| STUDIES IN 1 LATE ANTIQUITY AND EARLY ISLAM | Is AL-TABARI A MEDIEVAL MUSLIM HISTORIAN AND HIS WORK EDITED BY HUGH KENNEDY ‘THE DARWIN PRESS, INC. PRINCETON, NEW JERSEYCopyright © 2008 by THE DARWIN PRESS, INC, Princeton, NJ 08543, Alrighs reserved, No part of tis publication maybe eproduce, stored a retrieval system, oF ‘wansnitted. i any fom, by any means, electoui, mechanical, photocopy ing, recording, or oherwise, without the prior permission ofthe publisher, ‘encept in the case of bret quotations i erica articles or eviews. Publisher's Cataloging: In Publication Data (Prepared by The Dontive Group. Ine.) [AL-Tabart : a medieval Must hisvian nd his work etd by Hugh Kenney. som. — (Studies in ae antiquity ad early Ist 15) Includes bibliographical ferences and index. ISBN: 978-0.87850-128-1 1. Tabar, 8387-923. 2. Muslim historians Ninth century —Biography. 3. Historans—blamic Empie—Biography. 4 Tsamie Empte— Historiography. 5. Islamic EmpieHistory-Barly works o 1600. L. Ken- nedy Hogh gh 8 Ti Sets: Staion tangy and cary Islam: 15 S38.18.739 733 2008 07. 20214 2007939118 ‘The paper in his book i acide neutral pH stock and meets the guidlines foe permancice and durability ofthe Committee on Production Guidlines for Bonk Longevity ofthe Council on Library Resources ‘ited in he United States of America. 10. a. 2 CONTENTS ALTabar ‘ARIF KHALID Al-Tabaris the Period before Jesus un MICHAEL WHITBY AL-Tabari on Sasanian History: a Study in Sources. MOHSEN ZAKERI AL-Tabari and the Age ofthe Sasanians ‘ZEEV RUBIN At-Tabari on the Last Great War of Antiquity. JAMES HOWARD-JOHNSTON, Heraclius, hahrbaraz, and al-Tabar WALTER E, KAEGI and PAUL M. COBB AL-Tabari’s Prelude tothe Prophet. JANE DAMMEN MCAULIFFE, AL-Tabari and the “Mistory of Salvation” CLAUDEGILLIOT ‘The Mistorical Work of al-Baladhur and al-Tabari the Author's Attitude towards the Sources KHALIL ATHAMINA ALNawfal's Lost History: a Shi Source Used by al-Tabart and Aba I-Fara}. SEBASTIAN GUNTHER ‘The Sores of a Tahar’ History of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate. HUGH KENNEDY ‘The Biographical Work of al-Tabat... ELLA LANDAU-TASSERON lB in 1a 37 ns 1873B. Contents ‘The Ques for Historical Re a Test of Two Hypotheses Relating to the Use of Numbers in al-Tabari's History 7 JOHN A. NAWAS: 14, Theophanes and al-Tabarion the Arab Invasions of Byzantium, a0 RALPH-IOHANNES LILIE 18. The Samarran Turkish Community in the Ta'rkh of al-Tabart, 237 MATTHEW S. GORDON 16, The Samanid “Translations” of a-Pabari 263 ELTON DANIEL 17, A Local Historian's Debt to al-Tabari the Case of al-Azad's Ta’rikt al Mawsil. 299 CHASE F. ROBINSON 18, The Leiden Edition of a-Tabart's Annals: the Search forthe Istanbul Manuscript ..c.0cs0onensoue M9 ARNOUD VROLUK 19, Russian Translations of alTabari's History. 37 ANAS B, KHALIDOV! 20, The Other al-Tabart Ms OSMANS.A. ISMAIL ALBILI Bibliography of Works Pertaining to al-Pabari 355 General Index. 7 363 * Deveaed. PREFACE “Tuearaxs nest this volume were given ata conference held by the Institute for Mile East Stades in the University of St. Ane ews. am grateful tothe British Academy and to Bill Pagan ad the Honeyman Vest fr financial support for is occasion “hm sadly aware tat these papers have taken longer o prepare than I would have wished, and I ffer my unreserved apologies tothe ontibutors for this delay. Hosier, I fumly believe tat llth pe pers ae stl as relevant and important as they were whe ist del fred, and, apart from some updating of the bibliography, F have not ‘teed them. Iam ffl Prof Govan Cars for in vag permission forthe publication of Amoad Vries paper, whic has Eeady appeared inthe Quadern di Studi Arabi. {would also Tike 10 xpress my gratitade toll the contibtors fr hee patience daring the long wai for the appearance of hs volume Tam indebted to many people who belped me with this publica tion and wish to mention the contributions of Judy Aola whose a ‘work is eretly appreciated. wish to thank Wadad al-Qad who made Inany helpful suggestions, and Barbra Hid, registred Indexer ofthe ‘Society of Indexer, for preparing the valuable ines. "Above al, my sincerest thanks to Larry Conrad, whose thorough editorial eons were essential forthe publication ofthis projet. Hugh Kennedy St. Andrews, December 2006 Series Editor’s note: The eitor ofthe Late Antiquity and Early Islam Sees would like to add his own Statement of appreciation to the stall fof The Darwin Pres, Inc, for thei tremendous investment of time and Tunding inthe production of this book.6 ‘Michael Whi was enhanced by the visibility of its building blocks and the preservation, ‘of variants which enriched the texture ofthe main tex, even nega by the process of rejection. ‘abari on Sasanian Histor; a Study in Sources Mohsen Zakeri Johann Wolfgang Goctbe-Universtt (Halle) nnn ng awe ns ne aia patra bene oct sea he yeaa cited oactet ath eee Gathei re eat ae sii ih ath eae SAE ete Baty ecuctee han i aga acta ae wae ra i teed sates v6 telesales eaticeem heats each lta tane sas inte el pant le Ua at fe iar ate ret a a os ‘ipa eat Seas wy lt that Ci ht ee ROS fate rl ta ep ey ae nc Scat cane ere ee BS ted ee Shewanateet Rf fairs Gt gtr is theta cree (tea! atey ame ar RE etal cy aartny i la Serf gceaalSenar eestor tteec pets soe ea nae nS och er ahh es be AL Tata Terith obraral mastmuih, ed. MJ, de Goce tl. (Leiden, wWistsonkt te 28 Mohsen Zateri thatthe most portant general history of Ian seems o have been th ‘hudaynama or the "ook of Kings" hati the Shdhvndma of be later days, Whea dhe Pahlavi archetype was anslted ino Arai fr the first ine by fb a-Mugtfa" (ex 140700), i was elled Kitab Shar mui alah, singly Svar of mula hn al Maga