INDEX

1. Intergenerational violence…………………………………………………..

2. Effects………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Causes………………………………………………………………...................

4. Prevention…………………………………………………………………………..

5. Types of abuse…………………………………………………………………….

6. Legal way to approach………………………………………...................

INTRODUCTION:
Domestic violence is violence or other abuse that occurs in a
domestic setting, such as in a marriage or cohabitation. Domestic
violence is often used as a synonym for intimate partner violence,
which is committed by one of the people in intimate partner
violence, against the other person, and can take place in
relationships or between former spouses or partners. In its
broadest sense, domestic violence also involves violence against
children, parents, or the elderly. It can assume multiple forms,
including physical, verbal,emotional, economic, religious, reprodu
ctive, financial abuse, or sexual abuse. It can range from subtle,
coercive forms to marital rape and other violent physical abuse,
such as choking, beating, female genital mutilation, and acid
throwing that may result in disfigurement or death and includes
the use of technology to harass, control, monitor, stalk or hack.
Domestic murder includes stoning, bride burning, honor killing,
and dowry death, which sometimes involves non-cohabitating
family members.

Intergenerational violence:

Intergenerational transmission of violence means that children of

violent offenders are more likely to become violent. Some of the
prominent theories include social learning, genetics, official bias,
and the transmission of risk factors. Although there has been
much research on intergenerational transmission of crime in
general, research on intergenerational transmission of violence in
particular is scarce. The available studies suggest that both
biological and environmental factors are important in explaining
the transmission. Moreover, research suggests that the
transmission of violence is stronger than that of general offending
and that some offenses such as arson and robbery seem to be
resembled more strongly among family members than other
offenses such as intimidation. A research agenda is proposed,
focusing on transmission for females, biosocial interactions of
genes and the environment, and the use of (natural) experiments.
Effects :

Domestic violence survivors can face ongoing and challenging

effects after enduring physical, mental, and emotional abuse. It
can take time for a survivor to adjust to living in a safe
environment, especially if a perpetrator was severely violent
and/or committed the actions over an extended period.

Initially, the abuse usually is an attempt by one partner to exert

control through intimidation, fear, verbal abuse, or threats of
violence. Victims of domestic violence may be isolated from
friends, family, and neighbours and lose their network of social
support. With time, the abusive partner, or batterer, may use
increasingly severe methods to maintain control. Eventually the
violence may lead to serious injury and can result in
hospitalization, or death.

Domestic violence robs victims of their fundamental right to

maintain control over their own lives. Individuals who are abused
live in fear and isolation in the one place they should always feel
safe, their home. With tremendous courage and strength, they
struggle each day to keep themselves and their children safe.

Child abuse and domestic violence often occur in the same

family. Researchers have found that 50 percent to 70 percent of
the men who frequently assaulted their wives also frequently
abused their children.

Children are 1,500 times more likely to be abused in homes

where partner abuse occurs. Domestic violence may result in
physical injury, psychological harm or neglect of children. There
is a definite relationship between family violence and juvenile
delinquency. These children have a six times greater chance of
committing suicide, 24 percent greater chance committing sexual
assault crimes and a 50 percent greater likelihood of abusing
drugs and alcohol.

One of the most tragic outcomes of domestic violence is that well

more than half of the young men between the ages of 11 and 22
who are in jail for homicide have killed their mother’s batterer.
Children growing up in violent homes do not need to be physically
abused to take on violent and delinquent behaviour — it is
enough to witness their mother’s abuse.
Prevention:

Domestic violence always has a negative effect on the victim.

They undergo emotional, psychological and physical changes.
Domestic violence has major impacts on the victims, families,
society and its functioning. In order to put a stop to all these,
there are various things which should be followed;

Awareness: One of the major steps to stop domestic violence

is to make the apartment owners association aware about the
negative drawbacks and harms of domestic violence. Set the
rules against the practice of domestic violence and
impose stringent punishments on the attacker. Gather
more information and educate people about the detrimental
effects of domestic violence. It is really not advisable that we
ignore such things and instead raise a voice against it.
Need for stringent laws: It is very important that the law
against domestic violence

has to be imposed stringently. Domestic violence

was recognized as a grave criminal offense in 1983 by
introducing the section 498-A in the Indian penal code. This
act helps in the elimination of domestic violence among family
members.

Empowered non-government organizations: In order to curb

domestic violence among people in apartments, individuals can
also seek the help of non-government organizations. These
organizations will make people aware about the consequences
and get justice to the victim.

Seek police help: In case of severe violence, individuals can

seek legal help from the police and put an end to domestic
violence. The police play an important role in curbing
domestic violence issues. Special courses on how to handle
domestic violence issues are provided to the police. It is very
important for them to take domestic violence as a serious
health issue which can cause serious damage to families.

