BIOLOGY

Fundamental Unit
of Life
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
Ribosome: Fimbriae: regulates entrance
hairlike bristles that and exit of molecules
site of protein synthesis
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body: Conjugation pilus:
stored nutrients for elongated, hollow
later use appendage used for
Mesosome: DNA transfer to other Nucleus:

plasma membrane bacterial cells Cytoskeleton:

maintains cell
that folds into the Nucleoid: shape and assists
cytoplasm and location of the bacterial movement of
increases surface area chromosome cell parts:
Endoplasmic
Plasma membrane: reticulum:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell
Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall;if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward

*not in plant cells

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

❑ Enumerate the proponents in discovering cell as

a basic unit of life
❑ Understand the 3 postulates/tenets of the Cell
Theory
❑ Relate the structure and composition of the cell
membrane and organelles to its function.
❑ Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
according to their unique features.
❑ Describe the parts, functions, and diversity of
viruses.
OUTLINE

⚫ Discovery of the Cell

⚫ Cell Theory
⚫ Cell Structure and Functions
⚫ Organelles
⚫ Eukaryotic Cell
⚫ Prokaryotic Cell
⚫ Cell types
⚫ Viruses
DISCOVERY OF THE CELL

❑ The invention of lenses and microscope

❑ The development of instruments that extend the

human senses allowed the discovery and early
study of cells.

❑ Microscopes were invented in 1590 and further

refined during the 1600s.
PROPONENTS IN THE CELL DISCOVERY

In 1665
Robert Hooke
❑ First person who use the
term cell. He used the
piece of cork and saw
empty compartments
(Cellulae)
PROPONENTS IN THE CELL DISCOVERY

In 1674
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
❑ He observed living cells as
animalcules, rain water, pond
water. He based on the
shapes of the cell in different
forms
❑ Invented the light microscope
PROPONENTS IN THE CELL DISCOVERY

In 1809
Jean Baptist Pierre Antoine
de Monet
❑ He observed that cell is not
empty it is filled with
complex fluids
PROPONENTS IN THE CELL DISCOVERY

In 1831
Robert Brown
❑ He discovers the nucleus
of the cell
PROPONENTS IN THE CELL DISCOVERY

In 1838
Matthias Schleiden
❑ German Botanist who
stated that all plants are
made up of cells
PROPONENTS IN THE CELL DISCOVERY

In 1839
Johannes Purkinje
He observed the complex fluid in
the cell and called it protoplasm.

Theodore Schwann
German Zoologist who stated that
all animals are made up of cells
PROPONENTS IN THE CELL DISCOVERY

In 1855
Rudolf Virchow
❑ He observed that cell divides
and formed from pre-existing
cells.
CELL THEORY
⚫ Detailed study of the cell began in the 1830s
⚫ A unifying concept in biology
⚫ Originated from the work of biologists Schleiden
and Schwann in 1838-1839
⚫ States that:
⚫ All organisms are composed of cells
⚫ German botanist Matthais Schleiden in 1838
⚫ German zoologist Theodor Schwann in 1839
⚫ All cells come only from preexisting cells
⚫ German physician Rudolph Virchow in 1850’s
⚫ Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of
organisms

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Organisms and Cells
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. c.

b. 50 m d. 140 m

a: © Geoff Bryant/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: Courtesy Ray F. Evert/University of Wisconsin Madison;

c: © Barbara J. Miller/Biological Photo Service; d: Courtesy O. Sabatakou and E. Xylouri-Frangiadak
13
Sizes of Living Things
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 m 10 m 100 m 1 mm 1 cm 0.1 m 1m 10 m 100 m 1 km

protein
chloroplast
plant and mouse rose
animal frog egg
amino cells
acid
virus
ostrich
most bacteria human egg ant egg
atom
blue whale
electron microscope human

light microscope

human eye

14
Cell Size
⚫ Cells range in size from one millimeter down to
one micrometer
⚫ Cells need a large surface area of plasma
membrane to adequately exchange materials.
⚫ The surface-area-to-volume ratio requires that
cells be small
⚫ Large cells - surface area relative to volume decreases
⚫ Volume is living cytoplasm, which demands nutrients
and produces wastes
⚫ Cells specialized in absorption utilize membrane
modifications such as microvilli to greatly increase
surface area per unit volume
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Microscopy Today: Compound Light
Microscope
⚫ Light passed through specimen

