tharmedy ina ma, © Sytem: past ob the untverte which 13 Undox obser vabion Settoundings <7 cy : - Except Stem > Tnctlde. thi they than System i ni! Ssay Ua oe the uncvadse 1 called Su¥7UNdihay 7S Boundary: ho walt that Separates the gystam bvom the SusYoundings ja, called boundary Foam ek sistem OPEN System, oo Claged 5 m fit Talabed S4bo yy FEN Syptem there i Cxcharge i ib Cre. te S480 and Summtndihes 3 Piha System _ Energy ‘ CC Seemeundiings C% Reactonts iy ay neier ofen beakeY, Téa in a Cup Clodea $460 mn - eren ‘ bad. ase Tw 4 cloted system une is ne exchange of matte y ob era ig posithe hedwean Sy82em aud FOO Uy, System Em y Summundings, | Syfeamn Matte | ose Surroundings 7 — Ne exchange Tea im a Clted Conlatner, Reaclnbs in a clsecl Conbaihey Troloted 548m: Tn on isolated Sete there 13 Vo Occhange ok energy ox ynattey betes the Sy302m and SUBOUrdiige Matte SykRaawmn Sum ok all forms ok choy 4 called | . . ‘internal energy. U= & elockvical + wieteays Knobical + porential --- E-¢, We cannot datermne obsoluke Value of interval energy of a aii. But we. condofermihe the Change in ankernal energy by) | tion, which dopends, oy | intial and final x¢ yok on path. Fnfesmal ereryy ok a Syseam Can be chamsed by Oauowiry heal Porsey ines oy oiit ob the Sydterm © Woyk 15 done om or by the System @ awewity walkey Cnlevs oy Looe, the Seen, Change inv interval eramy by dbivg 1Kr ob elackvital Wort tyicap Tow & beaker Contaknihg water, and perborm wok by dipping the Tmmmersion vod, As oO yegull, tha Tempe tatuse Change; bvom T to To, and inte wal enemy of water(Syeem) alo Changes from U; to Va Change iy Tempe tate: AT = 1 -T, chorge- in internal eneyy Avs U2.) we can alan change te Internal eremy Qu) by del nical wovk of IKT- i Tae a beaker contai nig water, do nee nee work by churnthy Water aa in eats 29 AT cle a Chomgein Trbemal Eneyy 2 AU = Us — 0 ie In woth the Cores av (Change. in yneernod € nary Game So Tyteyynl enowy 7% O Jeale bavichion rol. Linal salle Tykesval enrsgy is, 36 vg IrechaAdibahc prow: Tt is the proass bp ee iy which 7 thore 18 no excchangeof heal befweren Sy4levn and GasveUndil¥s, aand the wall SeparalAry the system and the Survoundihgs, j% called adibatic Wall Tempevatuye is tobe. Function: Tare wale ab 256 and yeat to 35%. 0% Takewaley at 0% and cool If Fo 35 35° + Tt dowt depend whether itis healed jan walle y Joe to 35¢. bunchion yo oF He youlse Now Watery is al kwon ast bo35e ox by cooling iW a pond is alo 4tale t ne of ater ig indepen lie Vobure. of "Wake y vakey js, Filled in the pond we oF by beh an oat at Fivse low of [he yynodynamss | the enesgy o& an jgolabed Gyseam 1% Constont- Boz vtw Mathematical bowrnunla bor ‘nolated System V=o Ve exchange of Crev9y Creal ) wre matter ABOzAtW hoy by Yoin no esccharge ob > = Evewy i nithey created nev dogevoged = 0" Saroureireg wotk (W) > Force * displace. mont wosk i6 path