MIHI@IJ QCLUO EIJI^I aik ISQLMIQI

‐Wckcripik Dukbsi Eijisi Iutlmiti Wiai Hcjiaupik

^cjiri „ Jiri”

MIQI HS@OIJ QCLUO EIJI^I aik ISQLMIQI

Alsck Wckbimpu 6 Ikikb D ihtnjur U injmik, ^.H lm,

M.H lm Aisusuk L`cj 6 Diisl` ^iia (5792357759)

DIHS@QI^ QCHKOH
WULAO QCHKOH OKDLUMIQOHI
SKOTCU^OQI^ MIASUI

QIJSK IHIACMOH 5799

 HIQI WCKBIKQIU

Issi`imu‟i`iihum wirijmitu``iji wieirihituj.

Wuji aik syuhur himi pikjithik hc jiairit I``ij ^RQ itis scbi`i ecrhit,
rijmit, tiudih, scrti jiaiyij-Kyi yikb tiiai tcrhiri ecsirkyi,
scjikbbi
I`jimau`i``ij pcku`is aipit mckyc`csiihik mihi`ij ackbik juau` ”Wckcripik
D ukbsi E ijisi Iutlmiti Wiai Hcjiaupik
Jiri ”, tcpit piai
^cjiri „
wihtukyi.
^jl`iwit aik si`im tih `upi himi hirimhik hcpiai jukjukbik kiei ecsir
Mujimmia ^IR ecscrti piri sijieitkyi yikb tc`ij mcmeimeikb hiti
scmui airi zimik jiji`iij hc zimik yikb pckuj ackbik ihj`ihu`hirimij.
Qubis iki aitujuhik uktuh mcmckuji tubis miti hu`iij Qclri Eijisi aik
Iutlmiti. Ai`im pckyusukikkyi, pcku`is mcmpcrl`cj eikyih eiktuik
airi
ecreibii pijih, hircki itu pcku`is mckbuniphik tcrimi hisij hcpiai Qcmik-
tcmik yikb tc`ij mcmeiktu pcku`is ai`im mckyc`csiihik mihi`ij iki .
Wcku`is mckyiairi eijwi mihi`ij iki misij eikyih hchurikbik aik
hc`cmijikkyi, eiih ai`im isi miupuk sistcmitihikyi. Ji` iki aisceiehik
l`cj hctcreitisik pckbctijuik aik wiwisik pcku`is. L`cj sceie itu, pcku`is
sikbit mckbjiriphik hritih aik sirik uktuh mckycmpurkihik mihi`ij iki.
Ihjirkyi hiti, pcku`is ecrjiriphik scmlbi mihi`ij iki aipit
mcmecrihik mikdiit, hjususkyi eibi pcku`is aik umumkyi eibi pcmeini.
Rissi`imu‟i`iihum Rr. Re.

Wimchisik, 5> Mci 5799

Wcku`is
 AIDQIU O^O

Hiti Wckbiktir ................................................................................................. i

Aidtir Osi........................................................................................................... ii
EIE O WCKAIJS@SIK
9.9 @itir Ec`ihikb .............................................................................. iii
9.5 Uumusik Misi`ij ......................................................................... iv
9.> Qujuik aik Mikdiit Wcku`isik Mihi`ij .......................................
iv 9.>.9 Qujuik.................................................................................
iv
9.>.5 Mikdiit............................................................................... iv
EIE OO WCMEIJI^IK
5.9 ^cjirij Qclri Eijisi Aik Iutlmiti ............................................
5.5 Wckbcrtiik Qclri Eijisi................................................................
5.> Wckbcrtiik Iutlmiti .....................................................................
5.1 Wckbcrtiik Eijisi aik Iutlmiti ..................................................
5.3
Wckbcrtiik Hlmputisi ...................................................................
5.4
Wcrik aik Hcbukiik Iutlmiti .....................................................
5.4.9 Wcrik Qclri Eijisi aik Iutlmiti piai O`mu Hlmputcr ...
5.4.5 Wckcripik Eijisi aik Iutlmiti .......................................
EIE OOO WCKSQSW
>.9 Hcsimpu`ik....................................................................................
AIDQIU WS^QIHI
 EIE O
WCKAIJS@SI
K