⚫ Focused by glass lenses

⚫ Image formed on human retina

⚫ Max magnification about 1000X

⚫ Resolves objects separated by 0.2 m, 500X

better than human eye

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Compound Light Microscope

85 µm
amoeba, light micrograph

eye
ocular lens
light rays

objective lens
specimen
condenser lens

light source

a. Compound light microscope

17
Microscopy and Amoeba proteus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

85 µm 200 nm 500 µm
amoeba, light micrograph pseudopod segment, transmission electron amoeba, scanning electron micrograph
micrograph

electron source electron gun

eye electron beam
ocular lens electron beam
light rays
electromagnetic
condenser lens electromagnetic
condenserl
enses
specimen

electromagnetic
objective lens
objective lens scanning coil
specimen
condenser lens
final
electromagnetic Condenser electron
projector lens lens detector
secondary
observation screen electrons TV
or specimen Viewing
light source photographic plate screen

a. Compound light microscope b. Transmission electron microscope c. Scanning electron microscope

a: © Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service; b: © M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Kessel/Shih/Peter Arnold, Inc.

18
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

▪ Cell membrane ▪ Centriole

▪ Cytoplasm ▪ Mitochondrion
▪ Nucleus ▪ Vacuole
▪ Golgi Apparatus/Body ▪ Cell wall
▪ Lysosome ▪ Chloroplast
▪ Peroxisome ▪ Cytoskeleton
▪ Endoplasmic Reticulum
(E.R.)
a. Smooth ER
b. Rough ER
▪ Ribosomes
Animal Cell Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance and
exit of molecules

protein

phospholipid Nucleus: command center of cell

Nuclear envelope: double

Cytoskeleton: maintains membrane with nuclear pores
cell shape and assists movement that encloses nucleus
of cell parts: Chromatin: diffuse threads
containing DNA and protein
Microtubules: protein Nucleolus: region that produces
cylinders that move subunits of ribosomes
organelles Endoplasmic reticulum:
Intermediate filaments: protein and lipid metabolism
protein fibers that provide Rough ER: studded with
stability of shape ribosomes that synthesize
Actin filaments: protein proteins
fibers that play a role in Smooth ER: lacks
change of shape ribosomes, synthesizes
lipid molecules

Centrioles*: short Peroxisome: vesicle

cylinders of microtubules that is involved in
of unknown function fatty acid metabolism
Centrosome: microtubule Ribosomes:
organizing center that particles that carry
contains a pair of centrioles out protein synthesis
Lysosome*: vesicle that
Polyribosome: string of
digests macromolecules
ribosomes simultaneously
and even cell parts
synthesizing same protein
Vesicle: small membrane-
bounded sac that stores
and transports substances
Mitochondrion: organelle
Cytoplasm: semifluid that carries out cellular respiration,
matrix outside nucleus producing ATP molecules
that contains organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes, packages,
*not in plant cells and secretes modified proteins

20
Plant Cell Anatomy
Nucleus: command center of cell
Nuclear envelope: double membrane with Central vacuole*: large, fluid-filled
sac that stores metabolites and
nuclear pores that encloses nucleus
helps maintain turgor pressure
Nucleolus: produces subunits of ribosomes
Chromatin: diffuse threads containing Cell wall of adjacent cell
DNA and protein
Nuclear pore: permits passage of Middle lamella:
proteins into nucleus and ribosomal cements together the
subunits out of nucleus primary cell walls of
Ribosomes: carry adjacent plant cells
out protein synthesis Chloroplast*: carries
Centrosome: out photosynthesis,
microtubule organizing producing sugars
center (lacks centrioles)
Granum*: a stack
Endoplasmic of chlorophyll-containing
reticulum: protein thylakoids
and lipid metabolism in a chloroplast
Rough ER: studded Mitochondrion: organelle
with ribosomes that that carries out cellular
synthesize proteins respiration, producing
ATP molecules
Smooth ER: lacks
ribosomes, synthesizes Microtubules: protein cylinders
lipid molecules that aid movement of organelles
Peroxisome: vesicle that Actin filaments: protein fibers
is involved in fatty acid that play a role in movement of
metabolism cell and organelles

Golgi apparatus: processes, Plasma membrane: surrounds

packages, and secretes cytoplasm, and regulates entrance
modified proteins and exit of molecules
Cytoplasm: semifluid matrix outside Cell wall*: outer surface that shapes,
nucleus that contains organelles supports, and protects cell

*not in animal cells

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CELL MEMBRANE

▪ For protection
▪ For permeability
▪ Composed of
proteins and
phospholipid
bilayer
▪ Determine what
material may
leave or enter
the cell
CYTOPLASM

▪ For cell expansion,

growth and
replication
▪ Organelles are
embedded in this
part
▪ Cytosol – sticky,
semi-gel, semi-fluid
NUCLEUS

