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Slide Number
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Script Guide/Notes - this part is just a suggestion to help you with the flow that I am trying to
make with the content

Slide 1: Title

● Title: Narratives, Appropriation, Borrowing and Ownership

● Presented by: [Name

The first slide is the introduction slide.

Slide 2: Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

• Define narratives, appropriation, borrowings, and ownership in art
• Identify notable classical works into a certain theme.
• Develop artistic ability in any form of art.

Script:
So, here are our learning objectives (read slide).
Without further ado, let’s start with the definitions.

Slide 3: Definitions

● NARRATIVE - How all of us see the world and how we connect with each other.
We put together stories in our heads for situations in our lives.
● APPROPRIATION - In art and history refers to the practice of artists using existing
objects or images in their art with little transformation of the original. But generally,
it is the action of talking something for one's own use, typically without the owner's
permission.
● BORROWING - Understanding of Appropriation that the concept of a new work
re-contextualizes whatever it borrows to create the new work.
● OWNERSHIP- This is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over property,
which may be any asset, including an object, land or real estate, intellectual
property, or, until the nineteenth century, human beings.

Script:
First, what is narrative? /read definition/
Next is appropriation. /read definition/
Then, borrowing. /read definition/
And lastly, ownership is the state or fact…/read definition/.

To understand each of these terms further, let’s start discussing them one by one. Again,
let’s start with narrative.
Slide 4: What is Narrative Art

What is narrative art?

● A narrative painting is a painting that tells a story, usually related to religion, history,
or daily life.
● It could be a story comprising various scenes all contained within one painting.
● Narrative art can be created in any style from cave drawings to intricate
brushstrokes; it can be done with any medium and size.
● Narrative art can be categorized into various types, also known as modes or styles.

/just read the slides/

Slide 5: Types of Narrative Art

Narrative art can be categorized into various types, also known as modes or styles.
1. Simultaneous narrative
2. Monoscenic narrative
3. Continuous Narrative Art
4. Synoptic Narrative Drawing
5. Panoramic Narrative Art

Script:
There are 5 types of narrative art: simultaneous, monoscenic, continuous, synoptic, and
panoramic.

First, we will discuss what is simultaneous narrative art.

Slide 6: Simultaneous Narrative Painting

● Simultaneous narrative art often includes numerous people and tends to use
abstract patterns and place images throughout the painting, rather than having one
center scene as the focus.

● These pieces tell a story mostly understood by people who already know its
purpose and appear more often in earlier periods before written stories.

/read the description/

Some examples of narrative arts are /next slide/.

Slide 7: Simultaneous Narrative Painting

 Scrovegni Chapel by Giotto

Script:
The most popular example of simultaneous narrative art is Scrovegni Chapel by Giotto. It
is a 16th-century Italian cycle of the Life of Christ in art in fresco with 21 scenes from
Annunciation to Resurrection.

As we can see, there are so much happening in this one painting. From the top row, there
is the Annunciation, Nativity, Visit of the Three Magi, Flight to Egypt, Baptism of Christ,
Raising of Lazarus, Entry to Jerusalem, Last Supper, and so on. Hence, it was called
“simulataneous” because there are so much happening all at once.

Slide 8: Simultaneous Narrative Painting

Building Stories (2012) by Chris Ware

Script:
Another example of simultaneous narrative art that represents modern art. Chris Ware's
graphic novel "Building Stories" is an unconventional narrative told through a variety of
formats, including pamphlets, newspapers, and comic strips. Readers can explore the
story from different perspectives and in a non-linear manner.

Slide 9: Monoscenic Narrative Art

● Monoscenic narrative art depicts one single scene of one event with one set of
characters easily identified by any viewer.
 ● With the development of creating detailed linear perspectives in art, monoscenic
narratives evolved to use techniques that allow artists to utilize more space on the
canvas.

Next we have the monoscenic narrative art…/read definition/

Slide 10: Monoscenic Narrative Art

The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci

The famous painting, that I bet most of us Catholics know, The Last Supper is actually an
example of monoscenic narrative arts. The Last Supper is a mural painting by the Italian
High Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci. Monoscenic narrative art like The Last Supper
appearing here depict one identifiable scene with one set of characters.