kane istion made thie important text readily acestble to a large Arabic feading pulic and ite many other works of this brliant sholat tecame @ celebrated book. Soon oter scholars of rank were plied int ts oni, and long before ie ine of aaa, numerous adapts Oi all differing fom one another in points of deta, came ito Shetiation. ‘Alihough Nolcke confirmed the existenee of one Khuddyntnah, it was sll ot clear Whether any other book on the royal bistoy of Peniaad existed or whether ihe divergences inthe Arable tans allonginated from diferent copies ofthe same single orginal. Morea, i otlTaat te deeming aw he anes west sou dong it tess, and which one ofthe many prototypes finally found its way STabar. Staring from ihe price hat there exited only ene ‘ehuynimah, Noldeke opted forthe notion thats ater translations ‘ere probably dpendcat onthe wok of Tin al-Magafa mainly esas inthe list of wansators preserved by Hames al-stnland oes his lune alvays come athe fie pace Some jars ate, Vicor Hosen, focusing on the information sop plied by Tlaca a Ifahat on the Khulaynoma established thal he translates named next to lim lsogffa hough ll probably subse: “at to him, were not necessarily dependent upon him, He then grouped these authors nto tree eategodest 1 Translators: ibn al-Mogall' Motismmad io Jahn al-Barmaks and Zoe iba Stahoe Tsai ‘who produced independettanslaions ofthe Pahlavi archetype, The) 4d not substantially moly the original, although, out of pial ot ideological expediency, they may have left out certain parts; 2. Translators-Compiles Muhammad itn Maja a yan a High itn Qisio alist, who added new ancedotes rom ether Oph {exis to thei works, 3. Redactors: Ms ibn Is aise and Babin iim Marinssh who compared maay copies with one note rearage «fed them nes fom te Hay wv, a pt fowl eat new texts In doing so thy were tying to eliminate dcrepangs {ne eriginal ad ilin the acvnae in the hronlogy ofthe Figs ‘Tica Noll, eich der Perse wa Araber (den 1899 i, folie a olny Zatebry ee keds ofertas Ghee * aman ahaa ser it bis cvona sepa et deena i ten Meth ot aa id ma ar etna (Bln el), 3037 fice Romancvie Rosen, “K vopronu cb wabshich perevoduch Chadd nine", some excerpts om ann isery | ALTabart on Sasanian History 29 ‘As attractive 2s this categorization is, it i impaired by being based only on the statement ofa single author who may have used the terms min naql, min nagl wa:jam abd min ish for stylistic purposes and not necessarily for signifying a distinction between them, Ibn ‘Nadim, in any case, lists them all among translators from Pahlavi into ‘Arabic? ‘Whether translators, compilers or reactors, all these authors, 2 wwe shall see shortly, lived before the time of al-Tabari or were his Contemporaries. Moreover, though Haatza speaks of eight authors in felatio to the Khuddyndmah, be adds that one of them, Bahri iba ‘Mardinshah, had consulted more than tweaty versions ofthis book. ‘These should also have been accessible to al-Tabati, The question is, ‘once again, which one of these many versions did he really make use ‘of in writing his history of imperial Pe is difficult mainly because very litle ‘Works. The issue becomes even more complex when we recall that ‘several generations of importa historians prior lo al-Tabart had already ‘worked on these sources. The relation of these historians to al-Tabart al-Mgaffa''s version directly; rather, in addition to oherIterature, be Uuilized in preference a more recent text which incorporated excerpts {om Ib alt Magaffa’'s original. Noldeke's statement Was based on the et that the anouymous Codex Sprenger 30, which covers the same Feld as al-Tabart but is independent of him, aso shows a similar ‘combination of two soutees. Both have relied, he announced, almost 9 the eter upon the text which onnated par rom Ib ‘Mul ‘nd pay from another wanslator! Under these circumstances it would be neither plausible nox possible to verify al-Tabar's indebtedness to these authors and to the early historians before we have atleast an ouline ofthese works, or can ascertain how they might have looked. Did he impartially combine ‘several texs with one another? To what extent was e himself a reactor, ‘compiler of translator? Was it only his systematic approach or his acumen in choosing episodes and casting them into a credible account that guaranteed the success and longevity of his work? These and a Vote Zama (St. Pants 88), 159-19. Summa by A. Ces iran oat et satrandes(Cpengen 194) 0-6, ee 7. Rim,“ as Khoditaime’, WZ 10 (1090, 83-26, Witout formally commiting hnaet, (en Wide ahaa he pie exiece R mck e Aie [Bogute: OremalaSucona (930, {Talal Kb ob ite Ri oad Tn 171 05, ‘ Nolacke, Geshihe aa ce ao Alfed vou Ouchi, “Demerkongen 2 “Thutt Seldonguchcue, beac von Th Nek ZDM4034 (1600, 126,0 Moksen Zateri ‘may other such, may find ther answers only when the materi ‘obvainabl by al Tabat is better known, ‘The Barly Translators of the Khudayndmah 4, Ton al-Mugaffat: From Hamza we lear that be had been sclectve in his work, and didnot translate all ofthe hudaynamah. An anonymous sanuseript known as Nihayar al-irab is assumed to have preserved ‘estiges of his translation, This manuscript was known to Noldeke, but he described it as "das selisame, ziemlich schwindelhafte Werk. eine fanz walkiche Bearbeitng Dawa Some two decades te, jdward Browne, without knowing of Noldeke's unfavourable judge: reat, discovered a copy of this manuscript and, as he describes, ina lias ate: hough he ad a at found the fas Khuda I-Mugafa*. But upon becoming aware of Noldeke's disapproving ‘verdict, andi a state of great disappovntinent, he abandoned the eit, ‘anslation and commentary he had stated. However, afer reading the anicle of Rosen, he realized the merit of a work such as the Nika, ‘because i includes many excerps from oer Tost books, soe deci {o publish a summary of what he sill found meaningful and valuable Tce gust ty ate, Mao gn etn center ass a a mech nn Set asta ae Acree ae Sone ea mi te nd eco sear eget ie cs ae te lana Sig etait ees ae pee eet eo tetera al-Mougaffa‘? 