function, nok sake. function. git the Syicam, = -W Comontiom of wesk OI wrk 1% done by sk werk & dome onthe gdifom = +W A Heok Cal) : Heot always Evomler From ‘ok body to CoH PT Tk weok is obtosted by He gyptern = + V sac Tb peal is veleosed by tne SytemExpier the change jn tntevnal enevgy oF a Syitem. whey @ (D) No hat is absosbed by the Sutton From tha. Saneundibgs bul W(Wesk) 13 doe Mm the Syilarn. Whab type of bul daoy the Sykeom hawe, BUS anil, bub az0 No exchange. ob Heal i re oConk, ; WoBK Ys done on the ft Bia adibabre pro 1B 4Vew AU =0 +(+W) co PUT Mad) wall 14 adiabatic wall: WD No Work is done on the Syzeem, but w aye unt at i» baron oul by bho Sublam and given bo Busyoundihes . wlal type ob wall doey the System tower NoWetk Mdme wro Aarmount ob heat is given by Phe Syylam SO gy = -Ke 402 A +0) — bo 9) + ° thermally conducting walt ic) Wamounk af WovK 5 done by the Syilem and qomnmue ob Heal is, Supplied to Sy bern, WotK 18 core. by the Sygtom wr -¥e ie -w Hea i& goined by the Sytem V2 +42 je +ay Av> Y+W S0 = 9+ (-W) Closed System: Demure on expieni¢n W-— Pav - Rela ion befwenn pYossuye and Volume im a iyvevevss oe Tvemersi ble procom: ptocats uh place in orate ton - Perevsible procar: pyocags which tales, placa. iv both F ponent divection,s - A 8 yrrevers ble, ‘ = . xe brought in auch a Reversible procon isa prec im which & change 1% nae ae | toy that He proc, coud af any moment be. reverie asians mei wt sine Chonge < piecar’s, yohich is ret musik Ue¢ © & wy eryidey a CYKRNday whrch Cons i4.6- of ; 1b nition Volume ix 'male. of seal pag : [ext] intbiqg eae 5, f % Cybind, en fen, YS Etled with brichinters piston extemal, > Pinternas OF Pest > Page CMON Tv vo, ole - Me FAV = AYE atc x Plspboee ction of * ment ot: Piston Piston a x 0 Avy 1 [ Wy ( Jie —Vi {6 Peeing his Compteision WOBK 5 dome on the Sytem So ss ’ [lov ava tg WOrK done during Comprers torn . _ 7 WE Foxe x displace mene = Foegurexatenx p W =P x@xg) W Px ay *r axl=ay nee area, T. MPYERion A thew W wilh get we gig =% Fes hoe +e ¢ Se Whe. iz d fo Aq by | = BEV ov We — Foxy wW ee f P infer CPOMION Wor ' v Low 2m Wr — Px (av)Te the picuuve 35 nee Comtont al every sage of Compversion, we ® Chawg im pumbey ob Lniteftegs . Work done on The gay will be Summed dey a He $leps will be, equallo — = PAV Tb the, preware is nol Contont durikg He prot», get Such thabit isalueys mbinitese mally grates then the prewuxe of thagas Cron’ ak each Aare pk Compyenton, He Volume docwaje by an Sie eRe amount dv, thom Wosk dre We f° featd¥ vi Pext = Pint dp Wr J (%qtae) 8 vi e Nk Ve “TY finedv de-dy M . : 2 vi as dpand dv ane CSinail) ible. ve Ny cnn te haghcied| Ww 2 [ y'd# vi . we know that Po MRT NE N Wr— f wet .dv fa vi NE = — eT f Led 1 -dvz Quy f3 fd 2 - net inv) = —vRT [Bnve — envi ] Ww = -nkT ot) { 1 tng. 2a0n-tng| vi Sere W = —WMRTX 2-303 teg(le = -2: vi Escpessio goy worKdme. = Panel