cobran
governments to raise money. los gobiernos para recaudar dinero.
sample space (p. 713) The set espacio muestral Conjunto de In the experiment of rolling
of all possible outcomes of a todos los resultados posibles de un a number cube, the sample
probability experiment. experimento de probabilidades. space is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
scale (p. 116) The ratio between escala Razón entre dos medidas
two corresponding measurements. correspondientes. 1 cm : 5 mi

scale drawing (p. 116) A drawing dibujo a escala Dibujo que utiliza
that uses a scale to represent an una escala para representar un
object as smaller or larger than objeto como más pequeño o más

the actual object. grande que el objeto original.
A blueprint is an example of
a scale drawing.
scale factor (p. 123) The factor de escala El multiplicador
multiplier used on each utilizado en cada dimensión para
{Ê° ÈÊ°
dimension to change one transformar una figura en una
figure into a similar figure. figura semejante. ÓÊ°
ÎÊ°
3 = 1.5
Scale factor: _
2
scale model (p. 116) A three- modelo a escala Modelo
dimensional model that uses a tridimensional que utiliza una escala
scale to represent an object as para representar un objeto como
smaller or larger than the actual más pequeño o más grande que el
object. objeto real.
scalene triangle (p. S63) A triangle triángulo escaleno Triángulo sin

with no congruent sides. lados congruentes.
scatter plot (p. 263) A graph with diagrama de dispersión Gráfica con Þ
points plotted to show a possible puntos dispersos para demostrar n
relationship between two sets of una relación posible entre dos È

data. conjuntos de datos. {
Ó
Ý
ä Ó { È n
scientific notation (p. 453) A notación científica Método que
method of writing very large or consiste en escribir números muy 12,560,000,000,000 =
very small numbers, by using grandes o muy pequeños utilizando 1.256 × 10 13
powers of 10, in the form m × 10 n, potencias de 10 del tipo m × 10 n,
where 1 ≤ m < 10 and n is an donde 1 ≤ m < 10 y n es un número 0.0000075 = 7.5 × 10 -6
integer. entero.
second differences (p. 590) segundas diferencias Diferencias Constant change in x-values
Differences between first entre las primeras diferencias de +1 +1 +1 +1
differences of a function. una función.
x 0 1 2 3 4
y = x2 0 1 4 9 16
First differences
+1 +3 +5 +7
Second differences +2 +2 +2
sequence (p. 272) A list of numbers sucesión Lista de números que

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …
that often form a pattern. generalmente forman un patrón.
set-builder notation (p. 168) A notación de conjuntos Notación

{x | x > 3} is read “The set of
notation for a set that uses a rule para un conjunto que se vale de una
all x such that x is greater
to describe the properties of the regla para describir las propiedades
than 3.”
elements of the set. de los elementos del conjunto.
similar (p. 121) Two figures are semejantes Dos figuras con
similar if they have the same la misma forma pero no
shape but not necessarily the necesariamente del mismo
same size. tamaño.
È
similarity statement (p. 121) A enunciado de semejanza Enunciado
x x°{ £Ó
statement that indicates that que indica que dos polígonos son
{
two polygons are similar by similares enumerando los vértices
£ä £ä°n
listing the vertices in the order of en orden de correspondencia.
correspondence.
n

quadrilateral ABCD ∼
quadrilateral EFGH
simple event (p. 737) An event suceso simple Suceso que tiene In the experiment of rolling
consisting of only one outcome. sólo un resultado. a number cube, the event
consisting of the outcome 3
is a simple event.
simple interest (p. 133) A fixed interés simple Porcentaje fijo del If $100 is put into an account
percent of the principal. For capital. Dado el capital P, la tasa de with a simple interest rate of
principal P, interest rate r, and interés r y el tiempo t expresado en 5%, then after 2 years, the
time t in years, the simple interest años, el interés simple es I = Prt. account will have earned
is I = Prt. I = 100 · 0.05 · 2 = $10 in
interest.
simplest form of a square root forma simplificada de una expresión
expression (p. 805) A square root de raíz cuadrada Una expresión
expression is in simplest form de raíz cuadrada está en forma
if it meets the following simplificada si reúne los siguientes
criteria: requisitos: Not Simplest Simplest
1. No perfect squares are in the 1. No hay cuadrados perfectos en Form Form
radicand. el radicando. √
180 6 √
5
2. No fractions are in the 2. No hay fracciones en el
√
216a 2b 2 6ab √
6
radicand. radicando.
3. No square roots appear in the 3. No aparecen raíces cuadradas en √
_7 √
_14
denominator of a fraction. el denominador de una fracción. √
2 2
See also rationalizing the Ver también racionalizar el
denominator. denominador.
simplest form of a rational forma simplificada de una expresión _ x - 1)(x + 1)

x 2 - 1 = (__
expression (p. 867) A rational racional Una expresión racional x +x-2
2
(x + 1)(x + 2)
expression is in simplest form if está en forma simplificada cuando
=_ x-1
the numerator and denominator el numerador y el denominador no x+2
have no common factors. tienen factores en común.
Simplest form
simplest form of an exponential forma simplificada de una expresión
expression (p. 460) An exponencial Una expresión
exponential expression is in exponencial está en forma
simplest form if it meets the simplificada si reúne los siguientes
following criteria: requisitos: Not Simplest Simplest
1. There are no negative 1. No hay exponentes negativos. Form Form
exponents. 2. La misma base no aparece más 78 · 74 7 12
2. The same base does not appear de una vez en un producto o (x 2)-4 · x 5 1
_
more than once in a product or cociente. x3
quotient. 3. No se elevan a potencias a 5b 9
_
ab 5
3. No powers, products, or productos, cocientes ni potencias. (ab)4
quotients are raised to powers. 4. Los coeficientes numéricos en un
4. Numerical coefficients in cociente no tienen ningún factor
a quotient do not have any común que no sea 1.
common factor other than 1.
simplify (p. 40) To perform all simplificar Realizar todas las 13 - 20 + 8

indicated operations. operaciones indicadas. -7 + 8
1
simulation (p. 712) A model of simulación Modelo de un

an experiment, often one that experimento; generalmente se
would be too difficult or time- recurre a la simulación cuando
consuming to actually perform. realizar dicho experimento sería
demasiado difícil o llevaría mucho
tiempo
sine (p. 908) In a right triangle, seno En un triángulo rectángulo,

the ratio of the length of the leg razón entre la longitud del cateto ««ÃÌi
Þ«ÌiÕÃi
opposite ∠A to the length of the opuesto a ∠A y la longitud de la
hypotenuse. hipotenusa.
opposite
sin A = __
hypotenuse
slope (p. 311) A measure of the pendiente Medida de la inclinación {
Þ
steepness of a line. If (x 1, y 1) and de una línea. Dados d os puntos
(x 2, y 2) are any two points on the (x 1, y 1) y (x 2, y 2) en una línea, la Ó]Ê£®
Ó
Ó]ÊÓ®
Ý
line, the slope of the line, known pendiente de la línea, denominada
{ ä Ó {
as m, is represented by the m, se representa por la ecuación Ó
y2 - y1 y2 - y1
equation m = _____x2 - x1 . m = _____
x2 - x1 .
{
_
y - y1 -1 - 2 = _
m = x2 - x = _ 3
2 1 -2 - 2 4
slope-intercept form (p. 335) The forma de pendiente-intersección

slope-intercept form of a linear La forma de pendiente-intersección y = -2x + 4
equation is y = mx + b, where de una ecuación lineal es The slope is -2.
m is the slope and b is the y = mx + b, donde m es la pendiente The y-intercept is 4.
y-intercept. y b es la intersección con el eje y.
solution of a linear equation in solución de una ecuación lineal en

two variables (p. 245) An ordered dos variables Un par ordenado o Equation: x + y = 6
pair or ordered pairs that make pares ordenados que hacen que la Solution: (4, 2) (one possible
the equation true. ecuación sea verdadera. solution)
solution of a linear inequality in solución de una desigualdad lineal

Inequality: x + y < 6
two variables (p. 414) An ordered en dos variables Un par ordenado
Solution: (3, 1) (one possible
pair or ordered pairs that make o pares ordenados que hacen que
solution)
the inequality true. la desigualdad sea verdadera.
solution of a system of linear solución de un sistema de ⎧x + y = -1

⎨
equations (p. 383) Any ordered ecuaciones lineales Cualquier ⎩ -x + y = -3
pair that satisfies all the equations par ordenado que resuelva todas Solution: (1, -2)
in a system. las ecuaciones de un sistema.
solution of a system of linear solución de un sistema de ⎧y ≤ x + 1

inequalities (p. 421) Any desigualdades lineales Cualquier ⎨
⎩ y < -x + 4
ordered pair that satisfies all the par ordenado que resuelva todas
Þ
inequalities in a system. las desigualdades de un sistema.
Ó]£®ÊÃÊÊÌ iÊ Ó
ÛiÀ>««}Ê
Ã >ì`ÊÀi}Ã]
ÃÊÌÊÃÊ>ÊÃÕÌ° Ó ä Ó Ý
Ó
solution of an equation in one solución de una ecuación en una

variable (p. 77) A value or values variable Valor o valores que hacen Equation: x + 2 = 6
that make the equation true. que la ecuación sea verdadera. Solution: x = 4
solution of an inequality in one solución de una desigualdad en una

variable (p. 168) A value or values variable Valor o valores que hacen Inequality: x + 2 < 6
that make the inequality true. que la desigualdad sea verdadera. Solution: x < 4
solution set (p. 77) The set of conjunto solución Conjunto de Inequality: x + 3 ≥ 5
values that make a statement valores que hacen verdadero un Solution set: {x | x ≥ 2}
true. enunciado.
{ Î Ó £ ä £ Ó Î { x È
square (p. S59) A quadrilateral cuadrado Cuadrilátero con cuatro
with four congruent sides and lados congruentes y cuatro ángulos
four right angles. rectos.
square in numeration (p. 26) The cuadrado en numeración La segunda

second power of a number. potencia de un número. 16 is the square of 4.
square root (p. 32) A number that raíz cuadrada El número que se
is multiplied to itself to form a multiplica por sí mismo para formar √16 = 4, because
product is called a square root of un producto se denomina la raíz 4 2 = 4 · 4 = 16.
that product. cuadrada de ese producto.
square-root function (p. 798) A función de raíz cuadrada Función

function whose rule contains a cuya regla contiene una variable y = √
3x - 5
variable under a square-root sign. bajo un signo de raíz cuadrada.
standard form of a linear equation forma estándar de una ecuación

(p. 298) Ax + By = C, where A, B, lineal Ax + By = C, donde A, B y C 2x + 3y = 6
and C are real numbers. son números reales.
standard form of a polynomial forma estándar de un polinomio Un

(p. 477) A polynomial in one polinomio de una variable se
variable is written in standard form expresa en forma estándar cuando 4x 5 - 2x 4 + x 2 - x + 1
when the terms are in order from los términos se ordenan de mayor a
greatest degree to least degree. menor grado.
standard form of a quadratic forma estándar de una ecuación

equation (p. 622) ax 2 + bx + c = 0, cuadrática ax 2 + bx + c = 0, donde
2x 2 + 3x - 1 = 0
where a, b, and c are real numbers a, b y c son números reales y a ≠ 0.
and a ≠ 0.
stem-and-leaf plot (p. 687) A diagrama de tallo y hojas Gráfica -Ìi i>ÛiÃ
graph used to organize and utilizada para organizar y mostrar Î ÓÊÎÊ{Ê{ÊÇÊ
display data by dividing each data datos dividiendo cada valor de datos { äÊ£ÊxÊÇÊÇÊÇÊn
value into two parts, a stem and en dos partes, un tallo y una hoja. x £ÊÓÊÓÊÎ
a leaf. iÞ\ÊÎ]ÓÊi>ÃÊÎ°Ó
substitution method (p. 390) A sustitución Método utilizado para

method used to solve systems of resolver sistemas de ecuaciones
equations by solving an equation resolviendo una ecuación para una
for one variable and substituting variable y sustituyendo la expresión
the resulting expression into the resultante en las demás ecuaciones.
other equation(s).
Subtraction Property of Equality Propiedad de igualdad de la resta Si

x+6= 8
(p. 79) If a, b, and c are real a, b y c son números reales y a = b,
-6 -6
numbers and a = b, then entonces a - c = b - c. −−−− −−
x = 2
a - c = b - c.
Subtraction Property of Propiedad de desigualdad de la resta

x+6< 8
Inequality (p. 174) For real Dados los números reales a, b y c,
-6 -6
numbers a, b, and c, if a < b, then si a < b, entonces a - c < b - c. −−−− −−
x < 2
a - c < b - c. Also holds true for Es válido también para >, ≤, ≥ y ≠.
>, ≤, ≥, and ≠.
supplementary angles (p. S57) ángulos suplementarios Dos ángulos
Two angles whose measures have cuyas medidas suman 180°.
a sum of 180°. Îäc £xäc
surface area (p. S67) The total área total Área total de todas las
area of all faces and curved caras y superficies curvas de una
£ÓÊV
surfaces of a three-dimensional figura tridimensional.
figure.
ÈÊV
nÊV
Surface area
= 2(8)(12) + 2(8)(6) + 2(12)(6)
= 432 cm 2
system of linear equations sistema de ecuaciones lineales ⎧2x + 3y = -1

(p. 383) A system of equations Sistema de ecuaciones en el que ⎨
in which all of the equations are todas las ecuaciones son lineales. ⎩ x - 3y = 4
linear.
system of linear inequalities sistema de desigualdades lineales

(p. 421) A system of inequalities in Sistema de desigualdades en dos
⎧2x + 3y > -1
⎨
two or more variables in which all o más variables en el que todas las ⎩ x - 3y ≤ 4
of the inequalities are linear. desigualdades son lineales.
T
tangent (p. 908) In a right tangente En un triángulo
triangle, the ratio of the length of rectángulo, razón entre la longitud
the leg opposite ∠A to the length del cateto opuesto a ∠A y la longitud ««ÃÌi
of the leg adjacent to ∠A. del cateto adyacente a ∠A.

