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Journal ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF PEARL MILLETS GRAINS AND DRIED

GERMINATED PEARL MILLETS GRAINS ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED
DIABETIC RATS

Article · January 2018

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 ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF
PEARL MILLETS
ANTI-DIABETIC GRAINS
EFFECT OF AND
DRIED
DRIEDGERMINATED
AND GERMINATEDPEARL
PEARL MILLETS GRAINS
MILLETS GRAINS ON ON
STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED
STREPTOZOTOCIN
DIABETIC RATS.INDUCED
Journal DIABETIC RATS.
Afaf, O.Ali , Nivin, S. Nail , Abeer, F.
Ahmad and Heba ,A. Shehta.
Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agriculture
J. Biol. Chem.
Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
Environ. Sci., 2018,
Vol. 13(2): 413-432
http://biochenv.sci.eg

ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effect of pearl millet
(Pennisetumglaucum L.)diet feeding on diabetic induced by
streptozotocin (STZ) in albino rats. The body weight of the rats were
recorded, glucose was estimated, liver and pancreas histopathology
examination and hepatic marker enzyme i.e. aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein
(TP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated. The levels of
lipid parameters i.e. total cholesterol (T. Chol), triglyceride (Trig) and
high density lipoprotein (HDL) and kidney function (urea and
creatinine) were also estimated. The results showed a significant
decrease in the body weight, HDL and total protein in STZ group
compared to control, on the other hand a significant increase was
observed in glucose, liver markers, kidney function, total cholesterol
and triglyceride compared to control. Groups fed on dried millet
grains or dried germinated millet (30% of the basal diet) showed a
significant (p<0.05) improvement of the body weight, HDL and total
protein, decreasing liver markers, kidney function, total cholesterol
and triglyceride, the reduction of glucose was more significant in
dried germinated millet group. Histopathology examination of rat liver
showed focal necrosis of hepatocytes associated with inflammatory
cells infiltration damage caused by administered STZ and it was
414 ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF PEARL MILLETS GRAINS

recovered by feeding rats with dried millet or dried germinated pearl

millet diet, also STZ caused revealed vacuolation and necrosis of cells
of islets of Langerhan’s in pancreases histology which recovery by
millet diet. The pearl millet diet was found to have significant
protection effect on the liver and pancreas against diabetes induced by
STZ by enhancing the level of glucose, lipid profile, liver enzymes
activities and kidney function.
Key words: Pearl millet; germination ; Streptozotocin; diabetic;
Histopathology.

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is among the major chronic metabolic diseases
which affect huge numbers of people worldwide. It affectes around
422 million people in the world in 2014 compared to 108 million in
1980 (World Health Organization, 2016). More than 35.4 million
people in Middle East and North Africa are living with diabetes which
is expected to rise to 72.1 million people by 2040. In Egypt, there
were about 7.8 million cases of diabetes in 2015 (International
Diabetes Federation Middle East and North Africa, 2016).
Diabetes is a chronic disease that is characterized by high level
of blood glucose also known as hyperglycaemia. Major complications
caused by hyperglycaemia include atherosclerosis that hardens and
narrows the blood vessels. Other diabetes-related complications are
heart disease, stroke, retinopathy, and kidney failure (Bitzur et al.,
2009 ; and Sone et al., 2011). Diabetic retinopathy leads to blindness
by causing cumulative damage to the small blood vessels in the retina
and contributes to 1% blindness globally. Similarly, kidney failure due
to prolonged restricted blood flow is a very common complication.
Elevated blood glucose can also cause nerve damage (Boulton et al.,
2005) that may lead to the need of limb amputation (Brownlee, 2001).
Such ailments reduce the patients’ quality of life, and potentially
relationship with others around them.
Management techniques for diabetes prevention in high-risk
affected individuals, beside medication, are mainly through changes in
lifestyle and dietary regulation. Millet is widely grown in the semiarid
tropics of Africa and Asia (Ahmed et al., 2013). Millets have been
found to possess high nutritive values compared to other major cereal
like wheat. The millet production in the world is about 29,870,058
 J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2018,13(2), 413-432 415

