‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪ /‬ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫‪Electric Potential‬‬
‫)‪ (1-9‬ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜـﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‪Voltage Difference and Electric Potential‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ‪ q‬ﰲ ﳎـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﻴﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ qE‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳕﺴﻚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﻼﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪.–qE‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪ q0‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﺻﻼﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﳎﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(1-9‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﲢﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ B‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ‪ a‬ﻟﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺣﺮﻛـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺔ∗‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ A‬ﺇﱃ ‪ .B‬ﻭﻳ ‪‬ﻌﺮﻑ ﻓـﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰ ‪ WAB‬ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪WAB‬‬
‫= ‪VB − VA‬‬ ‫)‪…………………..…(1-9‬‬
‫‪q0‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪ SI‬ﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻫﻲ ﺟﻮﻝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ‪ V‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﻧﺪﺭﻭ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﺎ )‪.(1827-1745‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻛﺎﳌﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ‪ mV‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ ‪،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻓﻮﻟﺖ ‪ µV‬ﻭﻗﺪﺭ ‪‬ﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ‪ kV‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟـﺖ‬
‫‪،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻓﻮﻟﺖ ‪ MV‬ﻭﻗﺪﺭ ‪‬ﻩ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫∗ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺬ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q0‬ﻣﻦ ‪B‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ A‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ‪ b‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ‪ .a‬ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﲢﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪257‬‬
 ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪dr‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪+Q‬‬
‫‪-q0E‬‬ ‫‪q0E‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (1-9‬ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺘﲔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺟـﺪﺍﹰ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻔﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﳉﻬـﺪ‬
‫‪ VA‬ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (1-9‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪.B‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺇﳒﺎﺯﻩ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫)‪………………….(2-9‬‬
‫‪q0‬‬
‫ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺟﻬـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﲣﺎﺫﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺎﹰ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻹﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻨﻌﺘﱪ ﻛﺮﺗﲔ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﻣـﺰ ﳍـﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣـﺔ )‪(+‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ )‪ (−‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(2-9‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷـﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺮﺕ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫)ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓـﺎﻥ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺣﱴ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ(‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ )ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺣﱴ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺟﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟﻜـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ(‪.‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ ﻗﺪ ﻓﻘﺪﺗﺎ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊـﺎﻝ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻟﻜـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘـﱪ ﺍﳉﻬـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﲣﺬ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺇﻥ ﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺟﻬﺪﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﹰ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (2-9‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺗﲔ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(1-9‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﱯ ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪ 12V‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﺬﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻢ ﻟﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻥ ‪ ، V = −12Volt‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪W = ∆Vq = (−12)(−1.6 × 10 −19 ) = 1.9 × 10 −18 J‬‬

‫‪259‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺠﺬﺑﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ‪ V = +12Volt‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪W = ∆Vq = (+12)(−1.6 × 10 −19 ) = −1.9 × 10 −18 J‬‬

‫)‪ (2-9‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‬

‫‪The Relation between Voltage Difference and Field Intensity‬‬
‫ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺇﳒﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪ q0‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻤﻮﺝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(1-9‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺮﺿـﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q0‬ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ‪ a‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ q0‬ﰲ ﺃﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺘﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ + q0 E‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﻠﻄﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ − q0 E‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰ‪:‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪WAB = − ∫ q0 cos θdr‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪WAB‬‬
‫‪= ∫ E cos θdr‬‬ ‫)‪…………………….…..(3-9‬‬
‫‪q0‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ dr‬ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ‪ a‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ θ‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ )‪ (1-9‬ﻭ )‪ (3-9‬ﳒﺪ ﺇﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭٍ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪VB − V A = − ∫ E cos θdr‬‬ ‫)‪………………..(4-9‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ )‪ (3-9‬ﻭ )‪ (4-9‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪W AB‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫= ‪VB − V A‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪q0‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫او‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪…………….…..(5-9‬‬
‫‪∆ ( p.E ) ‬‬
‫= ‪VB − V A‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪q 0 ‬‬

‫‪260‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q0‬ﻳـﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟـﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﻃﺎﻗﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ)‪.(P.E‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺎﹰ ﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ θ‬ﺑﲔ ‪ E‬ﻭ‪ dr‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪180‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (4-9‬ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪VB − V A = − ∫ E cos 180dr = E ∫ dr = Ed‬‬ ‫)‪………...(6-9‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ‪ d‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪.B‬‬

‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (6-9‬ﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺷـﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‬
‫(‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣ ‪‬ﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ )‬
‫
‬
‫‬
‫( ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻭﻫﻲ )‬
‫آم‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫
‪.‬‬ ‫ل‬ ‫‬

‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫آم‬ ‫آم‪
 .‬‬ ‫آم‪
 .‬‬ ‫
‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(2-9‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﻟﻮﺣﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫‪ 1cm‬ﻫﻮ ‪ .100V‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ‪ -1 :‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ -2 ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻛﺘﻠﺘـﻪ ‪ 3.32 × 10 −27 kg‬ﻭﺷـﺤﻨﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ 1.6×10−19 C‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ‪ -3 ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗـﺪﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ -4 ، 0.5cm‬ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪∆V = Ed‬‬
‫‪∆V 100‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫‪= − 2 = 10 4 NC −1‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪261‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺠﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪F = ma ⇒ qE = ma‬‬
‫‪qE 1 .6 × 10 −19 × 10 4‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4 .819 × 10 11 m / sec 2‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪3 . 32 × 10 − 27‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 0.5cm‬ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ϑ = 2ax = 2 × 4.819 ×1011 × 0.5 ×10−2 = 6.94 ×104 m / sec‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪K‬‬ ‫‪mϑ 2 = × 3.32 × 10− 27 × (6.94 × 104 ) 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 7.99515 × 10 −18 J‬‬

‫)‪(3-9‬ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Electrical Potential and Potential Energy for Charge Point‬‬

‫ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ B‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﳒﺪ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪ q‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺘﲔ ‪ rA‬ﻭ ‪ rB‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(3-9‬‬

‫‪+q‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪rB‬‬
‫‪rA‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(3-9‬ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (4-9‬ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪: B‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
‫‪VB − V A = − ∫ E cos θdr‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬
‫∧‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪qr‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬

‫‪262‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q‬ﻭﻳﺒﻌـﺪ ﻋﻨــﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪r‬‬
‫‪rB‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪dr‬‬
‫‪∴VB − VA = −‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪∫ q cos θ r‬‬
‫‪rA‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪rB‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪dr‬‬
‫‪VB − V A = −‬‬ ‫‪∫ q cos 0 r‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪rA‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪rB‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪dr‬‬ ‫‪q  1 B‬‬
‫‪VB − VA = −‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r∫A r 2‬‬
‫‪=−‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪4πε 0  r  rA‬‬
‫‪q 1 1‬‬
‫‪VB − VA = −‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫)‪……………………..(7-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0  rB rA ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪) A‬ﺃﻭ ‪ (B‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻼ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ ،q‬ﻓﺎﻥ ∞ = ‪ )rA‬او∞ = ‪ (rB‬ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ‪ )VA = 0‬او‪ (VB = 0‬ﻭﺑﺘﻌـﻮﻳﺾ ﻫـﺎﺗﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﲔ ﻟـ ‪ rA‬ﻭ ‪ rB‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (7-9‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ ‪B‬‬
‫)ﺃﻭ ‪ .(A‬ﻭﻷﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ r‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫)‪………………………..(8-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬
‫ﻭﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ ‪ q1‬و ‪ q2‬و ‪ ، qn .........‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ‪ r1‬و ‪ r2‬و ‪ rn ................‬ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ p‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ‪ V1‬و ‪ V2‬و ‪ Vn ...................‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪p‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫‪, V2 = 1 2‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬‫‪πε‬‬ ‫‪0 r2‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳉﱪﻱ ﻟﻺﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﺐ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪V = V1 + V2 + ...................... + Vn = ∑ Vn‬‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫‪q‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪∴V‬‬ ‫∑‬ ‫)‪………………………....(9-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 n rn‬‬

‫‪263‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ rn‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ‪ qn‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﺘﺼﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﳚـﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻬـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ‪ dq‬ﰒ ﳛﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﻬـﺪ‬
‫‪ dV‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ‪ dq‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ‪ r‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪dq‬‬
‫= ‪dV‬‬ ‫)‪……………………....(10-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬
‫ﻭﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﻬـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪dq‬‬
‫= ‪V = ∫ dV‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫)‪………………...(11-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ )‪ (5-9‬ﻭ )‪ (7-9‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻷﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ Q‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ ‪ q‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1 1‬‬
‫= ) ‪∆( p.E‬‬ ‫( ‪Qq‬‬ ‫) ‪−‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪rB rA‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1 1‬‬
‫= ‪( p.E ) B − ( p.E ) A‬‬ ‫( ‪Qq‬‬ ‫) ‪−‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪rB rA‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺗﺒﻊ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ Q‬ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Qq‬‬
‫= ‪p.E‬‬ ‫)‪…………….…..(12-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(3-9‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ 3cm‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ‪500 µc‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫‪V= 1‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬
‫‪−6‬‬
‫‪V = 9×109 500×10 =150000 V=150KV‬‬
‫‪0.03‬‬

