1B Place value in Hindu-Arabic numbers seusion ‘The commonly used number system today, called the decimal system or base 10, is also called the Hindu-Arabie number system. Like the Babylonian system, the value of the digit depends on its place in the number, but only one digit is used in each position. A digit for zero is also used. The decimal system originated in ancient India about 3000 sce and spread throughout Europe through trade and Arabic texts, ‘over the next 4000 years. cy a a Let's start: Largest and smallest Without using decimal points, repeated digits or a zero (0) at the start of a number, see if you can use all the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 to write down + the largest possible number * the smallest possible number. Can you explain why your numbers are, in fact, the largest or smallest possible? The Hindu-Arabic or decimal system uses base 10. This means powers of 10 (1, 10 or 10', 100 or 102, 1000 or 10”, ..) are used to determine the place value of a digit in a number. Ml The symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are called digits. PA i Cy = > CF m3 The value of each digit depends on its place in the number. The place value of the digit 2 in the number 126, for example, is 20. HM 3x 1000 +2 x 100 +5 x 10-+4 x I (or 3 10° +2 x 10° +5 x 10! + 4 x 1) is said to be the expanded form of the basic numeral 3254. thousands hundreds tens ones ee a ‘expanded form Symbols used to compare numbers include the following. + = (isequal to) l4+3=4 or 10-7=3 + # (isnot equalto) 14345 or 11 +38 #50 + > (is greater than) S>4 or 100>37 + > (is greater than or equal to) S24 o = 434 + < (isless than) 4<5 or 13-< 26 +S (isless than or equal to) 45 o 44 + & or © (is approximately equal to) 402 4 or 8997 = 9000@ Cee Write down the place value of the digit 4 in each of these numbers. a 437 b 543910 SOLUTION EXPLANATION a 4x 100=400 4 is worth 4 x 100, 3 is worth 3 x 10 Tis worth 7 x 1 b 4x 10000 = 40000 5 is worth 5 x 100000 4is worth 4 x 10000 3 is worth 3 x 1000 9 is worth 9 x 100 Vis worth 1 x 10 F “Example? Write 517 in expanded form. SOLUTION EXPLANATION 517 =5x 100+1x104+7x1 ‘Write each digit separately and multiply by the appropriate power of 10. Exercise 1B revision TEE 1-5,6-704) 06,8 1 Complete the following: a 10'=_ b 1=__ c 10 = 2. Write down these numbers using digits. two hundred and sixty-three b seven thousand four hundred and twenty-one © thirty-six thousand and fifteen done hundred thousand and one 3 Which symbol (next to the capital letters) matches the given words? A= B# c > o> BE< Fos Ge Hos a isnot equal to bis tess than © is greater than or equal to dis equal to @ is greater than fis less than or equal to 9 is approximately equal to 4 Write down the value of the digit 7 in each of these numbers. a 37 b71 c 379 a 704 e 1712 f 7001 g 45720 h 170966 5 Write down the value of the digit 2 in each of these numbers. a 126 b 2143 c 91214 d 12688046 State whether each of these statements is true or false. a 5>4 b 6=10 6 9#99 a) 1-12 e 2<1I f 126 < 126 9 19>20 h 138 > 137 i 13=143 j 15+7=224+5 kk 16-8=8-16 1 10=1+24+344 ‘tans 7 Write these numbers in expanded form, fal 17 b 281 6 935 d 20 e 4491 #2003 9 10001 h 55555 8 Write these numbers, given in expanded form, as a basic numeral. a 3x100+4x10+7x1 b 9x 100044 x 100+1x10+6x1 © 7x 1000+2x 10 d 6x 100000+3x1 @ 4x 1000000 + 3 x 10000 +7 x 100 1 9 x 10000000 +3 x 1000 +2 x 10 PROBLEM-SOLVIN IND REASONING 9,12 9.10.12 10413 9 Arrange these numbers from smallest to largest. a 55,45, 54, 44 b 729, 29, 92, 927, 