7 “n eee) 2 Ska iy bn ana 1s ane spss eons fooler a tg tne sper ano ‘Mugaffa®." Brockelmann considered him a contemporary of the latter," Nokeke, Gerhice, 43-78 “Ete rome “Sgne Ao of he Ale Wat eed Ne Lt “beta net aah ea Sitchin ap RSL sega tat eh te Fein ‘BLcogam Nya a ti fy weal, 26026 (17D, 125. aman Mi Fh tae Fa sa a Nr nn EL, le 28 et ean es BY bar tere ak STS Set lees ie ania atta Sts Ironia (Fire 190, 20855 Ba Oe Ne J ALTabart on Sasanian History 3 ne sa af ohn repost een mie eal nena ta ete Satie eanreeesnrae ters ‘various ex is in the natural sciences.” Al-Jahiz knew him per- Aly, ie hi aon he ocr, oe a tig ed Ercan mics tus heca alten teeta invest aise teenies inten aaita ince ae arene aes etic tae tiie oh eruclrenhae) Coat Hanmmatne ana bae omen ences Maen ne orn’ alJahm, he maintained Goat Cayusatt wad the ed as jon tettacnt tin ete tomer view on the auhonty of te Magians” Al-Bisonl quotes Eoracta neni cee fe cee anata eS ey 4, Bahram ibn Mardinshah, the mobad ofthe city of ShapOr in Fars, ‘¥as the author of a Mulik ant Sasan, or as inthe Majmal: Tariktet Padshahan. Rosen placed him among the redactos. eis supposed to have collected more than twealy Arabic versions of the Kiudyndmah for the composition of his personal copy in which he was apparelly more concerned with the number of kings and the duration of theit fle, To judge from the quotations given by Hamza," al-Birin” and avin Guat cetaan, a 134) 5. Se a0, exons, "Me. Gate Ppokpunnca psope Artie 3 (85, ATI Eh “Mabe Djs ior mceimen, GA, S127 "AVG Toit al and el, 90) 2 Sea CASAS Seat A enna At aan iad rh i 1 SE SO RT Bo tov the 38422 vo 96 VIE2O ‘el Adaya iby Ab a Sai bam rt (Ci, 1968, SB igs 238 se, vet. 2 Mags a woh, Cleat Ha Pay 19-191 unas alfa, T'rith, 4 Yb abNado, Firs, 308; lua 25 M (quent “Magasin 9 qa 34 Broker. 3.1 237 Daan Tit 5 AL Taba Tit, 17,10. ‘*AvBira Ahr, 4, 217-18, 221, Haran aft, Tah, 1626-3. ™ Abie, Asha 99, 108-109. 115 125.129.2 Mohsen Zateri the compiler of the Mujmal." who extracted from him ther lists ofthe Pishdidian, Kayanian, Ashkinian and the Sasanian kings, Babcém’s ‘work differed greatly from that of Toa al-Mugaffa and from Finda Shah-nama Among al-Tabat's several oulines on Gayumart, there is also one—aamely that Gayumart was nicknamed Gil or Gal-shih (Gal = Gar = Kai, in Avesta Gari = mountain) and had wo children ‘namned Mash and Mashyang™"—which others quote onthe authority of this Babrim.* Al-Tabar seems to have used this as an allerative text, tohis main source. ‘5. Mast ibn ‘sa al-Kistawt: He complained about the striking variants and inaccuracies in the Arabic Khudayndmahs, Tagizadeh has shown {athe ad finished his book Tavikh-r mulak Bant Sasdn, or Rati Sasdniyan sometime between 251865 and 260/873." Although al-Birtst Praised al Kiss diligence in collecting data for his wotk, Resea found hs historical method unreliable. He is accused of having created Scag Ks and oir several sors af Indian oii nto xem plar* By accepting the wrong information of the Khuddyndmah that ‘the Parthians had ruled only 266 years he calculated longer petiod for the Sasanians than normaly accepted and had to compensate for this with more kings.” The Sasanians were his main concern. Oaly 2 summary of his chronology ofthe kings ofthis dynasty and de duration of their rule is preserved by Hamza adopted by al-Brgai™ and the tier of the Ayal The late seems have had ¢copy of al-Kistaiw?'s book and quotes itasSiyaralsmulth® The Nihdye has the story of the Sasanian King Bash (Vologeses, 484-88) and his two wives (he Indian Pringess and the Groom's dauehiee) based on the authority of al-Kisrawi.* This is also alluded to inthe Maja.” AL-Tabart does aot “aa 232.32 9 444 ete lean ce a a 03 {AL Tabs, Tait, 154. ae ohrt—OC—COC—COC—C. "tel i 3 Batak oh 16-2 er 9 eh dao eat Sia, Ya, or SEER ai ono et Seat Bier e Ml a Ertonrtr TIRE ss tas. 7, 221 20,00 "i a i eae [ALTabart on Sasanian History 3 have this. Moreover, after presenting al-Kisrawis list ofthe Sasanian kings, the Myjmal states that it varies from that of al aba™ 66.Mubammad iba Bab ibn Matis al-Lfehdn:™ His name is recorded differently ip traditions of a similar origin: Earlier Preface has Babrim al-Isfahint* Bal‘amt gives Bahrim ion Mian alTsfahény al-Birdat fas Muhammad iba Matyar, an asronomer” end Bahrim iba Mibeza al-sfahiat, author ofa Siyar a-mulak™ We may be dealing with (wo different persons here. This confusion has probably eaused hin to remain anonymous, His father Bahrim ibn Matyar or Mirin may have contributed to this field too. 4. Hisbim ibn Qisim al-tsfahsnt: The composer of one Tart mult Bart Sasdn, His name is unanimously given by all authors” nonethcess, ‘no information on him has come to light. 8. The eighth tagator snot named by Hamza asta gies a i era rs atm a Kina ma iistory ofthe kings of Persia taken from the library of al-Ma?man]® In the Earlier Preface tis is called Nama-yi pad Pars 02 sganjkhdnayi Maman.” 