Computer Networks.

Raghu Rayanna.
 Agenda of this course.
• Introduction to Basic Networking Concepts.
• Interpret Line coding, error detection and correction
techniques and Random access protocols.
• Congestion control and resource allocation.
• Internetworking and describes the key elements of the IP.
• TCP protocol -UDP protocol and QoS.
 Data Communications
• Communication is sharing information. Local or Remote.
• Data is information presented in any form agreed upon
both parties.
• Data communication is exchange of data via transmission
medium like wired or wireless.
• Characteristics : Delivery , Accuracy, Timeliness and Jitter.
• Up-to-date timeline of these variations of UNIX
http://www.levenez.com/unix/history.html.
• Message : Information to be communicated.
• Sender : Device which sends the information.
• Receiver : Device Which receives the information.
• Transmission medium : Physical path like Wire , Wireless.
• Protocol : A set of rules that govern the data communication.

Data can be shared by different forms like Text , numbers ,audio and
video.
Data Flow
 Computer Networks
• A computer network is a group of computers/devices(Nodes) that
use a set of common communication protocols over digital
interconnections for the purpose of sharing resources provided by
the network nodes.
• The nodes of a computer network may include personal
computers, servers, networking hardware, or other specialized or
general-purpose hosts.
• The interconnections between nodes are formed from a broad
spectrum of telecommunication network technologies, based on
physically wired, optical, and wireless technologies.
• A communication protocol is a set of rules for exchanging
information over a network. physically wired, optical, and
wireless
 Computer Networks
• Network Criteria : Performance , Reliability, Security.
• Physical Structure :
– Type of Connection : Point to Point , MultiPoint.
– Topology : Mesh , Star , Bus , Ring.
• Network Types :
– Physical Structure : LAN and WAN(Point to Point , Switched WAN).
• Switched WAN is backbone of Global Communication.
• When two or more networks are connected, they make an internetwork, or
internet.
• The most notable internet is called the Internet (uppercase I ) and is composed
of thousands of interconnected networks.

– Switching : Circuit-Switched and Packet-Switched.

End of the class-1.
Class-2.
 History
• In 1969 ARPANET with four nodes connected with
Network Control Protocol software.
• In 1972 ,Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn started the Internetting
Project to connect dissimilar networks.
• In 1973 , Cref and Kahn’s published paper on TCP
included concepts like encapsulation , the datagram.
• In 1977 , TCP is split into two protocol TCP (Segmentation
, Reassembly and error detection) and IP (Datagram
Routing).
• In 1981 , Unix Operating System included the TCP/IP
protocol.
• In 1990 , WWW invented and helped to explosion of
Internet application.
 Standards and Administration
• Internet Standards.
– is a thoroughly tested specification that is useful to and
adhered to by those who work with the Internet.
– Internet Draft is working document.
– Recommended Draft will be published as RFC with
unique assigned number.
– Maturity Levels : Preposed Standard, Draft Standard ,Internet
Standard, Historic , Experimental and Informational.
– Requirement Levels : Required, Recommended, Elective, Limited
use, and Not recommended.
Standards and Administration
 Protocol Layering.
• Protocol defines the rules that both the sender and receiver
and all intermediate devices.

• For Complex communication , we need to divide the task

between different layers, in which case we need a protocol at
each layer, or protocol layering.
 Protocol Layering.
• Protocol layering enables us to divide a complex task into
several smaller and simpler tasks. Modularity.
 Protocol Layering.
• Protocol layering, helps in making intermediate system
simple.

• Is there any disadvantage to protocol layering?

• Principle of Protocol Layering.

– First Principle: Each layer should be able to perform two opposite
tasks.
– Second Principle : The two objects under each layer at both sites
should be identical.
 TCP/IP Protocol Suite.
• TCP/IP is a protocol suite (a set of protocols organized in
different layers) used in the Internet today.
• It is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules,
each of which provides a specific functionality.
Example
 Logical Connection.
• Using logical connections makes it easier for us to think
about the duty of each.
• Duty of top 3 layers end-to-end and other 2 layers is hop-to-
hop.
• The data unit created from each layer.
Objects in TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Second principle of protocol layering.
 Layers of TCP/IP
• Physical Layer : Carrying individual bits. Electrical or optical signals
via transmission medium.
• Data-link Layer : Responsible for taking the datagram and moving it
across the links(LANS and WANS) decided by Router. Datagram to
Frames.
• Network Layer : Responsible for creating a connection between the
source computer and the destination computer. Host-to-Host
Communication. IP protocol defines format of packet and structure of
address in this layer. Supporting protocol like ICMP , DHCP and ARP.
• Transport Layer : Responsible for giving services to the application
layer. Different protocol for different application programs. TCP main
protocol , Connection-oriented and establishes logical connection. Flow
control , error control and congestion control.
• Application Layer : Responsible for managing ccommunication
between two application/processes (two programs running at this layer).
HTTP for accessing web. SMTP for mails.
End of the class-2.
Class-3.
 Encapsulation and Decapsulation.
• Most important process in protocol layering.
• Encapsulation in the source host, Decapsulation in the destination
host.
• No encapsulation/decapsulation occurs in this device except in
Routers.
• At application layer message no header and passed to Transport
layer.
• Transport layer takes as payload adds header with information of
source and destination program details. Also adds details needed
for Flow, Error and Congestion Control.
• Transport layer packet is called as segment (in TCP) and the user
datagram (in UDP)
Encapsulation and Decapsulation.
 Encapsulation and Decapsulation.
• Network layer takes as payload adds header with information of
source and destination hosts details. Also adds details needed for
Error checking and fragmentation information.
• The network layer packet is called datagram.
• Data-link layer takes as payload and adds header with link-layer
addresses of the host or the next hop (the router). Link-layer
packet is called as frame.
• Decapsulation and Encapsulation at the Router. Only inspects the
source and destination in forwarding table to find next hop to
which it needs to be delivered.
• The contents of the datagram will be changed only if need to
fragment the datagram.

• Decapsulation at the destination host.

 Addressing
• Any communication that involves two parties needs two addresses: source
address and destination address.
• Physical layer doesn't need addresses; since the data exchange at the physical
layer is a bit.
• Names(some.org) → Port number of application (443/80) → Network address
of global scope → MAC (defines a specific host or router in a network).
defines a specific host or router in a
network
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing.
• Since the TCP/IP protocol suite uses several protocols, we need
to have multiplexing at the source and demultiplexing at the
destination.
• For example, at transport layer, either UDP or TCP can accept a
message from several application-layer protocols.

defines a specific host or router in a

network
 OSI model.
• In 1970 ISO proposed Open Systems Interconnection(OSI)
model.
End of Class-3.