279 © 23,951, 136, 4 d 435, 453, 534, 345, 543, 354 e 12345, $4321, 34512, 31254 f 1010, 1001, 10001, 1100, 10100 10 How many numbers can be made using the given digits? Digits are not allowed to be used more than once and all digits must be used. a 2,8and9 b 1,6and7 © 2,5, 6and7 Tt Three different digits, not including zero, are chosen. How many numbers can be formed from these three digits if the digits are allowed to be used more than once? 12 The letters used here represent the digits of a number. Write cach one in expanded form. a ab b abed © 00004 13. By considering some of the other number systems (Egyptian, Babylonian or Roman) explained in the previous section, describe the main advantages of the Hindu-Arabie system, : an Large numbers and expanded form 14 Itis convenient to write very large numbers in expanded form with index notation, Here is an example. 50000000 = 5 x 10000000 = 5 x 107 Explain why it is convenient to write large numbers in this type of expanded form. b 3200 can also be written in the form 32 x 10°. All the non-zero digits are written down and then multiplied by a power of 10. Similarly, write each of these numbers in the same way. i 4100 ii 370000 iii 21770000 © Write each of these numbers as basic numerals. oor i 381x 10 ii 7204 x 10° iii 1028 x 10° : 4 Write each of these numbers in expanded form, just as you did in the examples above. Research them if you do not know what they are, iT million ii 1 billion iii 1 willion iv 1 googol V1 googolplex1C Adding and subtracting positive integers The process of finding the total value of two or more numbers is called addition. The words ‘plus’, ‘add’ and ‘sum’ are also used to describe addition. F- ‘The process for finding the difference between two numbers is called subtraction, The words ‘minus’, BE@\ ‘subtract’ and ‘take away” are also used to describe subtraction. a Let’s start: Your mental strategy Many problems that involve addition and subtraction can be solved mentally without the use of a calculator or complicated written working. Consider 98 + 22 - 31 + 29 How would you work this out? What are the different ways it could be done mentally? Explain your method. @ The symbol + is used to show addition or find a sum. +3 For example: 4 +3 =7 INN eee 345678 Matb=b+a + This is the commutative law for addition, meaning that the order does not matter, For example: 4+3=3+4 ry 3S o = > a x Matb+o=atbtc * This is called the associative law for addition, meaning it does not matter which pair is added first. For example: 4 + (11 +3) = (4411) +3 I The symbol — is used to show subtraction or find a difference. Ea For example: 7-2 =5 aN zp te go O78 Ho a—b#£b—a(in general) For example: 4-3 #3-4 @ a— (b- 0) # (a— b) ~ cin general) For example: 8 ~ (4 ~ 2) # (8-4) -2 ‘@ Mental addition and subtraction can be done using different strategies. + Partitioning (Grouping digits in the same position) For example: 171 + 23 = 100 + (70 + 20) + (1 + 3) = 194 + Compensating (Making a 10, 100 etc. and then adjusting or compensating by adding or subtracting) For example: 46 + 9 = 46 + 10-1 =55 + Doubling or halving (Making a double or half and then adjusting with addition or subtraction) For example: 75 + 78 124 - 61 = 124- 6241 = 6241 = 63Use the suggested strategy to mentally work out the answer. a 132+ 156 (partitioning) b 25 + 19 (compensating) ¢ 56 — 18 (compensating) d- 35 + 36 (doubling or halving) SOLUTION EXPLANATION a 132+ 156 = 288 100 + 30 +2 100 + 50 +6 200 + 80 +8 b 254+ 19=44 25 + I! +2-1 45-1 =4 © 56- 18= 38 56 — 18 = 56- 20+2 3642 38 d 35436=71 35+ 36= 354 3541 70+1 7m Exercise 1C 1-5, 6-10(%) 511036) 6-110), 1 Write the word addition or subtraction for each of the following. a Whatis the sum of 6 and 8? | What number is 6 less than 8? © What number is six more than eight? d What is the difference between 6 and 8? 