9. Ishaq ibn Yazid: His name should be added to the above list as a translator ofthe Khudaynamah. Except fortis single reference by Ton a-Nadim, nothing further is known about him. 10, Another Persian author, more probably a translator of the ‘Rhudinamah, was Abd Jafar Zartdus iba Abid (1) who lived inthe fist half ofthe hid century ax. AT-Kisrait ad Known him peesonally > 1839) 202-5: mga by owe, “Sane Ascot 200-21, 25-26 Nek, Gewhite je a Sache sae ase Guegen Goma tas NEG Weir tbe dr ie (ee 8h Nha ot St roe conntry by Reve no cated at vp oo aoe Spelman "Gher dr iran 338. Sina lt ‘2 Hamza al-Iyfahio, Ta’, 14; Ibn al-Nadion, Fist, 305; Mujmal, 2. * Quwi-Maaana aa 3 2A Bra, 29,306 98 set Age 9, Hamza a-sfahig, Ta’rith, 14; Iba al-Nadim, Fivist, 305; at 7, int vil, Moyen adi” I, 60; Balam, Tarith, 6; Brockelmann, can ‘ama atta Tar 1 win Magan atl U0. ‘Mh Nt Fl 305 Er “Eg. Yaak by M, Zak Ati At, 23,Py Mohsen Zateri He was the chief mabad under al-Mu‘tasim (c.218-27/833-42) and ‘at’ Motawakl(.232-477847-61), Hamza calls him Zardush ibm Aa ‘kite known os Mobaninad ar otawlk, and cls his scout ‘on the diverse alphabets ofthe Persians" Becase of his conneclon With al-MutayaLki he was called al-Mutawakki oral Nba Mutaabtt“ He was responsible forthe reform of the calendt this caliph inthe year 243/857" His name is once cited as the eit authority for he ast bat of Miy-Narst gaint the Romans in Aron mous Sprenger 30 (writen in au 331) Sine this episoee is ao ‘old bya Taba abould have been entered inthe tource used by these wo auhors Flowing Rotten, Grgnascht slates he me ‘ofthe hid centry, or shortly afteg hs 250, a5 the Gate forthe cory used by the Anonymous Sprenger® Zaridusht, who seems to hare teen tect Convert oats was sure for ar, He nas well-versed inthe inpera culture of ancient Persia, bt is no posable To detemine the chatcter of his werk The works ofthese ors, and those of many others whose anes hie ata ws provid he Mosin ao te hid eatuy a witha ich depository of ancient Persian legendary and ‘storia information. Ia this peo Iranian history occupied he ae to of al ita a ere usin: cones of this was the proliferation of biographies of Persian kings. BY te tine 2 Tata began o wnitehis ova history the prelate history ofan had become an integral par of Islamic universal history wt, Wah atleast century of important scholarship bend it-To five «dele description ofthe works tn this genre would be bey seope and ‘he purpose of is paper: Mun Mahdi dieses a Fabs Todos plana hn ALTonth la dicho a Madu Asa Tae Dams I 2-24 Se ao Yn Mason ule cd FW tery ice 2 S55 Sos Abus eisai at ake faa 8) ck in aai a Sete Cee ae = the Fa se Tipit a swoon Riba wanrvertac Lehrman hana ela noe seit Secata Late ey ere a wn Nebice Geach sha: Goma Nisvae Heke BSR Te ALTabari on Sasanian History 35 created history in relation to other scholars of historiography. One can refer to him for a discussion of Muslim world histories, which generally gzirace the stony of Creation andthe history of pre-Islamic ations. Persians Arabs, Greeks, et" ‘The Karly Historians Inhis bibliographical notes in the Murdj,l-Mas‘Od ists several chron- icles whose authors, according to him, paid particular attention to the history of the Persians. Among these the more famous were Hisham iba Mubammad al-Kalbt Aba “Ubayda, Tha al-Jara lon Knrradadh- bab, Tha Qutayba, alDinawart and al-Ya"qubi. Only the works of tl last hee have survived. ‘As said at the beginning, the only author who is specifically mentioned by al-Tabart is Hishim ibn Muhammad al-Kalbt (ca, 2060821). AL-Tabart used many nareaives, nol all of Persian origin For the section of his history on the Lakhs of als, a dynasty closely attached tothe Sasanians, and the episodes on Yemen, he relied. ‘on Hishim” Hishim was regarded as an authority onthe collection of ‘genealogies and systematization of anecdotes on the ancient history of ‘Arabia. He did this by ordering his stores in accordance with the chrosology of Pesan kings, op among the rh aves of is ‘works preserved by Tin ab-Nadim,” one a general history of the world (al-Ta’rikt) centring around Arabia, included information on Iran from Gayumart to the end of the Sasanian period, Hishim's stories reflect Iie historical knowledge of the Sycian-Arabian population of a-Hiza, has lef its mark also on certain poems ofthe time, Although he ‘short nolies in coanection with the Sa snians—for example Prd, Khusraw I, Hurmizd TV, and Khusraw U—it does not seem that al-Tabari, who made a sharp distinction between the historians and specialists ia other fields, put much reliance on his remarks, On one occasion al-Tabati says of him: Hishin’s aement deserves no comiderion, case among experts in Persian genealogy, King Hshan is more famous tan Haj bm Vos is anon the Muslims ple is more familiar than others with their own pedigrees and accomplishments, With respect foreful > Klas or (onion, 95, 34, YEE Se oP own hy of ta fay nde tae, 16D, 1-38 The Palette abl in Sin wi erty oe Hin a teed (vi ware eceny oe ep anf Abs HI, {Fern "ar Genchcdesprnacon Ep ZDMO (04, 1 Sie 14-10,36 Motsen Zate to every complex mater, one must have reference to those who were [tec] involved Despite all theses it is possible hat Hist had extracted some of is Jaformatioa on an fom fbn al-Magatfa= “Another praiic autor contemporary to Hishim ibn Matannad as Aba ‘Ubiyda Matar ibn al-Mathaan (on 110-209/128 30), Tis eminent phlologist and genealogist had slso waten a famous history book bn the Persias (ddr o-Ps), using a atrase alow historian who, becuse of his fame as an expe on tance Persian Kings (Khusmaw = Kis), was nicknamed ‘Unat Kiss Te aly aoc ut eas gfhim ade his ook exensely on sv casions is al-Mas a." Frm he excep rode byl a hat “Umar bok contained th istry of am rom mci! ess the fall ofthe Sesaians. ALMas‘ai found this a reableaceoun caus it was related by one ofthe “scholars of ers (lame Faria” Among the thee lists ofthe Pathian Kings proved Tate the second, which he cts a “Yom scholars of he History of Paria" (nin