Progress Report Summer

Following tasks were assigned for summer:

Task 1: Make research proposal

Task2: Propose a new auxetic structure

Task3: Topology Optimization of new structure

Task4: FDM modelling of samples

1 Research Proposal:
The research proposal was made and submitted.

2 Proposing a new structure

Following five new structures are made:

1
2.1 Methodology:
2.1.1 Validation of FEA model
First of all the results of a FEA model of auxetic honeycomb structure was made and its results
was validated from literature. FEA model was made keeping all the dimensions similar to literature
model, and using mesh type of Shell quad dominated. Figure 1 shows the results of our model and
figure 2 shows the results of model found in literature. It can be seen that both results are matching
perfectly. So now we have got the validated model in which alterations can be made to find new
structure.

3.00

2.50

2.00
Stress

1.50

1.00 auxetic
shell
0.50

0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60

Strain

2
The Figure shows that the deformation shape of our model and literature model is also exactly
similar.

2.1.2 New structures

2.1.2.1 Structure New12:

In this structures the vertical struts of auxetic structure were tilted as angle of ---- and its effect of
load bearing was studied which can be seen in figure. It can be seen from figure that the maximum
compressive strength of new12 structure is more than the auxetuc structure. Moreover, it can also
be seen from Table that the energy absorbed by new 12 structure is also more than auxetic
structure.

3
 4.50
4.00
auxetic
3.50
shell
3.00
Stresss

2.50
2.00
1.50 new
1.00 12
shell
0.50
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

2.1.2.2 Structure 2
In this structures the vertical struts of auxetic structure were made curved and its effect on the
mechanical properties of structure were studied. It can be seen from figure that the maximum
compressive strength of 2 structure is more than the auxetuc structure. Moreover, it can also be
seen from Table that the energy absorbed by 2 structure is also more than auxetic structure.

4
 4.50

4.00
auxetic
3.50 shell
3.00

2.50
Stress

2.00

1.50
2 shell
1.00

0.50

0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

2.1.2.3 Structure 14
In this structures the curved struts of structure 2 were modified in such a way that the structure
will collapse towards the centre. This can be used to imparts variable poison ratio to the structures
i.e. negative poisson ratio can be intentionally increased at some points in the structure.

It can be seen from figure that the maximum compressive decreases however energy absorbed
improves.

5
 4.5

3.5
2
3
shell
2.5
Stress

1.5
14
1 shell

0.5

0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

2.1.2.4 Structure 20
In this structures the vertical struts of auxetic structure were made V shaped and its effect on the
mechanical properties of structure were studied. It can be seen from figure that the maximum
compressive strength of 2 structure is more than the auxetuc structure. Moreover, it can also be
seen from Table that the energy absorbed by 2 structure is also more than auxetic structure.

6
 5.00

4.50

4.00
auxetic
3.50
shell
3.00
Stress

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 20
shell
0.50

0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

The similar concept of structure 14 was applied on 20 and it was found that compressive strength
and energy absorption decrease a little but –ve poisson ratio improves.

7
 5

4.5

4
20
3.5 shell
3
Stress

2.5

1.5
21
1 shell

0.5

0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

2.1.2.5 61F structure

This structure was made by the combining two 20 type structures in horizontal and vertical
direction as shown in figure:

8
It can be seen in the figure that its compressive strength as well as energy absorption increases
very significantly.

9
 8.00

7.00
auxe
tic
6.00 shell

5.00
Stress

4.00
61f
shell
3.00

2.00

1.00
20
0.00 shell
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

2.1.2.6 40f structure

This structure was made getting motivation from chiral type of auxetic structures in which internal
rotational effects cause the structure to behave auxetic. The structure is designed in such a way
that internal rotation effects cause the structure to collapse in inward direction.

10
It can be seen in the figure that its compressive strength, auxeticity as well as energy absorption
increases very significantly.

11
 8.00

7.00 auxetic
shell
6.00

5.00
Stress

4.00

3.00

2.00 40f
shell
1.00

0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

3 Topology Optimization
Two types of topology optimization techniques were used in this research:

1) Sizing optimization
2) Shape optimization

3.1 Sizing Optimization

This technique can only be applied to shell type of elements. Mostly this technique is used to
improve the stiffness. In this research sizing optimization was applied to all the above mentioned
structures to improve their mechanical properties.