>`>ViÌ
tan A = _
opposite
adjacent
term of an expression (p. 47) The término de una expresión Parte de 3x 2 + 6x - 8

parts of the expression that are una expresión que debe sumarse o
added or subtracted. restarse. Term Term Term
term of a sequence (p. 272) término de una sucesión Elemento o 5 is the third term in the
An element or number in the número de una sucesión. sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, …
sequence.
terminating decimal (p. 34) A decimales cerrados Números

rational number in decimal form racionales en forma decimal que
1.5, 2.75, 4.0
that has a finite number of digits tienen un número finito de dígitos
after the decimal point. después del punto decimal.
theoretical probability (p. 720) probabilidad teórica Razón entre el In the experiment of rolling a
The ratio of the number of equally número de resultados igualmente number cube, the theoretical
likely outcomes in an event to probables de un suceso y el número probability of rolling an odd
the total number of possible total de resultados posibles. number is _36_ = __12 .
outcomes.
third quartile (p. 695) The median tercer cuartil La mediana de la
Lower half Upper half
of the upper half of a data set. mitad superior de un conjunto de
Also called upper quartile. datos. También se llama cuartil 18, 23, 28, 49, 36, 42
superior. Third quartile
tip (p. 134) An amount of money propina Cantidad que se agrega a una
added to a bill for service; usually factura por servicios; generalmente,
a percent of the bill. un porcentaje de la factura.
transformation (p. 357, p. S69) transformación Cambio en la

Ī
A change in the position, size, or posición, tamaño o forma de una *Ài>}i
shape of a figure or graph. figura o gráfica. >}i

Ī
Ī
̱ ÊÊÊÊÊÊ̱Ī Ī ĪÊÊÊ
translation (p. 357, p. S69) A traslación Transformación en la Ī Ī

transformation that shifts or que todos los puntos de una figura

slides every point of a figure or o gráfica se mueven la misma
Ī Ī
graph the same distance in the distancia en la misma dirección.

same direction.
trapezoid (p. S59) A quadrilateral trapecio Cuadrilátero con sólo un

with exactly one pair of parallel par de lados paralelos.
sides.
tree diagram (p. 736) A branching diagrama de árbol Diagrama ( 4

diagram that shows all possible con ramificaciones que muestra
combinations or outcomes of an todas las combinaciones o
experiment. resultados posibles de un
experimento.
The tree diagram shows the
possible outcomes when
tossing a coin and rolling a
number cube.
trend line (p. 266) A line on a línea de tendencia Línea en Õ`À>ÃiÀ

scatter plot that helps show the un diagrama de dispersión que £Óää
correlation between data sets sirve para mostrar la correlación
iÞÊÀ>Ãi`Êf®
£äää
more clearly. entre conjuntos de datos más nää
claramente. Èää
{ää
Óää
ä
xä £ää £xä Óää
,ÃÊÃ`Ê
trial (p. 713) In probability, a prueba En probabilidad, una In the experiment of rolling
single repetition or observation of sola repetición u observación a number cube, each roll is
an experiment. de un experimento. one trial.
triangle (p. 209) A three-sided triángulo Polígono de tres lados.

polygon.
triangular prism (p. 874) A prism prisma triangular Prisma cuyas
whose bases are triangles. bases son triángulos.
"ASES
triangular pyramid (p. 874) A pirámide triangular Pirámide cuya

pyramid whose base is a base es un triángulo.
triangle.
trigonometric ratio (p. 908) Ratio razón trigonométrica Razón entre

V
of the lengths of two sides of a dos lados de un triángulo rectángulo. >
right triangle.
L
a , cos A = _
sin A = _ b , tan A = _
a
c c b
trinomial (p. 477) A polynomial trinomio Polinomio con tres
4x 2 + 3xy - 5y 2
with three terms. términos.
U
union (p. 204) The union of two unión La unión de dos conjuntos es
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
sets is the set of all elements that el conjunto de todos los elementos
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
are in either set, denoted by #. que se encuentran en ambos
A # B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
conjuntos, expresado por #.
unit rate (p. 114) A rate in which tasa unitaria Tasa en la que la
the second quantity in the segunda cantidad de la comparación 30 mi = 30 mi/h
_
1h
comparison is one unit. es una unidad.
unlike radicals (p. 811) Radicals radicales distintos Radicales con

with a different quantity under cantidades diferentes debajo del 2 √
2 and 2 √3
the radical. signo de radical.
unlike terms (p. 48) Terms with términos distintos Términos con
different variables or the same variables diferentes o las mismas
variables raised to different variables elevadas a potencias 4xy 2 and 6x 2y
powers. diferentes.
upper quartile See third quartile. cuartil superior Ver tercer cuartil.
V
value of a function (p. 247) valor de una función Resultado
The result of replacing the de reemplazar la variable The value of the function
independent variable with a independiente por un número y f (x) = x + 1 for x = 3 is 4.
number and simplifying. luego simplificar.
value of a variable (p. 7) A valor de una variable Número

number used to replace a variable utilizado para reemplazar una In the equation x + 1 = 4,
to make an equation true. variable y hacer que una the value of x is 3.
ecuación sea verdadera.
value of an expression (p. 7) The valor de una expresión Resultado
result of replacing the variables in de reemplazar las variables de una The value of the expression
an expression with numbers and expresión por un número y luego x + 1 for x = 3 is 4.
simplifying. simplificar.
variable (p. 6) A symbol used variable Símbolo utilizado para

to represent a quantity that can representar una cantidad que In the expression 2x + 3, x is
change. puede cambiar. the variable.
Venn diagram (p. S48) A diagram diagrama de Venn Diagrama

used to show relationships utilizado para mostrar la
between sets. relación entre conjuntos. À>`Ê À>`Ê
Ì
iÌ iÀ\Ê£x
vertex of a cone (p. S64) The vértice de un cono Punto opuesto 6iÀÌiÝ
point opposite the base of the a la base del cono.
cone.
vertex of a parabola (p. 592) The vértice de una parábola Punto más
highest or lowest point on the alto o más bajo de una parábola.
parabola.
ä]ÊÓ®
The vertex is (0, -2).
vertex of an absolute-value vértice de una gráfica de valor Þ

{ ÞÊNÝN
graph (p. 366) The point on the absoluto Punto en el eje de simetría
axis of symmetry of the graph. de la gráfica. Ó
6iÀÌiÝ Ý
{ Ó ä Ó {
vertical angles (p. S57) The ángulos opuestos por el vértice

nonadjacent angles formed by Ángulos no adyacentes formados
Ó £
two intersecting lines. por dos rectas que se cruzan. Î {
∠1 and ∠3 are vertical angles.

∠2 and ∠4 are vertical angles.
vertical line (p. 312) A line whose línea vertical Línea cuya ecuación Þ
x
equation is x = a, where a is the es x = a, donde a es la intersección {
x-intercept. con el eje x. Î ÝÊÊÓ
Ó
£
Ý
x {ÎÓ £ £ Ó Î { x
£
Þ
vertical-line test (p. 243) A test prueba de la línea vertica Prueba x
used to determine whether a utilizada para determinar si una

relation is a function. If any relación es una función. Si una x x
Ý
vertical line crosses the graph of línea vertical corta la gráfica de una
a relation more than once, the relación más de una vez, la relación x
relation is not a function. no es una función.

Function Not a function
volume (p. S66) The number of volumen Cantidad de cubos
nonoverlapping unit cubes of a unitarios no superpuestos de un {ÊvÌ
given size that will exactly fill the determinado tamaño que llenan ÎÊvÌ
interior of a three-dimensional exactamente el interior de una £ÓÊvÌ
figure. figura tridimensional. Volume = (3)(4)(12) = 144 ft 3
W
whole number (p. 34) The set of número cabal Conjunto de los
natural numbers and zero. números naturales y cero. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
X
x-axis (p. 54) The horizontal axis eje x Eje horizontal en un plano
in a coordinate plane. cartesiano.
Ý>ÝÃ
x-coordinate (p. 54) The first coordenada x Primer número de un {

Þ
number in an ordered pair, which par ordenado, que indica la distancia

Ó
indicates the horizontal distance horizontal de un punto desde el Ý
of a point from the origin on the origen en un plano cartesiano. { Ó ä Ó {
ÝVÀ`>Ìi Ó
coordinate plane. *
Ó]ÊÎ® {
x-intercept (p. 303) The intersección con el eje x {

Þ
x-coordinate(s) of the point(s) Coordenada(s) x de uno o más

where a graph intersects the puntos donde una gráfica corta el Ó]Êä®
Ý
x-axis. eje x. Ó ä {
Ó
The x-intercept is 2.
Y
Þ>ÝÃ
y-axis (p. 54) The vertical axis in a eje y Eje vertical en un plano
coordinate plane. cartesiano.
y-coordinate (p. 54) The second coordenada y Segundo número {
Þ
number in an ordered pair, which de un par ordenado, que indica la

Ó
indicates the vertical distance distancia vertical de un punto desde Ý
of a point from the origin on the el origen en un plano cartesiano. { Ó ä Ó {
ÞVÀ`>Ìi
Ó
coordinate plane. *
Ó]ÊÎ® {
y-intercept (p. 303) The intersección con el eje y {

Þ
y-coordinate(s) of the point(s) Coordenada(s) y de uno o más ä]ÊÓ®
where a graph intersects the puntos donde una gráfica corta el

Ý
y-axis. eje y. Ó ä Ó
Ó
The y-intercept is 2.
Z
zero exponent (p. 446) For any exponente cero Dado un número
nonzero real number x, x 0 = 1. real distinto de cero x, x 0 = 1. 50 = 1
zero of a function (p. 599) For cero de una función Dada la función Ó
f, todo número x tal que f (x) = 0.

