Production Technology of Marigold: mar1gold)

Botanical Name 1agetes erecta, (Afriçan Marigold), Tagetes patula (French

Family :Compositae
South America. It is introduce in
arigold (lagetes sp.) originated from Mexico and
most commonly grown flowers for garden
uia durin 1b century. Marigold is one of the
for making garlands for religious and social
decoratlon and extensively used as loose flowers on account of its easy cultivation and
Tunctions. It has gained popularity amongst the gardeners
adaptability. Its habit of free flowering, short duration to produce marketable flowers,
Wide good keeping quality has attracted the
shape, size and
Wiae spectrum of attractive colours,
attention of flower growers. in the
making garlands. They can be planted basket
for cut flowers, especially for
Marigolds are ideal suitable for hanging
mass display or grown in pots. The French Marigolds are
beds for high.
flowers during Dashara and Diwaliis very flowering. The
and edging. The demand for Marigold growth and
mild climate for luxuriant
Soil and Climate: Marigold requires above 35 C restrict
temperature range for its profuse growth is 15-30 C. Temperature
optimum In severe winter,
plants, which leads to reduction in flower size and number.
the growth of the
plants and flowers are damaged by frost. range of soil, as it is adopted in different soil type.
Marigold can be grown in a wide soil where as a rich well drained, moist soil
are best cultivated in light
French (Dwarf) marigold 7.5 is ideal for its
suited for African (Tall) marigold. Sandy loam soil with Ph 6.5to
are best
cultivation.
Varieties: CV-Pusa narangi, Pusa
African Marigold : Tall growing plant / big size flowers,
A) Happiness, Primrose, Fiesta.
basanti,Siracole, Yellow supreme, Hawai, Aapricot, India, Flame, Flashi,
small flowers, CV- Rusty red, Star of
B) French marigold: Dwarf plant with
Harmony, Gypsy
Propagation: By seed and cutting
Seed Rate: 1to 1.5 kg per ha crushed by
raising seedlings, well dried flowers are
Raising of Seedlings and Transplanting : For
bed during May - June and watered regularly.
hand and seeds are broadcasted on the raised seedlings
or a height of 10-15 cm then those
When seedlings will attend the age of one month
and fertilized bed.
are transplanted in well manured x 45 cm. and summer 60x30 cm or 30 x
30cm
Spacing: In rainy season 60x 60 cm,winter 60 hectare. Full
kg N + 80 kg P + 80 kg K per
Nutritional Requirements: 20 to 25 tones FYM + 125 monthly
transplanting in a three split dose at the
dose of nitrogen will be given after 20 days
interval.
and then one week after earthing
Pinching: Three weeks after transplanting earthing up is done followed for bushy growth of the
pinching is
up or 1 month after transplanting the seedlings, production of more number of
results into
plant and development of lateral branches. Pinching
flowers.
formation to harvesting of
Irrigation: Constant moisture supply be maintained from bud
flowers.
transplanting
Harvesting of Flowers: French Marigold starts flowering 1 to 1 V2 months after
seedlings. The plant continues
while African Marigold 2 and 2.5 months after transplanting of
harvest. For Garland stalk less
to bear flowers for another 2-2.5 months from the date of first
decoration also fully opened
fully opened flowers (loose flowers) are picked, white for vase
flowers with stalk are plucked.
 bundles
while flowers with stalk are bunched in
Loose flowers are packed in a bamboo basket, obtained.
market. From one plant near abOut 100 to 150 flowers are
dha transported to
Blooming duration is near about 3 months. can
will be 10-12 t/ha. and that of African marigold 12-18 t/ha.
TIeia: Yield of French marigold
be obtained.
Plant Protection: Insect and Pests : usually ocCur in
green to bluish-grev or black in colour. These Infected plants
Aphids-These are small insects portion by sucking the plant sap. attack. Control:
the apical growing control the
Clusters and damageunproductive. Spraying of insecticides can
become weak and dimethoate 0.03%, at 10-15 days
0.05%, Phosphamidon 0.02%, or
Spraying of monocrotophospopulation of the aphids.
interval helps to check the cause considerable damage to the foliage of
hoppers :- Leaf hoppers of leaves
appears as rolling and curling Control:
Hairy caterpillar and Leaf The symptom
during rainy season. African type.
the plant, particularly French marigold is more susceptible than controlled by
along with wilting of shoots. control the insects.The pest is effectively
the pest
insecticides can
Spraying of systemic parathion or quinalphos (0.05%) as soon as
methyl
two to three sprayings of
infestation is observed. The mites become
spinning creatures, red and brown in colour.