9.9 @itir Ec`ihikb

Qclri eijisi iutlmiti mcrupihik si`ij situ tclri hlmputisi piai
O`mu Hlmputcr. Qclri hlmputisi aitikb airi eijisi aik rchiyisi sistcm,
tcrutimi yikb ecreisishik mitcmitihi. Qclri eijisi iutlmiti aipit
aijiaihik suitu bibisik mckaisir ai`im hlmputisi yikb mckjiai tll`s
uktuh mckbcki`i suitu pcrsli`ik itiu misi`ij hircki aipit
mcmecrihik hlkscp aik priksip uktuh mcmijimi suitu pcrsli`ik
yikb ecrhl`crisi ackbik eiaikb i`mu hlmputcr.
O`mu Hlmputcr mcmi`ihi tlpih yikb nuhup `uis mc`iputi
pcriknikbik mcsik jikbbi pcmrlbrimik. Qclri eijisi iutlmiti mcmi`ihi
cmpit tipc brimmir yikb aisceut ackbik Jirirhi Njlmshy, yiitu
Skrcstrintca Brimmir (SB), Nlktcxt ^cksitivc Brimmir (N^B), Nlktcxt
Drcc Brimmir (NDB), aik Ucbu`ir Brimmir (UB). Iturik prlauhsi ai`im
tclri eijisi iutlmiti iai`ij prlscs yikb mckspcsidihisihik eibiimiki
suitu titi eijisi mcktriksdlrmisi suitu strikb hc ecktuh `iikkyi. Hlmputcr
mckbihuti scjum`ij prlscaur sistcmitis, itiu i`blritmc, yikb aipit
aiip`ihisihik uktuh scrikbhiiik ikput (strikb) yikb mckyitihik iktcbcr aik
mckbjisi`hik jiwieik sctc`ij scjum`ij ecrjikbbi `ikbhij.
Qclri ltlmiti iai`ij stuai tcktikb pcri`itik itiu ‐mcsik” hlmputisi
iestrih, yikb aipit aiacdikisihik scniri mitcmitis. Mcsik
iestrih mcrupihik mlac` tclritis airi pcrikbhit hcris itiu pcrikbhit
`ukih yikb aibukihik ai`im tclri ltlmiti. Qipc pi`ikb scacrjiki airi
mcsik iestrih iai`ij dikitc iutlmitlk itiu dikitc stitc minjikc. Wriksip
yikb mckaisiri mcsik iki iai`ij sistcm piai sctiip siit ai`im si`ij situ
airi scjum`ij stitc
ecrjikbbi aik ecrbcrih aiiktiri stitc-stitc tcrsceut ai`im mcrcsplk sikyi`
ikput ikaiviaui`.
9.5 Uumusik Misi`ij
Ecrikbhit airi `itir ec`ihikb misi`ij ai itis, mihi ihik himi susuk
rumusik misi`ij. Iaipuk rumusik misi`ij tcrsceut uktuh mcmeitisi
pcmeijisik mihi`ij. Uumusik aisusuk sceibii ecrihut 6
9. ^cjirij Qclri eijisi aik ltlmiti !
5. Ipi itu tclri eijisi <
>. Ipi itu ltlmiti <
1. Ipi itu eijisi aik Iutlmiti <
3. Ipi itu hlmputisi <
4. Eibiimiki pcrikikkkyi aik ipi hcbukiikkyi uktuh hiti <
9.> Qujuik aik Mikdiit Wcku`isik Mihi`ij
9.>.9 Qujuik
^iit iai suitu prlscs mihi aisitu iai suitu tujuik,
aieuitkyi mihi`ij iki mcmi`ihi tujuik plhlh yikb ikbik
ainipii yiitu mckbctijui pckbcrtiik tclri eijisi aik iutlmiti
ecscrti

pckcripikkyi piai hcjiaupik scjiri „ jiri.

9.>.5 Mikdiit
Ai`im pcku`isik mihi`ij iki aijiriphik
uktuh mcmpcrhiyi i`mu eijik ikdlrmisi eibi pcku`is aik
pcmeini mckbckii tclri eijisi aik iutlmiti ecscrti

pckcripikkyi piai hcjiaupik scjiri „ jiri scjikbbi eisi

mckbhijikyi `ceij ai`im.