Slide 11: Monoscenic Narrative Art

Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci

Script:
Leonardo's masterpiece, the "Mona Lisa," is one of the most iconic examples of
monoscenic art. The painting captures a single enigmatic smile and gaze, making it one of
the world's most famous portraits.
The primary focus of the artwork is on the serene figure of Mona Lisa, her expression, and
her enigmatic smile. There is no action, narrative, or multiple elements in the composition
that would suggest a sequence or progression of events. Instead, the painting captures a
single moment in time, emphasizing the subject and her demeanor. This is why it is
categorized as monoscenic art, as it portrays a static scene with a central character as its
primary subject.

Slide 12: Monoscenic Narrative Art

Girl with a Pearl Earring The Scream Starry Night

by Johannes Vermeer by Edvard Munch by Vincent van Gogh

Script:
In fact, the majority of the most famous paintings that we probably know are examples of
monoscenic narrative art like:
● Johannes Vermeer's "Girl with a Pearl Earring"
● Edvard Munch's "The Scream" (1893)
● Vincent van Gogh's "Starry Night" (1889)

Slide 13: Continuous Narrative Art

● Continuous narrative art depicts multiple scenes in a single story's painting, often
with one wide background and many scenes and characters throughout.

● Characters tend to repeat in different scenes, which shows the changes in the
story; new scenes are discerned by the change in characters' actions.

Next, we have continuous narrative art…/read the description/

Some examples of continuous narrative art are /next slide/.

Slide 14: Continuous Narrative Art

 The Bayeux Tapestry by Bayeux Tapestry

Script:
The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered cloth nearly 70 meters long that tells the story of
the Norman Conquest of England, including the Battle of Hastings in 1066. It is one of the
most famous examples of continuous narrative art.

Slide 15: Continuous Narrative Art

The Column of Marcus Aurelius

Script:
Another example is The Column of Marcus Aurelius. The picture on the right is the full
photo of the column, and on the left is actually a good zoomed-in of the column where we
can see some of the scenes from Emperor Marcus Aurelius's military campaigns.

Slide 16: Synoptic Narrative Drawing

● Synoptic narrative drawing art is usually paintings that tell a story by

emphasizing its synopsis; the different actions show the main moments taking
 place during a larger event.
● This style helps unify the piece as one story while showing how each action
worked together by compiling little moments in one piece.

● The repetition of characters can make the order of events unclear; visual cues are
used to help differentiate between scenes.

The fourth type of narrative art is the synoptic narrative drawing.

/read definition/

Slide 17: Synoptic Narrative Drawing

Chaddanta Jataja, Amaravati

The medallion from the stupa at Amaravati shows an example of a synoptic narrative. This
story, like many others of this type, can be hard to understand. There is a story on the
plaque about how Buddha was born as an elephant named Chaddanta. A visible clue
about how the medallion should be understood is that it has only decorative carving in the
middle, which is in the shape of a circle. Aside from that small visual clue, the artist doesn't
give much else to suggest the order.

Slide 8: Synoptic Narrative Drawing

Andromeda liberata da Perseo

"Andromeda liberata da Perseo" is a painting by the Italian artist Piero di Cosimo, created
in the late 15th century. It depicts the mythological scene in which Perseus rescues
Andromeda from a sea monster. Synoptic narrative art like Andromeda liberata da Perseo
depict one scene in one frame. As we look closely, they repeat characters to convey
multiple actions.

Slide 19: Panoramic Narrative Art

● Panoramic (panoptic) narrative art tells a sequential story using multiple scenes
to show multiple actions that took place during an event.

● Characters are not repeated.

Lastly, we have panoramic narrative art… /read description/

Note that the difference between sypnotic and panoramic is:

that in synoptic, the characters are repeated while in panoramic, there are no repeated
characters.

Slide 20: Panoramic Narrative Art

Siphnian Treasury North Frieze

One example of panoramic narrative art is The Siphnian Treasury at Delphi has four
marble friezes, one for each cardinal direction. These four friezes depict panoramic
narratives through the use of the carvings of the marble. The north frieze is an illustration
of a battle between the Olympic gods and the giants.

****
Again, there are 5 types of narrative art that represent a different way of how to present
the story behind each artwork. Now, let’s talk about appropriation, specifically, art
appropriation…/next slide/

Slide 21: Appropriation

● Appropriation in art and art history refers to the practice of artists using pre-existing
objects or images in their art with little transformation of the original.
● The borrowed elements may include images, forms, or styles from art history or
from popular culture, or materials and techniques from non-art contexts.
● Since the 1980s, the term has also referred more specifically to quoting the work of
another artist to create new work.
/just read the slide/

Slide 22: Appropriation

Appropriation may be carried out for various reasons:

● To pay respect or admire other art
● To create new meaning
● To challenge ideas about art or topics
● To learn style or technique
● To question the concept of originality or artistic tradition

/just read the slide/

Slide 23: History of Appropriation

● Appropriation can be traced back to the cubist collages and constructions of Pablo
Picasso and Georges Braque.