3.1.1 Methodology for sizing optimization

All the structure was selected as design space for sizing optimization. Strain energy and volume
were the design responses applied. The objective function was to minimize the strain energy which
will result to increase the stiffness. The constraint was applied on volume i.e. the volume should
remain unchanged. Concluding, the optimization task assigned to software was to increase the
stiffness of structure keeping its volume unchanged.

12
So the software increase the thickness of some elements and in turn decrease the thickness of other
elements as shown in figure- such that the stiffness of structure improves.

After that the optimized stiffness values were used and the loading was applied similar to the un
optimized model and the results were compared.

13
3.1.2 Results of sizing optimization

3.1.2.1 Auxetic Honeycomb

3.00

2.50
auxetic
2.00 shell
Stress

1.50
auxetic
sizing
1.00

0.50

0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

14
3.1.2.2 New 12

4.5
new 12
4
shell
3.5
3
new12
Stress

2.5
sizing
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

3.1.2.3 Structure 2

4.5
4 2 shell
3.5
3
Stress

2.5
2 sizing
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

15
3.1.2.4 Structure 14

3.5

3
14 shell
2.5

2
Stress

1.5
14
1 sizing

0.5

0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

3.1.2.5 Structure 20

5
4.5
4
20 shell
3.5
3
Stress

2.5
20 sizing
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

16
3.1.2.6 Structure 21

3.5

3
21
2.5 shell
2
Stress

21
1.5 sizin
g
1

0.5

0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

3.1.2.7 Structure 61f

7
61f
6 shell
5
Stress

4 61f
sizzi
3
ng
2

0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

17
3.1.2.8 Structure 40f

5 40f shell
Stress

3 40f
sizing
2

0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

3.2 Shape optimization

This technique is used to decrease the stress concentration of solid structures. In shape optimization
process the software add material at that point where stress is maximum and removes from that
place where stress is less.

3.2.1 Methodology used for shape optimization

As shape optimization can only be applied to the solid models. It cannot be applied to shell
elements. Therefore first of all the validated solid model of all the structures is required. So, all the
above mentioned structures were made 3d deformable and the meshing used was hex dominated.

3.2.1.1 Mesh convergence

For the comparison of results with shell elements to check the improvement in mechanical
properties by shape optimization mesh convergence of hexagonal elements was carried out. Whose
results are shown in figure.

18
 Mesh convergence hexagonal elements
0.4

0.35

0.3

Stress 0.25

0.2 0.46

0.15 0.45

0.1 0.44

0.05

0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
Strain

Comparison of Shell and hexagonal elements

0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
shell
Stress

0.2
hexa
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Strain

Afterwards this converged mesh was used to perform shape optimization of all the structures. Once
the shape optimization results are obtained the orphan mesh of shape optimized structure was
imported again as abaqus input file and 20mm displacement was applied to compare the results
with un-optimized structures. The shape optimized shape of auxetic honeycomb structure is shown
in comparison with un-optimized shape.

19
3.2.2 Results of shape optimization

3.2.2.1 Auxetic honeycomb

6
auxetic 3d
5

4
auxetic
Stress

3 shape

0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

20
3.2.2.2 Structure new12

7
new
12
6 3d
5
Stress

3
NEW
2 12
1
SHA
PE
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

3.2.2.3 Structure 2

6 2 3d

4
Stress

2 2
shap
1 e
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

21
3.2.2.4 Structure 14

5
14
3d
4
Stress

2
14
1
shap
e
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

3.2.2.5 Structure 20

5
20
3d
4
Stress

2
20
1
shap
e
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

22
3.2.2.6 Structure 21

4.5
4 21
3.5 shap
3 e
Stress

2.5
2
1.5
21
1 3d
0.5
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

3.2.2.7 Structure 40f

9
8 40f
7 3d
6
Stress

5
4
3
40f
2 shap
1 e
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

23
3.2.2.8 Structure 61f

12

10
61f
3d
8
Stress

4
61f
2
shap
e
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60
Strain

24