tones 2013,Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) has high levels of

calcium, iron, zinc, lipids, and amino acids Sade, (2009) such as
lysine, tryptophan, threonine and fatty acid like omega-9, omega-6
and omega-3 fatty acid ratio. The phytochemicals like tannins,
phytates (Onyango et al., 2013) act as antioxidants. Pearl millet
contains phospholipids which are useful in brain functions, behavioral
disorder and stress. It may have therapeutic effects in some health
problems like anemia, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, celiac
diseases, and it also acts as probiotic food (Vanisha et al., 2011).
Whole grains of millet are rich sources of fiber, vitamins,
minerals and phytochemicals such as phenolics, lignans, β-glucan,
inulin, resistant starch, sterols and phytates (Liu, 2007). Millet grain
phenolics are bioaccessible, possess bioactivities against several
pathophysiological conditions and may serve as potential natural
sources of antioxidants in food and biological systems (Shahidi and
Chandrasekar, 2013). Millets are highly nutritious among cereals,
and as they do not contain gluten, there is a good prospect for their use
in the development of gluten-free foods and beverages for patients
with gluten sensitivity (Amadou et al., 2011). A number of in vivo
studies on millet grains published have shown that millets are
hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemic, nephroprotective and
anticataractogenic (Amanda et al 2018, Lee et al., 2010 and
Shobana et al., 2010). Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and kodo
millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) are rich sources of phenolics,
tannins, and phytates, which can act as antioxidants. Diets containing
whole grain millet meal flour can protect against oxidative stress in
Wistar rats (Hegde et al., 2005).
The objective of this study was to investigate the protective
effect of pearl millet diet against diabetas induced by streptozotocin in
male rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
Drugs and chemicals Streptozotocin was purchased from Sigma
Chemical Company (St Louis, MO, USA).Corn starch and corn oil
were purchased from the local market while sucrose and cellulose
416 ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF PEARL MILLETS GRAINS

were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). All
other chemicals were of the high analytical grades.
Plant material: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) grain
samples were obtained from the Field Crop Research Institute,
Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
Animals: Adult male Albino rats weighing (150-155g) were
obtained from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University. The
animals were housed in polypropylene cage and maintained under
standard laboratory conditions (12-h light/dark cycle and at 25°C ±
3°C). Standard food and water were provided ad libitum. Basal diet
was prepared according to AOAC (2012).
Methods
Preparation of raw materials:
Pearl millet grains were cleaned from any strange seeds, the half
of these grains were grinded and stored at 5°C in plastic bags until
use, the other half were washed several times with distilled water, then
soaked overnight in distilled water at room temperature. The grains
were placed on muslin cloth and continuous watering was done for 48
h for the grain to germinate. The sprouted grains were then dried at
60°C; the dried germinated grains were minced and stored at 5°C in
plastic bags until use.
Streptozotocin induced diabetes:
Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of
streptozotocin STZ (40 mg/kg body weight as1ml freshly prepared
solution in 0·1 M citrate buffer, pH 4·5) (Shobana et al 2010).The
rats were provided 5% glucose solution in place of water for the first
48 h to prevent the initial drug-induced hypoglycaemic mortality. At
the third day, after the injection, blood was drawn from the retro-
orbital plexus of the overnight fasted rats and was used to assess their
hyperglycaemic status by the estimation of blood glucose levels. The
rats with the fasting blood glucose levels higher than 250 mg/dl were
considered as diabetic.
Experimental animals and study design: After an
acclimatization period of seven days, rats were randomly divided into
six equal groups each containing 10 animals and were given the
following treatments for seven consecutive weeks:
Group 1: Kept as control group fed basal diet (C).
 J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2018,13(2), 413-432 417