£
the function f, any number x such x { ÎÓ £ £ Ó Î { x
that f (x) = 0. Î]Êä® £
Ó
£]Êä®
Î
{
x
The zeros are -3 and 1.
Zero Product Property (p. 630) For Propiedad del producto cero Dados If (x - 1)(x +2) = 0,
real numbers p and q, if pq = 0, los números reales p y q, si pq = 0, then x - 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0.
then p = 0 or q = 0. entonces p = 0 o q = 0. so x = 1 or x = -2.
Index Model Systems of Linear Equations,
389
Model Variable Relationships, 244
Consumer Economics, 88, 96, 103,
177, 393, 394, 400, 401, 416, 793,
835
Simulations, 712 Contests, 777
A Truth Tables and Compound
Statements, 201
Data Collection, 234, 316, 617
Decorating, 119
Vertical-Line Test, 243 Design, 31
Aaron, Hank, 42 Algebra tiles, 76, 99, 482–483, Diving, 24, 909
Absolute error, S55 490–491, 530, 538–539, 892 Earth Science, 88
Absolute value, 14, 148 Algebraic expressions, 6, 7, 8, 10, 30, Ecology, 267
equations, 148–149 38–43, 47, 49, 63, 72, 244 Economics, 88, 96, 103, 177, 267, 317,
functions, 366–367 All of the Above, 842–843 468, 835
inequalities, 212–214 Altitude sickness, 346 Education, 24, 184, 198
Accuracy, S54 Electricity, 604, 610, 855
Amusement Parks, 809
Acute angles, S56 Employment, 142
Angle(s), S56
Acute triangles, S59 Engineering, 177, 604
acute, S56
Addition Entertainment, 23, 30, 37, 111, 119,
central, 681
of decimals, Z12–Z13 131, 192, 199, 276, 300, 361, 388,
classifying, S56
of fractions, Z30–Z31 410, 455, 506, 640, 692, 732, 749,
complementary, S57
with like denominators, Z30–Z31 883
corresponding, 121
with unlike denominators, Z30–Z31 Environment, 330
naming, S56
of polynomials, 484–486 Environmental Science, 118, 306, 324
obtuse, S56
modeling, 482–483 Farming, 425
right, S56
properties of, 46 Finance, 80, 88, 109, 118, 133, 137,
straight, S56
of radical expressions, 811–813 395, 535, 782, 795, 835, 864
supplementary, S57
of rational expressions, 885–888 Fitness, 79, 339, 387, 814, 890
using a protractor to measure, S56
with like denominators, 885 Fund-raising, 265
vertical, S57
with unlike denominators, 887 Games, 633
Anglerfish, 81 Gardening, 118, 190, 553
of real numbers, 14–17 Animals, 184
solving equations by, 77–79 Gemology, 861
Animals Link, 184 Geography, 19, 464, 472
solving inequalities by, 174–177
Annulus, 537 Geology, 80, 81, 410, 802
Addition Property of Equality, 79,
Answers, choosing combinations of, Geometry, 10, 30, 36, 43, 44, 45, 50,
86
916–917 57, 81, 88, 96, 104, 109, 120, 183,
Addition Property of Inequality,
Applications 192, 197, 199, 240, 302, 350, 351,
174
Agriculture, 659 353, 354, 355, 395, 402, 419, 464,
Additive inverses, 15 465, 473, 479, 480, 487, 488, 489,
Amusement Parks, 809
Agriculture, 659 Animals, 184 497, 498, 499, 505, 509, 514, 529,
Air Force Academy, 425 Aquatics, 624 536, 537, 545, 552, 553, 563, 571,
Air Force One, 250 Archaeology, 118, 786 626, 634, 635, 639, 640, 641, 648,
Albers, Josef, 30 Archery, 604 649, 651, 725, 733, 770, 801, 812,
Algebra, foundations for, 2–71 Architecture, 602, 810 813, 814, 815, 819, 820, 821, 825,
Algebra Lab, see also Technology Lab Art, 30, 545 826, 827, 835, 871, 872, 898, 899
Compound Events, 734–735 Astronomy, 10, 330, 454, 455, 461, Health, 177, 178, 240, 455
Explore the Axis of Symmetry, 598 465, 472, 802 Hiking, 748
Explore Changes in Population, Athletics, 277, 409, 626 History, 97, 707, 741
144–145 Automobiles, 691 Hobbies, 124, 362, 419, 649, 657
Explore Constant Changes, 318–319 Aviation, 86, 395, 908 Home Economics, 856
Explore Properties of Exponents, Basketball, 733 Landscaping, 387
458–459 Biology, 16, 29, 89, 97, 105, 118, 131, Law Enforcement, 801
Model Completing the Square, 644 206, 306, 307, 449, 450, 455, 465, Logic, 707
Model Equations with Variables on 626, 690, 869, 871 Manufacturing, 118, 150, 447
Both Sides, 99 Business, 18, 58, 98, 133, 136, 191, Marine Biology, 596
Model Factoring, 530 195, 360, 402, 408, 419, 423, 424, Math History, 251, 506, 570, 810
Model Factorization of Trinomials, 486, 698, 793, 863 Measurement, 122, 301, 345, 456,
538–539 Camping, 183 562, 770
Model Growth and Decay, 780 Carpentry, 514 Mechanics, 855, 857
Model Inverse Variation, 850 Chemistry, 117, 132, 202, 207, 402, Medicine, 449, 481
Model One-Step Equations, 76 456, 472, 691 Meteorology, 10, 17, 110, 206, 207,
Model Polynomial Addition and City Planning, 562 827
Subtraction, 482–483 Communication, 150, 191, 456, 857 Military, 425
Model Polynomial Division, 892 Construction, 109, 151, 316, 546, 870, Money, 394
Model Polynomial Multiplication, 909 Music, 206, 496, 528, 853
490–491 Consumer application, 102, 182, 240, Navigation, 909
310, 337, 638 Number Sense, 528, 529
Index S149
Number Theory, 37, 276, 634, 640 Arguments, writing convincing, 381 Multiple Choice
Nutrition, 87, 88, 130, 142, 240 Arithmetic sequences, 272–274 Choose Combinations of
Oceanography, 256 finding the nth term of, 273 Answers, 916–917
Personal Finance, 307, 531, 788 Art, 30, 545 Eliminate Answer Choices,
Pet Care, 795 Art Link, 30, 545 158–159
Photography, 487, 497 Assessment None of the Above or All of the
Physical Science, 302, 465, 769 Chapter Test, 66, 156, 220, 284, 372, Above, 842–843
Physics, 478, 535, 553, 569, 616, 618, 434, 514, 578, 666, 754, 840, 914 Short Response
634, 640, 655, 776, 820, 827, 854 College Entrance Exam Practice Recognize Distracters, 374–375
Population, 120 ACT, 157, 285, 435, 579 Understand Short Response
Probability, 881, 882 SAT, 67, 373, 515 Scores, 222–223
Problem-Solving, 28, 33, 94, 175–176, SAT Mathematics Subject Tests, 667, Associative Properties of Addition
255, 343–344, 385, 503–504, 755, 841, 915 and Multiplication, 46, S78
559–560, 607–608, 647–648, 729, SAT Student-Produced Responses, Astronomy, 10, 330, 454, 455, 461,
791–792, 901–902 221 465, 472, 802
Quality Control, 715 Cumulative Assessment, 70–71, Astronomy Link, 10, 330
Real Estate, 125 160–161, 224–225, 288–289, Asymptote(s), 858
Recreation, 22, 87, 151, 198, 234, 240, 376–377, 438–439, 518–519, graphing rational functions using, 860
276, 317, 394, 425, 808, 888 582–583, 670–671, 758–759, identifying, 859
Recycling, 8 844–845, 918–919 Athletics, 277, 409, 626
Remodeling, 545 Multi-Step Test Prep, 38, 60, 112, 146,
School, 81, 197, 362, 386, 419, 731 Atoms, 456
186, 210, 260, 278, 332, 364, 412, Automobiles, 691
Science, 118, 346, 464, 532 428, 474, 508, 556, 572, 620, 660,
Shipping, 275 Automobiles Link, 691
710, 744, 796, 830, 876, 906
Solar Energy, 898 Aviation, 86, 395, 908
Multi-Step Test Prep questions are
Space Shuttle, 150 also found in every exercise set. Axes, 54
Sports, 42, 44, 50, 104, 107, 110, 119, Some examples are: 10, 18, 24, Axis of symmetry, 366
151, 170, 176, 178, 207, 234, 306, 30, 36 of an absolute-value graph, 366
410, 471, 498, 509, 596, 625, 632, Ready to Go On?, 39, 61, 113, 147, of a parabola, 600
658, 690, 696, 697, 698, 716, 717, 187, 211, 261, 279, 333, 365, 413, exploring, 598
768, 769, 776, 807 429, 475, 509, 557, 573, 621, 661, finding
Statistics, 82, 88, 455, 775 711, 745, 797, 831, 877, 907 by using the formula, 601
Technology, 29, 136, 457, 514, 526, Standardized Test Prep, 70–71, by using zeros, 600
742, 749, 777 160–161, 224–225, 288–289, through vertex of a parabola, 598
Temperature, 151 376–377, 438–439, 518–519,
Transportation, 96, 118, 177, 207, 582–583, 670–671, 758–759,
250, 257, 267, 300, 301, 331, 480,
827
844–845, 918–919 B
Study Guide: Preview, 4, 74, 166, 228,
Travel, 18, 36, 90, 104, 183, 274, 275, 294, 380, 444, 522, 588, 674, 764,
304, 315, 610, 855, 889, 890, 904 Back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot,
848
Wages, 301, 329 687
Study Guide: Review, 62–65, 152–155,
Water, 322 Bald eagles, 871
216–219, 280–283, 368–371,
Waterfalls, 625 430–433, 510–513, 574–577, Bamboo, 307
Weather, 23, 690, 691, 697 662–665, 750–753, 836–839, Bar graphs, 676–677, 678
Winter Sports, 856 910–913 Bases of geometric figures
Approximating solutions, 91, Test Prep of a cone, S64
637–638 Test Prep questions are found of a cylinder, S64
Aquatics, 624 in every exercise set. Some of a polyhedron, S64
Archaeology, 118, 786 examples: 11, 19, 25, 31, 37 Bases of numbers, Z20, 26
Archery, 604 Test Tackler Basketball, 733
Architecture, 602, 810 Any Question Type Bias, sampling and, 708–709, S73
Are You Ready?, 3, 73, 165, 227, 293, Read the Problem for Biased samples, 709
379, 443, 521, 587, 673, 763, 847 Understanding, 436–437 Binomial(s), 477, 589
Area Spatial Reasoning, 756–757 division of polynomials by, using long
of a circle, Z4 Translate Words to Math, division for, 894–895
of composite figures, 83 580–581 opposite, 534, 868
in the coordinate plane, 309 Use a Diagram, 516–517 special products of, 501–505
estimating, S61 Extended Response Biology, 16, 29, 89, 97, 105, 118, 131,
of a parallelogram, S61 Explain Your Reasoning, 668–669 206, 306, 307, 449, 450, 455, 465,
of a rectangle, Z4, 83, S61 Understand the Scores, 286–287 626, 690, 869, 871
of a square, Z4, 83, S61 Gridded Response
Biology Link, 105, 307, 450, 626, 871
surface, see Surface area Fill in Answer Grids Correctly,
68–69 Blood loss, 450
of a trapezoid, S61 Box-and-whisker plot, 695
of a triangle, Z4, 83, S61
Boyle’s law, 854
S150 Index
Braces, 40 Clustering, Z10 give (an) example(s), 29, 56, 119, 185,
Brackets, 40 Coefficients, 48 232, 242, 250, 480, 499, 507, 568,
Business, 18, 58, 98, 133, 136, 191, 195, leading, of polynomials, 477 618, 686, 703, 715, 730, 803, 813,
360, 402, 408, 419, 423, 424, 486, opposite, 397 814, 834, 872
698, 793, 863 College Entrance Exam Practice, identify, 35, 486, 785, 864, 871
see also Assessment list, 425, 699, 856
ACT, 157, 285, 435, 579 make, 640, 691, 705, 829
name, 123, 173, 248, 305, 419, 682,
C SAT, 67, 373, 515
SAT Mathematics Subject Tests, 667, 854
755, 841, 915 Reading and Writing Math, 5, 75,
Calculator, see Graphing calculator SAT Student-Produced Responses, 221 167, 229, 295, 381, 445, 523, 589,
Camping, 183 Combinations 675, 765, 849, see also Reading
Career Path of answers, choosing, 916–917 Strategies; Study Strategies; Writing
Applied Sciences major, 388 defined, 737 Strategies
Biology major, 106 and permutations, 736–739 show, 80, 81, 82, 88, 89, 97, 104, 118,
Biostatistics major, 743 Combining like radicals, 811 120, 136, 142, 177, 178, 185, 355,
Culinary Arts program, 200 536, 546, 553, 570, 596, 742, 808
Combining like terms, 48
Data mining major, 347 tell, 36, 49, 87, 90, 103, 234, 325, 417,
Commission, 133
Environmental Sciences major, 547 454, 596, 605, 616, 648, 717, 723,
Common difference, 272 776, 813, 828, 862
Carpentry, 514
Common denominator, Z28–Z29 write, 8, 9, 98, 105, 130, 308, 339,
Cartesian plane, 58
Common ratio, 766 387, 498, 553, 564, 571, 597, 635,
Caution!, 27, 48, 86, 133, 182, 213,
Communicating math 770, 785, 809, 865, 869, 891
214, 297, 304, 310, 311, 392, 407,
choose, 547, 657 Write About It
423, 447, 463, 532, 551, 566, 590,
compare, 11, 141, 170, 182, 199, 234, Write About It questions are found
593, 601, 616, 720, 768, 775, 807,
411, 471, 496, 650, 651, 787, 800, in every exercise set. Some
867, 886
826, 834, 899 examples: 9, 19, 24, 29, 31
Center of dilation, S70
construct, 706 Communication, 150, 191, 456, 857
Central angles, 681 create, 240, 241, 301, 692 Commutative Properties of
Central tendency, measure of, 694, S72 define, 527 Addition and Multiplication, 46,
Change(s) describe, 19, 31, 50, 56, 79, 82, 89, S78
constant, exploring, 318–319 129, 131, 142, 190, 193, 205, 215, Compare rational numbers, S50
percent, 138 234, 238, 241, 257, 268, 301, 316,
in population, exploring, 144–145 Compatible numbers, Z10, 46
323, 324, 339, 352, 360, 362, 363,
rate of, see Rate of change Complement of an event, 721
409, 410, 419, 486, 526, 536, 562,
Changing dimensions, 53, 123, 779 603, 605, 616, 618, 624, 639, 640, Complementary angles, S57
Chapter Test, 66, 156, 220, 284, 372, 649, 657, 683, 685, 697, 784, 794, Completing the square, 645–648,
434, 514, 578, 666, 754, 840, 914, 802, 820, 855, 864, 898 857
see also Assessment determine, 25, 411, 641, 856 modeling, 644
Charts, reading and interpreting, 675 explain, 8, 17, 19, 22, 24, 30, 42, 43, procedure for, 645
44, 45, 50, 57, 80, 82, 88, 95, 104, solving quadratic equations by, 646,
Cheetahs, 105
105, 109, 110, 117, 119, 125, 129, 656
Chemistry, 117, 132, 202, 207, 402,
131, 135, 136, 151, 172, 173, 177, Complex fractions, 884
456, 472, 691
178, 183, 184, 197, 199, 200, 207, Composite figures, 83
Chemistry Link, 207, 456
208, 215, 232, 238, 240, 242, 248, areas of, 83
Ch’in Chiu-Shao, 402
250, 256, 257, 267, 268, 274, 275, Composite numbers, Z17–Z18
Choosing 276, 302, 317, 324, 330, 331, 339, Compound events, 734–735, 737
combinations of answers, 916–917 346, 354, 355, 360, 385, 386, 388,
factoring methods, 566–568 Compound inequalities, 202–205
395, 401, 402, 403, 410, 411, 417, Compound interest, 782
models 420, 425, 426, 450, 455, 456, 457,
graphing data for, 789–790 Compound statements, 201
463, 465, 472, 478, 480, 481, 488,
using patterns for, 790 Computer-animated films, 749
498, 506, 507, 527, 528, 534, 536,
Circle(s), Z3, S62 537, 543, 545, 553, 554, 563, 570, Conclusion, S76
area of, Z4, S62 571, 609, 610, 611, 617, 618, 626, Conditional statements, S76
center of a, S62 633, 634, 639, 640, 650, 658, 659, Cones, 874, S64
circumference of, Z3, S62 684, 685, 686, 689, 691, 692, 696, surface area of, 500, S67
diameter of, S62 698, 704, 705, 706, 715, 724, 725, volume of, 500, S66
radius of, S62 731, 732, 739, 741, 742, 748, 770, Congruence, S63
Circle graphs, 676–677, 680 771, 784, 785, 794, 801, 802, 809, Congruence statements, S63
Circumference, Z3 814, 818, 828, 834, 856, 864, 872, Conjecture, S76
City Planning, 562 881, 883, 888, 890, 898, 903, 905 making a, 318, 319, 356, 612, 628,
Classic problems, solving, 404–405 express, 28 644, 804, 850, 873
Closure, 37, S78 find, 106, 529, 546, 547, 554, 510, Conjugates, 821
Cluster, data, S71 617, 634, 640, 641, 898 rationalizing denominators using, 821
Index S151
Connecting Algebra Cylinders, 874, S64 Dilations, S70
to Data Analysis, 271, 676–677, surface area of, 500, S67 Dimensions, changing, 53, 123, 779
708–709 volume of, 500, S66 Direct variation, 326–329
to Geometry, 52–53, 83, 209, 309, Discontinuous functions, 858
500, 642–643, 779, 874 Discount, 139
to Number Theory, 404–405, 565
Consistent systems, 406
D Discrete graphs, 231
Discriminant, 654
Constant, 6 da Vinci, Leonardo, 604 Quadratic Formula and, 652–657
of variation, 326, 851 Data Displaying data, 678–682
Constant changes, exploring, displaying, 678–682 Distance Formula, 642–643, 802
318–319 graphing, to choose a model, 789–790 Distracters, recognizing, 374–375
Construction, 109, 151, 316, 546, 870, organizing, 678–682