 EIE OO
WCMEIJI^I
K

5.9 ^cjirij Qclri Eijisi Aik Ltlmiti

Ltlmiti ecrmu`i scec`um hlmputcr iai piai tclri ai eiaikb sistcm
`lbihi mitcmitihi itiu dlrmi`, i`muwik Aivia Ji`ecrt tc`ij mcknlei
mckniptihik i`blritmi umum uktuh pcmeuhtiik (sc`uruj) pcrsli`ik
mitcmitihi scniri ltlmitis yiitu mimpu mckcktuhik si`ij
eckirkyi scmeirikb prlsisi mitcmitihi.
Qijuk 99>9, HurtBac` mcmpue`ihisihik tclri
hctiaih`ckbhipik aimiki mcmeuhtihik prlscaur/i`blritmi yikb
aihcjckaihi Aivia Ji`ecrt tcrsceut tiaih ihik pcrkij iai. HurtBac`
mcmeikbuk rumus ai hi`hu`us
prcaihit yikb aitcriphik piai ei`ikbik eu`it yikb mcmi`ihi pcrkyitiik-
pcrkyitiik acdikisi yikb tiaih aipit aieuhtihik miupuk aieiktij ai ai`im
sistcm `lbihi yikb mukbhik aieikbuk mikusii.
Dlrmi`isisi irbumck tclrcmi hctiaih`ckbhipik HurtBac` iki ecrihut
pckjc`isik aik dlrmi`isisi sc`ikjutkyi airi prlscaur cdchtid scniri
iktuisi mcrupihik si`ij situ pcknipiiik iktc`chtui` tcrecsir ieia 57,
yiitu ieia aimiki dlrmi`isisi ecrhcmeikb scmirih. Wckbcmeikbik
tclri ltlmiti, hlmputisi aik tclri eijisi ecrihutkyi aidisi`itisi
pcrhcmeikbik eiaikb
psynl-`ikbuistin. Eiaikb psynl-`ikbuistin ecrupiyi mckjiwie pcrtikyik-
pcrtikyik ecrihut6
i) Ipihij eijisi scniri umum<
e) Eibiimiki mikusii mckbcmeikbhik eijisi<
n) Eibiimiki mikusii mcmijimi eijisi<
a) Eibiimiki mikusii mckbijirhik eijisi hc ikih-ikihkyi<
c) Ipi bibisik-bibisik yikb aipit aikyitihik aik eibiimiki
nirikyi<
d) Eibiimiki mikusii mcmeikbuk hi`imit-hi`imit airi bibisik-
bibisik yikb ecriai ai pihirikkyi<
^chitir tijuk 9937-ik, Klim Njlmshy mckniptihik mlac`
mitcmitihi sceibii siriki uktuh mckacshripsihik eijisi scrti mckjiwie
 pcrtikyiik-pcrtikyiik ai itis. ^iit iki aimu`ii pckai`imik eiaikb eijisi
nlmputcr.
Wcrecaiik iktiri eijisi hlmputcr aik eijisi mikusii
iai`ij simpii schirikb ec`um aihctijuikyi eibiimiki niri mikusii
mckbirtihik eijisi, scmcktiri ackbik pisti aipit mckbirtihik eijisi
piai hlmputcr.Klim Njlmshy mckbcmuhihik pcrikbhit dlrmit aisceut
brimmir uktuh mcmlac`hik prlpcrti-prlpcrti eijisi.Brimmir
ecrisi scjum`ij iturik scrti mckspcsidihisihik eijisi
tcrtcktu.Eijisi ecrisi scmui strikb yikb aipit aijisi`hik mckbbukihik
iturik-iturik brimmir.
Brimmir aitcriphik piai pcriknikbik hlmpi`itlr aik eiaikb-
eiaikb ai i`mu hlmputcr. MnNu``lnj aik Wittsmckbcmuhihik
Mcsik Iestrih scacrjiki yiitu dikitc iutlmiti uktuh mcmlac`hik
kcurlk kcts.Dikitc iutlmiti jubi aibukihik uktuh mcriknikb
switnjikb nirnuit.
^tuai mckbckii tclri ltlmiti tcrhiit eiaikb-eiaikb `iik ai i`mu hlmputcr.
Hcmuaiik chivi`cksi iktiri dikitc iutlmiti aik chsprcsi rcbu`cr (rcbu`cr
cxprcssilk) aihcmuhihik ^tcpjck H`cckc. ^cjih siit itu tclri eijisi
aihiithik scniri crit ackbik tclri eijisi dlrmi`. ueukbik tclri
ltlmiti aik tclri pckbhlacik (nlaikb tjclry) jubi eikyih aitc`iti.

