Q 01) a.

Explain the need for proper airport drainage and the procedure to be
adopted for planning of airport drainage.

Ans. Proper airport drainage is crucial for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and durability
of airport infrastructure. Effective drainage systems are designed to manage and control
the flow of water, preventing issues such as ponding, flooding, erosion, and damage to
the pavement.
The primary reasons for implementing proper airport drainage include:
1. Safety: Standing water on runways can pose serious safety hazards for aircraft
during takeoff, landing, and taxiing. Proper drainage minimizes the risk of
hydroplaning and ensures optimal friction levels on the runway surface.
2. Infrastructure Protection: Excessive water accumulation can lead to pavement
deterioration and structural damage. Proper drainage helps protect the airport's
infrastructure, from erosion and other water-related damage.
3. Operational Efficiency: Adequate drainage systems contribute to the overall
efficiency of airport operations. It helps prevent delays and disruptions caused by
weather-related issues, ensuring smoother aircraft movements and minimizing
downtime.
4. Environmental Compliance: Effective drainage systems help manage and control
runoff, preventing the release of pollutants into nearby water bodies.

The planning of airport drainage involves several key steps and considerations:
1. Site Analysis: A comprehensive analysis of the airport site is essential to
understand the topography, soil conditions, climate, and existing drainage
patterns.
2. Hydraulic Analysis: Engineers conduct studies to determine the expected volume
and flow of water during various weather conditions. This analysis helps in sizing
drainage structures and selecting appropriate drainage solutions.
3. Runway Design: The design of runways must incorporate proper slopes to
facilitate water runoff. Crowned surfaces and well-designed cross slopes help
direct water to drainage systems.
4. Stormwater Management: Construction of detention basins, retention ponds, or
other stormwater management facilities helps control the volume and rate of
water runoff during heavy rainfall events.
5. Erosion Control: Measures such as grass cover, erosion control blankets, and
sediment basins are implemented to prevent soil erosion and maintain the
integrity of the drainage system.
6. Maintenance Planning: An effective drainage system requires regular inspection
and maintenance. Planning for ongoing maintenance ensures the durability and
functionality of the drainage infrastructure.
Q.01) b. Explain the various methods of surface drainage. Illustrate with suitable
sketches

Ans. Surface drainage is the process of removing excess water from the land surface
to prevent waterlogging and promote proper land use.
Several methods are employed for surface drainage, some of them are discussed
below:
1) Open Drains: Open drains can further be of three types:
a) Shallow Drains: These are only up to 300mm deep and can be created
with the help of a hand shovel. They help remove water from shallow
depressions and direct them to a larger drain or a stream.
b) Medium Drains: Such drains are between 300mm to a meter deep and are
created with the help of an excavator. These are typically V-shaped and
flat at the bottom and a gradient that is steep enough to help water flow
through quickly without damaging the drain walls or bottom.
c) Large Drains: Large open drains can be several meters deep and wide
and are created with the help of dragline excavators, bulldozers, or
scrapers and are capable of evacuating large volumes of water.
2) Humps and Hollows: This is a system where a surface is shaped into parallel
humps separated by hollows. This allows the humped shapes to shed excess
moisture into the hollows which double up as shallow surface drains. This type of
surface drainage is ideal for areas where tile drainage is not possible on account
of inadequate depth or fall of the soil
3) Levees: Levees are surface channels usually created on land with a gradient in
such a manner that the soil removed to create these forms a levee on the
downslope of these channels. This helps the surface runoff not build so much
velocity while flowing down a slope that it starts eroding the land.
4) Grassed Waterways: A grassed waterway is typically quite shallow and maybe
narrow to a few meters in width. These can be used to regulate drain outflaws
going down slopes, so as to cheaply prevent erosion.

Q.02) a. What is a jetty? and how does it differ from a wharf?

Ans. A jetty and a wharf are both structures built along the shoreline for maritime
purposes, but they serve different functions and have distinct characteristics.

Jetty: A jetty is typically a long, narrow structure made up of timber that extends from
the shore into a body of water, such as a river, harbor, or ocean.
The primary function of a jetty is to protect a coastline or harbor from the impact of
waves and currents. It helps in controlling sedimentation and maintains a navigable
channel. Jetty can sometimes also be used to load or unload cargo from small boats.

Wharf: A wharf is a platform or structure made up of stone and concrete built along the
shoreline to facilitate the berthing (docking) of ships for the purpose of loading and
unloading cargo or passengers. Wharves may also include facilities such as cranes,
warehouses, and storage areas to handle cargo.

Q.02 b) What is a transit shed? State the types of cargo which are required or
transit shed.

Ans. A transit shed is a facility commonly found in ports or transportation hubs where
goods are temporarily stored during the process of transportation and transition
between different modes of transportation. Transit sheds are particularly important for
efficient cargo handling and logistics. Following are the types of cargo that may be
stored or processed in a transit shed.
1. General Cargo: This category includes a wide range of non-specialized goods
such as machinery, equipment, and packaged goods.
2. Containerized Cargo: Transit sheds often play a crucial role in the handling of
containerized cargo. Containers can be temporarily stored or processed in these
facilities before being loaded onto or unloaded from ships, trucks, or trains.
3. Breakbulk Cargo: Breakbulk cargo refers to goods that are loaded individually
rather than in containers. This can include items like barrels, crates, or palletized
goods.
4. Bulk Cargo: Some transit sheds may handle bulk cargo, which is loose,
unpackaged cargo like grains, coat, or ore.
5. Perishable Goods: Transit sheds equipped with refrigeration facilities may handle
perishable goods such as fruits, vegetables, or other temperature-sensitive
products.