hogy. mn a eros ible Ni proclerss .7m FRA expansion of Tdeal gag t Fefarsion ob a gas into vacuum 1% Caled free expansion. TZ Vacuum . exp zo Yr -p Bs eat “Dv OXxXAVz0 Work done. ix zex5 dusing 7 . whothoy ENG bike expansion of on ideal Lot Nhe pcs ip RCwe oF WeMeibe. i “Fake wotlewatical formula ob Fivse hu ot that reelhami, Av = View Wr-PAy AU = — Pay i: V2 AU-+ Pav COME nL Volume C122) Aveo Heat VAD 3 SA™ Se plied ab conyéont- volume wyed for change in ‘nleynal Cher Lsotharyral ond ties exparsion oF am ideal gaa. Teothevnal : Dy i4othevnnl pyc Temperature vematrs Crytond AT=0 , W=z0 fre2expansion: Peat =O os ae eRe 2 O-OvV=6 50 wWro Bo=atw AL = O+t0 =0 Av =o when Au ze => NtW=0 =>) q-_uw or isotheYwal ipremerible change BS Sie! a8 Wa ppv A eA For iscthevmnal Yevlerea tle Chae = —w = 2-303 WkT C09 OW > - 2 3BNRT Lene ~ ber adibabic Change a) so vePooblm 6:2 Par. No: Igo Nettiees Vi = 2L, Nes lob AV=VE-Vi =z lo-2 =gL gfe! ok av? idaat JeSal a pryure of loalm expands Sollee, ~ ine a Vaccutne umeil ibs fotal wlume is lol wren go gesfonds info a Vaccume, feyt =o (Tn igotlovrral ivvevorsble Change Vs-—W = Text “DV = 0: #H(10-2) =0 No done a KOM OY Wo wat is abgorted ox relented Twol ob ow ideal gos at a pesure ob lool expands ak O Comfort e@ockerrad preseuve of Lal unfilits bolat Nolin fol ——————_ Text = | abm 2 ANS 1OL-2L= gb Iw iscthorwal ivyevo%ible Change A = -W> Pegt- AV clakx Clo-2 b= gL-abm WT Wot ok cy (esl gos at a premuve ob bali expands fo a binal Volume of [ob conducted e\e NBibhy ak 0 Comtonk exteral @ pesuse ob lal bev? jzcthaymal Yewerysible. Chama V2 -W = 2-303 NRT bog VE vi = 2-303 PV Leqys. (au Prengy) J 2EF3- " VE ~ Pext=\abm v= lob = 2303 alm - tol Log lok DL 22303 x% toxkeg 5 22303 % 10 ¥0-69q90 216+ hikYe — almFiv4t law ob thesmodymmig AU = A +W a Wr — PAV Av = oy — PAV WV = AU+ PAV ok Cont ont press uve. , %p Vp =Au +P dv 02-0) + PC Va—\) = U,-U) + PY, —P% = Op + PV — CU +PV) ) Vp = Ho —- Mm o2aAr o H= UTPN » Myr Op+PM 2 ap Wo = Ust psi oaliae Hid called enthalpy: peal ceseee conte c pee a prexsuxe - aad (4 Jentraley is debired 045 Sumok inbevnal enory and product of piessuve ond volume - ike Tybeinal energy ent halpy iS 3fole buvchion depends on Twital and Mral jeabe bud wok on path boloved Np AR 0S = up = Av t PAV ; AH = AU+ PAV CRT ELM Oo Relation Ay= AUT Vy RT Roy idalgos PY= WRT P\a =VART@ ond — PV = Ng RT €) Equation 1 — Canin r PVB—PVA = nBRT — nT P(Ng—Va) = RT (Mga) Oc ae Pay = RT-dhy oe asa ae OS A> AUTPDV , suartitule. Ho value ob POV Als AU-+ Any Ry10 Tk Waller Vopouy urned to be oO pevbect 998, moloy Gabegy, 2 & Iwelok Wate [bax and poe weyval ene age. Whey T 1S Napuriged ad | bay pregure at loo seal He ebarclaa ya products — nook malty of 6ingecty seacbuls =) 4g) = 1-0 elucl V4 os AW 2 AU + AngRrt to go ee Tnkernod energy Change. OH = 4) kKT/mol LR: 8-314 K162Kr Eber! AL KT fmol = AU 1x 8-314 «16 Qer/K