Credit Hours System – Faculty of Engineering – Cairo University

PBWN 201 – Spring 2023

Water & Wastewater Engineering

Part Two: Wastewater Engineering
Design of Sewage Networks
Prof. Dr. Mona M. Galal
Professor of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering, Cairo University
Dr. Safwat Mahmoud, PMP®
Associate Professor of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering, Cairo University
Dr. Nagwan Gamal
Associate Professor of Sanitary & Environmental Engineering, Cairo University
 Sewer Hydraulics
 Flow in Sewers
 Estimation of Wastewater Flow Rates
 Design of Sewers

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Pipe and open-channel flow:

• The flow of liquid in a conduit may be classified as pipe (or closed-

conduit) flow or open-channel flow depending on whether the free-liquid
surface is subject to atmospheric pressure.

Hydraulic grade line:

It is a measure of the pressure head available at
various points.
When water flows in an open channel, the
hydraulic grade line coincides with the profile of
the water surface.

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Gravity Flow and Pressure Flow

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Sewer Hydraulics
The principal factors that affect the flow of wastewater in sewers are:

1. The slope

2. The cross-sectional area and shape of the conduit

3. The roughness of the interior pipe surface

4. The conditions of flow, such as whether the conduit is flowing full or

partially full

5. The presence or absence of obstructions, and other flow disturbances

6. The characteristics, specific gravity, and viscosity of the liquid

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Manning equation

V = (1/n)* R(2/3)*S(1/2)
• V = Velocity
• n = Roughness coefficient
• R = Hydraulic Radius = Area / Wetted Perimeter
• S = Slope
• The S in the Manning equation is the slope of the energy grade line, not
the slope of the channel bottom. However, in uniform flow, these slopes
are equivalent, and the slope of the channel bottom can be used.

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Flow in Sewers

• In sanitary sewers the flow is not constant consequently, the depth of flow
is varying.
• In this case it is difficult to find the hydraulic radius to apply Manning’s
equation.
• For partially full pipe if:
d = partial flow depth.
R = Hydraulic radius (P = partial, ƒ = full)
Ө = flow angle in degrees
A = Flow area.

• The following relations are applied:

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Flow in Sewers Read Only

Maximum velocity in the pipe occurs at d/D=0.81

Maximum capacity of the pipe when d/D = 0.95
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Relative Flow Properties

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Proportional Values of Velocity and Discharge

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Estimation of Wastewater Flow Rates

Design Flow:
1. Domestic WW Flow
2. Infiltration Flow
3. Rain Flow

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1. Domestic WW Flow (Dry Weather Flow)
Maximum Summer Flow [Qmax DWF]

( Pop. * qavg * Factor)

Qmax DWF = * P.F.F m3/sec
1000* 24* 3600

Minimum Winter Flow (Qmin DWF)

( Pop. * qavg * Factor)

Qmin DWF = * M .F.F m3/sec
1000* 24 * 3600

Where,
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PFF = 5/P(1/6) when Pop < 80,000 capita; otherwise PFF = 1 +
4 P
& M.F.F= 0.2 (p)1/6 (P= Population in thousands)

Factor = 0.8 – 0.9 (If not given, take it 0.85)

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• Infiltration & Inflow (I/I):
Infiltration: It is the water which enters the
sewers from ground water through leaks
from loose joints or cracks.
Inflow: It is the water which enters the
sewers from the manholes during rainfall
events.

• Rain Water (Storm water):

Runoff resulting from rainfall.

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2. Infiltration Flow

• Only if G.W.T above the sewer lines

• There are different empirical equations to predict the infiltration flow
depends on :
⁻ Material of pipes and connection type
⁻ Is it new or old pipes
⁻ Pipe diameter
⁻ G.W height above sewer lines

• Take Qinf = 10%*Qavg

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3. Rain Flow
Qrain = CIA
Where,
• C = Runoff Coefficient
• I = Rain intensity (mm/hr , …..)
• A = Area (m2 )

• Rain arrives sewer network from paved streets and roofs of buildings
• Qrain = Qrain-streets + Qrain-roofs

I mm/ hr I
CStreets * * Astreets Cbuildings * mm/ hr * Abuildings
 1000  1000 m3 / sec
60* 60 60* 60
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Sanitary Sewer System:

Qdesign = Qmax DWF + Qinf

Qmin = Qmin DWF

Combined Sewer System:

Qdesign = Qmax DWF + Qinf + Qrain
Qmin = Qmin DWF

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• ECP

MFF

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• ECP

PFF

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• ECP

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• ECP

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• ECP

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Design of Sewers

• Most sewers are designed to last 25 to 50 years.

• They must be capable of handling peak and
minimum flows without allowing suspended
solids to settle.
• In general, circular sewers are designed to flow
at between one-half and full depth when
carrying their design discharges.
• They should not be designed to run full.
• Since sewers are commonly located beneath
roads and streets, their slopes are generally
made to conform to street slopes in order to
minimize excavation costs.

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Design Criteria

• Maximum and Minimum velocities:

- Minimum velocity of 0.6 m/s should be maintained to prevent solids

settling, it is called self cleansing velocity.