‫‪264‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(4-9‬‬
‫ﺛﻼﺙ ﺷـﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﻴـﺔ ‪ + 0 .5 × 10 −8 C‬و‪ − 4 × 10 −8 C‬و‪0.8 × 10 −8 C‬‬
‫ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻱ ‪ xy‬ﻭﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(4-9‬ﺟﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ‪ 0‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺇﳒﺎﺯﻩ ﻹﺣﻀﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ 0‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-4×10-8C‬‬
‫‪-8‬‬
‫‪0.5×10 C‬‬

‫‪10cm‬‬
‫‪5cm‬‬

‫‪0.8×10-8C‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪5cm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(4-9‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ 0‬ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪−8‬‬
‫‪V1 = 9×109 0.5×10 = 900 V‬‬
‫‪0.05‬‬
‫‪−8‬‬
‫‪V2 = 9×109 − 4×10 = −3600 V‬‬
‫‪0 .1‬‬
‫‪−8‬‬
‫‪V3 = 9×109 0.8×10 =1440 V‬‬
‫‪0.05‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 0‬ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪V =V1 +V2 +V3‬‬
‫‪V = 900 + (−3600) +1440 = −1260 V‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﳒﺎﺯﻩ ﻹﺣﻀﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪W = qV = (−1.6 × 10 −19 )(−1260) = 2 × 10 −16 J‬‬

‫‪265‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(5-9‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (5-9‬ﺛﻼﺙ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻃـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺿﻠﻌﻪ ‪ .20cm‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ ‪ -1 :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ‪ -2 ، + 1µC‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ ‪ + 1µC‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜـﺔ‬
‫‪. − 1µC‬‬
‫‪+ 1µc‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪20cm‬‬ ‫‪20cm‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫‪10cm‬‬ ‫‪10cm‬‬
‫‪+ 1µc‬‬ ‫‪+ 1µc‬‬
‫‪20cm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(5-9‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﳒﺪ ﺑ ‪‬ﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺅﻭﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ )‪ (r‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫=‪r‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏﻮﺭﺱ ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x = (20) 2 − (10) 2 = 22.36cm‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪∴r‬‬ ‫‪× 22.36 = 14.9cm‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﰒ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (9-9‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪V= 1 ∑ n= 1 ∑ n= 1‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 n rn 4πε 0 r‬‬ ‫‪4π‬‬
‫‪−6‬‬
‫‪= 9×109 3×1×10 −2 =1.8×105 V‬‬
‫‪14.9×10‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ − 1µC‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺪ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1+1−1‬‬
‫‪V = 9×109‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬
‫‪= 0.6×105 V‬‬
‫‪14.9×10‬‬

‫‪266‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(6-9‬‬

‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 6 ×105 m / sec‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ .B‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ B‬ﻫﻲ ‪ 12 × 105 m / sec‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ‬
‫‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻭﺑﲔ ﺃﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ B‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ )‪ (P.E‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) ‪ ، q(VB − V A‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪ ﰲ )‪ (P.E‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ) ‪q (VB − VA‬‬ ‫‪mϑ22 − mϑ12‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪m 2‬‬
‫= ‪VB − VA‬‬ ‫) ‪(ϑ2 − ϑ12‬‬
‫‪2q‬‬
‫‪9.1× 10 −31‬‬
‫= ‪VB − VA‬‬
‫‪2 × 1.6 × 10‬‬ ‫‪−19‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪(12 × 105 ) 2 − (6 × 105 ) 2‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪VB − VA = 3.07 V‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ B‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(7-9‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(6-9‬‬

‫‪6 µC‬‬ ‫‪3µC‬‬ ‫‪2 µC‬‬

‫‪30cm‬‬ ‫‪20cm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6-9‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻘِﻞﹾ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ‪ V‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺷﻐﻼﹰ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺒﺬﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ )‪ (P.E‬ﳐﺘﺰﻧـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ 2µC‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺷﻐﻼﹰ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺷـﺤﻨﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪) 3µC‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ( ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ + 2µC‬ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Qq‬‬
‫= ‪W3µc‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪+ 2 µC‬‬
‫‪3 × 10 −6 × 2 × 10 −6‬‬
‫‪W3µc = 9 × 109‬‬ ‫‪= 0.27 J‬‬
‫‪0 .2‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻘِﻞﹾ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ 6µC‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﺣﻀﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﻬـﺪ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ‪ + 2µC‬ﻭ ‪ ، 3µC‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ 6µC‬ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 2 × 10−6 3 × 10 −6 ‬‬
‫‪W6 µc = 9 × 109 × 6 × 10 − 6 ‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪ 0 .5‬‬ ‫‪0.3 ‬‬
‫‪= 0.756 J‬‬
‫ﲜﻤﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪p.E = 0 + 0.27 + 0.765 = 1J‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ؟‬
‫‪Electron Volt‬‬ ‫)‪ (4-9‬ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺷﺮﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪ SI‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻠﺘﻘﻲ ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﻝ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪ eV‬ﻭﺗﻌ‪‬ﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﲝﺮﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓـﺮﻕ ﺟﻬـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ‪1‬ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻻﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (2-9‬ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1eV = (1e)(1.602×10 −19 J ) =1.602×10 −19 J‬‬
‫‪e‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(8-9‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺇﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻳـﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 1000V‬ﻓﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺟﺴﻴﻢٍ ﺫﻱ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 2e‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺘﲔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‪ -2 ،‬ﺍﳉﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪W = q (V2 −V1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫)‪W = qV21 = (2e)×(100 V‬‬
‫‪W = 200 eV‬‬