⚫ Command center of cell, usually near center

⚫ Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
⚫ Consists of double layer of membrane
⚫ Nuclear pores permit exchange between nucleoplasm &
cytoplasm
⚫ Contains chromatin in semifluid nucleoplasm
⚫ Chromatin contains DNA of genes, and proteins
⚫ Condenses to form chromosomes
⚫ Chromosomes are formed during cell division
⚫ Dark nucleolus composed of rRNA
⚫ Produces subunits of ribosomes
Anatomy of the Nucleus

nuclear
envelope

nucleolus

Nuclear envelope: nuclear

inner membrane pore
outer membrane chromatin
nuclear pore nucleoplasm

phospholipid

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GOLGI APPARATUS/BODY

⚫ Consists of 3-20
flattened, curved
saccules
⚫ Resembles stack
of hollow pancakes
⚫ Modifies proteins
and lipids
LYSOSOME

⚫ Produced by the Golgi

apparatus
⚫ Contain powerful
digestive enzymes and
are highly
acidic
⚫ Digestion of large
molecules
⚫ Recycling of cellular
resources
⚫ Apoptosis (programmed
cell death, like tadpole
losing tail)
PEROXISOMES

⚫ Enzymes
synthesized by free
ribosomes in
cytoplasm (instead
of ER)
⚫ Active in lipid
metabolism
⚫ Catalyze reactions
that produce
hydrogen peroxide
H2O2
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

▪ For storage, lipid bilayer and channeling

ribosomes nuclear envelope

rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

0.08 m
RIBOSOMES

▪ Site of protein
synthesis in the
cell
▪ Consists of a
large subunit and
a small subunit
▪ Found in Rough
E.R.
CENTRIOLE

▪ Needed for cell division

(for animal cell only)

▪ Formation of spindle
fiber
MITOCHONDRION

▪ Site of Cellular
Respiration

▪ Produce most of
ATP utilized by the
cell

▪ Powerhouse of the
cell
CHLOROPLAST

Site of Photosynthesis

⚫ Synthesizes
carbohydrates from
CO2 & H2O

⚫ Makes own food

using CO2 as only
carbon source

⚫ Only plants,
algae, and
certain bacteria
are capable of
conducting
photosynthesis
VACUOLE

Functions in:
⚫ Storage of water,
nutrients, pigments,
and waste products
⚫ Development of turgor
pressure
⚫ Some functions
performed by
lysosomes in other
eukaryotes
CELL WALL

▪ Give shape and

rigidity to the
cell

▪ Composed of
cellulose
CYTOSKELETON

▪ For cell’s
integrity
▪ Maintaining cell
shape
▪ For movement
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
⚫ Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
⚫ Structurally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic
cells (which have a nucleus).
⚫ Prokaryotic cells are placed in two taxonomic
domains:
⚫ Bacteria
⚫ Archaea
⚫ Live in extreme habitats
⚫ Domains are structurally similar but biochemically
different

37
Eukaryotic Cells
⚫ Domain Eukarya includes:
⚫ Protists
⚫ Fungi
⚫ Plants
⚫ Animals
⚫ Cells contain:
⚫ Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNA
⚫ Specialized organelles
⚫ Plasma membrane
⚫ Much larger than prokaryotic cells
⚫ Some cells (e.g., plant cells) have a cell wall

38
CELL TYPES

4 Major Main Types of Cells

❑ Epithelial Cells
❑ Nerve Cells
❑ Muscle Cells
❑ Connective Tissue Cells
Epithelial Cells
❑ These cells are
tightly attached to
one another. They
cover over the
interior of hollow
organs, like blood
vessels or digestive
organs, or else form
the surface of
things, like the skin.
Nerve Cells
❑ These cells are
specialized for
communication.
❑ They send signals from
the brain to muscles and
glands that control their
functions.
❑ They also receive
sensory information from
the skin, the eyes, and
the ears, and send this
information to the brain
Muscle Cells
❑ These cells are specialized
for contraction.
❑ They pull and tug on bones
and tendons to produce
motion.
❑ They also form the thick
outer walls of hollow organs,
like blood vessels and
digestive organs, and can
contract to regulate the
diameter of these hollow
organs.
Connective Tissue Cells
❑ These cells provide
structural strength to
the body and also
defend against foreign
invaders like bacteria.
❑ Two types of cells—
fibroblasts and fat
cells—are native to
connective tissue.
❑ Special types of
connective tissue—
cartilage and bone
VIRUSES

❑ Obligate parasites
❑ Can mutate rapidly
over a period of
time
❑ Genetic material
(DNA or RNA)
❑ Pathogenic
microorganism
STRUCTURE OF A VIRUS
TYPES OF VIRUS

Some of the virus reported:

❑ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
❑ Human Influenza Virus
❑ Ebola Virus
❑ Adenovirus
❑ Bacteriophage
❑ Hepatitis B
❑ Coronavirus (NCoV) – SARS and MERS
Comparison of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells

47