- Maximum velocity should not be greater than 3 m/s to prevent erosion of

pipes and manholes ( more than 3 m/s is called scouring velocity).

- Although the velocity near the bottom of the sewer significantly affects
how quickly the wastewater flows, a mean velocity of 0.3 m/s is usually
sufficient to prevent deposition of the organic solids in wastewater.

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General Considerations in Design and planning of
Sewage Networks
• Sewer pipes are designed to be partially full

2/3 full 3/4 full

D < 700 mm, If D >= 700 mm,

take d/D = 2/3 take d/D = 3/4

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 Read Only
Minimum slopes for gravity flow sewers according
to Egyptian Code
Diameter (mm) Minimum Slope
(m/km)
Minimum slope is a function of the 200 3.25
minimum velocity of 0.60 m/s.
250 2.8
300 2.2
400 1.4
450 1.2
500 1.2
600 1
700 0.8
800 0.6
900 and larger 0.5
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Commercial Diameters

Commercial diameters can be found in catalogues obtained from

manufacturers:
For uPVC for Example:

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 Design of Sewers
Design Parameters:
Q,D,v,S
Continuity Eq.:
D 2
Q full  A full * v  *v
Manning Eq.: 4
1 2
v  *R 3 * S
Where, n
v = velocity (m/sec) , S = slope m/m
n = Manning’s Roughness Coefficient
n= 0.012 if not given
R = hydraulic radius (m) = Area/perimeter = D/4 for pipes

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Steps of Design
• Calculate Qd
• Qd = (D2/4)*v , assume v=0.8 m/s , get D (Preliminary Design)
• d/D = 2/3 when D < 700 mm OR d/D = 3/4 when D ≥ 700 mm
• From chart or table, use d/D to get Qd/Qf then get Qf
• Qf = (D2/4)*v , assume v=1 m/s , get D
• Vf = (1/n) * (D/4)2/3* S0.5 , get S = slope
Check:
- From Qd/Qf and chart , get Vd/Vf , then get Vd and
check that (0.6 m/s ≤ Vd ≤ 3m/s)
- From Qmin/Qf and chart , get Vmin/Vf , then get Vmin and
check that (Vmin ≥ 0.3 m/s)
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Example:
Design a sewer line having the following data:
Area = 80 hectare
Population density = 450 capita / ha
Average annual water consumption per capita = 120 l/c/day
Infiltration flow = 20 m3/day/ha
Rain intensity = 10 mm/day
Runoff coefficient for roads = 0.7
Area of roads = 25 ha
Runoff coefficient for floors = 0.3
Area of buildings = 45 ha

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Answer

1. Population:
1. Population = Area * Population density = 80 * 450
= 36,000 Capita < 80,000 capita
2. Domestic Flow:

PFF = 5/ (p)1/6 = 2.75

MFF = 0.2 (p)1/6 = 0.2 (36)1/6 = 0.36

( Pop. * qavg * 0.85) * P.F.F

Qmax DWF = = (36,000*120* 0.85) * 2.75 = 0.117 m3/s
1000* 24 * 3600
1000* 24 * 3600
( Pop. * qavg * 0.85) * M .F.F (36,000*120* 0.85) * 0.36
Qmin DWF = = = 0.0153 m3/s
1000* 24 * 3600 1000* 24 * 3600

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Answer
3.Infiltration flow:

20m3 / day / ha * 80ha

Qinf. = = 0.0185 m3/s
24* 3600

4. Rain flow:

I mm / d I
QRain = Astreets * * RStreets  Abuildings * mm / d * Rbuildings
1000 1000 m 3 / sec
24 * 60 * 60

10 10
25 *10 4 * * 0.7  45 *10 4 * * 0. 3
= 1000 1000 = 0.0359 m3/s
24 * 60 * 60

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Answer

Qdesign = Qmax DWF + Qinf + Qrain

= 0.117 + 0.0185 + 0.0359 = 0.1714 m3/s

Qmin = Qmin DWF = 0.0153 m3/s

For Design:
Qmax = 0.1714 m3/s

For Check:
Qmin = 0.0153 m3/s

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Answer
Design:
1.Preliminary Design
Assume v= 0.8m/sec, Qd=A*v, then D= 522 mm ˂ 700mm, d/D =2/3  Qd/Qf =0.7893
 Qf = Qfull = 0.217 m3/sec

Assume velocity = 1 m/sec D 2

Q full  A full * v  * v
4
D 2
0 . 217  * 1 .0
4
D = 0.525 m  Dcommercial = 500 mm
Vf = 1.1 m/sec
1 2 1 2
v  * R 3
* S 1 .1  * ( 0 .5 / 4 ) 3 * S
n  0 . 012

Slope (S) = 2.78 x 10-3

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Answer

1) Check for vd:

d/D= 2/3, from table vd/vf = 1.108 ,
Then vd = 1.22 m/sec (0.6 m/s ≤ Vd ≤ 3m/s) …… ok

2) Check for vmin:

Qmin = 0.0153 m3/sec

Qmin/Qf= 0.0153/0.217 = 0.071 from table vmin/vf = 0.58 = vmin /1.1 ,

Then vmin = 0.638 m/s ≥ 0.3 m/s …… ok

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 Thank you
Any Questions?

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