| ee ee ee ee on i> —~ Or anavaa mice! pia a ee) + M. HL AF (Dennis M. Ritchie ) pe Ae on PIG AG iE Otic ibe The C Programming Language Second Edition \ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE © ee ee Cela oa cto aod02000000 er CREE AWSERL, + W. YAEL (Brian W. Kernighan ) SEES --M. HEAP (Dennis M. Ritchie ) BIL AE VE OME Hike = (él ¥ The C Programming Language Second Edition SECOND EDITION BRIAN W KERNIGHAN DENNIS M.RITCHIEPAB ZER A (CIP) dR CHEF iia (2 Me BM) (PR) / (R) HHB-W. 58 fei (Brian W. Kernighan), (38) AHEM - M. H@} (Dennis M. Ritchie) #; HI, Baie. —Aeae. PULA, 2019.3 CBRE AS) 434002: The C Programming Language, Second Edition ISBN 978-7-111-61794-5 LC ILO QA Oi OF Il. CiSe - RARE — mE - Bett IV. TP312.8 PERNA 51H CIP BUBB (2019 ) 012738 ARMIES: AF 01-2018-8104 Authorized translation from the English language edition, entitled The C Programming Language, Second Edition, ISBN: 9780131103627, by Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie, published by Pearson Education, Inc., Copyright © 1988, 1978 by Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without permission from Pearson Education, Inc. Chinese simplified language edition published by China Machine Press, Copyright © 2019. ASTHMA Pearson Education( s#/£ a PF HARARE ) OALULEEL UH MRRE TECH A Best AUS (ALGAAS, ACTA UAT Be EH ) REAR. AUR AEST, APLC PATH , ARRAS HAVE AID SY. ASAE Pearson Education S840 MESSE ) ROEM OVER , Tema AGRI. As4BEHH C HHAIAULHT Dennis M. Ritchie) Brian W. Kernighan ##59—ABSrabRHE C iB SRAM TEMES aE. HAT, RSET C INS MER Ait, GUERRA RRR, ROBIE NCSRRARISHY HT SMC 28, A SHRLL, UNIX AGHEO, HREM SIE. ABOUIERARH, RASC, MGAM, SIR, Bete A epee MUL eUletE it BULLE CIMA, ETCETERA AR A aes 5, HOARE: SUM ARC RE (esernreMRK ETS aEAt 22 ©} teHRIES: 100037 ) ER: TF AEB: PACE Bl Bl: IGRI RREBUATIRAEE A a WO: 2019 4 4 FASE 1 AEE 1 REE FR: 185mmx 260mm 1/16 Bl Wk: 17.25 45: ISBN 978-7-111-61794-5 ft: 69.00% JUBA, dA AR BIT WLI, ARAL Ar mae ERIM, (010) 88378991 88379833 ess: (010) 88379604 saaat. (010) 68326294 ik tE M4: hzisi@hzbook.com LA - RAO SEABED HH AAEM: TRATES A HR SEI| Eee A ‘The C Programming Language, Second Edition SESW, TET VEE EET IE, aE RY $5 TSU T BT HEHI ; WIESE ROPERS, ESE TEL IRA IAN TE FRA, SURE. TERE AGAUDE RED, SSPE SRS BOR FPR EA, TROL APR TEES AR LL AE Sh TADS a PAE TR, HEHE TT SE, AE ST FETE, RN TERE, EERE, MAA, MFRS DEF A TB EAE, TEER ECA IHERB, RMR eR, AA AER RAIA), ROM TT CULT FEA HH ABBE ELI, GAR 5 Tee Bt A RT A EGA EAM, PERG BARA Ae EMT BETA F , Se As CELE BARS ILA AE TAL BRE AI EB 9 EE EZ oh A, SLAM SELL AS THR BE LAY Me FR NE PE, Te. CIE BS AEs HH ZB BL ph Tb HA AB ES BRA) “ME eT RS”. A 1998 EIR, FRAT RO ME CHE TE, BRERA b. BUSEY ASH, RAT Pearson, McGraw-Hill, Elsevier, MIT, John Wiley & Sons, Cengage 2 tH 926% Hi M2 i] 27. T BL TENA TEAR, MOEA ARCS PPB} ALUE HH Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Bjarne Stroustrup , Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis Ritchie, Jim Gray, Afred V. Aho, John E. Hopcroft, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Abraham Silberschatz, William Stallings, Donald E. Knuth, John L. Hennessy, Larry L. Peterson FAV FAI — AZIM Eh, Wh “HT PRLAE AS” WRN, BEBE R FA, RRB. KAA SCRA TR, WIE ABUT REA IA. “TESOL AAT” BA RT AE A TEA ER, Ae RB HE BET AIRES, CRANES MELE TOBA BELT TE 5 MCS PEP LA ESE PE EP IE, AME ST HAN PHATE. 12>, “TOLER” CAM TE 500 Mik A, RE EAE PRL T REO, FRAC RRNA ERM MSS BR TEMBER “LESLIE TSE” Pe Ar eb eR fl th i He Ae SHG BP PE TRH 5 BURSERACEAE. RABE PAR, HC RE ERATE PASAT TERA RTE. BARE HT SELENE SBE ARS AEB BE BY AS SEE A BE BRAG, BORE FER ESL FE BLA BAY RGR A ABA eA — a BBE, ATTY Fl PS aS SE, iAP ITE SR ATVs BK — OAR A EAB EEN A A TT AT ARE EARS PHBE, POAT ATT MP 4357935. www.hzbook.com FAME. hzjsi@hzbook.com HRA Bia. (010) 88379604 RRL. LEP OME TAS ae ABBR. 100037 SEALE HOPSPSCMUE | ‘The C Programming Language, Second Edition Since its original design and implementation by Dennis Ritchie in 1973, the C programming language has spread far beyond its origins at Bell Labs. It has become the common language for programmers throughout the world, and has given birth to two other major languages, C++ and Java, that build on its syntax and basic structure. C and its derivatives are the base upon which much of the world’s software rests. The spread of C required action to describe the language itself completely, and to accommodate changes in the way it was being used. In 1988, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) created a precise standard for C that preserved its expressiveness, efficiency, small size, and ultimate control over the machine, while at the same time providing assurance that programs conforming to the standard would be portable without change from one computer and operating system to another. This standard was also accepted as an international standard under the auspices of the International Standards Organization (ISO), and thus brought the benefits of standardization to a worldwide user community. The standards committee was aware of the multi-national use of the C language, and thus provided, both in the language itself and in the library, support for “wide characters”, which are needed to represent text in Chinese as well as other languages that do not use the Roman character set. In spite of these evolutionary changes, C remains as it was from its inception, a compact and efficient tool for programmers of all backgrounds. The C language, and also the Unix technology from which it grew, have been present in China for many years, as we know from visits to universities and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Students’ learning has always been made more difficult by the lack of an authoritative translation of the material describing this work into a form convenient for study in