Group 2: Diabetic rats injected with STZ and fed basal diet (STZ).
Group3: Rats fed on basal diet but corn starch was substituted by 30%
dried millet grain (DM).
Group4: Rats fed on basal diet but corn starch was substituted by 30%
dried germinated millet (GM).
Group 5: Diabetic rats injected with STZ were feed 30% dried millet
grains (DDM).
Group 6: Diabetic rats injected with STZ were feed 30% dried
germinated millet (DGM).
The body weights of all animals were recorded before starting
the treatments, and at their end of experimental.
Blood and tissues: At the end of the study, whole blood samples
were collected through retro-orbital plexus to obtain serum. Animals
were sacrificed and the tissues of liver and pancreas kept in 10%
buffered formalin solution for histopathological examination. The
serum was separated by centrifuging (Hettich, Universal 16, German)
at 5000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C, then collected into sterilized tubes and
stored at -20°C for biochemical parameters.
Biochemical assays:
The ACEAlera Clinical Chemistry System Automatic Analyzer
(Alfa Wasserman Corporation) was employed to measure the
following parameters: ALT, AST, ALP, TP, creatinine, urea, total
cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and glucose in serum.
Histopathological studies: liver and pancreas from each group
were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin wax.
Microtome sections of 3-4 μm thickness were prepared according to
the standard procedure and stained with haematoxylin and eosin.
Sections were then examined for pathological findings of such as
centrilobular necrosis, fatty and lymphocytes infiltration by the light
microscope (Banchroft et al., 1996).
Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis of the obtained data was
done using the least significant difference test (LSD) at the 5% level
of probability as outlined by Snedecor and Cochran(1980).
418 ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF PEARL MILLETS GRAINS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1- Effect on blood glucose level and Body weight.
In this experiment, the effect of adding 30% of dried millet
grains and dried germinated millet on blood glucose level and body
weight were compared to normal control (C), streptozotocin control
(STZ), (it is known that streptozotocin brings about massive reduction
in insulin release by the destruction of β-cells of the islets of
Langerhans) and other treatments are presented in Table (1). Blood
glucose levels in the diabetic rats fed 30% of dried millet grains
(DDM) and millet sprouts (DGM) (180 ± 1.66 and 155 ± 0.97 mg/dl
respectively) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in the rat
fed a control, DM and GM diet (135 ± 2.11, 133 ± 1.42 and 134 ±
1.02 mg/dl respectively). It was found that all treatments were
significantly lower (P<0.05) than STZ. Thilagavathi and Kanchana,
(2017) concluded that millet and pulse incorporated noodles is
effective in controlling blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. It is
assumed that the phenolic antioxidants present in millet partially
protected the insulin-producing cells from alloxan-mediated cell
damage, and hence promoted the healing process Rajasekaran et al.,
(2004). Results are in agreement with Sk and Sudha, (2012) who
reported that finger millet have antiulcerative properties and finger
millet diets lowered blood glucose in diabetic rat models. It was found
that glucose level of DGM is significantly lower than DDM possibly
because that starch content decreased from 81.1 to 71.3 (g/100 g) on
germination which further decreased during fermentation (Sripriya
et al., 1997). Also (shobanaa et al., 2009) confirmed that millet seed
coat contains a complex mixture of several phenolic compound simple
phenols (tannins) and polyphenols (anthocyanins). These seed coat
phenolics are effective non-competitive inhibitors of carbohydrate-
hydrolyzing enzymes which interfere and delay absorption of dietary
carbohydrates in the small intestine, leading to suppression of
postprandial blood glucose surges ,so it regulate the glucose uptake
from the intestinal lumen by inhibiting carbohydrate digestion and
absorption, leading to normal glucose homeostasis.
Diabetic effects on body weight was presented in Table (1). In
this research, a significant (P<0.05) weight loss was observed in the
diabetic group (STZ). It was observed that rat’s body weight between
control, DM and GM treatments have no significant differences.
 J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2018,13(2), 413-432 419

While body weight of DDM treatment was significantly, lower than

control, DM and GM treatments. Considerable decrease in the body
weight gained by the diabetic animals shows impaired metabolic
activities and may be due to irregular absorption and elimination of
wastes. The hyperglycemic status generated the animals to become
catabolic, breaking down protein and fat stores for energy, as glucose
is not available to cell nutrition, which had not supported the real
healing process (Rajasekaran et al., 2004). Body weight of DGM
treatment was slightly lower than control and significantly (P<0.05)
higher than STZ.
Table 1: The effect of dried or dried germinated millet on blood
glucose level and Body weight.