Be aware of the domestic violence facts: In an apartment it

is very important that the owner’s association should make it
mandatory for the residents to learn all the facts of domestic
violence. They should never ignore any person who is a victim
of domestic violence; instead, they should alert all the
authorities.
 Encourage and not threaten: Maximum number of individuals
back off when they witness any kind of domestic violence. This
happens due to the fear of being harmed or assets being
damaged. People mostly turn a blind eye towards it and keep
mum about such incidents. In such cases it is very important
to organize a meeting and encourage people to come up with
the solutions.

Counselling: It is very important for every apartment to have a

counsellor who can council the individuals in terms of danger.
Doing this will further make people courageous and come
forward if they are a victim or if they witness any such incident.

TYPES OF ABUSE :

Abuse refers to harmful or injurious treatment of another human

being that may include physical, sexual, verbal,
psychological/emotional, intellectual, or spiritual maltreatment.
Abuse may coexist with neglect, which is defined as failure to
meet a dependent person’s basic physical and medical needs,
emotional deprivation, and/or desertion. Neglect is sometimes
described as passive abuse.

Physical Abuse:

Physical abuse refers to striking or beating another person with

the hands or an object, but may include assault with a knife, gun,
or other weapon. Physical abuse also includes such behaviours
as locking someone in a closet or other small space, depriving
someone of sleep, burning, gagging, or tying them up, etc.
Physical abuse of infants may include shaking them, dropping
them on the floor, or throwing them against the wall or other hard
object.

Sexual Abuse:

Sexual abuse refers to inappropriate sexual contact between a

child or an adult and someone who has some kind of family or
professional authority over them. Sexual abuse may include
verbal remarks, fondling or kissing, or attempted or completed
intercourse. Sexual contact between a child and a biological
relative is known as incest, although some therapists extend the
term to cover sexual contact between a child and any trusted
caregiver, including relatives by marriage. Girls are more likely
than boys to be abused sexually; according to a conservative
estimate, 38% of girls and 16% of boys are sexually abused
before their eighteenth birthday.

Verbal Abuse:

Verbal abuse refers to regular and consistent belittling, name-

calling, labelling, or ridicule of a person; but it may also include
spoken threats. It is one of the most difficult forms of abuse to
prove because it does not leave physical scars or other evidence,
but it is nonetheless hurtful. Verbal abuse may occur in schools
or workplaces as well as in families.

Emotional or Psychological Abuse:

Emotional or psychological abuse covers a variety of behaviours

that hurt or injure others even though no physical contact may be
involved. In fact, emotional abuse is a stronger predictor than
physical abuse of the likelihood of suicide attempts in later life.
One form of emotional abuse involves the destruction of
someone’s pet or valued possession in order to cause pain.
Another abusive behaviour is emotional blackmail, such as
threatening to commit suicide unless the other person does what
is wanted. Other behaviours in this category include the silent
treatment, shaming or humiliating someone in front of others, or
punishing them for receiving an award or honour.

Intellectual or Spiritual Abuse:

Intellectual or spiritual abuse refers to such behaviours as

punishing someone for having different intellectual interests or
religious beliefs from others in the family, preventing them from
attending worship services, ridiculing their opinions, and the like.
Legal way to approach:

The patriarchal setup has been deeply rooted in Indian society

since time immemorial. It may be believed that this system laid
the foundation stone for the abuse of women. Domestic violence
affects women from every social background irrespective of their
age, religion, caste, or class. It is a violent crime that not only
affects a person and her children but also has wider implications
for society. Although the root behind the crime is hard to decipher,
certain reasons behind the violence can be traced to the
stereotyping of gender roles, and the distribution of power.
The definition of violence has evolved over the years to an extent
it not only includes physical forms of violence but also emotional,
mental, financial, and other forms of cruelty. Thus, the term
domestic violence includes acts which harm or endangers the
health, safety, life, limb, or wellbeing (mental or physical) of the
victim, or tends to do so, and includes causing: physical abuse,
sexual abuse, verbal abuse, emotional abuse, and economic
abuse, perpetrated by any person who is or was in a domestic
relationship with the victim.
Before the enactment of the Protection of Women from Domestic
Violence Act, 2005 (“DV Act”), the victim could approach the court
under Section 498-A of the Penal Code, 1860 which provides for
‘husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to
cruelty’ wherein only a certain set of offence dealing with cruelty
to married women was the only recourse. All other instances of
domestic violence within the household had to be dealt with
under the offences that the respective acts of violence constituted
under the IPC without any regard to the gender of the victim.
BIBILIOGRAPHY:

 https://www.vidhikaryah.com

 https://www.scconline.com/blog/

 https://psychcentral.com

 https://www.findlaw.com

 https://www.verywellmind.com