China. We are delighted that Professor Xu has made this Chinese translation of “The C Programming Language” available so that C will be more readily accessible to our colleagues in the People’s Republic of China. renee CALA LIT GE S R-F- A Dennis Ritchie F1973F iit FFM, MMM HIS, CH TMH MF RREBEHREMHMENEREM, COBRASHHAROARET, HOMES T ANG HERES C++ Slava— ENAMEL ACHE HEAR ARMA E, MAR Ltt RAMA ACHES RITA SAGES 04 Rok tA RA, CHS GME RRMA ES OV REGIE, HERES ARMA P RTH —H EL, 19884, LO MRRA MBS (ANSI) ACHSMST—MEMMAR, MARR T CHAK HA, KB, WARM AMM EHRABH, AM ERER SRAM TARA ERSREARDAN A HHH ERHARD ARMAR, RPAH AMAR (ISO) 4&2 RRA A, RRS HH Pa BARRA EANCETAS RAR, ABSARARA PARR T FH” HAH, LAUPLURHLUTRAF SFHROETRRTLAR ERM, eT gE EO RAID, CORA HE RAAT — iE MTS HEAD AE AAHAHLA, AAMBAP RGAE HP OAERH, RNKECESARRF ERMA AHUNIXER DAP RACEARS FT, OTR SME -LYOEMMERAY ADF EIOH AMR RAK, FANAF DHRU T HAS DR, AMKABANRERHRART (CHALE FT) OPER, AMAZE GLRAMTFAMAP AH MALELRMCET, Brian W. Kernighan Dennis M. Ritchieal ‘The C Programming Language, Second Edition (The C Programming Language) ARACSCHIES HR, HARMS SRE S FERMAF RAF HERE HE, KRELHHARAR: HH, LPH KURALS MARRS ARAKI, WHR, AHHMERRSHT KEELER LA, TAR, PAA OAR RTE SBE RCHE CHR HEA Ai, ESRB EE RA LAR, 30 F FATA IM aE GH aE ok HRA i RAR HE A Vik, HA, LA HR HEH z—Dennis M. RitchicR CHF Rit H, MAM RET AEP MRE, RAMARSMECHE HRTEM, AHMEGRALTTEUREMBE ERI STS ARRARAML, KAA RA ECE ET Ht, «The C Programming Language) # ¥ lik i] #719784, 3% 208 8 19884 hb G — BARR RA, EMSAM MH HRAL IR, WILT LAPEASHRSH. APRERFRERARE, RLAR, MAMVUF TAAL, EGG RE. Lia TH MELA RERAEHHMELAR, PLEA FCETRFLAAGRS H, CMASA AMG E RAH, SHH RAL PE AP IRALAAKM MARR AZ—, PAL sh th BRA W HEF 200057 th RAGE SR, ARS RAI AR AE PR TARE KEL, LMBPAMASTRHLBTRLEL, RORAMMATREHRE, EHDA MRTRBP OAD, ARE, MNT HRPM, AIP LMABT KBR RAL, HAM TEA GAAP CHART RDO, AD A HE RAT HE ACES! ADORHAKEHHIMARE LKR LBRAAFHHIMAF ELE, LR RBK FHHMABLKEARRERT SHAS, AAPM, ANSHHAPABTAMEH HAM! KAORERERHCETRH, AMAMEAHHLEP, AM ALUAS ERK, BRATKRFA, AALMRRREHRL, Dl, AN-LAGAMHEAEH, BA, K HHT R A, BRA RAR MMT KR A AE AS ER lizhi_mail@263.net, MiB sKit BOS — AE DL, toRM AM PRAM, AACE S Hat RAM, TMH SRNR, MMFRARRHM, RE, BHKCAPM KOA BRE!| BERR AS ‘The C Programming Language, Second Edition REL, RHAFUPMHFSLRAKR, HES, WER A KEL, LERHHMFESAREK, AFHKHATLUSHSK, FH HEMFESLE, PORAPLAASRE, ERAFHARHET, KAD RFFAHHKESRRIG, ALOFS AAEM, HHAHHHA; AB AIP RAE L1BOS By, HRA EIOS HR, dete “KE MAR MA” 5 “MET RM APRA” HEM, KAKGRHFHHEMERAR (ICYCS'99) AAEM; AAHLATHA “SORPRASTRREKRFERER” » 26 EMERAARER FRI, SRARERALUA, CRARATE RPA, RA SHE REREEAFARS FS, PLE OGHRAFHHMER, FLSRBAFRt HMA FSLRHEE, LEAERBHH, PAARKRET GHAR, CB HRA HEAT CIPHER Rak: $d 43h cH) (ISDN 4 Ciscoss h BME) +. 