2- Effect on serum urea and creatinine.

In this experiment, effect of adding 30 % dried millet grains and
dried germinated millet on urea and creatinine levels were studied,
presented in Table (2). Results showed that urea level in DDM
(45± 0.79) was significantly ( p< 0.05 ) higher than DGM (40 ±0.64
mg/dl), but both groups showed significantly ( p< 0.05 ) higher urea
level compared to control , DM ,and GM treatments ( 37±0.64 and
36±0.96 and 36 ±0.89 mg /dl respectively). Creatinine results
demonstrated that DDM and DGM treatments (0.81±0.02 and 0.82
mg/dl, respectively) were significantly (p< 0.05) higher than control,
DM and GM diet (0.61±0.03 and 0.65 ±0.04 and 0.064 ±0.03 mg/dl
respectively). Administration of STZ significantly increased serum
urea and creatinine levels indicating impaired renal function in
420 ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF PEARL MILLETS GRAINS

diabetic rats (Haseeb and Mohamed, 2012). Ahmad and Mohamed,

(2017) reported an elevation in the levelof serum creatinine and urea
in the diabetic rats resulting from renal damage and diabetic
nephropathy, high production of urea may be a result of increased
protein scatabolism in liver and plasma. Shobana et al., (2010)
reported that the millet seed coat is a rich source of dietary fiber and
phenolic compounds which comparatively lesser amounts of glucose,
protein, urea and creatinine and was accompanied by improved body
weights compared with their corresponding controls which reserved
STZ.
Table 2: The effect of dried millet or dried germinated millet on
serum urea and creatinine.

3- Effect on total protein, AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase.

The liver is the largest organ in human body and plays a central
metabolic role with nutrients within the body. Liver injury has been
shown to develop in response to many different causes .Therefore, it
would be important to study the effect of food and food components or
beverages on liver.
Effect of adding 30 % dried millet grains and dried germinated
millet on total proteins and several serum enzymes such as AST
( aspartate aminotransferase ) , ALT ( alanine aminotransferase ) ,ALK
( alkaline phosphatase ) were studied, a biochemical marker for the
early liver damage compared to STZ group ,dried millet and dried
germinated millet which presented in Table (3). Results showed that
serum activity of AST and ALT were increased in the diabetic groups
 J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2018,13(2), 413-432 421

(STZ, DDM and DGM) when compared to another treatments. ALK

enzyme of diabetic groups ( STZ, DDM and DGM) is higher than
control concluding that dried millet seeds and dried germinated millet
are effective in controlling liver enzyme but the treatment of group
with dried germinated millet (DGM) is better than dried millet (DDM).
Naoyuki et al., (2002) reported the effects of dietary protein from
proso millet on liver injury induced by D-galactosamine or carbon
tetrachloride in rats using serum enzyme activities. Elevations of
serum activities of AST, ALT and lactate dehydrogenase were
significantly decreased by feeding the diet containing 20% protein of
proso millet, so proso millet protein is considered to be preventive
food for liver injury. On the other hand results showed that protein
level was low in diabetic rats in the (STZ, DDM, and DGM) when
compared to control, DM, and GM treatments. Shobana et al., (2010)
reported that Finger millet (Eleusinecoracana) seed coat is a rich
source of dietary fiber and phenolic compounds, and feeding a diet
containing 20% finger millet seed coat matter showed comparatively
lesser amounts of glucose and protein were accompanied by improved
body weights. Millet has high fibre content which causes an increase in
bile secretion from liver that assists fat digestion and helps preventing
liver and improving liver health.
Table 3: The effect of dried millet or dried germinated millet total
protein, AST, ALT and alkalinphosphatase.
422 ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF PEARL MILLETS GRAINS

4- Effect on lipid profile.