Red Spider Mites:- These
are leaves. The speckling,
flowering period. They suck the sap from the Control:- Spraying
active during the the leaves easily identify the attack.
discoloration and dusty appearance of of water is
(Dicofol) 1.5 ml/liter of water or Colonel-S 3 ml/liter
of miticides like kailthane
effective against the mites. the plant leaf
insect running lower surface of the leaf and sucking
Thrips: Small brown colour thrips, spraying twice 0.5
margin and leaf become browning and dry for the control of
from the interval.
(Confider)+1.5 ml Nuvacron after 10 day
to 1.0 ml Emidachloropid
Diseases :
rot(Phytophthora cryptogea):- The fungus affects the collar portions of the
Wilt and stem the
damping-off and is aggravated by soil moisture. In
plants. In nursery the infction resuls in
marigold and dwarf varieties are less susceptible
field the infected plants show wilting. French disease. Control:- The disease may be
whereas the African types are highly susceptible to the Metalaxyl.
Mancozeb,
controlled by soil treatment with 2% of Captan,
necrotic sports develop on leaves,
Leaf spot and blight (Alternaria, Cercospora sp.): Brown gets damaged and results in
which get enlarged at the later stage of infection. The entire foliage in
poor vegetative growth. Spraying of Mancozeb (1.5 g/litre of water) fungicides is helpful
controlling the disease.
parts
Powdery mildew : The symptoms are in the form of whitish powdery growth on the aerial
disease.
of the plant. Control:- Spraying sulfex (3g/litre of water) can effectively control the
Flower bud rot (Alternaria dianthi): The fungus infects the young flower buds. The infected
buds shrível and become dark brown in colour. The pathogen also infects leaves causing blight.
The infection is visible in the form of brown necrotic spots on margins and tips of older
leaves.Control: Spraying of mancozeb (2g/litre of water) effectively controls the flower bud and
leaf infections.
Damping off (Pythium sp.) :- The disease os most prevalent at the seedling stage. Necrotic
spots and rings develop on the young seedlings causing collapse of the seedlings. Considerable
loss is sustained if seedlings are not properly looked after. Control:- Soil sterilization by formalin
@ 2% before sowing and spraying of daithane Z-78 @ 2g/litre of water are effective in
controlling the disease.
 Production Technology of Tuberose

Common Names Nishigandha, Rajanigandha, Sword Lilly

Botanical name Polianthes tuberosa
Family Amaryllidaceae (Asparagaceae) and belong to the
family
native of Mexico
tuberosa), a plants and It
Tuberose (Polianthes important tropical bulbous ornamental
Amarylidaceae is one of the most
lasting fragrant cut spikes as well as
production of long
on commercial scale for
cultivated Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra,
Tamil
mainly grown in Karnataka,
looses florets. In India it is Assam etc. area about 339 thousand ha. decoration and
Rajasthan, U.P., West Bengal, flowers used for vase
important cut white colour.
one of the
Importance and Uses: It is
100 cm long bearing 10-20 flowers (florets) of sweet
75 to appearance,
bouquets. The flowers stalk is cut flowers due to its delightful
Veni and
are used as a are used for making
The spikes or tuberose quality. The individual florets
extraction of oil.
fragrance and good keeping it is suitable for pots, beds and for
Garlands. Besides the floral
decoration soils even in soil
grown successfully in a wide range of drainage is
Tuberose can be and sandy loam with good humidity
Soil and Climate: extent.The loam
to some moderate
affected by salinity or alkalinity bulbs. For luxurious growth of the crop
and
flowers and frost may damage the crops
best for production of high temperature or
essential. Very
with mild temperature is
is ideal.
pH range from 6.5-7.5
rekha,
Varieties:
flower- Prajwal, Shringar, Phule rajani, GKT-4 ,Rajat
1.Single Flowered-5 -6 petals per
double,
Arka Nirantra
/ flower- Suwasini, Baibhav, Swarn rekha, Culcutta
petals
2. Double - More than 10
Phulerajat.
variegated i.e. yellow on the margin
3. Variegated- The leaves are fragrant than double flowered and
usually preferred for
flowered varieties are more decoration and
*Single
and bouquet. While' doubles are preferably used for Vase
Gajara and Garlands
weight
bouquet. having a diameter of 1.5 to 2.0 cm and
Propagation: The tuberose is propagated by bulb 3
are planted per hill. For one year crop, only
above 30g. In single, 1,2,3 or a clump of bulbs quality of flowers. For a crop more than one
bulbs should be planted to get better, yields and be
should be planted. In doubles only two should
year duration. Only one or two bulb per hill crop.
for one year
planted
a spindle shaped bulb having
Selection of Planting Materials: Tuberose is propagated by bulb are selected from previous
average diameter of 1.5 to 2.0 cm and weighing 30gand above
and diseases.
year's crop. Those bulbs should be healthy and free of pests
tuberose which influences on
It has been observed that bulb weight is important factor in
started within 40
flowering. When a bulb having weight more than 30 g are used than flowering
inition. Bulbs with
days after germination, while 15 g required 50 days for flowering from plant
should be
10 g weight do not produce flowers even in 200-250 days. Before planting bulb
treated with 0.1 % Bavistin for 30 minutes.
