Chemistry-142 All sections (Dr.

Zelaya only)
Study Guide Final Fall 2023

I. Intermolecular Forces
1. Strength of IMF: (weakest) dispersion forces, dipole-dipole, & hydrogen bonding (strongest). Make sure to be able to identify the IMF present
in a compound/molecule, and ionic compound. Example 11.4, Example 11.5
-Example: what are the strongest IMF' are present in the following compounds
A.) V2(CO3)5 B.) CH2CHCNH2 C.) P8 D.) Kr E.) CH2Cl2 F.) C6H5CH3

2. IMF, in terms of boiling points. The stronger the IMF, the greater the boiling point. Note: ionic compounds have the highest boiling point.
-Example: which of the following has the highest boiling point. CH4, CH3CH3, CH3CH2OH, and MgCl2.

3. Identifying what is capable of forming a hydrogen bond: R−X−H where X=O or N. Some examples include: CH3OH, CH3NHCH3, CH3CH2NH2

4. Relationship between ∆Hfusion and IMF’s. The greater the IMF, the higher ∆Hfusion.
Example: Which of the following has the greatest and least ∆Hfusion. HBr, CH4, CH3F, and CH3OH.

5. “Like dissolves like.” To understand whether two substances will dissolve with each other they have to be attracted to each other.
-Dispersion forces only like dispersion forces. Remember that C−H have the same electronegative and are non-polar.
-Dipole-dipole, H-bonding, and ionic compounds, generally, will dissolve with each other.
Example: Which of the following will dissolve in water H2O: CaF2, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3, CH3NH2, and CH3F.

6. Trends dealing with IMF:

-As temperature increases, generally, has an increase in vapor pressure. For instance, CH3OH has a higher vapor pressure at 50°C than at 30°C.
-IMF exists between molecules and NOT WITHIN A MOLECULE.
-Strength of IMF’s relative to each other. General trend (from least to greatest): dispersion < dipole-dipole < H-bonding < ionic

7. Know the following process:

Sublimination: X(s) → X(g) Condensation: X(g) → X(l) Evaporation: X(l) → X(g) Fusion: X(l) → X(s)

8. The lower the boiling point, the higher the vapor pressure.
-Example: which of the following CH4 vs CH3OH has the higher vapor pressure and which one has the higher boiling point.

9. Example 11.10
How much energy is required to vaporize 305.4g of mercury (Hg). [Hg = 200.59g/mol]

Hg(l) → Hg(g) ∆Hvap = +59.10kJ/mol

10. The triple point of a substance is where 3 phases coexist for a particular substance. For example, according to the following diagram, water
(H2O) at a pressure of 0.06atm and a temperature of 0.01°C, water coexists as a gas (steam), liquid (water), and solid (ice).

11.a Problem-6 from the study guide test-1. Phase diagram problem. Example: What phase is water in at a pressure of 15,000kPa and
temperature of 100°C.
11.b Vapor Pressure vs Temperature
Which of the following substances has the highest and lowest vapor pressures.

II. Kinetics
12. Example 13.1, Example 13.2
Example 13.1
a.) What is the rate equation for the following reaction.
H2O2(aq) + 3I−(aq) +2H+(aq) → I3−(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Answer in notes.
b.) Suppose for the above the reaction, the 1st 10.0 seconds, the concentration of I− changes from 1.000M to 0.868M. What is the average rate
of the reaction with respect to I− for these 10 seconds. Answer in notes.

c) What is the rate for H2O concentrations for the 10 seconds. Answer in notes.

d.) What is the change in concentration for the H+ ion (∆[H+]=?).

Example 13.2
What are the orders with respect to NO2 and CO if given the following data and what is the rate law expression.
Rxn [NO2]M [CO]M Initial Rate(M/s)

1 0.10 0.10 0.0021

2 0.20 0.10 0.0082

3 0.20 0.20 0.0083

4 0.40 0.10 0.033

13. Know all the integrated rate law relationships for 0th, 1st, and 2nd order graphical relationships, in terms of y=m(x) + b.

14. How do catalyst change the rate of reaction.

15. Solubility trends dealing with gases in water. As temperature increases, the solubility of gases decreases. Analogous to shaking a can of soda
while hot vs cold. A hot can of soda will release more gas.

16. Solubility trends dealing with solids in water. As temperature increases, the solubility of solid increases. Dissolving sugar in cold tea vs hot
tea is great example in understanding this trend.

III. Solutions Chemistry

17. Example 12.7
If a solution is 6.55% by mass of glucose(C6H12O6) of solution. What is the molarity of the solution. Assume the density of the solution is
d=1.03g/mL. [C6H12O6=180.16g/mol]

18. Know all the 4 colligative properties (memorize them):

a.) Freezing point depression
b.) Boiling point elevation
c.) Osmotic depression due to the presence of solutes
d.) Vapor pressure lowering due to the presence of solutes

19.a All things being equal, in terms of mass, the only factor being the surface area, as the surface area increases, the faster it will dissolve in
solution. What will dissolve faster, a whole tea leaf or grounded tea leaf.