hol) X 373 K Av> Akthnol ~ 83146 2y 3.73% kr [mol Dros of grey mcg 2 37H Ha.0(2) — tp0(5) a OYG) = nook Maly of Gogecus producs— nook Wiliyo6 bed x 1G K Enthalpy of an clament in aati a 1% akan ag nx Element Standard sabe mg fone 6 (s Gi) Hydvegon (Hz) a a Fats) = on: 2 nen Oa G8 Ota) SHO, (9) =0 Wwktezen Ny Gag N29) 43181,6) = 7 Sodium No Na (5) Solid Siena) as Tvon Fe Fe (5) aha SH e035) = Gas cl, C9) aTet, C9) 20 Blewiane BY2 Maid Bre (4) OH BEC 2) =o E 3 6 Cohn p nde ay Gephite)= 2 lot oneee Gamers) oH Cd cmond) EO eee Subplar s ScRhembic) of Somke) aon mat deka tenia Tdphwy 2 ,,_ Ponechinsc) an 5 emwmchnt) #0] aa “A % 4 am o eee v cs it 5 evi Heel e Fou 4 20H ele fetament in donde aoe =o AH oF Compound in aa ah xo. Stomdosd enthalpy of formation: ey champe. When | ok* Compound bored bron elements iv Hhate® mot Hate. of Homo Habe (+ called standard bine oF botmation.e a H2. (9) +1 C9) —> Hr0(0) pF - 235-8 KT (mol a yx eo 2 -285-8 [4 peste) _ [on Ha) +1 ay %.0)] a “ Enthalpyc -295-g = [a Heo (0y] = [ O+ 4] apes hone. 7 1M A€ondad 5 txts —285-3 - ol bH20 (2) ib meee i 2 2 HByé: OH > f2*0n upy x t D e “128 KSlme| = 2x OH WBrlg) — “mation at HBy) eo 6 4H 209) + oH ole) ] “- Enthabpy oan ° Core] element in Aovdare) 1S =ero 4u Herd) - TT2'8 let /mo) = 36.4 kr lyme). SH AYNe ry 4 ® we , enthalpy formation ok arcane Gos) is ai Caco; (5) » enthalpy chonge whan ivale ob cane 13 bowed bom elomonbs intheiyslanda red Hake. In the abone. Cawation Caloz is formed oon Coo (5) ayg Co, 29) Compound, gue not bron elomonges- = Loxit ony boy the Et 2. Che Causal Oy §CY the. followily Campoundy (a) CaCOs (5) 6 A ti , ) © Céti206(6) ° fe @ cH (9) € 120€ in oe i ‘als (4) DH Cals @ cacs) +¢ graphite.) + 20,9) —> Caco, A en aia Leg taphite) 43H2(9) + Lo, (9) —> GH5OH (2) of c = Fe cone (2) On Ceug (2) SE Grephite) +3H2(9) — aN HH OO CGephite + 2H) = ——> Cy aii cha (9) 6C (graphite) + GH2l9) +3%.C9) —» Celine (5) SHH Cotiseels) 4Colcutate 29 ob a yatti¢n Caco G) G@ocs) +0269) 3 & aw it OH Go = -635 kT] md, Si 00, = ® 46 B a @) =-126- — 393 5T/mo| Ay cates 2126-9 t Z AH (P%educks) KT Imo —sAy (Reactonbs ) (3 Cao(S) eo CO, = Lan Crtes (5) ] z H | i is, E 635 +(-393-5)] _ (-1206-97] = 118-3 kT/mol nical ¢ au.al-jon Value eA Hissinas SS GHsoH(L) +30, ) —s 2005 (4) +3Hx0Ch ) Othe = — ee a al belaWcsl chemical Cyuation yepey. fe fraction ob wacton’s ong PREUCES in Vo Med in tha CX lV yple of GHSOH react with 3 voles of 0, to borm 2 ynolay o¢ Co, Od. 3¥nele ob inter with the WK bevalion oF 1367 KT of @ the Wamerical value oh 2 Spectbied b Heat Chas, GH Where tote no of nae s yan eatin? 028 malay eke 6, borerxompk ag © C, 3 (9)+3H2.(9)—> 2Fe (5) + 32070) 4H =e fqmation by 2 How TES -asemay | Fe305 (5) 4 3 ye a ° we +34 7h FeCS) +3 Hoo Oy =2aq0 “a Nh ge RROD © when o chorniaal wackin ts welavbed ty cue Wher iy Sigh 5 st oe. N2 (9) +3H2.C9) —> 2NH3 (9) 4H == 8 kthno) e 2NHs ~? 