Tutorials For

Beginners
● computer program Introduction to
Programming
●
● Programmer
programming
● Source Code (Code) languages
● Hardware
● Program Execution
● Machine Language
● Assembly Language
● High Level Language
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High Level Language Assembly Language Machine Language

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Compiler VS Interpreter

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Compiler

Interpreter

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 Compiler VS Interpreter
Compiler
● Scans whole program at
one go
● Errors are shown at the
end
● Compilation is slow
● Execution is fast
● Generates an intermediate
code
● C,C++
Interpreter
● Translate one statement
at a time(line by line)
● Errors are shown line by
line
● Translation is done fast
● Execution is slow
● Execute the program
without intermediate code
● Python,Javascript
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C/C++ Compiler and VS code setup
To Run C/C++ program we need :

● Text Editor (VS code)

● C++ compiler (GCC compiler)

Extra Setup:
● C/C++ - VS code extension
● Code Runner - VS code extension

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How to run
C/C++
program in
mobile ?

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Basic Structure Of
C++ Program
 INPUT/OUTPUT
In C++
● CIN and COUT
● Extraction >> and insertion << operator
● endl vs \n
● Code Runner(Extension) issue with CIN

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Comments in C++

● SIngle Line Comment -//

● Multiline Comment - /* */

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Variables & Data Types
in C++

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 Rules for naming a variable
● Variable names in C++ can range from 1 to 255
characters.
● All variable names must begin with a letter of the
alphabet or an underscore(_).
● After the first initial letter, variable names can also
contain letters and numbers.
● Variable names are case sensitive.
● No spaces or special characters are allowed.
● You cannot use a C++ keyword (a reserved word)
as a variable name.
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14
Modifiers in C++

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Data Type Size Value Range
int 4 Bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647

char 1 Bytes -127 to 127 or 0 to 255

float 4 Bytes - 3.4E38 to 3.4E38
double 8 Byte - 1.7E308 to 1.7E + 308
bool 1 Byte
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Modifiers in c++

● Signed
● unsigned
● short
● long

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 Data Type Size Value Range

int 4 Bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647

Unsigned int 4 Bytes 0 to 4294967295

signed int 4 Bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647

Sort int 2 Bytes -32768 to 32767

long int 8 Bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

char 1 Bytes -127 to 127 or 0 to 255

Unsigned char 1 Bytes 0 to 255

Signed char 1 Byte -127 to 127

float 4 Bytes - 3.4E38 to 3.4E38

double 8 Byte - 1.7E308 to 1.7E + 308

long double 12 Bytes - 3.4E4932 to 1.1E + 4932

bool 1 Byte 18
Scope of Variables
in C++
● Local Variables
● Global Variables
Constant Variables
● A const variable must be assigned a value at the
time of its declaration.
● If we declare a variable as const, we cannot
change its value.
● Once initialized, if we try to change its value, then
we will get compilation error.

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Manipulators in c++
Manipulator Purpose Header File

endl causes line feed to be inserted i.e. ‘\n’ iostream.h

dec,oct,hex set the desired number system iostream.h

setbase (b) output integers in base b iomanip.h

setw(w) read or write values to w characters iomanip.h

setfill (c) fills the whitespace with character c iomanip.h

setprecision(n) set floating point precision to n iomanip.h

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Operators in C++
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Assignment Operators
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Other Operators

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Operators in C++

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 Arithmetic Operators
Assume A=20 and B=10
Operator Description Example

+ Adds two operands A+B=30

- Subtracts second operand from the first A-B=10

* Multiplies both operands A*B=200

/ Divides numerator by de-numerator A/B=2

% Modulus operator – the result is the remainder of the A%B=0

division

++ Increment operator, increases integer value by one A++ will give 21

-- Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one B-- will give 9

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 Relational Operators
Assume A=20 and B=10
Operator Description Example

== Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. (A == B) = false

!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. (A != B) = true

> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of (A>B) = true
right operand

< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right (A<B) = false
operand,

>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to (A>=B) = true
the value of right operand

<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the (A<=B) = false
value of right operand
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 Logical Operators
Assume A=20 and B=10
Operator Description Example

&& Logical AND. True only if all the operands are true. (A>10 && B>20) = false

|| Logical OR. True if at least one of the operands is true. (A>10 || B>20) = true

! Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the !(A>10) = false

logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then
Logical NOT operator will make false.

