CY Lighting Requirements of Developing Countries: Pakistan (A Case Study) Roland de Souza Blectrical Consulting Enginece Karachi, Pakistan SUMMARY In the 4S yours of Poikistan, evrelinprrvens fry the fie the general standards of living have gradually influence inaluetey al connnerce ati inipevenice he consumer's perception of the value and une ‘of good lighting. Much still needs to be done, eapecially in the spheres of wider adoption af daylighting techniques, energy efficient Hany, aoa professional lighting imcthods, INTRODUCTION Man has come a long way from the tine when his pprinve soueeys of Usunination were Ue sate in. the daytime, and fire (after its discovery) at night Tho bast 100 years, ewving to the inverting of cle Lnicity, Hatvstsiwn rap sbeweleyptonts in the thet vf upiacering. The complete beneits have not percolated down to.all levels in the devel- wid some of the techniques used This could be attributed to conditions, lack of general and awareness, ane a low level of profes: sonativen available, APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING Perceptions af lighting quality and benefits vary with the end-user, and the employment of the scientific method is presently limited to large and Pacsligious projects designed by professionals, Domestic Lighting Electricity is available to bess than 30% of the houscholds in Pakistan, and about BIE of these ase GLS or TL batten-holders as light sources. Cattage industries provide the other 20% of GLS/TIL. fancy light fittings used in middle and upper-class house hal, Brand names do not exist in this sector Commercial Lighting (Many shop in city evnters won an thse privet “aore is beter”, glare is a dominating featureol suck installations and properly designed projects are few, Frestigious offices (rmulti-nationals, banks, air lines, sem-government, ete:) lend to employ pro- fessionals lo design the Interior apd are thus able be achieve reasonable standards, Digger hospitals, hotels, and institutions present some of the better examples of good lighting. and ane becoming more aware of energy sosts Industrial Lighting, Taxsed generally on fluorescent Lams, the use-of sodium or metal-halide lighting is not widespreadLUghting Requirements of Devcioping Countries: Pakistan (A Case Stfyh ‘Owners are nat easily able to relate better light ing canditions to increased visual performance, enhanced productivity, and fewer accidents, and thus are not interested in raking (Ive additional investment. ‘Street Lighting Plpusend alnuast by a autt (laminates are fixed ility poles, ah the meagre budpots.af the local inaceondaace rounicipal corporation of Wen eotinsittee), go! installations: © af thie ajar th fares of the Ig villes. Maintenan igh a bat bo bbe ashes! for, sie! one cain sev the decasional porary’ subbstitunion af a GLS Lanny feve faites! HME Lang, With the increase in standards of living over the years, consumers have begun to demand better lighting and scem to be willing to pay for it LOCAL MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (GLSand TL lamps are produced im Pakistan by ‘a feve manufacturers all other lanyps are imparted. ‘Some accessories, such as holders and ballasts, are also locally manufactured, (See Appendix-A} Standard luminaires are produced by three or four firatline, large-scale manufacturers, and a hobs host of cotlage-industry-sceke manufacturers preduce a varying and nan-consistent quality of equipment One af the first-line manufacturers is a multi- ational, anal prowistes pend pructict standard with adequate: tactical suspect. Tihs rest of Ube: mani facturers rely an copying and imitating products and catalogues, and the quality enatral af some leaves anh forbes desinend Fetimates! annuak velames are given in Appovsdixl, DAYUGHTING Although the country enjo. generous aamnounet af stanlig het al year accu, seietifie andl knowledgeable utilisation of natural light has yet to be improved. While being aware of the negative effects of solar heat gains, much can be done to conserve the PRAKASH 91 ‘energy used for electric lighting by effective design- ing of building, orientation, Fenestration details, sur- faev reflectances, and glare control. Application techniques need to ba learnt and appliod by lighting ongincens,archilets, dand interior desl mens, ENERGY CONSERVATION ‘Owing to the economics of lis producticn, high government duties, traditivial resistance to change, and other like factors, the lighting, systems comysonents locally available and comumunly use Hf vintage techuolagy. T ined