6) +34 (9) QH= +418 kT fmm) Gs12 pogeno: 163 Enthalpies ot box rnaionol Colg) N30 (9) are @ 0, 393, Blan Voie of Ai bey the Yeaction , COs oy d 4° KT/ mel tea peb ee ae aha ® ayHe Ea plod cs > Maly Eng N30 (9) 4-300(9) N. = 4 seach ts 20(9)+ 300, (9) ‘S [4h Ns0 +3 Sino, a Lai N04 (9) +3 Anco) | = [ 8! +3x6393)] — [497 + 3xC-He)] = -777-7 KT] mop613) Ns C9)+3He.C9) —s2NH3¢9) Of 292-4 «T/me| Wha is thy 4a ck Cyl halpy 6 : ® apa an pryaluchs — = AG peactonts “Wy = [2x aH WH (9) | = Lop N, +3 An Ha | —42-4 z{ax ojt NH { —_ b+ Bro] ime ue format-ion oF Nis dao, o “92-4 = u =z, = OA NHB eo - Ag NH3 (9) = — 46.2 KT/mol Hess'3 law of Confort Heal Sumynal ion Enthalpy Chonge Azim boy a yeactin oar iE occurs im one step ovina Zereaok steps. Os Tk a kaction aa in in Several Steps, then jb Sharks) yeackion enthalpy js the Sumok the sfandard enthalpies of the. fwlewmedialke yeactton, info Which the ove val Yeackion may be devided at the Same tempomlure TUnyltebion : A —-B 4t- loo kT oe Lots 25Kr [ehices - ic} D @ ° OH = Sony e AW = AH+ So tH + 3 LOOK Ip és 4 50 +25) xT lme|. step bel Hx hormabian OY' C0, © aac On, mtn ae (9) AH e—393-5 KT [el Gowrakion of cor in two Stepprocess es sep D C(I) +405 (9) ——» cof) QU = -lle-0 «Th! gep-TCOC) +L0, G) —> 0, (a) hy = 283-0 KT hme! fd Add beth the Steps C(3)-+ 9 ¢9y > (s.(9) ayy = -110 + (-283) KT ]inol Tndicater thak enthaley chanse i Yy J Mahar ha. TeOUL OM Pa eee QAO Re toy Seu ge OD be6 Enthol py of Combustion: Enthalpy change pcx viola ob & SubsEince| [Oren ik uindexgecs Combustion omd all tha Yeactonbs and Preducks Mehig in thecy Sfeninrd deals at the specthied bem perl: o) O59 Calo 9) +19) —oncdly SH0Ct) oH >-266 8 tT /mo | pas Evlhalpy of alomtgabion : In Core ob Salfdy enthalpy of alomyabion = Enthalpy 0 b- Enthalpy of Sublrnavion : Enthad Sublimab‘oy mele ob sold inds gea PY Charge bo Convert one Nats) Nag) AH = 108-4 KF /mol. © AuH = U3e. kz broke, “12CP —s 2c! (gy 38 = eee 2613), —_». eh, ty, o dusing Une bormabian ob p | laa os ag: a ore, Chery id % Bok enihct ene hadn - oi plies oe opeeeneld Fye,Bond bevmation en Pelpy Corneo po. OMA pp) Rs CH4 7) 3 @+4H@) ah = eee ita oo 2a =1665 = Yyl6KT [mol a Oa ie a a AyH = = Bond ental of Reachnls— Bord entabrep omnes. ! |SF" Stovdaed CrHalpy of Susion6y) molay enthalry of bston [se The. enthalpy change. thal-actomparnieg relbtry of tl ok a Soltd Subslarco, in Stondoyd Sak 8 Called Stondaya Cnthalpy ob busion: '0(5)—s H20(2) A Hog Eker Line =nstandayd Cth py ob Vareoy fzabion a& te Amount 06 heot Veauryed by Va povize he aan o&a Kautd ag Congtont- bemperalure ) PRsue lhar ig Called Stoydorra Chtapy ot Va posi zabioy, Hao) —» 420(9) 1) = yo.zq Kk fmol Me Mole of a Subse once. 4 aE Le Solveng-. S AW aA} +t Al P Solukion Et ica enthalpy tysabion@nthaly,. ome mole ob on ionic Compound di octales jnlp ne im gogeousttate + cra) AY = 7785K7 Nove (5) —o no piri nel Me Nell = — 7188k3/md o neues) —> naci(s) thie 788K) Enthalp, chovge when Wome moka ot- jonic Compound formed ~ kyon Pseouy iony-—————_—SSsSSSSSSS a eal . '7 Lattice Evthabpy of imic tae ee ee diveck yretheds Tt com be dotermtred indi ty by Bern —lahey Cyclo. 