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Vanders Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function 13th Edition Widmaier Solutions Manual
Vanders Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function 13th Edition Widmaier Solutions Manual
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1. Describe the electric charge, mass, and location of the three major subatomic particles in an atom.
The electron has one unit of negative charge and revolves around the atomic nucleus in orbitals. The proton has one
unit of positive charge and is found in the nucleus. The neutron has no charge and is also found in the nucleus.
3. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of the three classes of essential chemical elements found in the
body.
The four major elements listed above account for 99.3% of the total atoms in the body. There are seven essential
mineral elements—calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and
sulfur (S). These are the most abundant substances dissolved in the body fluids. Most of the body's calcium and
phosphorus atoms make up the solid matrix of bone tissue. Thirteen other elements, called essential trace elements,
are present in extremely small quantities but are nevertheless essential for normal body functions, such as growth
and the blood's transport of oxygen.
4. How many covalent bonds can be formed by atoms of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen?
Carbon can form four, nitrogen three, oxygen two, and hydrogen one.
7. Draw the structures of an ionized carboxyl group and an ionized amino group.
Carboxyl: O
||
R—C—O–
Amino: H
|
R — N+ — H
|
H
12. What is the molar concentration of 80 g of glucose dissolved in sufficient water to make
2 L of solution?
Glucose has a molecular weight of 180. Eighty g of glucose is 80/180 = 0.44 mol/2 L. This is equivalent to 0.22
mol/L.
14. What effect does increasing the pH of a solution have upon the ionization of a carboxyl group? An amino
group?
Increasing the pH of a solution decreases the concentration of free hydrogen ion in that solution, and thus will favor
increasing the ionization of weak acids, such as a carboxyl group. It will decrease the ionization of weak bases, such
as an amino group.
19. Describe the linkages between amino acids that form polypeptide chains.
Vanders Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function 13th Edition Widmaier Solutions Man
Amino acids are linked together when the carboxyl group of one reacts with the amino group of another, forming a
peptide bond and releasing a molecule of water (dehydration). The carboxyl group of the second amino acid can react
with the amino group of a third, and so on, forming a polymer called a polypeptide.
21. What two factors determine the primary structure of apolypeptide chain?
The primary structure of a protein is determined by the number of amino acids in the chain and the specific type of
amino acid at each position along the chain.
22. Describe the types of interactions that determine the conformation of a polypeptide chain.
The conformation of a polypeptide is its three-dimensional shape. It is determined by (1) hydrogen bonds between
portions of the chain or with surrounding water molecules; (2) ionic bonds between polar and ionized regions along
the chain; (3) attraction between nonpolar (hydrophobic) regions; (4) covalent bonds, called disulfide bonds, between
the side chains of the amino acid cysteine (not all polypeptides have disulfide bonds); and (5) van der Waals
forces, which are very weak and transient electrical interactions between the orbiting electrons in the outer shells of
two atoms that are in close proximity to each other.
Hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen linked to the nitrogen in one peptide bond and the oxygen in another
occur at regular intervals along the chain and coil it into a helical shape (alpha helix). Hydrogen bonds between
peptide bonds running parallel to each other can force a straight structure called a beta pleated sheet.
Some proteins, called multimeric proteins, consist of more than one polypeptide chain.
263. Pur dianzi un giornale grave contrapponeva a giudizj da noi dati nella
presente opera, i giudizj portati da Lamartine nel Cours familier de
littérature; e un giornale leggero riproduceva questo parallelo,
applaudendovi.
269. Teme che la Russia ci mandi per Odessa i grani, sicchè i paesi d’Italia si
cambierebbero in deserti. Nuovo prospetto, tom. v. p. 127 e Filosofia
della statistica, tom. ii. p. 159.
270. «Il dazio sulle importazioni delle manifatture estere è ottimo finchè le
fabbriche nazionali bambine devono lottare colle estere adulte».
Filosofia della statistica, Arti e mestieri.
281. Nel 1874 si pronunziò una divisione fra gli economisti italiani: gli uni
volendo l’assoluta astensione dello Stato nelle ragioni economiche, gli
altri ammettendone, anzi credendone necessaria una moderata
ingerenza.
283. Messedaglia, Levi, Mora, Zanini, Boccardo, Leone Carpi, Luzzato, ecc.
285. Ora si sta eseguendo una nuova triangolazione di tutta la penisola, sotto
la presidenza del padre Secchi.
286. Il Governo italiano gli commise nel 1811 il più gran telescopio che
ancora si fosse veduto in Italia. Il fisico Gualtieri di Modena ne pretese il
merito, e ne fabbricò uno più grande, cioè di undici piedi di fuoco e nove
e mezzo d’apertura, che darà luce doppia di quello d’Herschel.
291. Accenniamo fra le sue scoperte quella del piccolo verme entro le perle
degli unio e degli anodonti, dalla cui molestia crede originata la preziosa
concrezione.
292. È curioso a notare che erano preti anche i più di quelli che, nel secolo
passato, ridestavano l’agricoltura in Toscana: il pievano Paoletti, il
parroco Landeschi, il preposto Lastri, gli abati Lupi, Lami, Manetti,
Giovan Gualberto Franceschi, l’arcidiacono Giuseppe Albizzi, il canonico
Zucchini, il monaco Soldani, e a tacer altri, il canonico Ubaldo
Montelatici che nel 1753 fondava l’accademia de’ Georgofili. Così
canonico era il Guasco agronomo piemontese, abati il Genovesi e lo
Scrofani e molti della Società patriotica a Milano.
293. L’uso dell’acqua come rimedio esterno è raccomandato anche dal Nessi
medico comasco (1741-1820), che diede un buon corso d’ostetricia.
295. Il bellunese Zanon pretende ora di saper dare solidità lapidea alle
sostanze animali, mentre Gorini crede poterne mantenere la morbidezza
e le altre qualità fisiche.
296. Alla confutazione che fino dal principio del secolo ne faceva il Moreschi,
professore d’anatomia a Bologna, è messa quest’epigrafe tolta dal
Menkenio, che proverebbe già da un pezzo conosciuta quella teoria:
Quis nescit nostris temporibus extitisse plures, qui novam quamdam
artem exploratoriam commenti, intimos mentis humanæ recessus
perreptarunt, et iræ, avaritiæ, cupiditatis nunc semiuncium, nunc assem
deprehendisse sibi visi sunt?
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