909 Distributions, data, 694–696
Data analysis Distributive Property, 47, S78
Consumer application, 102, 182, 240, Connecting Algebra to, 271, 676–677,
310, 337, 638 Diving, 24, 909
708–709
Consumer Economics, 88, 96, 103, probability and, 672–761 Diving Link, 24
177, 393, 394, 400, 401, 416, 793, 835 Data Collection, 234, 316, 617 Divisibility rules, Z17
Contact lenses, 178 Data distributions, 694–696 Division
Contests, 777 of decimals, Z14–Z16
Death Valley National Park, 18
Continuous graphs, 231 of fractions, Z32–Z33
Decay long, see Long division
Contradictions exponential, see Exponential decay of polynomials, 893–897
equations as, 101 modeling, 780 by binomials, using long division for,
inequalities as, 196 Decimals 894–895
Convenience sample, 709 addition of, Z12–Z13 modeling, 892
Conversion factors, 115, 589 division of, Z14–Z16 of radical expressions, 816–818
Converting between probabilities multiplication of, Z14–Z16 of rational expressions, 878–881
and odds, 722 repeating, Z25, 34 of real numbers, 20–22
Convincing arguments/ subtraction of, Z12–Z13 of signed numbers, 20
explanations, writing, 381 terminating, Z25, 34 solving equations by, 84–87
Coordinate plane, Z7, 54 writing as percents, Z27 solving inequalities by, 180–182
area in the, 309 writing fractions as, Z25–Z27 by zero, 21
distance in the, 642–643, 802 writing percents as, Z27 Division properties of exponents,
reflections in the, S69 Decorating, 119 467–471
rotations in the, S69 Deductive reasoning, S77 Division Property of Equality, 86
transformations in the, S69 Degrees Division Property of Inequality, 180,
translations in the, S69 of monomials, 476 181
Correlation, 262 of polynomials, 476 Domain, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241,
Corresponding angles, 121, S63 Denominators 242, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253,
Corresponding sides, 121, S63 like, see Like denominators 255, 256, 259, 260, 261, 815, 857
Cosine, 908 rationalizing, 817 of absolute-value functions, 366–367
Counterexamples, S76 using conjugates, 821 of linear functions, 299
unlike, see Unlike denominators of quadratic functions, 593
Crash test dummies, 480
Dependent events, 726–730 reasonable, 248, 249, 250, 251, 255,
Create a table to evaluate
probability of, 729 261, 283, 284, 299, 304, 596, 853,
expressions, 12–13
Dependent systems, 407 856, 861, 863, 864
Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking questions are found in Dependent variables, 246, 247, 248, of square-root functions, 799–800
every exercise set. Some examples: 249, 250 Double-bar graphs, 679
11, 18, 23, 24, 30 Descartes, Rene, 58 Double-line graphs, 680
Cross products, 115 Design, 31 Dow Jones Industrial Average
solving rational equations by using, 900 Devon Island, 10 (DJIA), 17
Cross Products Property, 115 Diagrams Draw a diagram, S40
Cube(s) (geometric figure) ladder, 524 Drawing three-dimensional figures,
surface area of, S67 reading and interpreting, 675 S65
volume of, 779, S66 tree, Z5, 736 Drum Corps International, 528
Cubes, difference of, 564 using, 516–517
Venn, S48
Cubic functions, S75
solving related equations, S75 Diameter, S62
Diepolder Cave, 24
E
Cubic polynomials, 477
Cumulative Assessment, see Difference(s)
first, 590 Eagles, 871
Assessment Earned run average (ERA), 110
of cubes, 564
Cumulative frequency, 689 Earth Science, 88
second, 590
of two squares, 503, 560 Ecology, 267
S152 Index
Ecology Link, 267 420, 425, 450, 465, 481, 488, 506, Exponential functions, 772–775, 796
Economics, 88, 96, 103, 177, 267, 317, 537, 553, 563, 570, 610, 634, 640, general form of, 791
468, 835 650, 691, 706, 724, 786, 794, 814, graphs of, 775
Edges of a polyhedron, S64 828, 864, 883, 890, 898 radical functions and, 762–845
Education, 24, 184, 198 Escape velocity, 802 Exponential growth, 781–784
Electricity, 604, 610, 855 Estimating, Z9–Z11 Exponential models, 789–792
Electricity Link, 820 by clustering, Z10 Expression(s)
Element of a set, S78 irrational numbers, 33 algebraic, 6
overestimates, Z10 create a table to evaluate, 12–13
Elimination, 397
solutions using the Quadratic Formula, exponential, simplifying, 460
solving systems of linear equations by,
653 numerical, 6
397–401
underestimates, Z10 radical, see Radical expressions
for systems of linear equations, 400
using compatible numbers, Z10 rational, see Rational expressions
Ellipsis, 272
with percents, 134 simplifying, 46–49
Employment, 142
Estimation, 30, 50, 110, 130, 142, 178, square-root, see Square-root
Empty set, 102, S78 185, 250, 258, 268, 307, 316, 354, expressions
as solution set, 102 396, 426, 465, 499, 545, 570, 596, variables and, 6–8
Engineering, 177, 604 640, 697, 717, 787, 802, 828, 856, 898 Extended Response, 71, 161, 225,
Engineering Link, 604 Evaluating 242, 286–287, 289, 302, 377, 436,
Entertainment, 23, 30, 37, 111, 119, expressions, 7 437, 439, 489, 519, 529, 583, 659,
131, 192, 199, 276, 300, 361, 388, functions, 247 668–669, 671, 759, 845, 891, 919
410, 455, 506, 640, 692, 732, 749, Event(s), 713 Explain Your Reasoning, 668–669
883 compound, 734–735, 737 Understand the Scores, 286–287
Entry of matrix, 746–747 dependent, see Dependent events Extension
Environment, 330 inclusive, 734 Absolute-Value Functions, 366–367
Environmental Science, 118, 306, 324 independent, see Independent events Matrices, 746–747
Equality mutually exclusive, 734 Rational Exponents, 832–834
Power Property of, 822 simple, 737 Solving Absolute-Value Equations,
properties of, 79, 86 Exam, final, preparing for your, 849 148–149
Equally likely, 720 Expanded form of a number, S50 Solving Absolute-Value Inequalities,
Equation(s), 72–163 Excluded values, 848, 858 212–214
defined, 77 Experiment, 713 Trigonometric Ratios, 908–909
finding slope from, 322 Experimental probability, 713–715 Extra Practice, S4–S39
linear, see Linear equations defined, 714 Extraneous solutions, 824–825, 902
literal, 108 Explanations
model convincing, writing, 381
one-step, 76
with variables on both sides, 99
for your reasoning in extended F
responses, 668–669
quadratic, see Quadratic equations Exploring
radical, see Radical equations Faces of a polyhedron, S64
axis of symmetry of a parabola, 598 Factor(s), Z17, 524–525
rational, see Rational equations changes in population, 144–145
solutions of, 77 Factor tree, Z19, 524
constant changes, 318–319
solving properties of exponents, 458–459 Factorial, 738
absolute-value, 148–149 roots, zeros, and x-intercepts, 628–629 Factoring
by addition, 77–79
Exponent(s), Z20, 26 ax 2 + bx + c, 548–551
by division, 84–87 composite numbers, Z19–Z20
division properties of, 467–471
by graphing, 91 by greatest common factor, 531–534
integer, see Integer exponents
multi-step, 92–95 by grouping, 533–534
multiplication properties of, 460–463
by multiplication, 84–87 modeling, 530
negative, 446
by subtraction, 77–79 with opposites, 534
polynomials and, 442–519
two-step, 92–95 polynomials, 520–585, 566
powers and, 26–28
with variables on both sides, methods for, 568
properties of
100–103 solving quadratic equations by,
exploring, 458–459
systems of, see Systems of linear 630–633, 656
using patterns to find, 458–459
equations special products, 558–561
rational, 832–834
Equilateral triangles, S59 trinomials, 866
reading, 27
Equivalent fractions, Z23–Z24 x 2 + bx + c, 540–543
writing prime factorizations with, Z20
writing, with least common zero, 446 Factoring methods, choosing,
denominator, Z29 566–568
Exponential decay, 781–784
Equivalent ratios, 114 defined, 783 Factorization
Equivalents, common, 127 prime, Z19–Z20, 524
Exponential expressions, simplifying,
Error Analysis, 18, 58, 80, 88, 119, 136, writing with exponents, Z20
460
151, 172, 184, 199, 215, 241, 250, of trinomials, modeling, 538–539
257, 268, 324, 339, 346, 402, 411, Fair, 720
Index S153
Families of functions, 357, 612, 862 Frequency table, 688 naming, S56
of linear functions, 356, 862 Function(s), 55, 226–291 obtuse, S56
of quadratic functions, 612, 862 absolute-value, see Absolute-value right, S56
of rational functions, 862 functions straight, S56
of square-root functions, 862 defined, 237 supplementary, S57
Farming, 425 discontinuous, 858 using a protractor to measure, S56
Fibonacci sequence, 276 evaluating, 247 vertical, S57
Field properties, S78 exponential, see Exponential functions annulus, 537
Figure(s) families of, 357, 612, 862 area
reading and interpreting, 675 general forms of, 791 of a circle, Z4
solid, representing, 874 geometric sequences as, 767 of composite figures, 83
graphing, 252–256 in the coordinate plane, 309
Final exam, preparing for your, 849
introduction to, 54–56 estimating, S61
Finance, 80, 88, 109, 118, 133, 137,
linear, see Linear functions of a parallelogram, S61
395, 535, 782, 795, 835, 864
parent, see Parent functions of a rectangle, Z4, 83, S61
Find a pattern, S44 of a square, Z4, 83, S61
quadratic, see Quadratic functions
Finding the nth term of an radical, see Radical functions surface, see Surface area
arithmetic sequence, 273 rational, see Rational functions of a trapezoid, S61
Finding the nth term of a relations and, 236–238 of a triangle, Z4, 83, S61
geometric sequence, 767 square-root, see Square-root functions base
First coordinates, 236 writing, 245–248 of a cone, S64
First differences, 590 zeros of, 599 of a cylinder, S64
First quartile values, 695 Function notation, 246 of a polyhedron, S64
Fitness, 79, 339, 387, 814, 890 Function rules, 246 center of dilation, S70
FOIL method, 493, 540, 817 connecting to tables and graphs, 259 central angles, 681
Formula(s), 107 Function table, 55–56, 259 changing dimensions, 53, 123, 779
area, 83 circle(s), Z3, S62
Fund-raising, 265
axis of symmetry of a parabola, 601 area of, Z4, S62
Fundamental Counting Principle,
combinations, 739 center of a, S62
736
compound interest, 782 circumference of, Z3, S62
distance, 642–643 diameter of, S62
radius of, S62
experimental probability, 714
exponential decay, 783
G complementary angles, S57
exponential growth, 781 composite figures, 83
half-life, 783 Galilei, Galileo, 251 areas of, 83
Heron’s, 810 Gallium, 207 cones, 874, S64
geometry, Z3–Z4 surface area of, 500, S67
Games, 633
Midpoint, S68 volume of, 500, S66
Gap (in data), S71 congruence, S63
nth term of an arithmetic sequence, 273 Gardening, 118, 190, 553
nth term of a geometric sequence, 767 congruence statements, S63
GCF, see Greatest common factor Connecting Algebra to, 52–53, 83,
permutations, 738
Gemology, 861 209, 309, 500, 642–643, 779, 874
probability of dependent events, 729
probability of independent events, 727 General forms of functions, 791 coordinate plane, Z7, 54
Quadratic, 652 Geodes, 410 area in the, 309
remembering, 765 Geography, 19, 464, 472 distance in the, 642–643, 802
simple interest, 130 Geology, 80, 81, 410, 802 reflections in the, S69
slope, 320 Geology Link, 81, 410, 802 rotations in the, S69
solving for a variable, 108 transformations in the, S69
Geometric models
theoretical probability, 720 translations in the, S69
of powers, 26
corresponding angles, 121, S63
Foundation plan, 875 of special products, 501, 503
corresponding sides, 121, S63
Fractals, 770, 865 Geometric patterns, S58
cosine, 908
Fraction(s) Geometric probability, 890 cube(s)
addition of, Z30–Z31 Geometric sequences, 766–768 surface area of, S67
complex, 884 as functions, 767 volume of, 779, S66
division of, Z32–Z33 finding the nth term of, 767 cylinders, 874, S64
equivalent, see Equivalent fractions Geometry, see also Applications surface area of, 500, S67
multiplication of, Z32–Z33 acute angles, S56 volume of, 500, S66
simplest form, Z23 acute triangles, S59 diameter, S62
subtraction of, Z30–Z31 angle(s), S56 dilations, S70
writing as decimals, Z25–Z27 acute, S56 dimensions, changing, 53, 123, 779
Frequency, 688, S71 central, 681 drawing three-dimensional figures,
cumulative, 689 classifying, S56 S65
line plots and, S71 complementary, S57 edges of a polyhedron, S64
histograms and, 687–689 corresponding, 121 equilateral triangles, S59
S154 Index
faces of a polyhedron, S64 in the coordinate plane, S69 connecting to function rules and
formulas, Z3–Z4 of linear functions, 358 tables, 259
foundation plan, 875 scale, 116 continuous, 231
fractals, 770, 865 scale drawing, 116 discrete, 231
geometric models scale factor, 123 double-bar, 679
of powers, 26 of a dilation, S70 double-line, 680
of special products, 501, 503 scale model, 116 of exponential functions, 775
geometric patterns, S58 scalene triangles, S59 finding slope from, 321
geometric probability, 890 sectors, 680 finding zeros of quadratic functions
half-plane, 414 similar figures, 121 from, 599
Heron’s formula, 810 sine, 908 identifying linear functions by, 296
indirect measurement, 122 square(s), Z3, S59 line, 679–682
isosceles trapezoids, S59 area of, Z4, 83, S61 misleading, 702–703
isosceles triangles, S59 perimeter of, Z3, S60 reading and interpreting, 675
kites, S59 straight angles, S56 of square-root functions, translations
nets, 874, S67 supplementary angles, S57 of, 799
using to estimate surface area, S67 surface area, 500, S67 using, to factor polynomials, 555
obtuse angles, S56 of a cone, S67 using technology to make, 700–701
obtuse triangles, S59 of a cube, S67 Graphic Organizers
parallel lines, S56 of a cylinder, S67 Graphic Organizers are found in
slopes of, 349–352 of a prism, S67 every lesson. Some examples: 8,
parallelograms, S59 of a pyramid, S67 17, 22, 28, 35
area, S61 using nets to estimate, S67 Graphics, reading and interpreting, 675
perimeter, Z3, 52–53, S60 surface-area-to-volume ratio, 869 Graphing
estimating, S60 symmetry, S63 data to choose a model, 789–790
of polygons, 52 tangent, 908 functions, 252–256
of a rectangle, Z3, S60 transformations, 357, S69 inequalities, 168–170
of a square, Z3, S60 in the coordinate plane, S69 linear functions, 298, 348
perpendicular lines, S56 of linear functions, 357–360 linear inequalities, 415
slopes of, 349–352 of quadratic functions, 613–616 quadratic functions, 606–609
pi, Z3, S62 translations, 357, S69 using a table of values, 591
plane(s), S56 in the coordinate plane, S69 radical functions, 804
Cartesian, 58 of the graph of the square-root rational functions, 873
coordinate, Z7, 54 function, 799 using asymptotes, 860
naming, S56 trapezoids, S59 relationships, 230–232
polygons, 52–53, S58 area of, S59 solving equations by, 91
regular, S58 triangle(s), Z3, S59 solving systems of linear equations by,
polyhedrons, S64 acute, S59 383–385
bases, S64 area of, Z4, 83, S61 solving quadratic equations by,
edges, S64 classifying, S59 622–624, 656
vertices, S64 equilateral, S59 systems of linear equations, 400
prisms, 874, S64 isosceles, S59 Graphing Calculator, 12, 91, 259, 270,