2 Write the number which is: a 3more than 7 b 58 more than 11 © less than 19) d 137 less than 157 3. a Find the sum of each pair of numbers. i 2and6 19 and 8 iii 62.and 70 b_ Find the difference between each pair of numbers. i Wands fi 29and 13 iii 101 and 93 4 State whether each of these statements is true or false. a 443>6 b 11419330 c 13-9<8 d 26-15<10 e@ 147-434 f 50-214+6<35 5. Give the result for each of these computations. 7 plus 11 22 minus 3 the sum of 11 and 21 128 add 12 36 take away 15 the difference between 13 and 4Sxampis ts Mentally find the answers to these sums. Hint: Use the partitioning strategy. a 23441 b 71426 © 138 +441 d 246 + 502 e 937+11 f 1304 + 4293 g 140273 + 238410 hh 390447 + 201132 i 100001 + 101010 7 Mentally find the answers to these differences. Hint: Use the partitioning strategy. a 29-18 b 57-21 © 249-137 @ 1045 - 1041 e 4396 — 1285, f 10101 - 100 Erampiet 8 Mentally find the answers to these sums. Hint: Use the compensating strategy. a 15+9 b 644i1 6 19+76 d 18+ 115 e 31 +136 f 245 +52 9 Mentally find the answers to these differences. Hint: Use the compensating strategy. a 35-11 b 45-19 © 156-48 d 244-22 @ 376-59 f 5216-199 tzampie 10 Mentally find the answers to these sums and differences. Hint: Use the doubling or halving strategy. a 25+26 b 65 +63 © 1214123 @ 240-121 e 482-240 f 1006 - 504 11 Mentally find the answers to these computations. a i+18-17 b 37-1949 © 101-15+21 d 136+ 12-15 e 28-10-9+5 f 39+71-10-10 g 1010-11 421-1 ho 5-742 i 10-25+18 PROBLEM-SOLVING AND REASONING 13, 13,14, 18.19 15-17,18-21 12 Gary worked 7 hours on Monday, 5 hours on Tuesday, 13 hours on Wednesday, 11 hours on ‘Thursday and 2 hours on Friday. What is the total number of hours that Gary worked during, the week? 13 In a batting innings, Phil hit 126 runs and Mario hit 19 runs. How many more runs did Phil hit compared to Mario? 14 A farmer reduced his cattle numbers from 86 to 54, How many cows were taken away? 15 Bag A has 18 marbles and bag B has 7 fewer marbles than bag A. What is the total number of marbles? 16 Matt has 36 cards and Andy has 35 is than Matt, If they combine their cards, how many do they have in total? more ca17 Each side on a magic triangle adds up to the same number, as shown in this example with a sum of 12 on each side. 12 a Place each of the digits from 1 to 6 in a magic triangle with three digits along each side so that each side adds up to the given number. i9 ii 10 b Place each of the digits from 1 to 9 in a magic triangle with four digits along, each side so that each side adds up to the given number. i 20 i 23 18 a The mental strategy of partitioning is easy to apply for 23 + 54 but harder for 23 + 59. Explain why. b- The mental strategy of partitioning is easy to apply for 158 — 46 but harder for 151 — 46. Explain why. 19 Complete these number sentences if the letters a, b and ¢ represent numbers. a at+b=csoc-_=a bo a+c=bsob-a=_ 20 This magic triangle uses the digits 1 to 6 and has each side adding to the same total This example shows a side total of 9. a How many different side totals are possible using the same digits? b Explain your method. 