Data for cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL measurements are
presented in Table (4). As expected, an increase in cholesterol was
observed in the streptozotocin -induced rats. Feeding the dried millets
and germinated millets diet to rats reduced cholesterol levels. Results
showed that DDM and DGM of cholesterol level were significantly
lower (P<0.05) than STZ but significantly higher (P<0.05) than C,
DM and GM treatments. Finger millet is reported to have
antiulcerative properties and finger millet diets cholesterol in diabetic
rat models. Finger millet seed coat matter which is a rich source of
dietary fibre and phenolic compounds were found to exhibit
cholesterol lowering effect Sk and Sudha, (2012).
As shown in Table (4) triglyceride concentrations of diabetic
rats (STZ, DDM and DGM) showed a significant increase compared
with those of the control rats. However, all the treatments (DDM and
DGM) significantly (p<0.05) lowered the concentrations of
triglycerides as compared with those in diabetic control group and
were also able to retrieve the normal level. Thus both the DDM and
DGM treatments significantly corrected the hypercholesterolemia and
hyper-triglyceridemia coupled with hyperglycemia. But it was found
that DGM is significantly more effective than DDM. Lee et al., (2010)
investigated the suggestion that whole grain utilization would have
positive effects on the lipid profile, antioxidant status, and
inflammation status in hyper-lipidemic rats compared to those
resulting from a white rice diet. It was found that finger millet and
proso millet may prevent cardiovascular disease by reducing plasma
triglycerides in hyper-lipidemic rats.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) results showed significant
decrease (P<0.05) in STZ treatments when compared to all treatments;
and it was found that DDM was significantly lower (P<0.05) than
DGM. While, DDM and DGM showed significant decrease (P<0.05)
when compared with control diets. The feeding of proso millet protein
improved plasma levels of adiponectin, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol in genetically obese type-2 diabetic mice under high-fat
feeding conditions Naoyuki et al., (2008). The lipid-lowering effect of
the millet may be attributed to its dietary fiber and polyphenol
constituents. Several reports on the hypoglycaemic and
hypocholesterolaemic properties of the polyphenols isolated from
 J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2018,13(2), 413-432 423

millet. The low lipid levels and atherogenic index observed in the rats
may be partly attributed to the anthocyanin contents of the millet
Shobana et al.,(2010).
Table 4: The effect of dried millet or dried germinated millet
cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL.

5- Histopathological examination of liver:

Microscopically, liver of rats from control, dried millet (DM)
and dried germinated millet (GM) revealed the normal histological
structure of hepatic lobule (Fig. 1). In contrary, liver of rats from
streptozotocin group (STZ) revealed Kupffer cells activation, focal
necrosis of hepatocytes associated with inflammatory cells infiltration
(Fig. 2), hyperplasia of biliary epithelium and fibroplasia in the portal
triad (Fig. 3). Moreover, liver of rats from group (DDM) which has
diabetes and fed dried millet showed that there isKupffer cells
activation, slight vacuolation of hepatocytes (Fig. 4) and Liver of rats
from group (DGM) which has diabetes and fed dried germinated
millet showed slight hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes
(Fig.5).These results are similar to Noman,et al.,(2009)who indicated
that the liver of mice induced with STZ has a direct cytoxic effect on
the liver hepatocytes or it is indirectly through the induced diabetes
mellitus. Nivin, et al.,(2012) confirmed that the pearl millet diet
improve the liver histopathology and significantly protected the liver
against toxicity following CCl4 intoxication by enhancing the level of
antioxidant enzymes activities.
424 ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF PEARL MILLETS GRAINS

6-The Histopathological examination of the pancreas:

Pancreas of rats from control group, dried millet (DM) and dried
germenated millet (GM) showed no histopathological changes
(Fig. 6). On the other hand, pancreas of rats from group of rats from
streptozotocin (STZ) revealed vacuolation and necrosis of cells of
islets of Langerhan’s (Fig. 7) as well as hyperplasia of epithelial lining
pancreatic duct with accumulation of secretion (Fig. 8). However,
examined sections from group which has diabetes and fed dried millet
showed slight vacuolation of cells of islets of Langerhan’s (Fig. 9).
Examined sections from group (DGM) which has diabetes and fed
dried germinated millet revealed vacuolation of some cells of islets of
Langerhan’s (Fig. 10). These results are similar to those reported by
Daisy et al.,(2004) who found that dose of 40 mg/kg STZ appears to
have a moderate effect on plasma glucose as well as on islets of
Langerhans at the cellular level. The 40 mg/Kg dose is not severely
toxic like the 50-mg/kg dose of STZ (the cellular structures showed
signs of cell death by necrosis). The 40-mg/kg dose is, considered to
be optimal for creating a model for diabetes in our rat model.
J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2018,13(2), 413-432 425
426 ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF PEARL MILLETS GRAINS
J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2018,13(2), 413-432 427
428 ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF PEARL MILLETS GRAINS

CONCLUSIONS:
The present study has shown that the feeding diabetic rats with
pearl millet decreases body weight, glucose, ALT, AST, ALP
activities, kidney function, cholesterol and triglycerideas well as
increasing on total protein and HDL. Millet is rich in bioactive
components such as tannins, phenolic acids and flavones which may
play an important role in hypoglycemia and hypocholesterolemia.

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 ‫‪432‬‬ ‫‪ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF PEARL MILLETS GRAINS‬‬

‫تأثير حبوة اندخه انجبفة وانمستىبتة كعالج نمرض انسكر عهى انفئران‬
‫انمصبة ببل ‪streptotozoain‬‬
‫د‪ /‬عفبف عمر عهى – د‪/‬ويفيه سعد وبيم – د‪ /‬عبير فؤاد أحمد ‪ -‬د‪ /‬هبه عبد انفتبح شحته‬
‫انمزكش اإلقهيمى نألغذيت واألعالف مزكش انبحىد انشراعيت – جيشه‪ -‬مصز‬

‫دراسةةةت حةةةضايز حبةةةالت نبةةةىت انةةةمجف انملةةةخفبخا وملممةةةا عهةةةى انم ةةةزا انمصةةةا ت ةةة‬
‫‪ streptotozoain‬ودراست ذنك عهى وس انم زا ونلبت انلهىكىس لى انمو – حنشيماث انكبةم‬
‫مثةم ‪Aminotransferase (Ast) - Alanine aminotransferase (Alt) - Total‬‬
‫‪)Alkaline phosphatase (Alp - )Tp( protein‬‬
‫ونلةبت انةمنى ‪Total cholesterol (T.chol) – Triglyceride (Trig) High‬‬
‫‪)density lipoprotein (HDL‬‬
‫وأيضةةا دراسةةت نلةةبت ‪ urea, creatinine‬ودراسةةت انمحةةم انميكزسةةكى ى عهةةى انكبةةم‬
‫وانبفكزياص وأظهزث انفخائج أ ملمىعت انم زا انمغذاه عهى انحبىت انملةخفبخا فلةبت ‪%03‬‬
‫يىجم ها سيادة لةى انةىس ‪ HDL, Bodyweight‬وانبةزوحيف انكهةى وحنامةال مهحةىظ لةى‬
‫حنشيماث انكبم ووظائف انكهى وانكهىيلخزول انكهى وأيضا انلهلزيماث انثالايةت وحنامةال لةى‬
‫نلةةبت انلهىكةةىس انةةمو فلةةبت مهحىظةةت جامةةت لةةى انملمىعةةت انمغةةذاه عهةةى انحبةةىت انملةةخفبخا‬
‫ةةانمحم نلةةثى ايىنىجى نهااليةةا انكبةةم وانبفكزيةةاص لةةى انم ةةزا انمعامهةةا ة ‪ STZ‬نةةمد هةةا‬
‫حغيزاث يفما انم زا انمغذاه عهةى نبةىت انةمجف ححلةفج جاليةا جةذر ا نلزنةانش انبفكزيةاص‬
‫وأيضا نمد ححلف لى جاليا انكبم‪.‬‬

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