surface area of, 500, S67 obtuse, S59 348, 356, 358, 359, 384, 387, 427,
volume of, 500, 779, S66 right, S59 555, 597, 605, 612, 614, 615, 616,
pyramids, 874, S64 scalene, S59 617, 619, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627,
surface area of, 500, S67 Triangle Inequality, 209 628, 629, 638, 646, 650, 653, 656,
volume of, 500, 779, S66 trigonometric ratios, 908–909 719, 739, 775, 777, 787, 801, 802,
Pythagorean Theorem, 641, 643, 807, vertex 829, 865, 898
S68 of a cone, S64
Greatest common factor (GCF),
quadrilaterals, S59 of a polyhedron, S64
Z21–Z22, 525–526
classifying, S59 vertical angles, S57
factoring by, 531–534
radius, S62 volume, 500, S66
using, to write fractions in simplest
rays, S56 estimating, S66
form, Z24
naming, S56 of a cone, 500, S66
using prime factorization to find, Z21
rectangle(s), S59 of a cube, 779, S66
area of, Z4, 83, S61 of a cylinder, 500, S66 Gridded Response, 45, 68–69, 71, 98,
perimeter of, Z3, S60 of a prism, 500, 779, S66 105, 126, 143, 161, 193, 225, 251, 289,
reflections, 359, S69 of a pyramid, 500, 779, S66 306, 325, 331, 340, 355, 377, 387, 437,
in the coordinate plane, S69 439, 451, 519, 564, 581, 583, 605, 619,
Geometry Link, 770
of linear functions, 359 671, 759, 803, 845, 857, 872, 919
Get Organized, see Graphic organizers Fill in Answer Grids Correctly, 68–69
regular polygons, S58 go.hrw.com, see Online Resources
rhombus, S59 Griffith-Joyner, Florence, 119
Graph(s) Grouping, factoring by, 533–534
right angles, S56 bar, 676–677, 678
right triangles, S59 Grouping symbols, 40, 41
circle, 676–677, 680
rotations, 358, S69 comparing, of quadratic functions, 615
Index S155
Growth, 25 Inclusive events, 734
exponential, see Exponential growth probabilities of, 734 K
modeling, 780 Inconsistent systems, 406
Guess and test, S42 Independent events, 726–730 Kangaroos, 626
probability of, 727 Key words, 230
Independent systems, 407 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 97
H Independent variables, 246–250 Kites, 198
Index, 832 Kites (geometric shape), S59
Half-life, 783 Indirect measurement, 122 Know-It Note
Half-plane, 414 Inductive reasoning, S77 Know-It Notes are found throughout
Hamm, Paul, 44 Inequalities, 164–225 this book. Some examples: 15, 20,
Handball team, 498 absolute-value, see Absolute-value 21, 40, 46
inequalities Koopa (turtle), 136
Health, 177, 178, 240, 455
compound, 202
Health Link, 178
defined, 168
Helpful Hint, 8, 16, 21, 40, 41, 46, 47, graphing, 168–170, 169
92, 94, 100, 115, 122, 123, 128, 134, linear, see Linear inequalities L
138, 139, 174, 194, 196, 202, 205, 212, properties of, 174, 180, 181
231, 238, 246, 252, 253, 262, 305, 336, solutions of, 168 Ladder diagram, 524
341, 343, 351, 352, 383, 384, 390, 391, solving Landscaping, 387
398, 399, 415, 467, 470, 494, 495, 525, absolute-value, 212–214 Landscaping Link, 387
534, 542, 559, 567, 591, 599, 607, 615, by addition, 174–177 Law Enforcement, 801
623, 631, 632, 637, 646, 653, 655, 688, compound, 202–205
695, 714, 738, 739, 766, 772, 781, 783, LCD, see Least common denominator
by division, 180–182 LCM, see Least common multiple
791, 798, 800, 806, 811, 816, 818, 825, multi-step, 188–190
852, 894, 895, 902, 908 Leading coefficients of
by multiplication, 180–182
Heron of Alexandria, 810 polynomials, 477
by subtraction, 174–177
Heron’s formula, 810 two-step, 188–190 Leaning Tower of Pisa, 610
Hiking, 748 with variables on both sides, 194–197 Least common denominator (LCD),
Histograms, 688 writing, 168–170 Z28
frequency and, 687–689 Input, 55, 245 adding rational expressions by using,
887
History, 97, 707, 741 Input-output table, 55–56
solving rational equations by using,
History Link, 97, 707, 741 Integer(s), 34 900–901
Hobbies, 124, 362, 419, 649, 657 Integer exponents, 446–448 subtracting rational expressions by
Hobbies Link, 362 and powers of ten, 452–453 using, 887
Home Economics, 856 in scientific notation, 453–454 Least common multiple (LCM),
Homework Help Online using patterns to investigate, 446 Z21–Z22, 886–887
Homework Help Online is available Intercepts, using, 303–305, 606–608 using, to find least common
for every lesson. Refer to the Interest, 133 denominator, Z28
go.hrw.com box at the beginning of compound, 782 using prime factorization to find,
each exercise set. Some examples: simple, 133 Z28
9, 17, 23, 29, 35 Interpreting Light-year, 455
Horizontal lines, 768, 859 graphics, 675 Like denominators
Hot-air balloons, 20 scatter plots and trend lines, 270 addition of fractions with, Z30
Hot Tip!, 67, 69, 71, 157, 159, 161, 221, Interquartile range (IQR), 695 addition of rational expressions with,
223, 225, 285, 287, 289, 373, 375, Intersection, 203 885
377, 435, 437, 439, 515, 517, 519, of sets, S78 subtraction of fractions with, Z30
579, 581, 583, 667, 669, 671, 755, Inverse operations, 77, 84, 92, 100, subtraction of rational expressions
757, 759, 841, 843, 845, 915, 917, 919 107, 148, 174, S51 with, 886
Hurricanes, 827 for powers, 832 Like radicals, 811
Huygens, Christian, 640 Inverse variation, 851–854, 876 combining, 811
Hypothesis, S76 modeling, 850 Like terms, 47
Product Rule for, 853 Likely, equally, 720
Inverses Lincoln, Abraham, 97
I additive, 15, S78
multiplicative, 21, S78
Line(s), S56
horizontal, 768, 859
IQR, see Interquartile range median-fit, 270, 271
Identifying asymptotes, 859 Irrational numbers, 34 naming, S56
Identities estimating, 33 parallel, see Parallel lines
equations as, 101 Ishtar Gate, 506 perpendicular, see Perpendicular lines
inequalities as, 196 slope of a, 311–313
Isolating variables, 77
Identity properties for addition trend, see Trend lines
Isosceles trapezoids, S59
and multiplication, S78 vertical, 768, 859
Isosceles triangles, S59
S156 Index
Line graphs, 679–682 Travel, 315, 610, 890 Meteorology, 10, 17, 110, 206, 207, 827
Line plots, S71 Winter Sports, 856 Meteorology Link, 827
Linear equation(s) Lists of ordered pairs Middleton Place Gardens, 387
defined, 298 identifying exponential functions by, Midpoint formula, S68
point-slope form of, 342 773, 790 Military, 425
slope-intercept form of, 335, 342 identifying linear functions by, 297, Military Link, 425
solving, by using a spreadsheet, 382 790
Minimum values
standard form of, 298 identifying quadratic functions by, 590,
for a box-and-whisker plot, 695
systems of, see Systems of linear 790
of parabolas, 592
equations Literal equations, 108
Misleading graphs and statistics,
Linear function(s), 292–377 Logic, 707 702–703
defined, 296 Long division, 894 Mode, 694, S72
families of, 356, 862 dividing polynomials by binomials,
general form of, 791 Model(s)
894–895
graphing, 298, 348 choosing
Lookout Mountain Incline Railway, graphing data for, 789–790
identifying, 296–299 315
by graphs, 296 using patterns for, 790
by lists of ordered pairs, 297 exponential, 789–792
by tables, 297 geometric
by using ordered pairs, 297 M of powers, 26
reflections of, 359 of special products, 501, 503
rotations of, 358 Magnification, 906 linear, 789–792
transformations of, 357–360 quadratic, 789–792
Make a Conjecture, 318, 319, 356,
vertical translations of, 357 rectangle, for multiplying polynomials,
612, 628, 644, 804, 850, 873
494
Linear inequalities Make a model, S41
defined, 414 Modeling
Make an organized list, S49
graphing, 415 addition and subtraction of real
Make a Prediction, 145 numbers, 14
solutions of, 414 Make a table, S45
solving, 414–417 completing the square, 644
Manufacturing, 118, 150, 447 equations with variables on both sides,
systems of, 421
Mapping diagrams, 236 99
solutions of, 421
solving, 421–423, 427 Marine Biology, 596 factoring, 530
Markup, 139 factorization of trinomials, 538–539
Linear models, 789–792
Mars lander, 330 growth and decay, 780
Link inverse variation, 850
Animals, 184 Math History, 251, 506, 570, 810
Math History Link, 58, 402, 506, 570, one-step equations, 76
Art, 30, 545 polynomial addition and subtraction,
Astronomy, 10, 330 810
482–483
Automobiles, 691 Math Symbols, 229
polynomial division, 892
Biology, 105, 307, 450, 626, 871 Matrices, 746–747 polynomial multiplication, 490–491
Chemistry, 207, 456 Maximum values systems of linear equations, 389
Diving, 24 for a box-and-whisker plot, 695 variable relationships, 244
Ecology, 267 of parabolas, 592 Mondrian, Piet, 545
Electricity, 820 Mean, 694, S72
Engineering, 604 Money, 394
Measure of central tendency, 694, Monomials, 476
Geology, 81, 410, 802 S72
Geometry, 770 degrees of, 476
Measurement(s), 122, 301, 345, 456, Moore’s law, 777
Health, 178 562, 770, S53
History, 97, 707, 741 Multi-Step, 11, 57, 59, 126, 131, 137,
absolute error and, S55
Hobbies, 362 142, 143, 239, 240, 275, 346, 367,
accuracy in, S54
Landscaping, 387 386, 395, 401, 410, 418, 425, 451,
comparing, S53
Math History, 58, 402, 506, 570, 810 466, 498, 506, 528, 529, 563, 597,
converting between systems of, S53
Meteorology, 827 609, 617, 634, 640, 649, 650, 658,
customary system of, S53
Military, 425 770, 777, 787, 793, 802, 803, 809,
indirect, 122
Music, 528 815, 828, 856, 863, 890, 898, 904
metric system of, S53
Number Theory, 276 precision in, S54 Multi-step equations, solving, 92–95
Physics, 640 relative error and, S55 Multi-step inequalities, solving,
Recreation, 198 significant digits and, S54 188–190
School, 731 tolerance intervals and, S54 Multi-Step Test Prep, 38, 60, 112,
Science, 346 146, 186, 210, 260, 278, 332, 364,
Mechanics, 855, 857
Solar Energy, 898 412, 428, 474, 508, 556, 572, 620,
Sports, 44, 119, 234, 498 Median, 694, S72
660, 710, 744, 796, 830, 876, 906
Statistics, 88 Median-fit line, 270–271
Multi-Step Test Prep questions are
Technology, 136, 749, 777 Medicine, 449, 481 also found in every exercise set.
Transportation, 250, 480 Mental Math, 22, 46, 47, 134, 159, Some examples are: 10, 18, 24,
565, S52 30, 36
Index S157
Multiple Choice, 70–71, 158–159, Negative Power of a Quotient Parent Resources Online
160–161, 288–289, 376–377, 437, Property, 470 Parent Resources Online are
438–439, 516, 517, 518–519, 581, Negative slope, 312 available for every lesson. Refer
582–583, 670–671, 757, 758–759, Nets, 874, S67 to the go.hrw.com box at the
842–843, 844–845, 916–917, using to estimate surface area, beginning of each exercise set.
918–919 S67 Some examples: 9, 17, 23,
Choose Combinations of Answers, Nightingale, Florence, 707 29, 35
916–917 No correlation, 263 State Test Practice Online, 70, 160,
Eliminate Answer Choices, 158–159 224, 288, 376, 438, 518, 582, 670,
None of the Above, 842–843
None of the Above or All of the Above, 758, 844, 918
842–843 Normal curve, S74
Operations
Recognize Distracters, 374–375 Normal distribution, S74
inverse, see Inverse operations
Multiple representations, 15, 20, Notation, scientific, see Scientific order of, 40–42
21, 26, 27, 46, 47, 76, 79, 86, 99, 101, notation
Opposite binomials, 534, 868
115, 148, 169, 174, 180, 181, 196, Null set, see Empty set
Opposite coefficients, 397
202, 203, 204, 212, 213, 236, 244, Number families, S51
Opposites, 15
245, 259, 295, 320, 349, 351, 389, Number Sense, 528, 529 factoring with, 534
446, 452, 460, 462, 463, 467, 469, Number Theory, 37, 276, 634, Orangutans, 184
470, 482, 483, 490, 491, 501, 503, 640
Order of operations, 40–42
530, 538, 539, 541, 558, 560, 592, Connecting Algebra to, 404–405,
600, 601, 613, 628, 629, 630, 636, Order rational numbers, S50
565
642, 644, 645, 708, 709, 738, 739, Ordered pairs, Z7, 54, 236
Number Theory Link, 276
746, 798, 806, 822, 833, 851, 859, 893 graphing, Z7
Numbers
Multiplication identifying exponential functions by
compatible, Z10, 46
of decimals, Z14–Z16 using, 590, 790
composite, Z17–Z18
of fractions, Z32–Z33 identifying linear functions by using,
irrational, see Irrational numbers
of polynomials, 492–496 297, 790
natural, 34
modeling, 490–491 identifying quadratic functions by
prime, Z17–Z18, 524
rectangle model for, 494 using, 773, 790
random, see Random numbers
vertical method for, 495 Organizing data, 678–682
rational, 34
by powers of ten, 453 real, see Real numbers Origin, Z7, 54
properties of, 46 signed, see Signed numbers Outcome, 713
of radical expressions, 816–818 whole, 34 Outlier, 695
of rational expressions, 878–881 Numerical expressions, 6 Output, 55, 245
of real numbers, 20–22 Nutrition, 87, 88, 130, 142, 240 Overestimate, Z10
scalar, 747
of signed numbers, 20
solving equations by, 84–87
solving inequalities by, 180–182 O P
of square-root expressions, containing
two terms, 817 Obtuse angles, S56 Paella, 326
by zero, 21 Obtuse triangles, S59 Parabola
Multiplication properties of Oceanography, 256 axis of symmetry of a, 600
exponents, 460–463 Ocelots, 267 exploring, 598
Multiplication Property of Equality, finding
Odds, 722
86 by using the formula, 601
converting between probabilities and,
Multiplication Property of by using zeros, 600
722
Inequality, 180, 181 defined, 591
Online Resources
Multiplicative inverses, 21 identifying the direction of a,
Career Resources Online, 106, 200,
592
Music, 206, 496, 528, 853 347, 388, 547, 743
vertex of a, 592
Music Link, 528 Chapter Project Online, 2, 72, 164,
finding the, 601
Mutually exclusive events, 734 226, 292, 378, 442, 520, 586, 672,
vertical translations of a, 615
probabilities of, 734 762, 846
width of a, 613
Homework Help Online
Parallel lines, S56
Homework Help Online is available
slopes of, 349–352
N for every lesson. Refer to the
go.hrw.com box at the Parallelograms, S59
beginning of each exercise area of, S61
Natural numbers, 34 set. Some examples: 9, 17, 23, Parent functions, 357
Navigation, 909 29, 35 linear, 862
Negative correlation, 263 Lab Resources Online, 12, 76, 99, 144, quadratic, 612, 613, 862
Negative exponents, 446 259, 270, 382, 389, 482, 555, 612, rational, 862
628, 700 square-root, 862
Negative integer exponents, 452
S158 Index
Parent Resources Online Point-slope form of linear converting between odds and, 722
Parent Resources Online are available equations, 341–344 data analysis and, 672–761
for every lesson. Refer to the Polygons, 52–53, S58 of dependent events, 729
go.hrw.com box at the beginning of regular, S58 experimental, see Experimental
each exercise set. Some examples: Polyhedrons, S64 probability
9, 17, 23, 29, 35 bases of, S64 geometric, 890
Parentheses, 40 edges of, S64 of inclusive events, 734
Pascal, Blaise, 570 vertices of, S64 of independent events, 727
Pascal’s Triangle, 570 Polynomial(s), 476–478, 589 of mutually exclusive events, 734
Patterns addition of, 484–486 theoretical, see Theoretical probability
geometric, S58 modeling, 482–483 Problem-Solving Applications, 28,
looking for, 767 cubic, 477 33, 94, 175–176, 255, 343–344, 385,
using degrees of, 476 503–504, 559–560, 607–608,
to choose a model, 790 division of, see Division of polynomials 647–648, 729, 791–792, 901–902