21 The sum of two numbers is 87 and their difference is 29, What are the two numbers? DL Magic squares 22 A magic square has every row, column and main diagonal adding to the 4| 9] 2 bs same number, called the magic sum. For example, this magic square has a magic sum of 15. 3] 5] 7 bis s} 1] 6 bis Find the magic sums for these squares, then fill in the missing numbers. pity Asis is is ceis a b e d 6 10 15 | 20 aa - 7\5 Wf} as 4 6 9 19 " B1D Algorithms for adding and subtracting s ‘To add or subtract larger numbers we can use a process called an algorithm, Adding can involve carrying a number fo the next column, whereas subtracting can involve trading from the next column, bee Let’s start: The missing digits should go in the empty boxes. Give reasons for your answers. Oso -104 94 + 192 349=12 426 1+2+1=4 the same column, place value ar + Add digits in the same column, starting on the right. + If the digits add to more than 9, carry the 10 to the next column. Hi Analgorithm is a procedure involving a number of steps. ry ® Addition algorithm For example: ot Arrange the numbers vertically so that the digits with similar 1234 442-6 Tog i 3 lH Subtraction algorithm For example: + Arrange the numbers vertically so that the digits with similar '2'59 9-2= place value are in the same column. = 182 15-8=7 ‘+ Subtract digits in the same column top-down and starting on the right. 77 = !—!=0 + If the digits subtract to less than 0, borrow a 1 from the next column to form an extra 10. Hi Calculators may be used to check your answers. Give the result for each of these sums. a 26 b 439 +66 41D SOLUTION EXPLANATION a6 Add the digits vertically. 266 6 + 6 = 12, so carry the 1 to the tens column. 9 5 Do 9+ 2.= 11, so carry a 1 to the tens column, eae 1+3+7=11,socarrya | to the hundreds 611 column.G Give the result for each of these differences. am b 3240 =15 2721 SOLUTION EXPLANATION a4 Trade I from 7 to make 14-5 =9 -15 Then subtract I from 6 (not 7). 59 324 0 Trade | from 4 to make 10 ~ 1 =9. b -2 1 2 4 Subtract 2 from 3 (not 4), Trade | from 3 to make 12 — 7 =5. Note that 2 — 2 = 0 and you do not need to show a 0 before the 5. Exercise 1D 41), 8 1 Mentally find the value of each of these sums. a 8+9 b 8744 C138 +6 d 99411 e@ 998+7 f 19+ 124 g 102+99 h 52+ 1053 2 Mentally find the value of each of these differences. a 13-5 b 36-9 c 75-8 d 100-16 e 37-22 f 104-12 9 46-17 h 1001 - 22 3. What is the missing digit in each of these computations? * 2? b 36 © 222 q 46 $3.1 +15 + 91 +05 sO sO 204 1d * 24 ee ee ie) h 1402 20 =48 - O1 = 623 12 Ds 81 809 eames) 4 Give the answer to each of these additions. Check your answers with a calculator. a 36 b 74 C17 a 47 +51 #25 #24 #39 e129 f 458 9 1041 h 3092 +97 +287 +882 +1988 5 Show your working to find the value of each of these sums. a 85 +76 b 131494 © 1732 +497 988 + 987 6 Give the result for each of these sums. = 17 b 126 else) d (2197 26 47 247 1204 $34 +19 +19 + 807 e 9464+ 24142749 f 1052+ 839474847 Find the answers to these subtractions. Check your answers with a calculator. a 54 b 85 c 46 d 94 @ =23 65 27 36 e@ 125 f 241 9 358 ho 491 -89 =129 279 419 8 Show your working to find the answer to each of these differences, a 32-16 b 124-77 © 613 - 128 d 1004 — 838 POE 9,10,14 10-12, 14.15 9 Farmer Green owns 287 sheep, farmer Brown owns 526 sheep and farmer Grey owns 1041 sheep. How many sheep are there in total? 10. A car's odometer shows 12138 kilometres at the start of a journey and 12714 kilometres at the end of the journey. What was the journey’s distance? 11 Two different schools have 871 and 950 students enrolled. a How many students are there in total? b Find the difference between the number of students in the schools. 