TOPIC 3: Federation and the Making of a Nation

• Road to Australian Federation Australia's journey towards federation was influenced by

several factors. One of the main factors was the need for a united defense against external threats.
The colonies of Australia felt that a federation would improve their security and protect their
interests. Economic reasons also played a role, as a unified Australia would promote trade and
facilitate economic growth. Other factors included a desire for a common currency, the need for a
national identity, and a belief in the benefits of stronger central governance.

Key figures and events played significant roles in the federation process. One such event was the
Tenterfield Oration in 1889, delivered by Sir Henry Parkes, which inspired enthusiasm for federation.
Another important figure was Edmund Barton, who became Australia's first Prime Minister after
federation. Other notable figures include Alfred Deakin, who played a key role in drafting the
Australian Constitution, and Sir Samuel Griffith, who was instrumental in shaping the constitutional
framework of the Commonwealth of Australia.

• The birth of a nation January 1, 1901, holds immense significance in Australian history as it
marks the birth of the nation. On this day, Australia officially became a federation, with the six
colonies - New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania
- coming together to form the Commonwealth of Australia. This event marked a milestone in
Australian history, transitioning from a collection of separate colonies to a united nation.-

• The Constitution and the formation of the Commonwealth of Australia The Australian
Constitution, drafted through a series of conventions, provided the legal framework for the
formation of the Commonwealth of Australia. It outlined the powers and responsibilities of the
federal government, the state governments, and the relationship between them. The Constitution
also established the High Court of Australia as the final authority on legal matters. The drafting and
subsequent approval of the Constitution were important steps towards the formation of the
Commonwealth of Australia.

• Early challenges and nation-building After federation, Australia faced several challenges as it
embarked on the journey of nation-building. Post-federation policies had varying impacts on
different groups within society. Indigenous Australians, for example, faced continued marginalization
and discrimination. However, efforts were made to address this by establishing the Aboriginal
Protection Board in some states. Other policies focused on immigration and nation-building,
promoting the ideals of a unified Australian identity.

Infrastructure development was a crucial aspect of nation-building. The establishment of the Trans-
Australian Railway, which connected Western Australia to the eastern states, played a significant
role in improving transportation and communication across the country. Economic development was
also a priority, with policies aimed at promoting industries such as agriculture, mining, and
manufacturing.

Society also underwent significant changes during this period. Australia saw an increase in
population through immigration, which brought with it cultural diversity and contributed to the
growth of cities. The establishment of key institutions, such as universities and cultural
organizations, fostered intellectual and artistic development.
MORE READING AT:

https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/history-of-parliament/federation/the-federation-of-
australia/

https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/articles/13327