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AMR A RA ABR HIE, CESHTA-H AMES, CHERM-ARE HH BRBE, AM AME ARH (bdodH) HAT ik, CACH THAR HRS, SAME HAV OS FHT, HARE RD PT SHAT, Hie, KMMLR PAA LR AMRTRD, WLR ANERABERHRAARS, Rm PH ASH, AP A TARA T AL BR A A ARB Gt T MR, MRARA-ASAFH, GARR, ANA PAR Hh ws MEAP OER. MR HAG RSMAA A LFRLMETAL, HRAARER GERBERA MEM L— LEAT RAALSHROHE, MRBTHARRRHHERTT EH, CHAM FR MARE BE MA MRCAHANSIE fe ta tt FMA Oy ER AT de AMAR VRP EL: “MAR MBB, RAFABABR APSR,” Bet TF HS FIR, BANS ARIK AM, BA A Dk A HE A OD A ET HE MECH S . aE SoH OA Ze A + 41 AM, Jon Bentley, Doug Gwyn, Doug Mcllroy, Peter Nelson4eRob Pike L-f & 45 43 4G A— WAR TER, ANSEF SHAL Aho, Dennis Allison, Joe Campbell, G. R. Emlin, Karen Fortgang, Allen Holub, Andrew Hume, Dave Kristol, John Linderman, Dave Prosser, Gene SpaffordfChris Van Wyk# A, (8114 $918 i TAH, AM tcsl 7 A Bill Cheswick, Mark Kernighan, Andy Koenig, Robin Lake,Tom London, Jim Reeds, Clovis TondofePeter Weinberger ¥ A #4 /R 4 #438 iL, Dave Prosser ABM ET RS AF ANSI A 04 $9 F A, AA AEA A F Bjarne Stroustrup jC++ fi ALAGRAT ALAR Hy SPM IR, Dave Kristol ® AMR T —ANSI CHHB VARA HMR, Rich Drechsler 4# 99 4 (18 #7 T ASHP HE LR EHELA! Brian W. Kernighan Dennis M. RitchieSse ee | ‘The C Programming Language, Second Edition CES AAEM HAE RHBS , RAR OMS ABA, RAT HEH ih fo Bt FEGELRRE, CHTRA—MH “URGM"” HET, EK “RK”, FAREMF RM RHBAMR, CR, CHPHRAY, PAR, CRACL-LAVHAERAHBER ARAR, AFRESH, Cié- FHWA Dennis Ritchie 4 UNIXAR 4 A RIL It 4, H+ ADEC PDP-11Ht HMLER, UNIXAR SE AH, CHI Bho LF HA MGUNIX A ALA (46s SAH SL OD ATA HE) ay RACH TMS, PM, LH LEN THRMMS HES * So, HetoIBM System/370, Honeywell 6000feInterdata 8/324, 2X, CHSRLRF EMH LHMSAAR, RANE T VRE H es, BE RAG AMT VR TAMA LACIE ST HMB EAL, ADWARE MRE DoT ACES RSRD, KAHAAKA-MEHEHIIT, B HRRHM PARA ED, MEARR OE TP TCHS HSHERH, AH BRPECG—-ORFFM, ADHFERAHEET HEM, MARAMRMAHRA, ACRERD, SHAKERGERAYHAAREERERTED, HPOHKAPMTHTY ERAEMEH, MERARAHBAA, HAAFHLAMATANE ERG LAG AD RMT TMA, RT RE tT HAR ABE I, AMER TRAE SHH RRA KE GAOHE, RTHET RH ABU REM ORT RM, KBHFRA-AMRLHARHT HANS, CRRHARERAHHALITMS, to EE, BME), AK HKRF, AEtot, MAHHA AGES MRA, HHMFACH . 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TAU AA. #include OPA EE main() RAL Amainty ht, CHARS ACL { ‘ mah Reh arate HO print£("hello, world\n' maid RAM Ah eprint tka AA: Hie sides as i ASH Am ARE S—-*CHRERF x PIES BCE, PCIE, FHA Auta), AVE Th ce ANE EA PAB Bese), ETAT ATE RR EDERAL RT. C Te AY ea BOR LL Fortranis 3 PAF BFP Ae Be, Pascal i eH Mit FEA ee Me te RASA. ABT, BRM ZF main, HWW. BMG ARAM, (maint eA EB 4 —— EBB FAD A maa i BAS SE RAT SRO RE RE AB LE HE i &—Pmainwk, mai rR SSCS AS 2s FS fb OK AB eT EY oe Be EE A ACS, WADRAFeBE. LR RUE BRS — Tis #include PAE Er DRS VE a8 EAS Bh eb A / EE CHE ETE the TRATED. BATE CE SS 7 EOE TB Hp ne ETT EF AST Ri BB -Z i A BC SH) — HA FB BF eH HEEL (RI A) R, GRAMM AETHER MAHER. AMP, maine EES, A HAAS () HA. PAR H NIE WHERE SHR, AG maine RS Fiz: print£("hello, world\n"); VALERY, ae SE ee I ER RRS AEH], LTH IFAD" hello,world\n"(}HSMiaAprintfmM, printhe—P APH EMA, CEI, E FEDS SP IIE