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 Logical Operators

A B A && B A|| B !A
false false false false true
false true false true true
true false false true false
true true true true false

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 Assignment Operators
Operator Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to left side A =5

operand.

+= It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the A +=5 same as A=A+5
result to left operand

-= It subtracts right operand from the left operand and A-=5 same as A=A-5
assign the result to left operand.

*= It multiplies right operand with the left operand and A*=5 same as A=A*5
assign the result to left operand.

/= It divides left operand with the right operand and assign A/=5 same as A=A/5
the result to left operand.

%= It takes modulus using two operands and assign the A%=5 same as A=A%5
result to left operand. 28
 Bitwise Operators

A B A&B A|B A^B ~A

0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0

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 Bitwise Operators
A=3 (0000 0011 ) and B=1 (0000 0001)

Operator Description Example

& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in (A & B) = 1 (00000001)
both operands.

| Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. (A | B) = 3 (00000011)

^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand (A ^ B) = 2 (00000010)
but not both.

~ Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the !A=!3= -4 (11111100)
effect of 'flipping' bits.
Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left A<<1 = 6 (00000110)
<<
by the number of bits specified by the right operand.

Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by A>>1 = 1 (00000001)
>>
the number of bits specified by the right operand.
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 Other Operators
Operator Description Example

sizeof Returns the size of variable sizeof(int) =4

Condition ? x:y If condition is true then it returns value of X Int y=20;

otherwise returns value of Y int x= (y < 10) ? 30 : 40;

cast Convert one data type to other int(2.2000) = 2

causes a sequence of operations to be Int j=1;

, performed. The value of the entire comma int i= (j++, j+10, j+20);

expression is the value of the last expression

of the comma-separated list.

& Returns the address of a variable

* Is pointer to a variable

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 Operators Precedence and Associativity
Category Operator Associativity

Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right

Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Left to right

Multiplicative */% Left to right

Additive +- Left to right

Shift << >> Left to right

Relational < <= > >= Left to right

Equality == != Left to right

Bitwise AND & Left to right

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 Operators Precedence and Associativity
Category Operator Associativity

Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right

Bitwise OR | Left to right

Logical AND && Left to right

Logical OR || Left to right

Conditional ?: Right to left

Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left

Comma , Left to right

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Increment (++) and decrement (--)
1. The increment operator ++ increases the value of a variable
by 1
2. Similarly, the decrement operator -- decreases the value of a
variable by 1
3. Increment and decrement operators can be used only with
variables. They can't be used with constants or
expressions.
Eg. x=5,y=6;
x++; // valid
5++; // invalid
(x+y)++; // invalid 34
 Types of Increment ++ operator
1. In pre-increment first increment the value of variable and then
used inside the expression (initialize into another variable).
2. In post-increment first value of variable is use in the expression
(initialize into another variable) and then increment the value of
variable.

Increment ++

Pre-increment Post-increment
Eg. ++a Eg. a++
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 Types of decrement -- operator
1. In pre-decrement first decrement the value of variable and then
used inside the expression (initialize into another variable).
2. In post-decrement first value of variable is use in the expression
(initialize into another variable) and then decrement the value of
variable.

decrement --

Pre-decrement Post-decrement
Eg. --a Eg. a--
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Control Statement
● If-else
● Switch
● For Loop
● While loop
● Do-While Loop
● Break /Continue
● Goto

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If-else
● If statement
● If...else statement
● If…else if…else statement
● Nested if statement

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 If-else practice questions :
● Write a C++ program to accept two integers and check whether they are
equal or not.
● Write a C++ program to accept a integer and check whether number is
even or odd.
● Write a C++ program to accept a integer and check whether number is
positive,negative or zero.
● Write a program in C++ to read any day number in integer and display day
name in the word.
● Write a C++ program to accept two integers and find maximum between
two numbers.