1S No($) + 1 cle C9) —> nocl(S) Sy = —21)-2 k7/mol Bi e3q = Go uz Sab isl [bend di tortatin, ) a Nag) lg ae 402-3486 kahnol Has] J Nat (9) cl (9) i } Nacl(9) AH faltice enthalpy Step—T SuBlimmalion of Sodium Nacs) —> Nal9) ai = 108-4 kT |mo!} NOD) —s nd (gy 5S = H195-Ks |mote 4 Tonisation op ean fon to form Sodium ion SUP I dissection st chlorine yale cle Cy) —> c\(3) JOH = 121 «r/mel a step 2 bond dixsoctal-ion step — IV. Conversion of Chhosine abo ko chloride. toy C\(9) +€ sci (9) AW = 348-6 KT Hne) Goin ob election by a bea step-F Qoltice enthalpy fox the fermalion of Not ($f) No (9) +c109) —> No. cr (5) ay = ! Chabpy Chovge js Gta. AS Pex Vers law ent ; inate veo.ceign tode Place My se? oy iM Several ain Bs At +LAv + Aq ae ll TE | obra et on an) Alle 2 = 10B44+U95 +121 +63, Bb) + 4 Il 2 108-Y-4A5 421434 BE = ae Pot ege ait GS lol 11 reek Le13 Spontovidely : A gpenkancory process ia, oy viele eed B PROB’ ang may only be. YeueYSed cvitevia boy Spontondkly.. © teattore ty ently jo, Gotta Tee SPantaheouy proce yaa most of the exollermie. ¥eactin, OL Spontangoug . © ex: NC) +3 4209) —> NH3(9) OW =~ 46.1 Kr href 4 Nal) + 4ch 69) — Helcg) MO a3 KF hme . 29) +10, (9) —s 4 o Driving le ) +40 (9) 20C8) aye a =~ 285-8 KT/mo! vee. behind Spertanoity « oh eee 7) Thora one Some Teaction, p Enthalpy. Spontaneous. nytt Nephenietlevinic, bub S¢F1) 42.9) + 0, (9) => NO0,/09) Oy- = 433-2 KT/mo|. OW = +435 KF lo | “ ON wmoxe. bocloy me — 2H(9) Wich decks, Aprblangi, Enbtry is a rasguie ob He daqiea of Tardom hex, 08 ditosdey in tha Syttem- Evktepy is dovoled by S- Enbropy 18 4bale function Change in Enksopy =4OS = Sp —Sp = Enbropyoe — Enbrory of AS = fey) PYoducts —_Reactonbs Heal Supplied ab Jowd Temperabure Calc, move Yarden vanvdoy. june oR Ee i a i= jOpd % So. 4 4 In hee ek particle) move with high KE ond Cay wore Yondomne thon Loyd and Gros KE Gos > Loud 7 cae, EntwPy Gox > Uayid 7 So : when eee Gia Wncwarey, KE Incveage, Enbropy 40 _incvlased@D NK Vette = SHCom + SUTVPOUNd neg Dro = Sen + Spire Stan = 4+Ue feY a Sponbangouy process Stoke = 6 Whn, Sytem and Surrorvdings are, | 6-9 psedict the Chang iM Cquthebai um Ll 4 pe Change MemnlYopy CAS ) fox the. following OR Baud crqilallizes imo a dots H20(2) —-» W203) AS =Sp- 5p Cnbvopy op then. dauid ® < enb voy dec¥éaxy A5-_ Tem pevabure ok a cysaline USK When Temperature increases, KE ob a CIYstalline SoLed VOLS, ay a vesuIr Yondemney, increars , Entropy . abe ineveagey. B52 the Wi) 2NO'WCOs (5) p Coal Sat Cz. C9) +H2o 69) 05 = §)~ 56 4 An cha tucts Cos ond Hao formed oe. i 70 ca 2% yearkont NaC, is Sold - ss "9 Enkyory incveage: As = pUe_ WW) He ¢9) > 2H (9) , Mo particlyare produced nergy Ehon welecule . abomy will howe. more. energy hence. entropy of atoms iS wore thon molecule enbyopy increas. 