Planting: For commercial crop, planting of bulb is usually done in March-April. For getting the
regular supply of flowers, planting of bulbs can also be done during May -June and September
October. Planting is done at the spacing of 30 x 20 cm for one year crop or 30 x 30 cm for
two year crops by using a bulb of 1:5 to 2.0 cm diameter with average weight of 20 - 30 g at a
depth of 5-7 cm.
Seed Rate:5-6 qbulb /ha. Or 1,60,000 to 2,50,000 bulbs/ ha as per spacing.
Nutrition Requirements: 20 tones FYM + 120 kg N+ 80 kg P20s + 80 kg K20. Full dose ol
FYM +Potash + Phosphorus along withhalf dose of nitrogen is given at the time of planting o
as a basal dose, while remaining dose of nitrogen is given in 3 time i.e. 30 days after planting
60 days after planting and 90 days after planting. supply for the
Irrigation: As the planting is done in summer, it requires adequate moisture should be
luxurious growth of the plant. After rains, proper frequencies of irrigations
maintained to keep the soil moist.
two purposes i) As a cut flowers Tor
Harvesting of Flowers: Tuberose flowers are harvested for
vase decoration and ii) As a loose flowers for Veni and Garlands.
decoration, then spikes are to be cut when tne
When the flowers are to be harvested for vase
after cutting the spike the base of spikes are
lower most 1-2 florets have opened. Immediately then
When the loose flowers are to be harvested,
immediately placed in a bucket full of water.
Each spike produces 16-20 florets out of this
fully developed opened florets, are plucked. there is no use. After the harvesting of flowers,
terminal 3-4 pairs of florets are very small and harvest of
cloth or in a gunny bag cloth after the
flowers are placed in shade in wet cotton
flowers the spike should be cut off.
tuberose starts flowering as per the bulb
Yield: In general 2-3 months after planting
peak period. Bulb once planted gives the
quality. Summer and rainy seasons are the tuberose crop produces 80 to 100 q
commercial yield up to 3 years. On an average
flowers/ha/year or 2.5 lakh to 4.50 lakh spike /ha/year.
Pests and Diseases:
considerable damage to the foliage of
Hairy caterpillar and Leaf hoppers :- Leaf hoppers cause
appears as rolling and curling of leaves
the plant, particularly during rainy season.The symptom African type. Control:
along with wilting of shoots. French marigold is more susceptible than controlled by
effectively
Spraying of systemic insecticides can control the insects.The pest is
pest
two to three sprayings of methyl parathion or quinalphos (0.05%) as soon as the
infestation is observed.
Red Spider Mites:- These are spinning creatures, red and brown in colour. The mites become
active during the flowering period. They suck the sap from the leaves. The speckling,
discoloration and dusty appearance of the leaves easily identify the attack. Control:- Spraying
of miticides like kailthane (Dicofol) 1.5 ml/liter of water or Colonel-s 3 ml/liter of water is
effective against the mites.
Thrips: Small brown colour insect running lower surface of the leaf and sucking the plant leaf
from the margin and leaf become browning and dry for the control of thrips, spraying twice 0.5
to 1.0 ml Emidachloropid (Confider) after 10 day interval.
Wilt and stem rot(Phytophthora cryptogea):- The fungus affects the collar portions of the
plants. In nursery the infction resuls indamping-off and is aggravated by soil moisture. In the
field the infected plants show wilting. French marigold and dwarf varieties are less susceptible
whereas the African types are highly susceptible to the disease. Control:- The disease may be
controlled by soil treatment with 2% of Captan, Mancozeb, Metalaxyl.
Leaf spot and blight (Alternaria, Cercospora sp.): Brown necrotic sports develop on leaves,
which get enlarged at the later stage of infection. The entire foliage gets damaged and
results in
poor vegetative growth. Spraying of Mancozeb (1.5 g/litre of water)or Blitox-50 fungicides @ 2
g/lit. of water is helpful in controlling the disease.

******
 Production technology of Gladiolus
: Iridaceae is
Botanical Name: Gladiolus tristis , Family Bulbous plants which
the important shapes,
Importance and Uses of Gladiolus: Gladiolus is one of with brilliant colours, attractive decoration. The
valuedin the gardens for its beautiful flower spikes. Flowersboth for garden and floral It is
sizes, excellent keeping quality. The gladiolus is ideal keeping quality of cut spike.pots.
varying and hence has a good bouquets and does wellin
florets open in sequence over alonger duration quality,
herbaceous border, for makingbeauty, glamour keeping
ideal as a cut flower, very good for beds, in its
Among the different bulbous plants, the gladiolus top the list Bulb". Flowers.