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switch-case

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 Switch-case practice questions :
● Write a C++ program to print day of week name using switch case.
● Write a C++ program print total number of days in a month using switch
case.
● Write a C++ program to accept a integer and check whether number is
positive,negative or zero using switch case.
● Write a program in C++ to read any day number in integer and display day
name in the word using switch case.

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 Loops in C++ :
● For loop
● While loop
● Do-while loop

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For loop :
Syntax :
for(initialization;condition;increment){
// your code
}

Example:
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
cout<<i<<”\n”;
}
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While loop :
Syntax :
while(condition){
// your code
}

Example:
int i=0;
while(i<10){
cout<<i<<”\n”;
i++;
} 44
do-while loop :
Syntax :
do{
// your code
}while(condition)

Example:
int i=0;
do{
cout<<i<<”\n”;
i++;
}while(i<10)
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 Loop practice questions :
● Write a program in C++ to find the first 10 natural numbers
○ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
● Write a program in C++ to print a square pattern with # character.

● Write a program in C++ to find the factorial of a number.

● Write a program in C++ to display the pattern like right angle triangle using
an asterisk.

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 Loop practice questions :
● Write a program in C++ to display the pattern like right angle triangle using
an asterisk.

● Write a program in C++ to make such a pattern like a pyramid with an

asterisk.

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 Break
● In C++, the break statement terminates the loop when it is encountered.

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 Continue
● In C++, the continue is used to skip the current iteration of the loop and the
control of the program goes to the next iteration

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C++ Functions

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C++ Functions
● A function is a block of code that performs a specific task.
● Functions help us in reducing code redundancy.
● If functionality is performed at multiple places in software,
then rather than writing the same code, again and again, we
create a function and call it everywhere.
● This also helps in maintenance as we have to change at one
place if we make future changes to the functionality.

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C++ Functions
● There are two types of function:
○ Library Functions (Built in functions)
○ User defined functions
● Function declaration
returnType functionName (parameter1, parameter2,...) {
// function body
}

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Function Prototype
● The code of function declaration should be before the
function call.
● However, if we want to define a function after the function
call, we need to use the function prototype.
● Function prototype is a declaration statement.
type function-name (arguments-list);
Eg. int sum(int num1,int num2);
OR
int sum(int,int); // Variable name is optional

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 Default Parameters
● In C++, we can provide default values for function parameters.
● In this case, when we invoke the function, we don’t specify
parameters.
● Instead, the function takes the default parameters that are
provided in the prototype.
● Note that while providing default parameters, we always start from
the right-most parameter. Also, we cannot skip a parameter in
between and provide a default value for the next parameter.
● Eg.
Void add(int x, int y, int z = 0)

Default parameter
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Const Parameters
● We can pass constant parameters to functions using the
‘const’ keyword.
● When a parameter or reference is const, it cannot be
changed inside the function.

Void add(const x, const y)

Const parameter

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 Inline Functions
● When we make a function call, internally it involves a compiler
storing the state of the program on a stack before passing
control to the function.
● When the function returns, the compiler has to retrieve the
program state back and continue from where it left.
● This poses an overhead. Hence, in C++ whenever we have a
function consisting of few statements, there is a facility that
allows it to expand inline.
● This is done by making a function inline. So inline functions are
the functions that are expanded at runtime, saving the efforts to
call the function and do the stack modifications.

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Inline Functions
● But even if we make a function as inline, the compiler
does not guarantee that it will be expanded at runtime.
● In other words, it’s completely dependent on the compiler
to make the function inline or not.
● Eg.
inline int addition(const int a,const int b)

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