55> +VA_ oi diz atsel bom ok te B10 “Fels ) + 3%2(9) —?2FC203 (6) enb¥opy Chavge i 549.4 T Flier’. eropite of Ve entropy Change of Huis Yeatl ion, why i Phe eck on Spontaneous? aii bor the eatkion 1s 1646 x10° Tyo: i & a3 Fer charge preaction = -549-4 F. xe roll = = Az | DW for (ox) Yeacbion = 1646 x 10° Fhe) Jesitem 4 Se Hea boxe by ein JOAN by Surroundibas tenn AW, er ee ete beg4H Seay = — (1648 187/01) Suttoundings Syilom ~ on rn = ley, 3 ns © Bx10°T/mo) “* = 4H => AS = Aine Tr Suxtound Susrourdi Mey yr SeePUln iiss O56 F SuPoundiyn, = 1648x1FT/ me! © © _ 248K aoe, © 7 98 I< 15,2 58 + of ~ 5530 TM limo} ew Sustourdi hes = ~S49-4 & el mot!) + 55307 Kine | = 4980 5-2) mer! oe As as iS +e colha yeoction is s Pender nes ty, otat ? = Gabbs Energy ana Sponbanichy i Fo a veaction to Spontanect () SH=—Ke and SS, athe Fot mot ob the yeachions neither the docrese in Cnehallpy | hey increas im enbropy alone defewmine the directions ob gperPaneous chanse for there Sytem. So We Neod ore Wore thermodynamic. function Gibbs enety oF Gibbs banction 6 i G@szH-TS Like Tneerral enayy(o) Enthadpy (1) Enbropyés) Gibbs energy (A) is $€albe- bunction. G=H-Ts AG=AH—fr AS +$aT ] ab cone Temperature AT=0 | AG = At {14s +Sx0] | 4G = AH-TAS ory ae Ou ey 2 6 Sytem Hem B ae- afta F e_ yolrs i Spon taneots tb potas Che: PG 15 vonSPerlanesi, A pale, sytem iS Caurbbriuy .2! the 24 fa of The mredyhamuics : The enkropy of tho Unilerte, tc WaZe, duving a. Spon taneous, Tce. the 38d daw of Tharmodyhamics - ; The enbmpy of og Peybechhy crystalline Bubslanca. iS =2¥ ok Fev (ok) Etbet ob tempeabure. on gponkanely oF a staction © e Se a Ay AS AG = Disviption v OH-T4s she ae ate a Ve Sy — —(-) © Reoction is 9 penlayeor, al- Cow TeWperalure. ey =e TAS 2 AW NehSprbaneov, al Highe x Tevapevaluve TAS > KH + Va + Ve + —-@G) Reacl-ion js, Srortoyeoty 'k TDS SAW (Higharenper t ws ature ) ae Reaction jx, Pespoatainay |p TAS loule: 2 AES Temperature) ~ cae eae Alwarys Spentaneou, ree ofall temperatures Pave Me. + —(-) Alans nons Ponberneou, +o ab all tewpera tures.8 65 Exeyeise ob Combubion ok mobhone , 9¥aphike ang dilpiogena 8103 KT }me!l, —373kT/vrel avd — 2857 /ol oF CH4L9) will be 3. ol (9) +265 (9) —> C05 C9) + 2H20 (2) on: 2 — 890-3 KT/ma} “i = = an Products )— © ai (Reactors) -890:3 = & aon + 2x aCe] — [aircctven)+ 2 aia] oe = = [+393 + 2*(-285)] — Cae? CcHy lg) +2 xo] a CH (9) = - 393me576 +890-3 = 74:9KT/mol AM auPcug: 74-8 kz hmot 7 | Note C0, 2 0% aF= 313 KTlmol 50 AG (0, = 393 mel \ \ Ho +P) > H20(0) ar: 2 7 785 thm) AP Hao = —285 kyhne|| Altetvaly wal — Combubion et Graphite - 2 icles Cisrtite) +0, (9) —> @ @) AN 2 3.93 Ky lose: 429) +4009) —s Ho(ey an =e a3 Combution oF chy CHy (9) +20. oe ——> 60, C9) + 2H20(0) ane = 8903 ify) IL vulkiphy Canation IT with 2. ound thon add Carnation T_ 2219) + 2 2%(9) —> 2Ma0(0) oh = 2x(-285KI mol) Coat) 4 02.