‫‪W = 2×1.6×10 −19 ×100 V‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫‪= 3.2×10−17 J‬‬

‫)‪ (5-9‬ﺟﻬﺪ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪Potential Electric Dipole‬‬

‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (7-9‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷـﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒـﺔ ‪+q‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪ –q‬ﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 2a‬ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷـﺊ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ‪ +q‬ﻭ ‪ –q‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ‪ N‬ﻭ ‪ P‬ﻭ ‪.Q‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬

‫‪r2‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬
‫‪r2-r1‬‬

‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪+q‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪-q‬‬
‫‪r‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (7-9‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ N‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪r‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻩ ﳒﺪ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪+q‬ﻭ‪ - q‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﺘﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r − a‬‬
‫)‪1 ( − q‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r + a‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪ V‬ﻟﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﱪﻱ ﳉﻬﺪﻳﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫= ‪V = V1 + V2‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪r−a r+a‬‬
‫‪q  (r + a) − (r − a) ‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 ‬‬ ‫‪r 2 − a2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪2a‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫)‪……………………..(13-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r − a 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ N‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻱ )‪ (r>>2a‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ‪ a 2‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ r 2‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﺄﺧـﺬ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ )‪(13-9‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪q 2a‬‬ ‫‪1 p‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪……………. (14-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ‪ p = 2qa‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ P‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ ‪ r‬ﻭ‪θ‬‬
‫)ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ (7-9‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ +q‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 q‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬
‫‪4 πε 0 r1‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ –q‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r2‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪ V‬ﻟﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﱪﻱ ﳉﻬﺪﻳﻬﻤﺎ ‪،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪270‬‬
 ‫‪q q‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪V = V1 + V2‬‬ ‫) ‪( −‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r1 r2‬‬
‫‪q r2 − r1‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫)‪………………………...(15-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r1r2‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ‪ 2a‬ﺃﻱ )‪ (r>>2a‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪r1r2 ≅ r 2‬‬
‫‪r2 − r1 = 2a cosθ‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (15-9‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪q 2a cosθ‬‬ ‫‪1 p cosθ‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪……………..(16-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫ﳒﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (16-9‬ﲢﻘﻴ ‪‬ﻖ ﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ N‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ‪θ‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪ cosθ=1‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (16-9‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ .(14-9‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳒﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ )‪ (16-9‬ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻨﺘـﺼﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺷﺤﻨﱵ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ θ‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪.90‬‬

‫)‪ (6-9‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫‪Calculation of Electric Field from Electric Potential‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓﹰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (11-8‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣ ‪‬ﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ )‪ (5-8‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺳﻬﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ )‪ (2-9‬ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺷﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ E‬ﻭﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ‪ ∆V‬ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (4-9‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪∆V = VB − VA = − ∫ E cosθdr‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫‪271‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺳﻨﺮﻯ ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ E‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ‪ dV‬ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨـﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ‪ dr‬ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪dV = − E cosθdr‬‬ ‫)‪………….…(17-9‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ E cosθ‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﲡـﺎﻩ ‪ ،dr‬ﻭﺍﻥ ‪ θ‬ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ‪ E‬ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ .dr‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ‪E cosθ‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ‪ dr‬ﻓﺎﻥ ‪ θ=0‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (17-9‬ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪dV‬‬
‫‪Er = −‬‬
‫‪dr‬‬ ‫)‪……………………(18-9‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ، dr‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ‪ E‬ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ V‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﹰ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ x‬ﻭ‪ y‬ﻭ‪ z‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (18-9‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪∂V ‬‬
‫‪Ex = −‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪∂x ‬‬
‫‪∂V ‬‬
‫‪Ey = −‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪……………………(19-9‬‬
‫‪∂y ‬‬
‫‪∂V ‬‬
‫‪Ez = −‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪∂z ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (4-9‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺒﻘـﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺎﹰ‬
‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺳﻨﺄﰐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(9-9‬‬

‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪) 2a‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(8-9‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‪ -1:‬ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ V‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪-2، p‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ V‬ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ Ex‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ‪-3،‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ V‬ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ Ex‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ p‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪272‬‬
 ‫‪y‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪-q‬‬ ‫‪+q‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(8-9‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪+q −q‬‬
‫( ‪V= 1 ∑ n= 1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪4πε 0 n rn 4πε 0 x − a x + a‬‬
‫‪qa‬‬
‫‪V= 1 2 2‬‬
‫‪2πε 0 x − a‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ )‪ (x>>a‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ‪‬ﻤﻞ‪:a2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪qa‬‬
‫= ‪∴V‬‬
‫‪2πε 0 x 2‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (18-9‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ Ex‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪E x = − dV = − d ( 1 2 ) = −( − 2 3‬‬
‫‪qa‬‬ ‫‪qa‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪dx 2πε 0 x‬‬ ‫‪2πε 0 x‬‬

‫‪qa‬‬
‫‪∴E x = 1 3‬‬
‫‪πε 0 x‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪‬ﺎ ‪ p‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻓﺎﻥ ‪ V‬ﻭ ‪ Ex‬ﲢﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫( ‪V= 1 ∑ n= 1‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪4πε 0 n rn 4πε 0 a − x a + x‬‬

‫‪qx‬‬
‫‪V= 1 2 2‬‬
‫‪2πε 0 a − x‬‬
‫‪qx‬‬
‫) ‪E x = − dV = − d ( 1 2 2‬‬
‫‪dx dx 2πε 0 a − x‬‬

‫= ‪∴E x‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪− x2 − a2‬‬
‫‪2πε 0 (a 2 − x 2 ) 2‬‬

‫‪273‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(10-9‬‬

‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ q‬ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ a‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(9-9‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ‪ -1:‬ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ p‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ y‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ‪-2،‬ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪. p‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬

‫‪r‬‬
‫‪y‬‬

‫‪a‬‬

‫‪dq‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(9-9‬‬
‫ﺴﻢ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﲟﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ ‪p‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻧﻘ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﰒ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺷـﺤﻨﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ dq‬ﻭﻧﻌﺘﱪﻫﺎ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ r‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪.p‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (10-9‬ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﳒﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺄﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪dq‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪dq‬‬
‫= ‪dV‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬ ‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪a + y2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪:p‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪V = ∫ dV‬‬ ‫‪∫ dq‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 a 2 + y 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪a + y2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

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‫‪ -2‬ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ‪ y‬ﻟـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ E‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ p‬ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪، (18-9‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫‪E = E y = − dV = d ( 1‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪dy dy 4πε 0 a + y 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪qy‬‬
‫‪∴E = 1‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 (a 2 + y 2 ) 3 2‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ )‪ (5-8‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪.(18-8‬‬

‫)‪ (7-9‬ﺟﻬﺪ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻥ‬

‫‪Potential of Spherical Body Charged Conductor‬‬

‫ﻧﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ r‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ‪ q‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (8-9‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 q‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬
‫ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻳﺼﺢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛـﺮﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺑﺈ‪‬ﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺷـﺘﻘﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻛـﺮﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ‪ ، R‬ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻫﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ B‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (4-9‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‪:‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪VB −VA = − ∫ E cosθdr = 0‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫‪∴VB = VA‬‬

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‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ B‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻜﻼﻡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ∗‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (3-9‬ﻭﻧﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﺑـ‪ +q‬ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ ‪ +q‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ B‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ‪ rB‬ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫـﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (7-9‬ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﳒﺪ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪: B‬‬
‫‪q 1 1‬‬
‫= ‪VB − VA‬‬ ‫‪ − ‬‬
‫‪4πε 0  rB rA ‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ B‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪q 1 1‬‬
‫= ‪VB − 0‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪4πε 0  rB ∞ ‬‬
‫‪q 1‬‬
‫= ‪∴VB‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 rB‬‬
‫ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ rB‬ﺑـ ‪R‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫)‪…………………(20-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 R‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ r‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻩ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 q‬‬
‫= ‪V‬‬
‫‪4 πε 0 r‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒ‪‬ﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (10-9‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﳉﻬـﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ R‬ﻭﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪. +q‬‬

‫∗ ﻟﻮ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‪ ،‬ﻻﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﻗـﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺪﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪+ +‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪4πε 0 R 2‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+ + +‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪1 q‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫‪E=0‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬

‫‪1 q‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 R‬‬
‫‪1 q‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬

‫‪r‬‬

‫ا )‪ :(10-9‬ا!ل ا وا ة  ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫)‪…………………......(21-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 R 2‬‬
‫‪∴V = RE‬‬ ‫)‪……………………..(22-9‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻜـﺴﻲ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﻜﻮﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺪﺑﺐ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺪﺑﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﻋﻖ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩﻱ ﺑـﲔ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﻛﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﹰ ﻣﻮﺻﻼﹰ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺎﹰ ﺫﺍ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺪﺑﺐ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻓ ﹲﺊ ﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻫﻲ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺪﺑﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻚ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻫﻲ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ‪ r‬ﻭﺷﺤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،q‬ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻜـﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜـﺒﲑﺓ ‪R‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﺤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ‪) Q‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ (11-9‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺟﻬﺪﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺃ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﺼﻼﻥ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺴﻠﻚ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪277‬‬
 ‫‪1 q‬‬ ‫‪1 Q‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪…………………..(23-9‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 4πε 0 R‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ‪ σ‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫= ‪σr‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫‪4πr 2‬‬
‫)‪………..(24-9‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫= ‪σR‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫‪4πR 2‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﲔ )‪ (23-9‬ﻭ )‪ (24-9‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ r r =σ R R‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫= ‪∴ r‬‬ ‫)‪………………………. (25-9‬‬
‫‪σR r‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ ﻟﻮ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ E = σ‬ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (25-9‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪Er R‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪……………….…...(26-9‬‬
‫‪ER r‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺠﺬﺏ )ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ( ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺪﺑﺐ ﺑﺘﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺻﻄﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﲜﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻼﹰ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺪﺑﺐ ﲟﻌﺪﻝٍ ﻋﺎﻝٍ‪.‬‬

‫‪q‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬
‫‪++‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪++‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(11-9‬ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻥ ﲣﻴﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺪﺑﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺘﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺴﻠﻚ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪278‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(11-9‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (12-9‬ﻛﺮﺗﲔ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﲔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪3cm‬‬
‫ﲢﻤﻼﻥ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﳘﺎ ‪ − 30×10 −9 C‬ﻭ ‪ . +10×10 −9 C‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﻬﻤـﺎ‬
‫‪ .2m‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‪ -1:‬ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ ‪ -2 ،‬ﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﲟﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪.2m‬‬
‫‪− 30×10 −9 C‬‬ ‫‪+10×10 −9 C‬‬
‫‪3cm‬‬ ‫‪3cm‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬
‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(12-9‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫= ‪V‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬
‫‪−9‬‬ ‫‪−8‬‬
‫‪V1 = 9×109  − 30×10 +10 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2 ‬‬
‫‪−9‬‬ ‫‪−8‬‬
‫‪V1 = 9×109  − 60×10 +10  = − 540 + 90 = −225 V‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−8‬‬ ‫‪−9‬‬
‫‪V2 = 9×109 10 + − 30×10 ‬‬
‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪−8‬‬ ‫‪−9‬‬
‫‪V2 = 9×109  2×10 − 30×10  =180 − 270 = −45 V‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ )ﺍﻋﺘﺪﻧﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ(‪:‬‬
‫‪V1 −V2 = − 225 − ( − 45 ) = − 180 V‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ )‪ (1‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺍﹰ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ )‪ (2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ 2m‬ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ‪:‬‬
‫‪−9‬‬
‫‪V1 = 9 ×10 9  − 30 ×10‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪10 −8  = − 8955 V‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 3×10 − 2‬‬ ‫‪2 ‬‬
‫‪−8‬‬ ‫‪−9‬‬
‫‪V2 = 9×109  10 −2 + − 30×10  = +286 V‬‬
‫‪ 3×10‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪279‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(12-9‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (13-9‬ﺷﺤﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺑﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ ، + 10 × 10−9 C‬ﻭﺑﻌـﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺴﻠﻚ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ ‪ .50cm‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ ﻭﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q1‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r1‬‬
‫‪1 q2‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r2‬‬
‫‪+ 10 × 10 −9 C‬‬

‫‪r1=1cm‬‬

‫‪r2=10cm‬‬ ‫‪50cm‬‬

‫ا )‪(13-9‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ q1‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ‪ q2‬ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﳘﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺮﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻭ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻀﺂﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ‪:‬‬
‫‪q1 q2‬‬ ‫‪q1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫‪−2‬‬
‫‪= 2−1‬‬
‫‪r1 r2‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪10 2 q1 = 10q2‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫‪q1 = 0.1q2‬‬
‫أو‬
‫‪q2 =10q1‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬

‫‪q1 + q2 = 10 × 10 −9‬‬
‫‪q1 + 10q1 = 10 × 10 −9‬‬
‫‪11q1 = 10 × 10 −9‬‬

‫‪280‬‬
 ‫‪10‬‬
‫= ‪q1‬‬ ‫‪× 10 −9 = 91 × 10 −11 C‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪q2 = 10 × 91 × 10 −11 = 91 × 10 −10‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (20-9‬ﻭﳓﺴﺐ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫‪V= 1‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 R‬‬
‫‪−11‬‬
‫‪∴V1 =V2 = 9×109 × 91×10‬‬ ‫‪= 819 V‬‬
‫‪10 −2‬‬