ai al-itm bialdbar Faris) eomtesponds closely 0 Hstof ‘Umar Kistl* Since Ab “Ubayda ded around 209/82 Umar Kise shoul hae lived before him inthe second century a ahd ay te tpacded as oe ofthe atest compilers of world sory in Anag Ne might have been a translator himself, AEMa' Ud emphasios ‘igeieane of ths sure, a oly Bcane of ts aiergenc om outer such works, bu especially becouse i cepesented ths view tli Pesiane mscter ees Te thd Moran of repute was AbO Mubamnad Diw0ditg 2a. 291903) Hs Zoroastrian aly wes cially fom Fae Neserved inthe secretes’ lfc under al-Mutawab a a Mister ART Tih, 155m Rose 326 Sige hipa 08 TAS ey tha nade pinch AG ie 3 ea i Ba Coma aca ine thins od RPA Bony eee BER i atin eee TAs Terk USE: Mah 276-7 hd AL Stal Mad ond Wats Laon, 1979) 108 Only Setagalet Ta ces to Ab Tay on faa cy Tene HO, ee af ea "aes ara alc Iris Malad were tanous secretes and vier fat TaA Artal fai allio W Alea Coder a Be ALTabari on Sasanian History 7 (6 248-52/862-66), and was chief eretary unde the forme" Of his ‘ook we Team fom alMas‘Od lett tart was Inge te (aiaarith abbr), and that it conned detailed accouss of yo ae eta cir wa so aor a among oles, a Kidd al-unam alsa [siry of Bygone Nonons| Gu hich we have no deal The vz All be “ae Dae oh 334/945) used to relate Information about the ancient Persians ao ice ways which he had feeived from hs fae who had esenen from his 9 st bt ot est of he rt historian fh ied entuy a hose book hasbeen fst, is fon Khurraddtbiy “Ubayd ANI i ‘Aba Alli: a famous scholar and awelLAnown pcopraphe. ‘The date of his birth nd death sot femiy determined tT a0 912) He was anoier contemporary of alata is grander Khuradadh bi act an associate of the Barmakis and laters governor of Tabaistin for l-Marn, ss seems to have teen a sodansy “Among Ion Khuradaahbi's books,» large general sly ol Ta'nt) on pre Tslanie Persia and oer talon nas of expel rus ‘AtMas‘t praises this book highly as “ite mos Sompeicaly con: Strcted, the most insactive andthe st exhaustive secount of the Instory of mations and Fngs before the sc of Ilam,partculaly te Persians (ala‘Qin)™ Untotunately ts oot eles wich "jevels al-Masut has extracted fom this. However ext to Iba Shoddd as ho ie Ibn Khun Te oe a Te {@. 42971638) sefers to many ties." providing us te necessary Seal 1 fonp lately pr Hes of Hones, histo Importance andes with a-Fa On the istry of Za tb Tahnis and Carsish a-Tbar ang Tin Khuradhbih gre mpl the later being mos Cause ‘conver ror Jai, at Massgna a sng wit i elt consier him of See eh Seen tena teas (TAb Stal ab waft Xl Ma une Wises, 1980 SALMaw oi ur 114 He ws th rnb the Wazi “At ib “bn Nadim, Pris, antes song ches» Ka atria he Rosen, ‘Mastin striography, 303 bth eed by Soa AL Nara 104-103 HL Bowen, The Lf and Tine of Abt Comba, 1928) 3. “a ae ie a Mado 2983) hep neil ey of Yai fat Patt, Vs 295-58 SE ACMar dary 4 20 ag So, Aa, 10 Ti ali Tams Historgraphy (toy. 179) 10. ‘Mba Shas, ag 28 ALT" Ghar, (0-31, 256-87, 263,378 A516, 444-48, 485-86, 586-57, eas “hd, 13034,38 Mohsen Zari ‘The story on Zoroaser’s origin is not identical, but each supplements the other?” Al-Tabar calls the king of Turks atthe time of Bushs ‘"Khareasaf," whereas fn Khurradadhbih has "Hazseisf."® The differ cence may be due simply to a clerical misspelling of the original nan. Both pve he mimber of Alxandr's oops abe une of he vey ‘ver Brg 3s 1400 000°" AI Tatar’ account ofthe Parthians aca ‘one version which is identical with that of Ibn Khurradidhbib.”* Pct a eo edn ab Roars ue istry contained the royal anal of Iran rom ancient times fo thee Of the Sasaian period. The above references show that he willed Wide variety offerte on te legendary and politcal history of laa ‘AlTabart may have borowed some epcodesdiesly from i ted te same sources, ‘Whereas the ules menoned uni now have been al lst, seve historical works wih substantial secon on he Sasanans bate survive ‘The folowing maybe tify cecal here Ton Quayba (276/89) is historia manual AL-Ma‘arifeon- {ain an ouine on he Sasnian kings. He sas his acount by yng “readin books ofthe doings ofthe Persians” (gaya kab er al jam His ‘Oyun al-aar, clase adab-wer esuently Gol Pablvi tex availble in Arabic sch at sara aja: * yn bad kau aloha, et His symopis nhs Ma aris sia oa ‘of Sa‘id ibn Batrig (Eutychius, patnarch of Alexandria, d. 304/916).”" Hn Qutayba and Said have he samg sory of Pr on Yactghn and Ie amon agaist Athtnana Alfons von of Hain i's campaigns aginst the Khagin and his adventures io Ind ‘spond, ocdsionally word fr word, to the texts of Tom Qulaybe tad Sst? iat ben suggested tha thus pars of slats ane Tei et tena a —Srritaateieeme sto nat et Eigantsieetreesaumnriee aoe et aa tea mente scan 90-9 Ee Ce en Be eeasnsnin moun Series aii : EERE SULe RURUE e Senin naa il aso rice baci tage dam ip TEER eS ho | ALTabart on Sasonian History » hich comespond to prs of Ton Qutayba and ‘i ibm Bali dxjve rom fbn aoa to which alfa has aed oer mata ‘AtDinawar' @ 282/894259) altabdr iva hares age mount of common material with aTabar bt aso focludes much das unigh o himself This writen rom a anian pont of view, ‘Reloser examination shows thst he ued mainly legerday tots snd forts, ih the res that his consbton which mes Itresng ‘eadng is ss rial in mater of sory A shor version of OS Sory of Pre and Akishnawar soso preset here" Wheres afar pals his various reports ext fo one snoher, sk Diva combines fem nto single ified native, He was reputed scholar in sever sculls an was a Mery man of wen bt was arly ecpsed Ssahitonan ‘AL-Yarqub’'s (4, 284897) onivrsal history which covers the events up othe year 3597872, incindes an etome ofthe history of te Scanian I epresene a ine often dering to some exten fom ttt ofa faban, and ocesonally conesponding to First He too names fis sours bot rarely The ongn of tus version has not been ‘eatied, but Grgnacttellves tat t constitutes «summary of Ton A Mogatfas werk Aitou Tata dosnt mak yf oa Din Tn Quuaybaceal-Ya'gby tis ery ely ha he was aoguattd wi their werk. The form af hs presentation onthe one and, and the ature ofthe historical sources on te oter, make ir eificult o wey fis indebedness this regcesor. 