5.5 Wckbcrtiik Qclri Eijisi

Qclri eijisi mcmeinirihik eijisi dlrmi` (dlrmi` `ikbuibc),
tcrutimi uktuh hcpcktikbik pcriknikbik hlmpi`itlr (nlmpi`cr) aik
pcmrlscs kishij (tcxt prlncsslr). Eijisi dlrmi` iai`ij humpu`ik hi`imit.
^cmui hi`imit ai`im sceuij eijisi aieikbhithik l`cj sceuij titi eijisi
(brimmir) yikb simi. ^ceuij eijisi dlrmi` eisi aieikbhithik l`cj
aui itiu `ceij titi eijisi ecrecai. Aihitihik eijisi dlrmi` hircki
brimmir ainiptihik mckaiju`ui pcmeikbhitik sctiip hi`imitkyi. Eijisi
mikusii
ecrsidit scei`ihkyi8 brimmir ainiptihik uktuh mcrcsmihik hiti-hiti
yikb jiaup ai misyirihit. Ai`im pcmeiniriik sc`ikjutkyi ‚eijisi dlrmi`‟
ihik aisceut ‚eijisi‟ siji.

5. > Wckbcrtiik Iutlmiti

Ltlmiti (Iutlmiti) iai`ij suitu sistcm yikb tcrairi itis scjum`ij
ecrjikbbi stitc yikb mcmpc`ijiri tcktikb mcsik iestrih yikb mckcrimi
ikput aik mckbc`uirhik lutput ai`im ecktuh aishrct (situ pcr situ).
Aimiki stitc iai`ij suitu hlkaisi yikb mckyitihik ikdlrmisi mckbckii
ikput yikb
 `i`u scaikbhik ikput piai ltlmiti aiikbbip sceibii eitis yikb jirus
aihcki`i l`cj mcsik.

5.1 Wckbcrtiik Eijisi aik Iutlmiti

Qclri eijisi aik iutlmiti mcrupihik si`ij situ hlmplkck
i`mu ikdlrmitihi, tclri iki mcrupihik iac aik mlac` dukaimckti` yikb
mckaisiri sceuij systcm hlmputisi, tclri iki jubi eisi aisceut sceibii
sceuij tchkih rchiyisi uktuh pcriknikbik systcm hlmputisi.