-Miscellaneous: know the formulas and definitions of molarity, molality, %mass, and the mole fraction.

IV. Equilibrium
20.a LeChatelier’s Principle, in terms of thermodynamics and gases. Remember to treat energy/heat as a chemical constituent. If you increase
temperature, you increase energy/heat.
Example: if you decrease the temperature what direction will the reaction shift too.
A + B ↔ C + D + heat

20.b Example: What affect does decreasing the pressure have in the following reactions

A(g) + 2B(g) ↔ 2C(g) A(g) + 2B(g) ↔ 3C(g)

20.c Example: In the following reaction:

X+Y↔Z+R
If additional “R” is added, what directions does the reaction shift to.

21. What do the following mean:

K>1 (favors the products) K<1 (favors the reactants) K=1 [reactants]=[products]

22. When writing equilibrium expression, we do not include solids or liquids.

Example: what is the equilibrium expression for the following reaction
2A(aq) + B(s) ↔ 3C(aq) + H2O(l)
&
A(s) + B(g) ↔ C(s)

Note: (g) and (aq) are interchangeable.

23. Calculating the K (or Kc) of reaction if given concentrations of reactants and products.
Example: Calculate the K expression for the following reaction:
A(aq) + 2B(aq) ↔ 3C(aq)
Given [A]=0.54M, [B]=0.56, & [C]=1.85M.

24. Example Problem

For the following reaction, express the chemical reaction in terms of Kc and Kp and calculate ∆n. Note: Kp = Kc(RT)∆n

2SO3 ↔ 2SO2 + O2
V. Acids & Bases
25. Strength of oxyanions. The more oxygen, oxyanions have, the stronger their acidic strength due to the presentence of higher
electronegative atoms. Example 15.14
Example: Which of the following acids is the strongest: HBrO4, HBrO3, HBrO2, or HBrO.

26. The meaning of “conjugates” in terms of acids and bases. These terms stem, specifically, from how acids and bases are defined from the
Bronsted-Lowry evaluation. Acids release H+ ions. Bases accept H+ ions. Example: The conjugate acid of CN− is HCN. Looking at the reaction
makes it very clear:

HCN(aq) ↔ H+(aq)+ CN−(aq)

or
HCN(aq) + H2O(l)↔ H3O+(aq)+ CN−(aq)
Note: H+=H3O+
27. Calculating the pH of strong bases. Example 15.11a & b
Example 15.11
a.) What is the [OH−] and pH for a solution with an initial concentration of 0.225M KOH. Note: KOH(aq) → K+(aq) + OH−(aq)

b.) What is the [OH−] and pH for a solution with an initial concentration of 0.0015M Sr(OH)2. Note: Sr(OH)2(aq) → Sr+2(aq) + 2OH−(aq)

c.*) What is the pOH of a solution consisting of [H+]=0.0788M.

d.*) The pH of strong acids. For example, what is the pH of a HCl solution consisting of 0.0328M.

28. The relationship between the Ka and the strength of the acid. In general, the higher the Ka, the stronger the acid.

29. %Ionization based on pH. Example: What the %Ionization of an acid with an initial concentration of 0.589M with a pH of 4.31.

VI. Aqueous Equilibria

30. Utilizing the Henderson Haselbach equation. Example 16.3
Example: What is the pH of a solution consisting of 0.584M HF acid and 0.425NaF. The Ka of HF is Ka=6.60x10−4.

31.a Understanding what constitutes a good buffer system. Example 16.1 & Example 16.4
-Example 16.1
Which of the following is a good buffer solution.
a.) HNO2 & HCl b.) HNO2 & NaNO3 c.) HNO2 & NaCl d.) HNO2 & NaNO2
-Example 16.4
Which is the following is the strongest buffer.
a.)HCO2H=0.10M & KCO2H=0.10M b.)HCO2H=0.10M & KHCO2=1.00M c.)H2CO3=1.00M & KHCO2=1.00M

d.)HCl=10M & NaCl=10M e.)HCO2H=1.00M & KCO2H=1.00M

31.b General properties of equivalence points of titrations with acid and bases:
The equivalence point: is the point where the stoichiometric moles of acid and base are equal. There are four following equivalence point when
titrating acids (secondary key point is you must identity the acid and base as either strong or weak):
a. Titration of a strong acid[HCl] with a strong base[NaOH], the equivalence point is at a pH of 7.
b. Titration of a strong acid[HCl] with a weak base[NH3], the equivalence point is below a pH of 7.
c. Titration of a weak acid[HF] with a strong base[NaOH], the equivalence point is above a pH of 7.
d. Titration of a weak acid[HF] with a a weak base[NH3], the equivalence point is at a pH of 7.