to find properties of exponents, exponents and, 442–519 Problem Solving on Location
458–459 factoring, 520–585, 566 Illinois, 162–163
to investigate integer exponents, methods for, 568 Michigan, 290–291
446 using graphs for, 555 New Jersey, 440–441
to investigate powers of ten, 452 leading coefficients of, 477 Ohio, 920–921
Pearl, Nancy, 362 multiplication of, see Multiplication of Pennsylvania, 760–761
Pendulum clocks, 640 polynomials South Carolina, 584–585
Pente, 37 quadratic, 477 Problem-Solving Plan, xx–xxi
in standard form, 896 Problem-Solving Strategies, S40–S49
Percent(s), 125, 127–129
standard form of, 477 Draw a diagram, S40
applications of, 133–135
subtraction of, 484–486 Find a pattern, S44
defined, 127
modeling, 482–483 Guess and test, S42
greater than 100%, 127
unfactorable, 567 Make a model, S41
less than 1%, 127
writing as decimals, Z27 Population, 120, 708–709 Make an organized list, S49
writing decimals as, Z27 explore changes in, 144–145 Make a table, S45
Population density, 472 Solve a simpler problem, S46
Percent change, 138
Positive correlation, 263 Use logical reasoning, S47
Percent decrease, 138–140
Positive integer exponents, 452 Use a Venn diagram, S48
Percent increase, 138–140 Work backward, S43
Percent proportion, 127 Positive Power of a Quotient
Property, 469 Product of Powers Property, 460
Perfect-square trinomials, 501, Product Property
558 Positive slope, 312
Power(s), Z20, 26 Power of a, 462
Perfect squares, 32 of Square Roots, 806
exponents and, 26–28
Perimeter, Z3, 52–53, S60 Zero, 866
geometric models of, 26
estimating, S60 Product Rule for Inverse Variation,
inverse operations for, 832
of polygons, 52 853
Negative, of a Quotient Property, 470
of a rectangle, Z3, S60 Products, special, see Special products
Positive, of a Quotient Property, 469
of a square, Z3, S60
of a Power Property, 462 Properties
Period, of a pendulum, 820 of addition, 46
of a Product Property, 462
Permutations of ten, 452–453 of Equality, 79, 86
combinations and, 736–739 multiplication by, 453 of Inequality, 174, 180, 181
defined, 737 using patterns to investigate, 452 of multiplication, 46
Perpendicular lines, S56 Power Property, Power of a, 462 of zero, 21
slopes of, 349–352 Proportion(s), 114
Power Property of Equality, 822
Personal Finance, 307, 531, 788 applications of, 121–123
Powers Property
Pet Care, 795 Product of, 460 percent, 127
pH, 472 Quotient of, 467, 878 rates, ratios and, 114–117
Photography, 487, 497 Precision, S54 Pyramids, 874, S64
Physical Science, 302, 465, 769 Prediction, 715 surface area of, 500, S67
Physics, 478, 535, 553, 569, 616, 618, volume of, 500, 779, S66
Preparing for your final exam, 849
634, 640, 655, 776, 820, 827, 854 Pythagorean Theorem, 641, 643, 807,
Prime factorization, Z19–Z20, 524
Physics Link, 640 S68
writing with exponents, Z20
Pi, Z3, S62 Prime numbers, Z17–Z18, 524
Pimlico Race Course, 234 Principal, 133
Place value, S50 Prisms, 874, S64 Q
Plane(s), S56 surface area of, 500, S67
Cartesian, 58 volume of, 500, 779, S66 Quadrants, 54
coordinate, Z7, 54 Probability, 713, 744, 881, 882 Quadratic equations
naming, S56 defined, 622
Index S159
discriminant of, 654 Radical symbol, 32 Reading and Writing Math, 5, 75,
related function of, 622 Radicals, like, see Like radicals 167, 229, 295, 381, 445, 523, 589,
roots of, 628–629, see also Solving Radicand, 805 675, 765, 849, see also Reading
solving, 660 Radius, S62 Strategies; Study Strategies; Writing
by completing the square, 646, 656 Random numbers, 719 Strategies
by factoring, 630–633, 656 using, 719 Reading Math, 32, 34, 54, 114, 121,
by graphing, 622–624, 656 170, 247, 272, 320, 408, 446, 453,
Random samples, 703, 708–709, S73
by using the Quadratic Formula, 454, 561, 680, 721, 722, 782, 854
652–657 Range, 82, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241,
242, 248, 249, 250, 251, 256, 260, Reading Strategies
by using square roots, 636–639, 656 Read a Lesson for Understanding, 523
standard form of, 622 261, 694, 857
of absolute-value functions, 366–367 Read and Interpret Graphics, 675
Quadratic Formula Read and Interpret Math Symbols, 229
interquartile (IQR), 695
discriminant and, 652–657 Read and Understand the Problem, 445
of linear functions, 299
using the Use Your Book for Success, 5
of quadratic functions, 593
for estimating solutions, 653–654 Ready to Go On?, 39, 61, 113, 147,
reasonable, 248, 249, 250, 251, 255,
solving quadratic equations by, 187, 211, 261, 279, 333, 365, 413,
261, 283, 284, 299, 304, 360, 597,
652–657 429, 475, 509, 557, 573, 621, 661,
853, 856, 861, 863
Quadratic functions, 620 711, 745, 797, 831, 877, 907, see also
Rate of change
characteristics of, 599–603 Assessment
defined, 310
comparing graphs of, 615 Real Estate, 125
slope and, 310–313
defined, 590 Real numbers, 34
domain of, 593 Rates, 114
ratios, proportions and, 114–117 addition of, 14–17
families of, 612, 862 defined, 14
general form of, 791 Ratio(s), 114
common, 766 division of, 20–22
graphing, 606–609 multiplication of, 20–22
using a table of values, 591 equivalent, 114
rates, proportions and, 114–117 square roots and, 32–35
identifying, 590–593 subtraction of, 14–17
range of, 593 surface-area-to-volume, 869
trigonometric, 908–909 Reasonable answer, 33, 36, 79, 80,
transformations of, 613–616 81, 82, 88, 89, 95, 97, 104, 117, 118,
zeros of, finding, from graphs, 599 Rational equations, 906
defined, 900 120, 122, 124, 128, 131, 136, 138,
Quadratic models, 789–792 139, 142, 143, 159, 170, 176, 182,
Quadratic parent functions, 612, rational functions and, 846–921
solving, 900–903 231, 255, 344, 385, 386, 416, 423,
613, 862 616, 623, 638, 648, 656, 772, 781,
by using cross products, 900
Quadratic polynomials, 477 783, 798
by using the lowest common
Quadrilaterals, S59 denominator, 900–901 Reasonable domain, 248, 249, 250,
classifying, S59 251, 255, 261, 283, 284, 299, 304,
Rational exponents, 832–834
Quality Control, 715 360, 597, 853, 856, 861, 863
Rational expressions
Quartiles, 695 addition of, 885–888 Reasonable range, 248, 249, 250, 251,
Question type, any with like denominators, 885 255, 261, 283, 284, 299, 304, 360,
read the problem for understanding, with unlike denominators, 887 597, 853, 856, 861, 863
436–437 defined, 866 Reasonableness, 33, 35, 79, 80, 81,
spatial reasoning, 756–757 division of, 878–881 82, 88, 89, 95, 97, 104, 115, 117, 118,
translate words to math, 580–581 multiplication of, 878–881 120, 122, 124, 128, 131, 136, 138,
use a diagram, 516–517 simplifying, 866–869 139, 142, 143, 159, 250, 251, 255,
Quotient of Powers Property, 467, subtraction of, 885–888 261, 265, 623, 638, 798
878 with like denominators, 886 Reasoning
Quotient Property with unlike denominators, 887 explaining your, in extended responses,
Negative Power of a, 470 Rational functions, 858–862 668–669
Positive Power of a, 469 defined, 858 spatial, 756–757
of Square Roots, 806 families of, 862 Reciprocals, 21
graphing, 873 Recognizing distracters, 374–375
using asymptotes, 860 Recreation, 22, 87, 151, 198, 234, 240,
R rational equations and, 846–921
Rational numbers, 34
276, 317, 394, 425, 808, 888
Recreation Link, 198
comparing and ordering, S50 Rectangle(s), S59
Radical equations, 822–826
Rationalizing denominators, area of, Z4, 83, S61
Radical expressions, 805–808
817 perimeter of, Z3, S60
addition of, 811–813
using conjugates, 821 Rectangle model for multiplying
division of, 816–818
multiplication of, 816–818 Rays, S56 polynomials, 494
subtraction of, 811–813 naming, S56 Recycling, 8
Radical functions Reading Reflections, 359, S69
exponential functions and, 762–845 graphics, 675 in the coordinate plane, S69
graphing, 804 the problem, 445 of linear functions, 359
S160 Index
Regular polygons, S58 Second coordinates, 236 Solution(s)
Related quadratic equations, 622 Second differences, 590 approximating, 91, 637–638
Relations, 236 Sectors, 680 of equations, 77
functions and, 236–238 Selected Answers, S79–S106 estimating, using the Quadratic
Relationships Sequences Formula for, 653–654
graphing, 230–232 arithmetic, see Arithmetic sequences extraneous, 824–825, 902
variable, model, 244 geometric, see Geometric sequences of inequalities, 168
Relative error, S55 of linear inequalities, 414
Set-builder notation, 168
of systems of linear equations, 383
Remember!, 42, 108, 149, 188, 203, Sets, S78
of systems of linear inequalities, 421
298, 299, 334, 335, 350, 357, 398, Sheppard, Alfred, 118
406, 421, 446, 461, 476, 477, 484, Solution set, 77, 148
Shipping, 275 empty set as, 102
492, 504, 524, 540, 549, 607, 613, Short Response, 25, 71, 82, 90, 137,
638, 647, 652, 678, 737, 767, 790, Solve a simpler problem, S46
161, 185, 200, 222–223, 225, 235,
812, 817, 833, 851, 853, 861, 866, Solving
269, 289, 340, 377, 403, 426, 437,
869, 878, 879, 881, 887, 896 classic problems, 404–405
439, 451, 481, 516, 517, 519, 546,
Remembering formulas, 765 linear equations by using a
571, 580, 581, 583, 597, 611, 651,
Remodeling, 545 spreadsheet, 382
671, 686, 718, 742, 757, 759, 787,
rational equations, 900–901
Repeating decimals, Z25, 34 845, 865, 884, 919
special systems, 406–409
Replacement set, 8 Understand Short Response Scores,
systems of linear inequalities, 427
Representations 222–223
Space Shuttle, 150
multiple, see Multiple representations Signed numbers
Spatial reasoning, 756–757
of solid figures, 874 division of, 20
multiplication of, 20 Special products
Rhombus, S59
of binomials, 501–505
Right angles, S56 Significant digits, S54
factoring, 558–561
Right triangles, S59 Silicon chips, 777
geometric models of, 501, 503
Rise, 311 Similar figures, 121
Special systems, solving, 406–409
Roots Simple events, 737
Split stem-and-leaf plot, 693
exploring, 628–629 Simple interest, 133
Sports, 42, 44, 50, 104, 107, 110, 119,
of quadratic equations, 628–629 Simple random sample, 708–709 151, 170, 176, 178, 207, 234, 306,
Rotations, 358, S69 Simplest form 410, 471, 498, 509, 596, 625, 632,
in the coordinate plane, S69 of a fraction, Z23 658, 690, 696, 697, 698, 716, 717,
of linear functions, 358 of a square-root expression, 805 768, 769, 776, 807
Rounding, Z9–Z11 Simplifying Sports Link, 44, 119, 234, 498
Run, 311 exponential expressions, 460 Spreadsheet 13, 382, 700–701
expressions, 46–49
Square(s)
fractions, Z23
perfect, 32
S rational expressions, 866–869
Simulations, 712
two, difference of, 503, 560
Square(s) (geometric figure), Z3, S59
Sine, 908 area of, Z4, 83, S61
Sales tax, 134
Skills Bank, S40–S78 perimeter of, Z3, S60
Sample space, 713
Slope formula, 320–323 Square, completing the, see Completing
Samples, 708–709, S73
Slope-intercept form of linear the square
biased, 709, S73
equations, 334–337 Square root(s), 32
random, 703, 708–709, S73
Slope(s), 311, 313 Product Property of, 806
Sampling, bias and, 708–709, S73
comparing, 313 Quotient Property of, 806
Sandia Peak Tramway, 304
finding real numbers and, 32–35
Scalar multiplication, 747 from equations, 322 solving quadratic equations by using,
Scale, 116 from graphs, 321 636–639, 656
Scale drawing, 116 from tables, 321 Square-root expressions, see also
Scale factor, 123 negative, 312 Radical expressions
of a dilation, S70 of parallel lines, 349–352 multiplication of, containing two
Scale model, 116 of perpendicular lines, 349–352 terms, 817
Scalene triangles, S59 positive, 312 simplest form of, 805
Scatter plots, 262 rate of change and, 310–313 Square-root functions, 798–800
interpreting, 270 undefined, 312 domain of, 799
trend lines and, 262–265 zero, 312 families of, 862
School, 81, 197, 362, 386, 419, 731 Snowshoes, 856 graphs of, translations of, 799
School Link, 731 Solar cars, 691 Square-Root Property, 636
Science, 118, 346, 464, 532, 784 Solar Energy, 898 Standard deviation, S74
Science Link, 346 Solar Energy Link, 898 Standard form, 454
Scientific notation, 453–454 Solar-powered aircraft, 898 of linear equations, 298
Seabiscuit, 234 Solid figures, representing, 874 of polynomials, 477
Index S161
polynomials in, 896 of a prism, S67 Use Technology to Make Graphs,
of quadratic equations, 622 of a pyramid, S67 700–701
Standardized Test Prep, 70–71, using nets to estimate, S67 Technology Link, 136, 749, 777
160–161, 224–225, 288–289, Surface-area-to-volume ratio, 869 Telephone numbers, 741
376–377, 438–439, 518–519, Symmetric Property of Equality, Temperature, 151
582–583, 670–671, 758–759, 185 Ten, powers of, see Powers of ten
844–845, 918–919, see also Symmetry, S63 Terminating decimals, Z25, 34
Assessment axis of, see Axis of symmetry Terms, 47, 272, 476, 817
Statistics, 82, 88, 455, 775 line of, S63 Test Prep
misleading, 702–703 Systematic random sample, 708–709 Test Prep questions are found in every
Statistics Link, 88 Systems of linear equations exercise set. Some examples: 11, 19,
Stem-and-leaf plot, 687 consistent, 406 25, 31, 37; see also Assessment
back-to-back, 687 classification of, 407 Test Tackler, see also Assessment
split, 693 dependent, 407 Any Question Type
Step functions, S75 identifying solutions of, 383 Read the Problem for
Stonehenge II, 118 inconsistent, 406 Understanding, 436–437
Straight angles, S56 independent, 407 Spatial Reasoning, 756–757
Stratified random sample, 708–709 modeling, 389 Translate Words to Math, 580–581
Student to Student, 47, 76, 169, 238, solving Use a Diagram, 516–517
304, 392, 462, 551, 656, 727, 792, 868 by elimination, 397–401 Extended Response
by graphing, 383–385 Explain Your Reasoning, 668–669
Study Guide: Preview, 4, 74, 166, 228,
by substitution, 390–393 Understand the Scores, 286–287
294, 380, 444, 522, 588, 674, 764,
848, see also Assessment Gridded Response
Study Guide: Review, 62–65, 152–155, Fill in Answer Grids Correctly, 68–69
216–219, 280–283, 368–371, T Multiple Choice
Choose Combinations of Answers,
430–433, 510–513, 574–577,
662–665, 750–753, 836–839, 910–913, 916–917
Tables
see also Assessment Eliminate Answer Choices, 158–159
connecting to function rules and
Study Strategies None of the Above or All of the
graphs, 259
Learn Vocabulary, 589 Above, 842–843
creating, to evaluate expressions,
Prepare for Your Final Exam, 849 Recognize Distracters, 374–375
12–13
Remember Formulas, 765 Short Response
finding slope from, 321
Use Multiple Representations, 295 Understand Short Response Scores,
frequency, 688
Use Your Notes Effectively, 167 222–223
identifying linear functions by, 297
Use Your Own Words, 75 of values, graphing quadratic functions Theoretical probability, 720–723
Subset, S78 using, 591 Third quartile values, 695
Substitution Tangent, 908 Tip (amount of money), 134
solving systems of linear equations by, Technology, 29, 136, 457, 514, 526, Tolerance intervals, S55
390–393 742, 749, 777 Tolkowsky, Marcel, 861