5.3 Wckbcrtiik Hlmputisi

Hlmputisi Iai`ij Wrlscs mckbjitukb, mcmeikaikbhik aik
ecreibii lpcrisi pcrjitukbik mitcmitihi aik `lbihi yikb ecrtujuik
uktuh mckyc`csiihik suitu misi`ij yikb aihcrjihik ackbik Wrlbrim
Hlmputcr yikb suaij aisusuk scsuii ackbik I`blritmi yikb eckir.
Hc`ceijik airi
prlscs pcrjitukbik hlmputisi iai`ij eisi mckaipithik suitu jisi` `iplrik
ackbik ncpit aik ihurit. Hircki ikai tikbbi` mckbikput aiti hc
hlmputcr, mihi sistcm yikb tc`ij aieuit tiai ihik echcrji aik mckbl`ij
aiti mckjiai ikdlrmisi yikb `ceij ecrbuki. Ececripi mlac` hlmputisi
ai`im tclri iutlmiti yiitu 6
9. Dikitc iutlmiti (DI)
^crikb jubi aisceut ackbik Dikitc ^titc Iutlmiti (D^I).
Qcrairi airi Actcrmikistin Dikitc Iutlmiti (ADI) aik
Klk Actcrmikistih Dikitc Iutlmiti (KADI). Qclri aisir airi
DI sikbit umum yiitu systcm piai siit ecriai ai si`ijsitu
stitc airi scjum`ij stitc ecrbcrih aiiktiri stitc-stitc scniri
aipit aiprlauhsi yikb ecrbiktukb piai misuhik hc systcm.
^i`ij situ
pckcripikkyi iai`ij hlmpi`isi/triks`isi eijisi
pcmlbrimik tikbhit tikbbi mckjiai eijisi mcsik yikb
chivi`ck. Dikitc iutlmiti mcrupihik jckis ltlmiti yikb tiaih
mcmi`ihi mcmlri scmcktiri, DI iai`ij hc`is mcsik ackbik
hcmimpuik pi`ikb tcreitis (Mlac` hlmputisilki` yikb
pi`ikb scacrjiki). DI Aibukihik piai ip`ihisi yikb
mcmeutujhik tchkih pckbcki`ik
pl`i. Ececripi nlktlj pckcripik Dikitc iutlmiti (DI) 6
piai ip`ihisi hlmpi`itlr, eibiik `chsihi` jirus eisi mckbcki`i
strikb miki yikb mcrcprcscktisihik viriie`c, kimi,
hlkstikti kumcrih, aik rcscrvca wlra.
5. Wusjalwk Iutlmiti (WI)
 Qcrairi airi Actcrmikistin Wusjalwk Iutlmiti (ADI)
aik Klk Actcrmikistih Wusjalwk Iutlmiti (KADI). WI
mcmi`ihi mcmlri scmcktiri ackbik mchikismc stinh
@ODL (@ist Ok Dirst Lut).
>. Qurikb Minjikc (QM).
Mcmi`ihi mchikismc Uikalm Inncss Mcmlry Aiibrim
Qriksisi aik Qiec` Qriksisi (Iutlmiti). Qriksitilk aiibrim /
stitc aiibrim 6 schumpu`ik klac ecr`iec` tcreitis,
yikb aijueukbhik ackbik biris yikb aisceut eusur.
Nlktlj ai eiwij iki iai`ij stitc triksitilk aiibrim
uktuh mckbcki`i viriie`c (hiti ihik mckyceutkyi M9). ^titc
aiibrim ihik mckcrimi ikput strikb aik mckbjisi`hik
lutput ecrupi inncpt/rcjcnt. Acsnriptilk6 ^titc Qriksitilk
Aiibrim yiitu 6
➢ M9 mcmi`ihi tibi stitcs yihki6 q7, q9, q5.
➢ ^tirt stitc / ikitii` stitc q7 iai`ij stitc iwi` airi
stitc triksitilk aiibrim.
➢ Inncptca stitc / diki` stitc q5, aikltisihik ackbik `ikbhirik
bikai.
➢ Qriksitilks6 pikij yikb mcmikaijhik airi stitc situ hc stitc
`iikkyi ackbik mckcrimi hirihtcr ikput.
Nlktlj ^trikb ikput Z534 6
Wcrtimi hi`i, stitc ihik misuh hc q7 scniri
ltlmitis. Hcmuaiik mcmeini i`pjiect ‐Z” aik stitc
ecrueij hc q5 mcmeini i`pjiect ‐5”, ‐3”, aik ‐4” ecrturut-turut
stitc tctip ai q5.