32. Writing solubility product expressions: Example 16.5 & Example 16.6
-Example 16.5
What is the molar solubility of PbCl2.
PbCl2(s) ↔ Pb+2(aq) + 2Cl−(aq) Ksp=1.17×10−5
-Example 16.6
What is the Ksp of Ag2SO4 when the molar solubility of Ag2SO4 is 1.2×10−5M.

Ag2SO4(s) ↔ 2Ag+1(aq) + (SO4)−2(aq)

Thermodynamics
33. The meaning of entropy in terms of ∆S>0 and ∆S<0. Example 17.1

Example 17.1
State whether the entropy increases or decreases in the following processes.
a.) Water transitioning from the gas to liquid phase: H2O(g) → H2O(l)

b.) Sublimation of solid carbon dioxide: CO2(s) → CO2(g)

c.) Degradation reaction (AB → A + B): 2N2O(g) → 2N2(g) + O2(g)

d.) Which of the following has higher entropy: Xe vs Pu. [Xe=131.29g/mol] [Pu=244g/mol]

34. The meaning of the Gibb’s energy: ∆G ˂ 0 (a negative value) the reaction is spontaneous &
∆G ˃ 0 (a positive value) the reaction is not spontaneous

35. What can’t thermodynamical equations cannot determine.

36. Energy diagrams of reactants and products and their relationships in terms of enthalpy.

37. Alpha (α)Decay

Alpha decay is the emission of a helium atom (cation) within a nucleus (note it has a +2 charge but isn’t usually denoted). In general, alpha
4
decay is represented as: α particle = 2He
-Key Points: Alpha decay decreases the Z-number by two and decreases the mass number(A) by 4. In addition, alpha particles have the highest
ionizing power and very low penetrating power.
-Example: Reaction dealing with α decay:
234 238 4
U→ 90 Th + 92¿ ¿ 2He
Solutions:
1.) Answer: A. Ionic B. Hydrogen Bonding C. Dispersion D. Dispersion E. Dipole F. Dispersion

2.) Answer: MgCl2

4.) Answer: greatest CH3OH; the least CH4.

5.) Answer: only CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 will not dissolve in water.

8.) Answer: Methanol, CH3OH, has the higher IMF (H-bonding). Thus, it has the higher boiling point and lower vapor pressure.
Methane, CH4, has the lower IMF (dispersion). Hence, it has the lower boiling point and higher vapor pressure.

9.) Two conversion factors are needed: [1 mole Hg = 200.59g Hg] [1 mole Hg = 59.10kJ] Answer: 89.99kJ

11.a) Answer: liquid phase.

11.b) Answer: Diethyl Ether

Example 13.2
Assume NO2 is alpha (α). Comparing rxn-2 and rxn-1, alpha would be α=2… 2nd order.
Assume CO is beta (β). Comparing rxn-2 and rxn-3, beta would be β=0… 0th order.

14.) Answer: A catalyst decreases the activation energy (Ea) by providing an alternative path that is less energetic.

17.) Answer: M=0.375

20.a) Answer: To the right.

20.b) Answer: A shift to the left (rxn on the left). No shift (rxn on the right)

20.c) Answer: A shift to the left.

22.) Answers: K=[C]3/[A]2 & K=1/[B] or K=1/PB

23.) Answer: K=37.3

24.) Answers: Kc=[SO2]2[O2]/[SO3]2 Kp=P2SO2•PO2/P2SO3 ∆n=Σni[products]−Σni[reactants]=[2 + 1]−[2]=3−2=1

25.) Answer: HBrO4

27.) Answers:
Example 15.11
a. Solution: [OH−]=0.225M pH = 13.353

b. Solution: [OH−]=0.0030M pH = 11.48

c. Solution: pOH=12.9

d. Solution: pH=1.48

29.) Answer: %Ionization=0.00832%

30.) pH=3.04

31.a) Answers:
Example 16.1 solution: d

32.) Answer:
Example 16.5 Solution: S=0.0143

Example 16.6 Solution: Ksp=6.91×10−15

33.) Answer: A positive change in entropy {∆S>0} means an increase in disorder (less order).
A negative entropy {{∆S<0} means a decrease in disorder (more order).
Example 17.1
a. Decrease in entropy.
b. Increase in entropy.
c. Increase in entropy.
d. Plutonium [Pu] has higher entropy. It’s nucleus is vastly more complex. The number of electrons orbiting it is a far more complex array of
orbitals have far more complexity that corresponds to high entropy… bottom line: more particles… more electrons.

35.) While thermodynamics is a universal pillar and fundamental set of laws of universe, its equations have no time variable “t” within their
construction. Thermodynamics can tell you what may or may not happen. But can’t tell you how long that process will take.

36.) Energy Diagrams of exothermic and endothermic reactions

When reactants have more energy than products is indicative of an exothermic reaction: A → B + energy.
When reactants have less energy than products is indicative of an endothermic reaction: A + energy → B.