for systems of linear equations, 400 using, to make graphs, 700–701 Transcontinental railroad, 890
Subtraction Technology Lab Transformations, 357, S69
of decimals, Z12–Z13 Connect Function Rules, Tables, and in the coordinate plane, S69
of fractions, Z30–Z31 Graphs, 259 of linear functions, 357–360
with like denominators, Z30 Create a Table to Evaluate Expressions, of quadratic functions, 613–616
with unlike denominators, Z30–Z31 12–13 Transitive Property of Equality, 185
of polynomials, 484–486 Explore Roots, Zeros, and x-intercepts, Translations, 357, S69
modeling, 482–483 628–629 in the coordinate plane, S69
of radical expressions, 811–813 Families of Linear Functions, 356 of the graph of the square-root
of rational expressions, 885–888 The Family of Quadratic Functions, function, 799
with like denominators, 886 612 Transportation, 96, 118, 177, 207, 250,
with unlike denominators, 887 Graph Linear Functions, 348 257, 267, 300, 301, 331, 480, 827
of real numbers, 14–17, 15 Graph Radical Functions, 804 Transportation Link, 250, 480
solving equations by, 77–79 Graph Rational Functions, 873 Trapezoids, S59
solving inequalities by, 174–177 Interpret Scatter Plots and Trend Lines, area of, S59
Subtraction Property of Equality, 270
Travel, 18, 36, 90, 104, 183, 274, 275,
79, 86 Solve Equations by Graphing, 91
304, 315, 610, 855, 889, 890, 904
Subtraction Property of Inequality, Solve Linear Equations by Using a
Spreadsheet, 382 Travel Link, 315, 610, 890
174
Solve Systems of Linear Inequalities, Tree diagram, Z5, 736
Supplementary angles, S57
427 Trend lines, 265
Surface area, 500, S67
Use a Graph to Factor Polynomials, interpreting, 270
of a cone, S67
555 scatter plots and, 262–265
of a cube, S67
of a cylinder, S67 Use Random Numbers, 719 Trial, 713
S162 Index
Triangle(s), Z3, S59 Variation Winter Sports Link, 856
acute, S59 constant of, 326, 851 Work backward, S43
area of, Z4, 83, S61 direct, see Direct variation Write About It
classifying, S59 inverse, see Inverse variation Write About It questions are found in
equilateral, S59 Vertex every exercise set. Some examples:
isosceles, S59 of absolute-value graphs, 366 9, 19, 24, 29, 31
obtuse, S59 of a cone, S64 Writing Math, 6, 33, 55, 77, 102, 148,
right, S59 of a parabola, 592 168, 237, 254, 334, 393, 452, 468,
scalene, S59 of a polyhedron, S64 485, 531, 687, 696, 767, 859
Triangle Inequality, 209 axis of symmetry through, 598 Writing Strategies, Write a Convincing
Triathlon, 46 finding the, 601 Argument/Explanation, 381
Trigonometric ratios, 908–909 Vertical angles, S57
Trinomials, 477 Vertical line(s), 768, 859
factoring, 866
modeling factorization of, 538–539
Vertical-line test, 243
Vertical method for multiplication
X
perfect-square, 501, 558 of polynomials, 495
Truth Tables, 201 Vertical translations x-axis, Z7, 54
Tsunamis, 802 of linear functions, 357 x-coordinate, 54
Two-step equations, solving, of a parabola, 615 x-intercept, 303
92–95 Vocabulary, 9, 17, 23, 29, 35, 43, 49, exploring, 628–629
Two-step inequalities, solving, 57, 80, 103, 109, 117, 124, 130, 135, x-values, 236
188–190 141, 171, 206, 233, 239, 249, 266,
275, 300, 306, 314, 329, 353, 361,
386, 409, 418, 424, 455, 479, 505,
527, 594, 603, 625, 649, 657, 683,
Y
U 690, 697, 704, 716, 723, 730, 740,
y-axis, Z7, 54
769, 776, 785, 801, 808, 813, 826,
Undefined slope, 312 855, 863, 870, 903 y-coordinate, 54
Underestimate, Z10 learning, 589 y-intercept, 303
Understanding Vocabulary Connections, 4, 74, 166, y-values, 236
the problem, 445 228, 294, 380, 444, 522, 588, 674, Yosemite Falls, 625
read a lesson for, 523 764, 848
read the problem for, 436–437 Volume, 500, S66
Unfactorable polynomials, 567 estimating, S66 Z
Union, 204 of a cone, 500, S66
of sets, S78 of a cube, 779, S66
Zero(s)
Unit rate, 114 of a cylinder, 500, S66
divided by a number, 21
Unlike denominators of a prism, 500, 779, S66
division by, 21
addition of fractions with, Z30 of a pyramid, 500, 779, S66
exploring, 628–629
addition of rational expressions with, Voluntary response sample, 709 finding the axis of symmetry of a
887 Vomit Comet, 798 parabola by using, 600
subtraction of fractions with, Z31 of a function, 599
subtraction of rational expressions properties of, 21
with, 887
Use logical reasoning, S47
W of quadratic functions, finding, from
graphs, 599
Use a Venn diagram, S48 Zero exponent, 446
Wadlow, Robert P., 88
Wages, 301, 329 Zero Product Property, 630, 866
War Admiral, 234 Zero slope, 312
V Water, 322
Waterfalls, 625
Values, excluded, 848, 858 Weather, 23, 690, 691, 697
Van Dyk, Ernst, 107 What if...?, 16, 18, 22, 28, 30, 33, 55,
Variable(s), 6 79, 86, 90, 98, 104, 131, 176, 268,
on both sides 276, 299, 331, 344, 360, 362, 388,
modeling equations with, 99 400, 410, 416, 478, 532, 560, 624,
solving equations with, 100–103 632, 655, 881, 888
solving inequalities with, 194–197 Whole numbers, 34
dependent, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250 Width of a parabola, 613
expressions and, 6–8
Wildlife Refuge, 267
independent, 246–250
Wind turbines, 820
solving for, 107–109
Winter Sports, 856
Variable relationships, model, 244
Index S163
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Aquarium/Lines Jr./SeaPics.com; 118 (tr), Linda Owen; 119 (cl), © Duomo/CORBIS; © Brand X Pictures; 462 (bl), © BananaStock Ltd.; 474 (br), Robert Flusic/PhotoDisc/
119 (bl), PhotoDisc/gettyimages; 121 (tr), Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd/Alamy; Getty Images; 476 (tr), © Jeff Hunter/Getty Images; 480 (tl), © Don Johnston/Stone/
125 (bl), PhotoDisc/gettyimages; 127 (tr), Spencer Platt/Getty Images/NewsCom; 129 Getty Images; 480 (bl), © Comstock, Inc.; 484 (tr), www.cartoonstock.com; 487
(cr), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 131 (bl), PhotoDisc/gettyimages; 136 (cl), Jessica Hill/AP/Wide (frame), ©1998 Image Farm Inc.; 487 (girls), Artville/Getty Images; 488 (bl),
World Photos; 136 (bl), PhotoDisc/gettyimages; 138 (tr), Terry Warner/ © Comstock, Inc.; 492 (tr), © Pat and Chuck Blackley; 496 (cr), Royalty-Free/Corbis;
www.cartoonstock.com; 142 (tr), © Rubberball Productions; 142 (bl), PhotoDisc/ 498 (cl), PHILIPPE DESMAZES/AFP/Getty Images; 498 (tl), © Comstock, Inc.; 501 (tr),
gettyimages; 146 (tl), PhotoDisc/gettyimages; 146 (cr), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 146 (bl, br), Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy; 506 (tr), Molly Eckler–puzzle, photo by Victoria Smith/HRW;
© COMSTOCK, Inc.; 151 (cr), David Guttenfelder/AP/Wide World Photos; 162 (cr, b), 506 (bl), © Ruggero Vanni/CORBIS; 507 (tl), © Comstock, Inc.; 508 (tl), © Comstock,
Dan Suzio/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 163 (cr), Victoria Smith/HRW; 163 (tc), AP Photo/ Inc.; 508 (tr), SuperStock; 508 (b), Ryan McVay/PhotoDisc/Getty Images.
Charles Rex Arbogast; 163 (br), Allen Blake Sheldon/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes.
S164 Credits
Chapter Eight: Page 520–521 (all), © Hugh Sitton/Getty Images; 523 Sam Chapter Twelve: Page 846–847 (all), © Robert Daly/Stone/Getty Images; 849 Sam
Dudgeon/HRW; 527 (tr), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 527 (b), Brian Hagiwara/FoodPix; 528 Dudgeon/HRW; 851 (tr), © RubberBall/Alamy; 853 (tl), MedioImages/Alamy; 856 (tl),
(tr), Photo by Jolesch Photography. © 2004 Drum Corps International. All rights AP Photo/Robert F. Bukaty; 856 (bl), PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 858 (tr), © Steve
reserved.; 528 (tl), Photo by Jolesch Photography. © 2004 Drum Corps International. Hamblin/Alamy; 864 (bl), PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 866 (tr), Gerald C. Kelley/Photo
All rights reserved.; 529 (t), © Royalty-Free/Corbis; 531 (tr), PhotoDisc/Getty Images; Researchers, Inc.; 868 (bl), © Paul Barton/CORBIS; 869 (tl), © SuperStock; 871 (cl),
532 (br, bc), Victoria Smith/HRW; 535 (tr), Tony Freeman/Photoedit; 536 (bl), AP Photo/Lou Krasky; 871 (bl), PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 876 (tl), PhotoDisc/Getty
© Royalty-Free/Corbis; 537 (cr), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 540 (tr), Travel-Shots/Alamy; Images; 876 (br), AP Photo/Tyler Morning Telegraph, Tom Worner; 876 (sky),
545 (cl), Alinari/Art Resource, NY; 547 (bl), Janine Wiedel Photolibrary/Alamy; 548 PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 878 (tr), © Stock Connection Distribution / Alamy; 885 (tr),
(tr), AP Photo/Peter Cosgrove; 551 (tl), © Stockbyte; 553 (bl), © Royalty-Free/Corbis; Philippe Blondel/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 890 (tl), Photo Researchers, Inc.; 893 (tc),
556 (tl), © Royalty-Free/Corbis; 556 (br), © Peter Adams/Getty Images; 558 (tr), AP Photo/Dolores Ochoa; 893 (tr), © Nigel Francis/Robert Harding/Alamy Photos;
© Lee Snider/Photo Images/CORBIS; 559 (cr), © Yann Arthus-Bertrand/CORBIS; 563 898 (cl), AP Photo /NASA, Nick Galante, PMRF; 900 (tr), © Tom Stewart/CORBIS;
(tl), © Stockbyte; 566 (tr), © Robbie Jack/CORBIS; 570 (tl), © Stockbyte; 570 (cl), 904 (br), ON-PAGE CREDIT; 906 (b), © Dynamic Graphics Group/i2i/Alamy; 906
Sheila Terry/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 572 (tl), © Stockbyte; 572 (movie screen), © Ralph Nelson/Imagine Entertainment/ZUMA/CORBIS; 920 (tr), Sam
(br), David Young Wolff/Photoedit; 584 (tr), Eric Horan; 584 (br), Eric Horan; 584 (bl), Dudgeon/HRW; 920 (bl), © David Bergman/Corbis; 920 (bc), AP Photo/Al Behrman;
PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 585 (tc), Courtesy Mike Brown/University of South Carolina; 921 (br), Bicycle Museum of America/New Bremen, Ohio/www.bicyclemuseum.com;
585 (br), Mike Brown/University of South Carolina, University Publications; 585 (cr), 921 (tc), Courtesy of the Bicycle Museum of America.
John Sanford/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Student Handbook: S2 (tl), PhotoDisc/Getty Images; S3 (br), Sam Dudgeon/HRW.
Chapter Nine: Page 586–587 (all), © James Randklev/CORBIS; 590 (tr), Aflo Foto
Agency; 596 (bl), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 599 (tr), Gary Crabbe/Alamy; 604 (bl), Gallery
Sand; 605 (tl), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 606 (tr), © Michael S. Yamashita/CORBIS; 610 (tl),
AP Photo/Fabio Muzzi; 610 (bl), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 613 (tr), © Craig Tuttle/CORBIS;
618 (bl), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 620 (all), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 622 (tr), © MedioImages/
SuperStock; 624 (tr), © Digital Vision; 626 (cl), © Theo Allofs/CORBIS; 626 (bl),
PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 626 (bc), © COMSTOCK, Inc.; 630 (tr), Dynamic Graphics
Group/IT Stock Free/Alamy; 634 (cr), imagebroker/Alamy; 634 (bl), PhotoDisc/Getty
Images; 634 (bc), © COMSTOCK, Inc.; 636 (t), © Gerald French/CORBIS; 640 (cl),
Loren Winters/Visuals Unlimited; 640 (bl), PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 640 (bc),
© COMSTOCK, Inc.; 645 (tr), The Garden Picture Library/Alamy; 650 (bl), PhotoDisc/
Getty Images; 650 (bl), © COMSTOCK, Inc.; 652 (tr), © Powerstock/SuperStock;
656 (bl), Comstock Images/Alamy; 659 (tl), PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 659 (tc),
© COMSTOCK, Inc.; 660 (tl), PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 660 (tc), © COMSTOCK, Inc.;
660 (tr), Stuart Franklin/Getty Images; 660 (b), Robert Laberge/Getty Images.
Chapter Ten: Page 672–673 (all), Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 678 (tr), Victoria
Smith/HRW; 680 (all), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 687 (tr), © Tom Stewart/CORBIS; 691 (cl),
© Reuters/CORBIS; 694 (tr), AP Photo/Dave Martin; 696 (tr), Victoria Smith/HRW;
698 (cr), © Michael Prince/CORBIS; 707 (tl), © Bettmann/CORBIS; 710 (cr), Stuart
Franklin/Getty Images; 710 (bl), Stuart Franklin/Getty Images; 712 (tr), Sam Dudgeon/
HRW; 713 (tl), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 713 (tc), United States Mint image;
713 (tc), United States Mint image; 713 (tr), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 713 (c), United
States Mint image; 713 (c), United States Mint image; 713 (bc, br), Sam Dudgeon/
HRW; 716 (tl, tc), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 716 (penny), PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 716
(dime), PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 716 (nickel), PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 716 (bl),
PhotoDisc/Getty Images; 716 (bc), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 716 (br), Victoria Smith/HRW;
717 (bl), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 718 (cr), © European Communities; 720 (tr), © Warren
Faidley/Weatherstock; 721 (bl), Aflo Foto Agency/Alamy; 722 (cr), Victoria Smith/HRW;
724 (bl), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 727 (tl), David Young-Wolff/Alamy; 728 (tl), Peter
Van Steen/HRW; 728 (bl, bc), Victoria Smith/HRW; 729 (tr), Victoria Smith/HRW; 730
(cr), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 731 (bl), © Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./CORBIS; 732 (tl), Sam
Dudgeon/HRW; 735 (all), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 736 (all), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 741 (cr),
Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 741 (cl), © Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS; 742 (tl), Sam
Dudgeon/HRW; 743 (tr), Foodcollection.com/Alamy; 743 (bl), © Comstock Images;
744 (tl), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 744 (b), © Handout/Hasbro/Ray Stubblebine/Reuters/
CORBIS; 749 (cl), Courtesy of Blue Sky Studios/ZUMA Press; 760 (cr), Blair Seitz;
761 (br), AP Photo/John Heller; 761 (tr, bl), Tom Pawlesh.
Chapter Eleven: Page 762–763 (all), Mike Hill/SuperStock; 766 (tr), Randy
Lincks/Masterfile; 770 (cl), Gregory Sams/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 777 (tl), Lucidio
Studio, Inc./Alamy; 781 (tr), © Wendy Stone/CORBIS; 786 (cr), Elaine Wakefield,
Wessex Archaeology; 789 (tr), © Stan Liu/Icon SMI/ZUMA Press; 791 (tr), Stephen
Dalton/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 792 (cl), age fotostock; 796 (c), Laimute Druskis/
Stock Boston/IPN; 796 (bc), © D. Hurst/Alamy; 796 (br), © Brian Hagiwara/Brand X
Pictures/Alamy; 798 (tr), NASA; 802 (tl), AP Photo/Andy Eames; 802 (bl), © Brand X
Pictures; 805 (tr), Steve Gottlieb/PictureQuest; 809 (bl), © Brand X Pictures;
814 (bl), © Brand X Pictures; 816 (tr), ON-PAGE CREDIT; 820 (tl), © Richard
Cummins/SuperStock; 820 (bl), © Brand X Pictures; 827 (bl), AP Photo/Gregory
Smith; 828 (bl), © Brand X Pictures; 830 (cr), Walker/PictureQuest; 830 (tl), © Brand
X Pictures; 830 (bc), AP Photo/Anna Branthwaite.
Credits S165