Script:
Picasso and Braque, among others, aimed to move away from the conventional,
illusionistic representation of objects and space in art. Instead, they sought to depict
objects from multiple perspectives simultaneously, breaking them down into geometric
forms.

Slide 24: History of Appropriation

The practice of appropriation was developed much further in the readymade created by
the French artist Marcel Duchamp in 1915. Most notorious of these was Fountain, a men’s
urinal signed, titled, and presented on a pedestal.
/read the slide/…

The term readymade was first used by French artist Marcel Duchamp to describe the
works of art he made from manufactured objects. It has since often been applied more
generally to artworks by other artists made in this way.

Slide 25: History of Appropriation

Later, surrealism also made extensive use of appropriation in collages and objects such as
Salvador Dalí’s Lobster Telephone.

/read the slide first/

Collage describes both the technique and the resulting work of art in which pieces of
paper, photographs, fabric, and other ephemera are arranged and stuck down onto a
supporting surface.

Lobster Telephone" is a quintessential example of a "found object" or "readymade" in the

spirit of artists like Marcel Duchamp. Dalí took an ordinary object, a telephone, and
combined it with an unrelated object, a lobster, creating a visually arresting and surreal
juxtaposition. This technique of using found objects or everyday items is a key element of
appropriation.

Slide 26: History of Appropriation

In the late 1950s appropriated images and objects appeared extensively in the work of
Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg and in pop art.
Script:
/read the slide first/

Artists like Johns and Rauschenberg sought to challenge traditional notions of art,
including the idea of the artist as a solitary creator and the importance of originality. They
used found objects and appropriated imagery to subvert these conventions and question
the traditional boundaries of art.

Slide 27: Cultural Appropriation

Art appropriation and cultural appropriation are connected by the use of borrowed
elements in artistic expression, but they differ in intent and implications.

What is Cultural Appropriation?

● The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures
and use them for their own benefit.
● It refers to the use of objects or elements of a non-dominant culture in a way that
doesn't respect their original meaning, give credit to their source, reinforce
stereotypes, or contribute to oppression.

/just read the slide/

Slide 28: Examples of Cultural Appropriation

● Wearing Native American Headdresses

● Dreadlocks on Non-Black Individuals
● Henna Tattoos
● Kimonos and Traditional Asian Clothing
● Bindis and Cultural Festivals

/read the slide first/

It's important to note that cultural appropriation is a sensitive issue, and its impact can vary
based on context and intent. Recognizing and respecting the cultural origins and
significance of elements is a key step in addressing concerns related to cultural
appropriation.

Slide 29: Borrowing

BORROWING is an understanding of Appropriation that the concept of a new work

re-contextualizes whatever it borrows to create the new work.

“Appropriation is not just copying as it is CONSCIOUSLY trying to communicate through

borrowing.”

/read the slide first/

It requires an awareness of the original source's significance and a purposeful intention to

convey something different or additional through the act of borrowing.

Slide 30: Borrowing

"The Pioneer" by Frederick McCubbin (1904)

"The Immigrants" by Anne Zahalka (1982)

One of the most iconic concepts of borrowing is "The Pioneer" by Frederick McCubbin and
"The Immigrants" by Anne Zahalka. As seen, there is an observable similarity in the style
of art. However, these arts have different meanings and stories.

"The Pioneer" by Frederick McCubbin (1904): "The Pioneer" is a famous Australian

painting that depicts a man and woman standing in front of their modest homestead. It's
seen as an iconic work of Australian art, symbolizing the hardships and challenges faced
by early European settlers in Australia.
"The Immigrants" by Anne Zahalka (1982): Anne Zahalka's "The Immigrants" is a
contemporary Australian artwork that is part of a photographic series. The series
examines the theme of cultural diversity in Australia, showing different immigrant groups
and their cultural traditions.

Slide 31: Ownership

● Appropriation art raises questions of originality, authenticity, and authorship.

● Copyright law and moral rights law are made to protect the ownership of the artist.

Copyright
- is a legal right of an artist which protects their work from being copied or
plagiarized without consent.
- The Copyright Act of 1968 prohibits anyone from copying or recreating the work of
another artist without permission or consent to do so.