2 etme cose wi apecoltve Smt, Al-Tabart was a feared Irgnian scholar and lived i hat Norhing epoch of Arabic heratre ech te glen ag fae aon nace sal iterate, on, experienced an exteordinary blossoming in sp Mos ofthe sieving Pala texts come rom his in nam reached a Tabarts Bi place very ae Hee the rary heroic and historical tation of Peta remained alive spd were preserved as assiduously ts clseuer. He was cennnlytrooghl up well xposedf this ancient iratr. No doubt the Pala ets eontnacd fo Be ed and when n {he bepnning ofthe fourth centry at Ton “Ab al-Razz pared the itera rom varios parts of anf oder fo compose ffm the ose Shanda, they sil Could vse Pahl eniginals™ Hence the ‘Naleke, Geschihi wx "On he basi of ol Dinswak Tab, Fast and then, Arb Cvinensen spenurcted a versio of the Pala ov of Batam Cob, 'AbDimwad,ALALAbAr nd ed. ViadinicGigas (een, 186), 60, {Grianaschi,“Nibsyatu rab”, 123. The wanton ofan Arb et nto Perse id not ned tobe 1 preteninsly wpized; Nolte, Gseiche a8.0 Mohsen Zakei ibility should not be let out that in writing the pre-Islamic history Stiea,alTabart also used whatever material he could find in Pat or heat from his countrymen with knowledge on such matters. Hs account of Ardashirinclods epsoles not found elsewhere. Ima te thatthe pars he simply cts as gaa he said), aba daum Cte Of them said"), gala al-majas (ihe Magian said) ete. are Infact feferences to poisons he had heard but not known oF jst forgot, their names. “That al-Tabar could ead Pecsian is coroboraed by the fact at his Wistory is highlighted with numerous Iranian words, phases se names in their ongnal form fllowed by Arabic definions The words te cites and explains ate too many to interpret thee appearance ss cident The more often a texts Wansated the more likely sich terms would disappear. Our frst anasto, Ibn al-Mugaff, had done his best eliminate al Persian words. His oter classe trandation, te Kalilawa-Dimna is almost void of orign vocabulary. Despite all the efforts invested in the investigation of te udayeal he contour ofthis niga text reins vobe ‘constutes a lerary genre subjected ta an evolutionary process faving ‘xginally an eclectic quality, 1 was exposed fo constant modiietion and revision, sometimes fr purely literary reasons, other mes fore ‘esr improve the text. The presence of independent legends net © itmade interpolation of episodes to the epic cycle posible The wits so relied pon these in wring the history of the Sasanians bol before and afer l-Tabat have let behind a ich and lively rod of Persia in that period. The best and most complete ofall of thea, despite its shoxeomings is without doubt tat ofa. Tabar, even supe to that of Frdawa, which enjoys immense popularity tecause offs poetic power. Those writing aftr his ime remained mostly dependent ‘nim The excellence ofal-Tabarts work was sich that net ost comparable works wete ignored and inthe course of time fell 0 abeyance Hence his book shold be ensiered as the most igi spssime of Arabic anslatons of hudijdnah andthe tans ot cua ab Toba Tih 171,208, 613 14, 815, £49, 869, 962, 99, BERGA Don OH ie ooh oh eh we eee ee " Geignaschi,“Nisyatu-Lirab”, 108. ts Al-Tabari and the Age of the Sasanians ‘Zeev Rubit 12004, ef gyanin t200) ‘Tus rare soepicare to the section of al-Tabat's Ta’Hkh whose main subject isthe history ofthe Sasanian kings. This is exactly the section ‘covered by Theodor Noldeke's annotated translation, which appeased lunder the tle Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden in 1879! one year before the publication of the text volume containing this section, prepared by Noldcke himself forthe De Goee edition of ab Tabar This s an unenviable starting poin, since Noldeke's work {is undoubtedly an all-time classic. Is sill worth reading in ts entrety ‘and consulting for detail, not less today than over a century ago, in spite of the many discoveries of new material since its publication, especially in the fleds of ealy Sasanian and South Arabian epigraphy. ‘n'vas mainly Noldeke's wansiation which proved that al One 318 meno nd oa he age ner a ee Geo Widenge, il aot of those which have stilt ‘The section of al-Tabart under discussion remains one wick wil sateen pbs to ata anon Pesce by Ls Ya Ses ‘iss woudl tbe exp y Be eat Aiy weld ine asta 4a354 Osman Ismail a-Bti literature they left behind. This is quite substantial in its diversity and size and is ofa very high scholarly standard” It was from that deep land detailed knowledge and understanding ofthe past of the Muslim Community, of which hey viewed themselves as an integral part, that, they were able to draw parallels and find Islamic solutions 10 the ‘diverse and many problems tha faced ther nascent sae in the adminis- tative, economic, politcal, religious and social planes. In that way they were able (o establish an Islamic polity in a place and time far Sway from those ofthe classical Islamic ones, Declaring that they were ot Kess qualified for thd than previous mujtahids nal rijal warm ‘rial they Set out to find practieal and relevant Muslim solutions t0 ‘what faced them inthe early slages of Ue founding ofthe Sokoto stats, ‘establishing a caliphate in West Africa (Nigeria) inthe nineteenth century 2 Tong time afer the fll ofthe ‘Abbasid caliphate in te thirteenth. In all their efforts to find precedents in Muslim practices upon which they ould base their judgements, and they were ofa brave and practical ‘ature, one can not miss the influence of al-TabarT amongst others Tafluenced by him, in what they came to advance and practise. Not ‘nly al-Tabart the chronicler, but also the other alTabar, the com chino and ie mi limps of ii ely dined i ell, Infra al Maysir fi ta'rith bilad al-Tekrar and many other wok of Period” a |-Tabar, blessed be his soul, is nota scholar to be apprehended ‘or comprehended in one time or place. Tete i always the other al-Tabart to be apprehended and comprehended in another time and another place. Knowing the ether al“Tabar ean be a matte ofa ifetime. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS PERTAINING TO AL-TABARI ‘The following Bibliography liste the studies dealing specially with thTabatt and his works that have been cited in the contributions to (his volume. ‘Ahmad, M. “Bakhshiae kuhantasin tajumah-yitafsrd Tabart®, Namah-yi “Astén-i Qude special issue (1972), 103-17. ‘Alvi, Toeshim, “ALTabart va salafigan®, in Mubemmad Qisimasdch, ‘h., Yadndmah-yi Pabaré (Tehraa, 1365/1990), 503-14. “Aus, Jawad, “Mawatid tatsth al-Pabaet, in Majalat ob Maja! alin ‘linge (Baghdad) 1 (1950), 16-231 Amaltoa, ILP. *Konkordane aviehen Tabarts Ansalen und Ton Mistar waits Tagarib bumam", Der Team 2 (1911), 105-14. ‘Ba'ant, AG LFujl Muhammad, Tériteé Bal'em, el. MT. Bahar and 'M, Parwin Gundbidf, Tehran, a¥ 1941. Chronique de Abow-Djofar Mohansned ben Djanir ben Yerid atari, French tras. I, Zotenberg. 4 vos. Pais 1857-74 Baye, Shoheukh. “Tarjumah-yi tail Taba, Ayiut-yi Pashahish 4.6 (998), 2-24 Bolyrev, A.N., and A. Grisenevich, O Dvabl Redaktsiyalh To'ithe ‘Pabac? Bal'ami®, Sonetskoye Vortokoveeniye (1967.3), 46-59. Brockelinann, Carl. Geschichte der arabischen Literatur, 2nd ed. § vols ‘Leiden, 1937-49. Das Verhiltis von Ibn e-Atire Kamit 1-Ta'rh 20 Tabor “Apr er-rveul watt, Strassbsre, 1890. Brooks, E.W, “The Arabs in Asia Miaor (41-750), from Aralie Soares", Journal of Hellenic Stadies 18 (1898), 182-202. 355356 Bibliography of Works Pertaining to al-Tabait “Byzantines and Aral in the Time of the Eatly Abbasids", English Mistorce! Review 15 (1900-1901), 728-47, “The Campsign of 710718 from Arabic Sources", Journal of Welle Studies 19 (1892), 19-33, Chats Cymiq, Rahmin. *Raddpayl bavaehsyi “ammianah dar ar jumab-y tated Tabat™ in Muhammad Qivimsieh, ed Yadnameh- 1 Talat (Tebran, 1369/1000), 611-20. Cale, Claude. “story and Mlstovians: Prom the Begining tothe Time ‘fal-Tabart™in MJ.L. Young, 1D. Latham, and RB, Serjeant, eds, Religion, Learning and Seiencein the ‘AUbaid Period: the Cambridge History of Arabic Literature (Cambridge, 1900), 188-20, Cameron, Aver, and Lawrence 1. Conrad, eda, The Byzantine ond Early Islamic Near Bast, I: Problems in the Literary Source Mate- Hal. Princeton, 1902 Conrad, Lawrence 1. *Abraba and Mubammad: Some Observations apro- ot of Chronology and Literary Typ in the Ealy Arabic stored ‘Tealton", Bulletin ofthe School of Oriental end Aiea Studies 80 (987), 225-40, “The Conquest of Arwad: « Sorce-Citcl Study inthe isto ography of the Early Medieval Near East, in Averl Camoron and Lawrence. Conrad eds, The Bycntine end Early Isami Near Bat, Proms in the Literary Source Materiel (Psneton, 192) 317 “Note on abTabars itor of the Calipate of Hisham ion “Abd al Mali", Journal ofthe toyal Asiatic Society, Third Seren 3 (1908), 1-31. ‘Seven andthe Tusi': On the Implications of Numerical Sym- Ton for the Study of Medictal Istamie History", Journal of the zonomie and Social History ofthe Orient 31 (1998), 4273 ——— “Theophanes and the Arabic Mistrial Tradition: Some Indi ‘ations of Intercultural Transmssion”, Bycantinsche Forschngen 18 (90), 1-44. ibliogaphy of Works Pertaining to al-Pabart 387 and ABP. Beaton "On Sone Unayyad Posty inthe History Gab Tabari®, Joumal of the Royl Asati Society, Thied Sete, 3 (i909), 191-206. Coapeson, Michael. Classical Arie Bingapy he Hci of he Propels in he Age of Man. Cambridge 200. asi Eton, “Manuserpt and Batons of Ban Terma Ti thi Pabars™, Journal of te Royal Asiatic Seity, 1900, 282-2. onset, PM. Naraices of Ili Origins the Dginnings of Ilamic “Bstorical Writing. Picton, 198 Dut, A.A. Te Rise of Historical Writing Among the Arle and tan iavrence 1. Conrad, Introdsction by Pred M. Donser. Priaceon, 1083. iti, Taped. Reinterpretng flamie Mutorigrphy: Marin a Rashid andthe Naraive of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate. Cambridge, 199 Fuh, Cate, Te Dial in Medical Arie Mistorogrepy. New Haven, 167 Far Ande. “La vie do su apr los Annales de ab Taba”, llr ‘etvstiana& (1909), 7-29. Cie, Chand, Exépse, langue e alge en Iam. Leetgive corniaue & Talre Pai, 1000. La formation iteectsle de Tabac (224/5310/889-923) Tourn siatque 276 (1988), 200-4 Mythe et thésoge: clams et intact, pretation ire cable’ n Arabic 4 (1998), 15-92 “Myth, rt, histite du ealut dass le conssertair corniqae Se Taba, Jourel anaes 252 (194) 237-7. tes ocavres de Tabac (on. 310/925), Mlanges de 1 Tomine Bees Seat bo Cue 8 i), + “is, myth et biti cher Tatars Une vison mythlgue Geir universe", Manges de rai Dominican Braden Orienaes du Care 2 (1903), 27789, J388 Bibliography of Works Pertaining to a-Tabast —— “Trauiteoteaie a: Paba Le uraltement du hadith da “Araice 41 (1991), 30051 Golder, Igoas. "Die Iterarsche Thitigheit des Tabast", Wiener Zeit ‘elit far die Konde des Moryenlandes 9 (1895), 359-7, Gryarnvich, PA, and ALN. Boldizev. °0 dvakh redaksiyakh “arith ‘al Tatas’ Bakaut™, Sovetiloye