Holt Algebra 1 Student Handbook

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Holt Algebra 1 Student Handbook

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Student

Problem-Solving Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S40

Skills Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S50

Logic and Set Theory

Selected Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S79

Symbols and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inside back cover

Verbal Algebraic y=9 y=6

10. the quotient of y and 3

11. 5 more than y

12. the sum of y and 2

Lesson Add or subtract using a number line.

Evaluate the expression g - (-7) for each value of g.

Evaluate each expression for x = -8, y = 6, and z = -4.

Write each expression using a base and an exponent.

Write the exponent that makes each equation true.

Compare. Write <, >, or =.

Write all classifications that apply to each number.

Lesson Simplify each expression.

Simplify each expression by combining like terms.

Simplify each expression. Justify each step with an operation or property.

Lesson Graph each point.

Name the quadrant in which each point lies. Þ

Write an equation to represent each relationship. Then solve the equation.

Lesson Solve each equation. Check your answer.

Write an equation to represent each relationship. Then solve the equation.

Use the equation 9y = -3x to find y for each value of x.

Lesson Solve each equation. Check your answer.

Write an equation to represent each relationship. Solve each equation.

Lesson Solve each equation. Check your answer.

Write an equation to represent each relationship. Then solve the equation.

Solve each proportion.

Lesson Find the value of x in each diagram.

Lesson 53. Find 25% of 60. 54. Find 40% of 95.

Write each decimal or fraction as a percent.

Write each list in order from least to greatest.

Graph each inequality.

Write the inequality shown by each graph.

Lesson Solve each inequality and graph the solutions.

Use the inequality 4 + z ≤ 11 to fill in the missing numbers.

Lesson Solve each inequality and graph the solutions.

34. 4p < -2 3s > 3

Use the inequality -6 - 2w ≥ 10 to fill in the missing numbers.

77. 3n < 3(6 - 2n) 78. _ 5 ≥_

Write an inequality to represent each relationship. Solve your inequality.

Write the compound inequality shown by each graph.

Solve each compound inequality and graph the solutions.

Lesson Express each relation as a table, as a graph, and as a mapping diagram.

Lesson Determine a relationship between the x- and y-variables. Write an equation.

Identify the independent and dependent variables. Write a rule in function

Evaluate each function for the given input values.

S10 Extra Practice

Find the indicated term of each arithmetic sequence.

Find the common difference for each arithmetic sequence.

Find the next four terms in each arithmetic sequence.

Extra Practice S11

12. -4x = 2y - 1 13. x - y = 3 14. 2x - 3y = 12 15. 2.5x + 2.5y = 5

Use intercepts to graph the line described by each equation.

Lesson Find the slope of each line.

Find the slope of the line described by each equation.

S12 Extra Practice

Lesson 57. Identify which lines are parallel: y = 3x - 2; y = -2; y = 3x + 7; y = 0

Extra Practice S13

Solve each system by graphing. Check your answer.

Lesson Solve each system by substitution.