5.4 Wcrik aik Hcbukiik Iutlmiti

9.4.9 Wcrik Qclri Eijisi aik Iutlmiti piai O`mu Hlmputcr
O`mu hlmputcr mcmi`ihi aui hlmplkck utimi 6 pcrtimi,
mlac` aik bibisik mckaisir mckbckii hlmputisi, hcaui, tchkih
rchiyisi uktuh pcriknikbik sistcm hlmputisi, mc`iputi pcrikbhit
hcris aik pcrikbhit `ukih, hjususkyi pckcripik riknikbik airi
tclri. Qclri Eijisi aik Ltlmiti mcrupihik eibiik pcrtimi. ^cniri
tclritis i`mu hlmputcr aiiwi`i airi scjum`ij ecrecai aisip`ik i`mu6
ij`i eil`lbi mcmpc`ijiri kcuri` kctwlrh, iksikyur
c`chtrl mckbcmeikbhik switnjikbsceibii tll` uktuh mckacsiik
jirawirc, mitcmitihiwik echcrji mckaisirhik `lbihi, aik
ij`i eijisi mckyc`iaihi titi eijisi uktuhkituri` `ikbuibc.
Dikitc ^titc Iutlmiti aik chsprcsi rcbu`cr iwi`kyi
aihcmeikbhik ecraisirhik pcmihirik kcuri` kctwlrh aik switnjikb
nirnuit. Dikitc ^titc Iutlmiti mcrupihik tll` yikb sikbit ecrbuki
ai`im pcriknikbik`cxini` iki`yzcr, yiitu eibiik airi hlmpi`itlr
yikb mckbc`lmplhhik hirihtcr-hirihtcr ai`im hc ai`im tlhck,
yikb ecrupi ukit tcrhcni` scpcrti kimi, viriiec` aik hcywlra.
Ai`im sistcm pcku`isik hlmpi`itlr scniri ltlmitis
ihik mcktriksdlrmisihik chsprcsi rcbu`ir hc ai`im dikitc stitc
iutlmiti aik chsprcsi rcbu`ir aipihii pu`i ai`im tcxt caitlr, pittcrk
mitnjikb, scjum`ij pcmrlscsik tchs, aik prlbrim di`c-scirnjikb,
aik sceibii hlkscp mitcmitis uktuh ip`ihisi ai aisip`ik `iik scpcrti
`lbihi.
Dikitc iutlmiti tcrairi airi scjum`ij ecrjikbbi stitc. Ai`im
eikyih sistcm aik hlmplkck scpcrti aijc`ishik ai itis, scjum`ij
ecrjikbbi stitc aibukihik uktuh mckbikbit eibiik airi jistlri
sistcm. Hircki jikyi tcraipit scjum`ij ecrjikbbi stitc,
scniri umum jistlri sistcm scniri hcsc`urujik tiaih
aipit aisimpik/aiikbit, scjikbbi sistcm jirus airiknikb uktuh
mckbikbit ipi yikb pcktikb aik mc`upihik ipi yikb tiaih
pcktikb. Nlktcxt drcc brimmcr aik pusjalwk
iutlmitiaibukihik ai`im spcsidihisi
eijisi hlmputcr (pcmrlbrimik, mirhup, himus aiti, qucry,
pcriktij, snript, priktcr). Ai`im pirscr, eibiik hlmpi`itlr
yikb mcmrihsi hceckirik siktihs prlbrim.
Wcmijimikpusjalwk iutlmiti sikbit mckycacrjikihik prlscs
pirsikb. Wrlscspirsikb yikb ecr`ikbsukb sikbit ncpit iai`ij ecrhit
pcmijimik mckai`im tchkih pirsikb eceisis piai pckbctijuik
mckbckii nlktcxt drcc brimmcr.
 Mcsik Qurikb mcrupihik pcmlac`ik mcsik hlmputisi yikb
impuj. Ecrairhik mcsik Qurikb aipit aiiacktidihisi
hctiaihmukbhikik pcku`isik prlbrim. Ei`i aikyitihik tiaih aipit
aihlmputisi mcsik Qurikb ecrirti pcrsli`ik tiaih mukbhik aipit
aisc`csiihik scniri hlmputisi ackbik mcsik hlmputisi ipipuk.
Kimuk ei`i aihitihik pcrsli`ik aipit aihlmputisi mcsik Qurikb
euhik ecrirti tcraipit i`blritmi pckyc`csiiik cdisick. Mcsik Qurikb
sikbit pcktikb mckbiacktidihisi hctiaihmukbhikik hlmputisi
scjikbbi hiti tiaih ecrsusij piyij ecrusiji mcmpcrl`cj sl`usi
977% tcrjiaip dukbsi yikb aiiacktidihisi tiaih
mukbhik aihlmputisi.
9.4.5 Wckcripik Eijisi aik Iutlmiti
Qclri iutlmiti yikb sc`imi iki `ceij eikyih aitcriphik
ai`im eiaikb titi eijisi dlrmi` hjususkyi ai`im
pckbcmeikbik sceuij nlmpi`cr, jubi aipit aibukihik uktuh
mc`ihuhik pcmlac`ik aik pckachitik pcmcnijik misi`ij misi`ij
yikb ecrhiitik ackbik ip`ihisi-ip`ihisi ai ai`im eiaikb
hcncraisik Euitik. Eijhik piai
ececripi misi`ij spcsidih yikb ecrhiitik ackbik hcputusik aik
mlac` mcsik jikyi tcpit jihi sl`usikyi aiaisirhik piai sl`usi
iutlmiti.Hc`ceijik pckbbukiik tclri iutlmiti aieikaikb pljlk
hcputusik ai`im mcmlac`hik ruikb hciaiik iai`ij `ceij scacrjiki
jihi tcraipit ececripi hciaiik yikb ecru`ikb. Wckcripik tclritis
iutlmiti uktuh pckbcmeikbik suitu sistcm iai`ij ackbik
mckbbukihik tclri iutlmiti sceibii sceuij piriaibmi yikb
mckbbieukbhik spcsidihisi sistcm, vcridihisi aik siktcsis.
9. Hcncraisik euitik
Hcncraisik Euitik iai`ij eiaikb i`mu yikb mckaisirhik
eibiimiki sceuij hlmputcr eisi ecrtikaih scpcrti aik sceiih mikusii.
Acwisi iki, Wckbbukiik hcncraisik euitik aieutujhik
aiecreibii aisip`ik i`mu. Orisik iktiri psihl`lbi aik hcncraisik Euitik
mc`ijirhik irci nlbkitilk ika psynl`ikbuistin. Orisik iktiri tchkih
c`chtrl ackbik
hcncraisik euitik mc`ijirhik i`mu 6 pckbl`ijik nitri, tclri hckai`i,
pckbcki`ik pl`i aik rleltihi. Orisik i`mu mikijcmck aik hcncraisik
euitik mckbjisi`hik sistcm pckauhukb hcputusik. Iaikyi irisik
pckbbukiik hcncraisik euitik aiecreibii aisip`ik i`mu mckyceiehie
nuhup rumitkyi uktuh mckbh`isidihisihik `ikbhup eiaikb i`mu
hcncraisik euitik, scjikbbi pckbh`isidihisiik `ikbhup hcncraisik
euitik aiaisirhik piai lutput yikb aiecrihik yiitu piai ip`ihisi
hlmcrsii`. @ikbhup ip`ihisi hcncraisik euitik mc`iputi 6
9) sistcm pihir
5) Wckbl`ijik eijisi i`imi
>) Wckbcki`ik unipik
1) Uleltihi aik sistcm sckslr
3) Nlmputcr visilk
4) Wrle`cm sl`vikb ika p`ikkikb
2) Wcrmiikik
 EIE OOO
WCKSQSW