12. Find the missing digits in these sums. 30 104 oo 453 he 7h) ¢ +047 O1 91 ones 13. Find the missing numbers in these differences: oO 205 3002 a-28 b -OsO0 e - 920 O4 1 Ores 14 a First work out the answer to these simple computations before doing part b. i 28+18-17 ii 36-19 +20 b For parti above, is it possible to work out 18 ~ 17 and then add this total to 28? © For parti above, is it possible to work out 19 + 20 and then subtract this total from 36? 4 Can you suggest a good mental strategy for part ii above that gives the correct answer? 15 @ What are the missing digits in this sum? b Explain why there is more than one possible set of missing numbers in the sum 203 given opposite. Give some examples. +000 421 16 The sum of two numbers is 978 and their difference is 74. What are the two numbers? 17 Make up some of your own problems like Question 16 and test them on a friend, CL More magic squares 18 Complete these magic squares. ¢ 62 | 67 | 60 » 101 14 65 106] |109) Ho] 113]103]102]116|1E Multiplying small positive integers The multiplication of two numbers represents a repeated addition. a For example, 4 x 2 Similarly, 4 x 2.could be ‘The product 4 x 4 involves 4 groups of 4, ===" could be thought of thought of as 2 groups which means the dots form a square. 4 x 4 BBL. 4 groups of 2 or of 4 or2x4or4 +4 ccan be read as “4 squared’ and written as 42, mee 2424242 The number 16 is a square number. g eo e 2x4 4x4 Let's start: What is wrong with these strategies? Three students explain their method for finding the answer to 124 x 8. + Billy says that you can do 124 x 10 to get 1240, then subtract 2 to get 1238. + Lea says that you halve 124 and 8 twice each to give 31 x 2 = 62. + Surai says that you multiply 8 by 4 to give 32, 8 by 2 to give 16 and 8 by | to give 8. She says the total is32 +16 +8 =56. Are any of the students correct and can you explain any errors in their thinking? I Finding the product of two numbers involves multiplication. We say “the product of 2 and 3 is 6°. Maxb=bxa For example: 2 x 3 = 3 x 2 + This is the commutative law for multiplication, meaning that the order does not matter. Ps 8 Co R= 7 Cc 4 M@ (axb)xXc=ax(bxc) — Forexample: (3 x 5) x 4=3x (5x 4) + This is the associative law for multiplication, meaning it does not matter which pair is multiplied first. HE The multiplication algorithm for multiplying by a single digit involves: + multiplying the single digit by each digit in the other number, For example: starting from the right B33) * carry and add any digits with a higher place value to the total ee ale 924x241 in the next column, HH Mental multiplication can be done using different strategies: + memorising the multiplication tables. Forexample:9x7=63 12x3=36 + using the commutative law by changing the order. For example, 43 x 2 might be thought of more easily as 2 groups of 43 or 2 x 43 + using the commutative and associative law by altering the For example: order if more than one number is being multiplied.When a number is multiplied by itself, itis said to be ‘squared’, axa=a For example: 5 x 5 = 5? = 25 ‘When the number 5 is squared, the result is 25. So the number 25 is a square number. ‘+ Using the distributive law by making a 10, 100 etc. and then adjusting by adding or subtracting. The distributive law is: aX (b +0) = (aX b) + (aX0) oa x (b ~ 6) = (aX) ~ (aX 0). This will be used more extensively in the algebra chapters, For example: 6x 21 Tx 18 = (7x 20) ~ (7x 2) 140 — 14 = 126 + Using the doubling and halving strategy by doubling one For example: ‘number and halving the other. 