‫‪Equipotentials‬‬ ‫)‪ (8-9‬ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬

‫ﻧﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ )‪ (6-9‬ﻭﻧﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ ،(18-9‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪dV‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪dr‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎﹰ ﳉﻤﻊ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺭ ﲞـﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻪ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﺴﻄﺢ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‪,‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺘﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ )‪(1-9‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪WAB‬‬
‫= ‪VB − VA‬‬
‫‪q0‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻧﺘﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﻣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ B‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳋـﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺒﺬﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺷـﻐﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ q0‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻟـﺸﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺧﻂ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‬

‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪:(12-9‬ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﳛﻴﻂ ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(13-9‬ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬

‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(14-9‬ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﳛﻴﻂ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻵﻥ ﻟﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (14-9‬ﻳﺮﺻﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﻴـﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺣﱴ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻛﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(15-9‬‬

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 ‫ﺧﻂ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (15-9‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (9-9‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺑﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬

‫‪The Relation of Capacitance with Potential and Charge‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺮﺽ ﻣﻮﺻﻼﹰ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻻﹰ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﳉﻬﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﻬـﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪q = const. V‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻣﺰﻫﺎ ‪، C‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪q = CV‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪C‬‬ ‫)‪………………….…..(27-9‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (27-9‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺸﺌﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳ‪‬ﺘﻌﻤِﻠﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ )ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻡ( ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ )ﻓﻮﻟﺖ( ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺔ )ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻡ ﻟﻜـﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ( ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﺎﺭﺍﺩ∗ ﻭﺭﻣﺰﻫﺎ )‪ (F‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬

‫
ا 
‪.‬‬ ‫ا ا   ا   راداي ا ي ه   ا‬ ‫∗ ‪
" #‬إ‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻡ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﺭﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1‬آم‬
‫‪ 1‬راد=‬
‫‪ 1‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺍﺩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻮ‪‬ـﺎ ﻛﻤﻴـﺔ ﻛـﺒﲑﺓ ﺟـﺪﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤـﺔ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﻓﺎﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﻣﺰﻩ ‪ µF‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻓﺎﺭﺍﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 10-6‬ﻓـﺎﺭﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻜﻮﻓـﺎﺭﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻣﺰﻩ ‪ pF‬ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 10-12‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻓﺎﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 10-9‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻭﺷﻜﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ R‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺍﻫﺎ ‪ Q‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪C‬‬ ‫‪= 4πε 0 R‬‬ ‫)‪…………………..(28-9‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ‪ V‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪. (20-9‬ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻝ ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪qV CV 2 q 2‬‬
‫=‪U‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪………………..(29-9‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2C‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺷﺮﻧﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻟﻮﺣﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﲔ ﻣـﺸﺤﻮﻧﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺎﹰ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺴﻌﺔ( ‪،Capacitor‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (6-8‬ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﳍﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ* ﺇﱃ ﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻃـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺼﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﲔ ﻳﻈﻼﻥ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﲔ ﺇﱃ‬

‫ر 
‬ ‫ 
 وذ 
 ا  ا‬ ‫* '& ا & إ‪ $%‬ا‪ !"#‬إ ا‬
‫آ‪ / 0‬واف ا‪,  -,‬رض '*)ة‪.‬‬

‫‪284‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ (17-9‬ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ‬

‫ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪+ -‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (17-9‬ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻋﺎﺯﻝ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻐـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(13-9‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺫﻭ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛـﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸــﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ ،(18-9‬ﺃﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ +q‬ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪ –q‬ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ A‬ﻭ ﻳﻔﺼﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ )‪ (d‬ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﺟﺪ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(d‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(18-9‬‬

‫‪285‬‬
 ‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺪﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﳘـﺎﻝ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﳒﺪ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪E=σ‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫‪ε0 ε0 A‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪) q‬ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ( ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (6-9‬ﳒﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪qd‬‬
‫= ‪V = Ed‬‬
‫‪ε0 A‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ‪ V‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (27-9‬ﳒﺪ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺘﲔ‪:‬‬
‫‪q ε0 A‬‬
‫=‪C‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪………………...…(30-9‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﳌﻜﺜﻒ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺘﻴﻪ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ ﻭﲰﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ﻓﻬﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪qV CV 2 q 2‬‬ ‫‪q 2d‬‬
‫=‪U‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪….……………..(31-9‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2C 2ε 0 A‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺮﻍ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﺳـﺘﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(14-9‬‬

‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ ‪ 2µF‬ﺷﺤﻦ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺪ ‪ .100V‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷـﺤﻨﺘﻪ‬

‫‪ 200µc‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪U‬‬ ‫‪qV = 200 × 10 − 6100 = 0 .01 J‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫‪q2‬‬ ‫‪( 200 × 10 − 6 ) 2‬‬
‫= ‪U‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0 .01 J‬‬
‫‪2C‬‬ ‫‪2 × 2 × 10 − 6‬‬

‫‪286‬‬
 ‫)‪(10-9‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﻛﺮﺍﻑ ‪Van de Graff Generator‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﳌﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﻛﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (19-9‬ﺻﻤﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﻛﺮﺍﻑ ‪ (1967-1901) Robert J. Van de Graff‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1929‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳋـﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻـﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ ،10MeV‬ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳـﻊ ﰲ ﲡـﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴـﻞ ﺍﳉـﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻫﺪﻓﺎﹰ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻛﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻻ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﲏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﻛﺮﺍﻑ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿـﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻥ ﰲ ﲤﺎﺱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﳎﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﳛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﻮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﻮﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﻛﺮﺍﻑ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺣﺰﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﳝﺮ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻜﺮﺗﲔ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﺗﻄﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻼﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻼﻣﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﻮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﻰ ﺑﻄﻼﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺰﺍﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻪ ﳍﺎ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻷﺳـﻔﻞ ﻳﻜﺘـﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺰﺍﻡ ﻋﱪ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔ ﺳﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﺯﻝ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﻮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺗﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻼﻣﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘـﺄﺛﺮﺓ‬
‫ﲟﺠﺎﻝ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺷـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ .3×106V/m‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺟﻬﺪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊـﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 1m‬ﻫﻮ ‪ ،3×106V‬ﻭﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 2m‬ﻫـﻮ ‪ ،6×106V‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻛﱪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﳑﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻟﻮﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﻷﻣﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺟﻬﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺪ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻭ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﺯﻝ‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﻣﺪﺑﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (19-9‬ﳐﻄﻂ ﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﻱ ﻛﺮﺍﻑ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪Exercises‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫)‪ : (1-9‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 6V‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺑﺬﻟﻪ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 9C‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ؟‬
‫)‪ : (2-9‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪600V‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ .4cm‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻼﹰ ﻣﻦ ‪ -1:‬ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻴﻨـﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 2µc‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺘﲔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (3-9‬ﻟﻮﺡ ﻣﺴﺘﻮٍ ﳛﻤﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ، − 4µc / m 2‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺣﺪﺩﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ .V=0‬ﻓﻜﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫‪.2cm‬‬
‫)‪ : (4-9‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﻟﻮﺣﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪ ،20V‬ﻓﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺑﺬﻟﻪ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 8C‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠـﻮﺡ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ؟‬
‫)‪ : (5-9‬ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺟﻬﺪ ‪ 80V‬ﻓﻤـﺎ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (6-9‬ﺷﺤﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﳘﺎ ‪ + 2µC‬و‪ − 3µC‬ﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗـﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺘـﺮﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﹰ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ( ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻼﳍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (7-9‬ﻛﺮﺓ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ r‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ q‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ R‬ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪.Q‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫)‪ : (8-9‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪x + y2 + z2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺟِﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ‪.z ,y, x‬‬
‫)‪ : (9-9‬ﺷﺤﻨﺖ ﻣﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﺳﻌﺘﻬﺎ ‪ 2µF‬ﺑﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .10-3C‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫)‪ : (10-9‬ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ ، 8cm‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﻄﺤﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ 2000V‬ﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﹰ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (11-9‬ﻛﻢ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ ‪ 12µc‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﲰﻜﻪ ‪ 20nm‬ﳝﻸ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻟﻮﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﲔ؟‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ‪ k = 8‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (12-9‬ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 30cm‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪8 × 10 C‬‬
‫‪−9‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﻧﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻜﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (13-9‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﺑـﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻗـﺪﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ 1.8µC‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ . 9V‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ؟‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (14-9‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻮﺡ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﲔ ‪ 280cm 2‬ﻭﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ . 0.5mm‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﲔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ ‪. 1µC‬‬
‫)‪ : (15-9‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ 100 V‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‪ -1 .‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﻝ ‪ -2‬ﺑﻮﺣـﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (16-9‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤــﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬــﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑــﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨــﺔ ﻳــﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫= ‪ V‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟـﺸﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‪x + y2 + z2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ‪. z , y , x‬‬

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