eostovedeniye, 195, no, 3, 459, ", Arabica 4 (1987), 36670, Je Tabdhb al-sthir de Tabi", Hamphreye, R. Stephen, “Qurnic Myth aad Narrative Strctre ia ‘Ealy Manic Histoiography", in Prank M. Clover and R Slephen Hussphreys, ods, Tradition ad Innovation in Late Antiquity (Ma son, 1989), 27190 Islamic Mistry: « Framework for Inquiry, vv, ed. Peneton, 9. saya, K. Rand “Nashbabeiyk hahaa az maskhab-yl tard Taba" ashing 20 (1346/1967-8), 64649. far, Muhammad. “Tarikhnigst va Madhabi Tabac, fa Mubaromad Qisimtide, ., Yednanal-i Tabaré (Tehran, 1969/1000), 47950 ail, Tait. Arbie Mistrial Thought in the Classical Period, Cam Deidge, 1004. Kosgarten, GL Talerstncnsis id est Abu Dachaford Mohammed en Dacheri Btabrk Annales Regun Atgue Legotorum Dei. Grito, 1. Landas-Taseron, Ela. “On the Reconstruction of Lost Sours, ah Gem fara 25 (2001), 4592. “Sasf iba ‘Un ‘lan GF (1880), 1-26, Uasone, Jacob. sani Revolution and Historical Memory, New Have 1986. In Medieval and Modern Scholarship", Der ater, Stefan. “The Literary Use ofthe Kala: & Basic Form of Histor ‘cal Writing’, a Averl Cameron and Lawrence I. Conta els, The Byeantine and Early Ilamic Near East, 1: Protea in the Lilemy ‘Soure Moterat(Prisceton, 1992), 27-18. [Bibliography of Works Pertaining to al-TabarT 359 lth, Ott, “Uber clue Tabartllandschit’, Zeist der Deutschen ‘Morgndéndischen Gesllchat 82 (1878), 381-83. MucAulife, Jane Dasuuen. “Quranic Hermeneatic: the Views of a Pabart ‘snd Ibe Kathi’ in Andrew Rippin, ed Approaches to the History of the Interpretation of the Qur'an (Oxford, 1088), 46.62. Maing, Brost, “Die Tisken in det Haerichen srabischon Literatur", Der Tale 21 (1973), 27085. Mattock, J.N. “story and Fietion®, Occasional Popers ofthe Scho! of “Ablasd Studies 1 (1986), 8097. Mani, Jule Scott. Persian Historiography to the End of the TwelRh Century. Edinburgh, 1999. ‘Muth, Frane-Chrstoph, Die Anmalen won of-Tatart im Spiegel der ev ‘opdiachen Bearbeitungen. Fraahfut am Main 1983 Noldee, Thaodor. Geschichte der Peser und Araber sur Zit der Sasan- fen ous der arabischen Chron des Tbari. Leiden, 1879 Noth, Albrecht “Der Character de ersten grosen Samalangen vor Nach- ‘ehten 24 fen Kalferzeit, Der Islam 47 (1971), 168-9. ‘The Parly Arabic Historical Tradition: a Sure Critica Stay, “Bade in collaboration with Lawrence I. Conrad trans. Michael Bon- re. Preston, 1994 Jour Peete FE, “The Quest ofthe Historical Muhammad”, Internation ‘al of idle Bast Stier 23 (1091), 291-1. Putereen, El, “AI nd Mu'suipa in Barly Arabic Tradition: Studie on ‘the Genes end Growth of lle istorcal Weng wnt the Bud of the Ninth Century. Copenhagen, 1964. Piemontese, Al odice marian deli Tashi abast", Annali ditto Universitario Oriental (Nepal) 37 (197), 65-474, L.Qi4i, Wadd, “Barly Ielamic State Letters: the Question of Authen- ticig" in Avetl Cameron and Lawrence I. Coared ey The Dyzon- tine ond Barly Inlamie Near Beet, 1 Problema inthe Literary Sources (Princeton, 1992), 21578.360 Bibliography of Works Pertsiniog to alTabuet Qasnzideh, Mohammad, ed. Yadnanolyi Paler. Tehran, 1269/1900, adkte, Bernd. “Das Wikichksteverstindatelslaniseher Universubie- tosiber", Der Ilan 62 (1985), $070 Welgeschilte wnd Welbescteitang im miteltertichen Isla, Bair and Stattgart, 192 Raweshan, Muhamnad. Ta'itindmahyi Tart, Tehran, 1960/1987, Rosenthal, rans, A Mistry of Masti: Historvgraphy, 2nd ed (Leiden, 1963), 133-35. <= “Tie Intuence ofthe Biucal Tradition on MusinHistoriogra ly", in Bernard Lewis and PM. Holt, ede, Mitoione ofthe Middle East (Oxsors, 1962), 3545. “The Life and Works of ahTabar*, in Frans Roventhal, trans, The Mistery ofa Paar, (Albany, 1988), 5192 Rotter, Gernot. “Zur Ubefrang ciniger Wetke al Madains ia aT ‘bars Annales", Orene 22-24 (197), 10838 Robin, Uh. The Bye ofthe Beholder: the Life of Muon bythe Early Maslins. Princeton, 199. Sate, Rudolf. “Prophet, Chali und Geschichte, Oriens 18-19 (1905- 6), 33.91 Seasin, Feat. Geschichte der arabischen Schrift, I: Qurnuissen- hal Hey Geach, Fah, Deptt Mp i ex 430 Hela iar Viewed Secgin Url Als Mil in Beta ur Mterogapie er na en tet ele nt ae si i A Akal ti Mufonmad Jr Pr ‘Tehran, 1335/1956. : Sitio, A. Kaign sata oie petty uae" o mao ath Severnogo Kevlaa, i Porat leat Vs Peril fatome (econ, 16) 00 ‘Soreuges, Alois. “Dalany' Translation of the sory of Tabary", Jamal of be Ate Seciety of Bengal 19 (1849), B00 Bibliography of Works Pertaining to al-Pabait 361 Stekerych, Soranne Pinckney. “The Abbasid Poet Interprets History: ‘Three Qasidshe by Ab Taman", Journal of Arbie Literature 10 (aa79), 49-64. AbTabar, AbS Ja‘far Mehaminad bn Jaet. Jani ashy f tar ae “Qurién. 30 vole, Bulag, Al 1323-29. {uit a. Qur'én, of, Mubammad Shakir et ani alas ah. Cairo, 1874/1854. Silat wa-ttmitat wa-dhoy tbh ebumam wa-Lmulak K-AbE “efor Muhannad tn Jari a-Tabary,liArb wat Hamadhant wae Teibn Jarir afi. Bale, 1987. Tatrith ab-rusul wa-Lmul, 0. MA. de Gore ef al. 18 vol Taide, 1879-190. ‘Teri abrveu wo-Lmaih, ed Muhammad Aba LFafl Torah. 10 vols. Cairo, 1900-69. Toba abthar, od. Mabinid Mohammad Shakir. 6 vole Cairo, 1962. The stor of al-Tebrs English trans. ed. Ehsan Yarhate, ‘8 vols, Albany, 1985-2002, Phe Barly ‘Abbas Eupire, Engl tans. JA. Wiliams, 2 vols Cambridge, 1988. ‘Tyob, Abdulkader, “An Analytical Survey of a-Tabatts Exegesis ofthe Calteral Symboie Construct of Fiza," in G.R. Hating and Abdul Kader A. Shareef, as, Approaches fo the Quren (London, 1293), 15-72, ‘Tis P.Tagiatdah, “Tarjamabeyi tated Tabar va arish sabia, doe ‘aed Que 71 (134546 /1967-68), 81-96 Yaghny, Habib, Tarjumahyé tor ab Tart, Te Zotenber, Herman, Chronique de Mebanmed Ben Dit Tela adie rE ssn yesene ditow Ai Morhonnad Beni, 4 es Pa 1e67-74. 1386/1977,