"Queen of Water logged,
shapes, hence it is called as Gladiolus cultivation.
various colours and shades, preferred for selected for
and Climate: Weil drained fertile loamy soil is
delay in growth of plants. Site
Soil hedge.
soil will result in decaying of corms as well as from stormy winds, by wind breaks or
heavy sticky protected
have a sunny situation for cut
gladiolus planting should in areas with moderate humidity. flowered varieties- preferred
size flowers Big
It produces bigger grouped under two groups
:A)
Varieties : Gladiolus varieties are
varieties
flowers and B) Small flowered
Varieties:
A) Big Flowered 2)Patrica
1) George mazne
4) Snow princess
3) Ratna butterfly
6) Black jack
5)Punjab Dan 8) Friendship
7) Cherry blossom
10) Melody
9)Candy men
11)White prosperity 12)Agni - Rekha
14) Mayur
13) Suchitra
16) Apsara
15) Nazrana
18) Arti
17)Sapna 20) Shobha
19) Poonam
Flowered Varieties:
B)Small 2) Canberra
1) Butterfly healthy and
3) Royal jubilee
4)PG- 76
least 4-5 cm diameter. It should be
propagated by corms of at flowers.
Propagation: Gladiolus is preferred over flat one as it gives better selected and
disease free. Conical
shaped corms free with diameter of 4 to 5 cm are
which are healthy, disease during September to
Planting: Gladiolus corms 20 cm on ridges and furrows
x 20 cm or 30 x planting will result
planted at the spacing of 20 at the depth of 5 to 10 cm is essential. Deep
corms i.e.
Novermber. Shallow planting of germination.
production of cormels and also cause delaying of plantation thus 1 kg = 50 corms - 1,60,000
into poor 20-30 gm is usually preferred for
Seed Rate: A corm weighing required per ha.
corms in the soil 20 - 25
corms per ha or 3200 kg producing export size cut flower stick we are adding
Nutritional Requirements: For K20 is added at
and 80 kg K20 applied per hectare. FYM, P205 and
tones of FYM, 120 kg N, 60 kg
P205 at 4-6
while full dose of nitrogen is given in 2 splits doses i.e. first dose
thetime of preparation of field,
stage i.e. 6-8 weeks after planting.
leaf stage and second at earthing up allowed to suffer from water stress especially
when spikes are
gladiolus crop must not be Over
Irrigation: A
irrigation at the intervals of 7 to 10 days depending upon weather is necessary.
emerging. Regular
watering should be avoided. weeks of planting corms, or before the
emergence
Cultural Practices: Earthing up is essential after 6-8 need staking for its
operation will not be necessary. These plants
of spike. But if planted as ridges such velocity when plant will attend the
satisfactory growth, if not staked may fall or break by high wind
height of 25 cm staking is done.
flowering within 80- 90 days, while late
Curing of Spike (Harvesting): Early flowering varieties starts September planted corms will
varieties starts flowering within 100-145 days after planting8. That means
start flowering during November - December (January).
The flower spike should be cut as close to the base as possible with sharp knife or scissor leaving*
leaves on plant after the first floret on the spike has onened Iater on the other flower buds i.e. Tlores
upward when placed
on the same spike will open in sequence slowly starting from below and continuing
in water. for external
have opened and
For internal market, they are cut when 1-2 lower most florets on the spike
market when the colour has fully developed in mature unopened buds. from base)in a bucket containing
immersed (up to 15 cm
Immediately after cutting, the spike should be ppm solutIon oi o
extended if cut flowers are kept in 300 to 600
water. Vase life of cut flowers can be
made for this
HQC (Hydroxyl Quinolin Citrate) + 4 %Sucrose in a card board
perforated boxes
Packaging of Flowers: Cut flowers should be packedcm x 250 cm x 10 cm are used.
measuring 110 are allowed
purpose. Generally card board boxes harvesting of flowers or spike the plants with leaves
After the corms
Harvesting and Storage of Corms:
withheld (stopped). After drying of leaves (i.e. 3-4 weeks) and airy
irrigation is allowed to dry in a open
to remain in the soil and corms such dig out are minutes and
are taken out. The % Bavistin for 30
and com lets or carmel cutting its leaves thev are treated with 0.2
after
situation for a week. Then %
Malathion
stored in cold storage or Airy room. - Spray 0.2
Diseases: Thrips and Aphid
Pests and water).
(2 g/lit. of
Fusarium wilt - Spray 0.2 %Bavistin1,20,000 corms per ha.
Yield: 2-3 lakh spikes per ha. and
kakkt**