common Fuerescent tube predueed! is the “Cool Daylight” (Colour 54) 38mm dia 4OW lamp. Attempis 10 market 2omun dia 36W lomps, and “other coloum have net with lirnited saccm. Newer, more efficient lumen sources, solid-state ballasts, fe. ate not locally available, nites! quantity Recently, a lighting manufacturer was able to have government duties on compact fluorescent lamps reduccdl/elisdnated, The initial price differ- ‘ence (Rs, 375 for a 201 PLC lamp against Rs. 12 for ‘a TOW GLS lamp! will prove a deterrent to the adoption ofthis technology in most cases. Although ‘pay: back periods will vary tram about 12 months in commercial alfices/shops, to 18 months in indus- tries, to 24 months or morc im domestic situations, iwist consumers do nat make a cost/berelit analy- sisiand rely oa initial price for purchasing deciskins, ENERCON (The National Energy Conservation Cesire, blamabad), a powerument organization, has developed a “Building Energy Code of Pakistan” which includes recommendations oa li coergy. However, these have not yet been made mandatory (See Appendix-Ch. STANDARDS The most comnaaly used standards referred 10 are (he British anal American onos, Independent local standards for lamps, luminaires, or lighting practices are adoptions of these and IEC standards (Appendix-D), but practical Implementation is-whr- tually now-existent, Consequently, local lighting methods, amie naire/lamp quality, and standards of lighting installations cover the entire Spectrum, from. good: ta grotesque. Emphasis is on the minimization of first investment, with very little attention being paid to life-cycle: costig ours Derg Comte fC Sd Safty is a neglected shore. Fire and shock baa- aan in lunsingine cvwfriction, nochanical harares in ‘equipment mounting and installation, use of peoper certified fixtures In explosion-haxardous arvas, and “application of ewreryy acy Hilts ane: kame uf the apis that warrant investigation and regulaban. ‘There fs thie, slog, ted lo develup and implement practical toeal standards that are in line with eronomic realities, levels of education, technical expertioe available, ane allt saich netewernl sriteria ILLUMINATION SOCIETY The coatinaing, ifort of lighting-related proles shunals (engineers, architects, designers, interiGr dleveraherst is vesieutial tye rakes ayvanenians: ul gas lighting, practices. aisscininate techalcal inforcia- wa, develop standards anal norms, andl assist the pe = [TEST RESULTS 40 WATT FLUORESCENT BALLASTS PRAKASHT general public in benefiting from modem technol- ogy. A beller dialogue belween professional required to blend the requirements of utility, eco nornicx, and aesthetics ‘The foundation of the [lumination Society of akistis fins been laid: members niu invest time ta promote the alms of the organisation, and funds rmwast be found for the procurement of books, maga ines, and educational material, and for the carr ducting of scrinars, discussion groups, and rain- ling session, Roland de Sours PEC TIS, Karachi, Pakistan. Qa ~APRENDICA Vaseage acron Lamp 6) Lana -cmsemt snp poorer tora) Fates bs (vets ewer factor AW aes (OTT Coil reststame Picacugau catingeurnonl Lemp currons FlalLict hoe /Lamp yorcc NOTE: Testsamalentel hy the musi ntuires cl Ballads 2a 18 ~ Maina vottape = 220¥ | Hre-heating ewereil lamp ewer catia emul be masleekans 21 peter (.7-LaN other ball wil fiw ‘hazare Mf eect stare canLighting Repuirensrnts of Developing Countsier Pakistan (A Care Sdy) (Figures in millions of rupees) i Mlumination Market 4 Estimated Illumination Market Pakistan 1990i Lighting Hepireits of veoh Conmtsler:Pubistan (A Cent Sty) PRAKASH ST . APPENDIX-C M INDEX OF THE BUILDING ENERGY CODE OF PAKISTAN Fe Part $—-LIGHTING Page - SL Supe Sl 52 Genceal 34 lt Source Sel ima 52 $3 Exterior Lighting i 52 BAL Incaadenent Lighting, 52 fi Sh2 onde Liyling 52 q 533 Autuenatic Timers and Sensors 53 ry 4 Emteriar LLiphiting, 53 ‘ 55 Daylighting, 53 Ad 53 Considlenations i Woylight Factor 4 Sh Whing aed Conte a4 APPENDIX-D PAKISTAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION (I'S) STANDARDS ei Tumypticn Filme Lasips far Geautal Service (SCE bar I luorescend Lanape lar General Lighting Service (BCH) YOR7 —Hhallast for Tubular Fluorescent Lansp (10-82) FS alll: 1987 Starters for Fluoeescent Lamps (IBC-15) P5981: 1980 Edison Screw Lamp Holders (IEC-238) Psat: 17 Jamminaires General Requirements & Tests (Marts 1-4) (1BC-598) PS 166% 1985 High Preasure Mercury Vapour Lamps (1EC-188) PRiseL: TAR Tallast for High Prossire Mercury Vapour Lamps (IRC-262)