Moral Rights
- Moral rights enable the artists to still exercise power over what happens to their
artwork.
- If an artist sells their artwork, regardless of whether copyright has been passed
down or not, artists can still prevent their work from being altered in a way that may
damage the integrity of the artist.

/just read the slide/

Slide 32: Example of Copyright Issue

Script:
Taylor Swift's re-releasing of her albums is primarily an example of exercising her
copyright. When an artist re-releases their albums, they are typically doing so under their
legal rights to the music they've created. In this case, Taylor Swift is re-recording and
re-releasing her earlier albums to regain control and ownership of her music after a
dispute with her former record label, which involved ownership and control of her master
recordings.

This is a copyright issue, as it pertains to the legal rights to the original music
compositions and recordings.

Slide 33: Moral Right Issue

Tilted Arc by Richard Serra

Script:
"Tilted Arc" was a large, site-specific sculpture installed in the Federal Plaza in New York
City in 1981. The sculpture, a massive, curving wall of steel, was designed to alter the
plaza's spatial dynamics.

The controversy surrounding "Tilted Arc" was not about copyright but rather a moral rights
issue. The sculpture received strong backlash from government officials and many people
working in the area who found it disruptive and felt it negatively impacted the use of the
space

Richard Serra argued that the removal of "Tilted Arc" violated his moral rights as an artist.

Slide 34: Exemptions

FAIR USE EXEMPTION

There are several types of fair use that allow an artist to use another's copyrighted work
such as parody, news reporting, and research.

Courts have laid out four things to consider when determining whether an artwork falls
under the fair use exemption:
1. Commercial use
2. Nature of the work
3. Amount in use
4. Effect on the market

/in this part, it’s your choice if lalagay mo pa description ng mga 4 na namention or you’ll
just read ti as a script./

1. COMMERCIAL USE - court consider whether the appropriation of the artwork creates
commercial benefits for the new art
2. NATURE OF THE WORK - courts consider the new work
3. AMOUNT IN USE - the amount of the original artwork that is used in the appropriation
piece is also considered
4. EFFECT ON THE MARKET - this factor looks at how the new artwork affects the
original work's market value

Slide 35: COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT

How to avoid Copyright Infringement Online (Sibanda, 2016)

1. Always assume that the work is copyrighted
2. Do not copy, share, or alter without seeking permission
3. Review and retain licensing agreements
4. Have an intellectual property (IP) policy for your business
5. Talk to your lawyer

/just read the slide/

Slide 36: THANK YOU PAGE

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

** this is the last page for discussion.

Slide 37: REFERENCES

Cawaling, L. B. (2019). Art and Appropriation. Slideshare.net.

https://www.slideshare.net/cawalingLUCE/art-and-appropriation
Dale, J. (2019, November 20). Painters Are Telling New Stories - Figure Ground Art
Review - Medium. Medium; Figure Ground Art Review.
https://medium.com/figure-ground-art-review/painters-are-telling-new-stories-2
34d06506275#
Garcia, K., & Przybylek, S. (2022). Narrative Art | Definition, Types & Examples -
Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com. Study.com.
https://study.com/learn/lesson/narrative-art-history-paintings-artists.html
Hoakley. (2016, June 2). The Story in Paintings: Modes of painted narrative. The
Eclectic Light Company; The Eclectic Light Company.
https://eclecticlight.co/2016/06/02/the-story-in-paintings-modes-of-painted-nar
rative/
Kim. (2017, October 24). Robert Rauschenberg & Jaspar Johns: The beginnings of
Pop art... - Eclectic Design. Eclectic Design.
https://liberaleclectic.com.au/robert-rauschenberg-jaspar-johns-beginnings-po
p-art/
‌Lee, P. (2016). What is Narrative Art ? | Widewalls. Widewalls.ch.
https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/what-is-narrative-art
Meyer, I. (2022, May 31). “Fountain” by Marcel Duchamp - Duchamp’s Controversial
Urinal Art. Art in Context. https://artincontext.org/fountain-by-marcel-duchamp/
National Gallery of Victoria. (2023). Frederick McCubbin The pioneer 1904 | NGV.
Vic.gov.au. https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/frederick-mccubbin-the-pioneer-1904/
Sibanda, M. (2016). 5 Tips to Avoid Copyright Infringement Online –
MawereSibanda Commercial Lawyers. Maweresibanda.co.zw.
https://www.maweresibanda.co.zw/5-tips-to-avoid-copyright-infringement-onlin
e/
Tate. (2017). Appropriation | Tate. Tate.
https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/appropriation

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