15x 18 =30x9 =270 + Using factors to split a number. For example: Ix 16=11x8x2 =88x2 =176 ry s o — > Cy E ‘Use a mental strategy to find the answer to each of these products. 1x6 (Ici <0 224 SOLUTION 1x 6=42 3x 13=39 4x29 = 116 5x 24 = 120 1x 14 = 98 12 = 12x 12 = 144 EXPLANATION 7 X 6 or 6 x 7 should be memorised (from multiplication tables). 3X 13 = (3 x 10) + (3 x 3) = 30 + 9 = 39 (The distributive law is being used.) 4x 29 = (4x 30) — (4 x 1) = 120 ~ 4 = 116 (The distributive law is being used.) 5X 24 = 10 x 12 = 120 (The doubling and halving strategy is being used.) 7x 14=7X7x2.= 49 x2 = 98 (Factors of 14 are used.) ‘This is read as “12 squared’, which means that 12 is multiplied by itself. ‘The number 144 is a square number.1 Give the result for each of these products. a 3x4 b 197x7 SOLUTION EXPLANATION fae 4xl=4 x4 4x3=12 124 b 54497 7x7 = 49 (carry the 4) a7 1x9 +4 = 67 (carry the 6) 379 Tx1+6=13 Exercise 1E CST 4-5(M),6, 704) 3, 4-506), 6, 7006), 8 480) Write the next three numbers in these patterns. * 44,7344 00. . Oe 1 TA Are these statements true or false? x4 b 2x5x ce 1xS=10x5 3x30+3x2 @ 5X18 f 21x4=2x42 9 19x7=20x7-19 h 39x4=40x4-1x4 i 64x4=128K8 ‘What is the missing digit in each of these products? a 21 b 36 6 76 a 402 xa m5 x2 Se “6 “1st 1 TT106 Using your knowledge of multiplication tables, give the answer to each of these products a 8x7 b 6x9 ¢ 12x4 ae e 6x12 1 7x5 g 12x9 ho 13x3 Find the results to these products mentally. Hint: Use the distributive law strategy — subtraction for ato d and addition for € to h. a 3x19 b 6x29 o 4x28 a 38x7 e 5x21 f 4x31 9 6x42 h 53x3 Find the answers to these products mentally. Hint: Use the double and halve strategy or split a number using its factors. a 4x24 b 3x18 6 6x16 d 24x3 Give the result of each of these products, using the multiplication algorithm, Check your results with a calculator, a 33 b 43 e 72 a 55 x2 x3 x6 x2 m 129 f 407 g9 526 h 3509 x2 x 7 x5 aa. 8 Find the answers to these products, showing your working, a 47x5 b 1391 x3 c 9x 425 d 7x 4170RE 9.10.14 10-12, 14,1504), 1113, 15,16 9 A circular race track is 240 metres long and Rory runs seven laps. How far does Rory run in total? 10 Eight tickets costing $33 each are purchased for a concert. What is the total cost of the tickets? 11 Reggie and Angelo combine their packs of cards. Reggie has five sets of 13 cards and Angelo has three sets of 17 cards. How many cards are there in total?” 12 Sala purchases some goods for a party and has $100 to spend. She selects eight bottles of drink for $2 each, 13 food packs at $6 each and 18 party hats at 50 cents each. Does she have enough money to pay for all the items? 13. Find the missing digits in these products. a 39 h 25 cS #13 2 x7 x O x O x oO 2003 125 O37 100 6 « 20 ' oo i 23 bl A i 7 x 9 x 5 x oO Us9 vec 11160 ea] 44 The commutative and associative laws for multiplication mean that numbers can be multiplied in any order. So (a X b) X c = (bX a) XC =bx (aX) numbers are multiplied first. In how many ways can 2 x 3 x 5 be calculated? __. where the brackets show which 15 Write each of the following as single products. For example: 5 x 8 + 5x 2=5 x 10 a 3x20+3x1 b 9x 50492 © 7xX30+7x2 d 5x 100-5x3 @ ax40-ax2 f ax 200+ax3 16 How many different ways can the two spaces be filled in this product? Explain why. 203 x 4 sO2 cescuen wy ii 17.18 Missing digits 17 Find all the missing digits in these products. a oo 120 3 x x 7 Os5:0 800 18 ‘The product of two numbers is 132 and their sum is 28. What are the wo numbers?