(9) —> 60,09) ae 2-393 KT |e} So Glaphite) + 2H2.(9) + 205. (9) —> Cor (9) +2H20 (0) on: Bee = — 463 Krol Earation (iv) — eamabion (1) (©w) Cfptaphite 2H 9) +2%2.C9) —> (s-9) + rHe ol 8) ape U3 kT fo —Bhady) 4 20nlo) 9 Canta) 42h-0() Ps ~ 890.3 KI la Zpraphita r2iats)*2420) ~ chats) ~20<9) —9 C28) +2000) la) moO) 2 Trav! +7bse) cH 19) —> OPS a. ayes 7-963 Cora) E Chae il) —> cid ETRE 1S whaal Syjtem- whal @) can z A Sytem and 394 Feb 1% absosbed by 1% Pho Change ih indevnel Hea® absorbed tay = Toit LerK doreby the Systm wr we = - 3047 BVvza+W St T0lT + (-394T) = 3077 NHy CNS) with oryge, ug cyanamide NH4cNn (3) 43096y)—> Nog cof+ Hr0(2) e Sv7 = ~ 742-7 KT Ime . hho of Onlg) = geseouy prod uels poo relly — gageous veactonls no oF role, I+) — 2 e ° 2 OU + angRT Y tJ =3 = 742-7 x [mol + 1 * 8314 X10 KI Imel[k) x 298 a 2a 2-22 H=2 = 0-5 ov h > -742-7TKF/ymol + 1239 KT/mot = -141-5 KT /mol | (61) Ent rnb av! bo Corsloond oxide! 393.5 yz es hs eeu j a borwabion ob 3. 52.9 ob a | bream Cosben and mlYy22eNgog CO) +0505) >, (9) AH Heat heard wlan lynole. of (0, 0% Hg ob Ca, bored = 373.5 Kina | Heat wloored when 35-2g of Cp is bormed = 5 35 2%6-393:5) kre =— 3148 KT] mol. 2 -393-SkT/mo}& e AW > vo 2 AH(producks) = oC Reactonts ) ° e =]onn C P i [- Ht (N20) +3aH G3] - L4H (N04) +3 ante)] [81+ 3x ¢393)] — [9-7 +3x (“le | = 61-1119 — 4.7 +330 = -117-7 KT /mol 614 ) Ciizcn(L) +3 6>.(9 C09) +0 +2H20(0) Sn 726 KFhr | Wig) +e Off 393 k7hrol Coidlalte 4, , Ar 286 KT/mo} Cli atin es E90) retail be mat tor ob Ciiz0 4/L) ae. Yom the agora Copationy ance 23 pM = a3 ert! SP Hoo = ~286 Ehime} oth % (3) —> a, 09) + rHe0ll) afr = -126 kT |vwk Aw: 2 zal Potts) = ai (Reactonts “72.6 apo é [an 0+ 2x0 Pais) - (+; Peugow +2 6H a 1G 2 [393 +2 edo — Carre CH30H t3XO | oP cugoH = —393 —572 +726 = —239Kr]mol Soy aw toblad Stem At We gil fe ee 0 For spentaneovy proany ag 7O + Spontonecis charge will occur iE ASS7oOAH-TAS B2h2 = = -TAS UM AG so > o> aon reye SH=Tas oy TS Bu Sos k7/mol - 2kT/kJmo} 'S NOMgpovla reo v wheal win ~M Cnexgy Vee be He Brgy s 'S veloaged using He bond. borat ion enbropy ee Yaxe5 ho 19 okorns Combihe bo foryn, Mrdocales- (py 2 AC9) + 83 Fe Fever move enaryy] (renee) Sal AHA 1A nary, o's 2 : : cS OH = av FANCIRT Z\ONG)= No ot Mobiet Gotecuse vorhaby = 10-5 kT faye. 3h kim 1) = Ne ok Mmaljot Grryecry Wachel, . ¢ De 8 sini ag Q-@+)-5. at 710-5 — 2-479 ey Sakae ts il AG” = AR Taf = 12-778 elma 2-12-4977 = 0-134 KT Imo, Cees $2 non sponbareois (44 1x16? SH mot ) x 298 1¢ 13-2 AG ; Suxvouy diva esl A 2 ndayd Condi biny @ oP rol) = — a¢eurimel TEMpe ta Lave a 298K : [Rvrstc Sarg] AH Sw = on ei Pla aie _ (-286) = 286 kT [mel dt = €. Susxour ot ais = 286 KThoL FST 24 TK rey Serpamding 7 2S ee aaa egubund > = an