>.9 HC^OMWS@IK
Qclri eijisi iutlmiti mcrupihik si`ij situ tclri hlmputisi piai
O`mu Hlmputcr. Qclri hlmputisi aitikb airi eijisi aik rchiyisi sistcm,
tcrutimi yikb ecreisishik mitcmitihi. Qclri eijisi iutlmiti
aipit aijiaihik suitu bibisik mckaisir ai`im hlmputisi yikb
mckjiai tll`s uktuh mckbcki`i suitu pcrsli`ik itiu misi`ij hircki
aipit mcmecrihik hlkscp aik priksip uktuh mcmijimi suitu
pcrsli`ik yikb ecrhl`crisi ackbik eiaikb i`mu hlmputcr.
Qclri ltlmiti iai`ij stuai tcktikb pcri`itik itiu ‐mcsik”
hlmputisi iestrih, yikb aipit aiacdikisihik scniri mitcmitis. Mcsik
iestrih mcrupihik mlac` tclritis airi pcrikbhit hcris itiu pcrikbhit
`ukih yikb aibukihik ai`im tclri ltlmiti. Qipc pi`ikb scacrjiki airi
mcsik iestrih iai`ij dikitc iutlmitlk itiu dikitc stitc minjikc.
Wriksip yikb mckaisiri mcsik iki iai`ij sistcm piai sctiip siit ai`im
si`ij situ airi scjum`ij stitc ecrjikbbi aik ecrbcrih aiiktiri stitc-
stitc tcrsceut ai`im mcrcsplk sikyi` ikput ikaiviaui`.
 AIDQIU WS^QIHI

X9]. E. Jiriyiktl, Qclri Eijisi, Ltlmiti, aik Hlmputisi scrti tcripikk yi,
Okdlrmitihi Eikaukb.
X5]. jttps6//id.wihipcdia.lrb/wihi/Qclri\ltlmata (diahscs pada takbbal 57 Mci
5799)
X>]. jttp6//jarukdly.ellbsplt.nlm/579>/79/scjaraj-tclri-eajasa-ltlmata.jtml
(diahscs pada takbbal 57 Mci 5799)
X1]. jttp6//tryakztlw.ellbsplt.nlm/579>/71/pcmakdaatak-tclri-eajasa
autlmata\:199.jtml (diahscs pada takbbal 9: Mci 5799