FAS SAREE TEE ADF BRE AEE EE, M"hello, world\n"#e— AETER ARTA AEE PE print £UA BSE fh IS He CCID, EPI \ndeasae tt, PEATE EM, ATED HRT, PT WAT EIR. ANSE TPB hi GAR MELE — RT) BET EN a Se WAST. Eprintt mesh, HAR \ zak iT. MRE En, folan : printf("hello, world "5 CHAE EAS RARE printf AMADA A RT, RRR S cI HHT. EIS HA — 7 Re Te Sk PALER: #include main() { printf("hello, "); printf ("world"); printf ("\n"); ) SC BRE FS iT BES AB. WER, \D ARR TET. FMF \ nD FAA A Be TAA HF ERAT PRET — Aa ADT FCI, BRILL Ib, CHR PEARSE EEE Lt: Vt de ARMA: \DR ASIF» \"RARILGI Es \\ AAR RL TPA SY. 2.3575 HER EE PYRITE KE 5 SI1-1 MARMARA “hello, world” BF. HARARE MOA &. FRAGA. 31-2 PSM, SprintemMNSME TP AA\c Ick LM LEE FLAC ALAA FFE) BA, BL — BLT ZOE 12 SRSRRRAL DUDA EME, GHAR 'C= (5/9) (7-32) FTED RAMP GH NE 5 HE ECIRL ETRE 0-17 20 -6 40 4 60 15 80 26 100 37 120 48 140 60 160 714 #I*F 180 82 200 93 220 104 240 115 260 126 280 137 300 148 HALE RR is —4 & maine L. ELCMIMYTEN “hello,world” (WRRFFK — He, IAI. AP AUE SLA THERES, GLTRTERE, FAA, Bk, RIA. PEAR Bie shi ttt. RRA AN TE tas: #include /* Afahr= 0, 20, +, 3008f, 53 FTF EC ME 5 EPC ERT + / main() « int fahr, celsius; int lower, upper, step; lower = 0; /* tase TR */ upper = 300; /* aimee LM */ step = 20; PBR | fahr = lower; while (fahr <= upper) {-__ celsius = 5 + (fahr-32) /9; print£("Xd\txa\n", fahr, celsius); fahr = fahr + step; y > Sep RT /* Meahr = 0, 20, ~, 2008, 3) {TENE Rie SRC MAE */ PAA, Beh. ETM DIP RE TRAP REMT Z. SLE / *5* / ZB A SAE OM. TERT LL thi TERE, GER EE SS TBR. BRE CE Ls Hh UAE ART IF Zieh, ABATE AEE TECIR TSP, AMERY ALFA BH a. PTO AS CTE a Bed tah, PELE MT TTI ZA. AAP RE RE, Enh —P ee A ae ee me, Gdn: int fahr, celsius; int lower, upper, step; Fe, AWM int RAH la HMB MM, STAM, LloatHarMAWMBR HEAR (HN HY LAA M HL). int float eM HATH RAFAAMELE, Fine ew, 3H A 16fiL, HCL FE 7-32 768~+ 32 767, AIL int KW, float Ae Mish WEIL, CBDAOMAZRS, HUA 10-10", BRint Gfloat AM 29, Ci MHD T Seth HEE A BH, ld:e+ F 5 char SNE short FEY long Kee double DUR ET PEABO FRY BLS. Ob, BARTER MEME A BARA A 8 Hy HRS FRFTAT ek EHS AYN A i ES TE HH Oy BUSTER. EE TRI ERE HH IIE ALA PAPA GE lower = 0; i upper = 300; step = 20; fahr = lower; EMARRE ROK. FRIED SHR TEPER Pe TRO, UT A A AT. while sh SRI AD ALS: while (fahr <= upper) { d while @RAQWATHARRHM: HEWES HMA, MRA AR (fahr<-upper), WTA GHEE S bY Aisy) » Wa eR OE Shy RAE, WRT, WARTS ES PR MRE ROI (fahr>upper) It, ORE, HASTE Ewh ile (iE) ZN FRI. TERRE, ORE aI AIS A), ARE TREAT AE. whi lei tft 2 M6 AT LAE HATER SAR eH — MS AIBA) (an LATTER IF ) HATE HEHE SHR RIO DRIED, MN while (i < 3) i <'2'saty foe TESA IE OE, BCL AER wha a 1 ee il 19 12 RE — 7 de ik, SRR RT A AR SH, Fi IS yh LSPS A), KAMER IH TRE AEA, RECHT E IFA APE FEES SP OUI, , (HLT HAAS HAE A, BR i 24 8B AO DE LE, RMN TABS Ais, HEALS LTE ET, RTE PSHE BRA AE THLE TERE SILER IBA BET. BATE ETE 7A — 2 He ET AP. TRIE AA A A, FE HMR At. CERES, BORE PERL TED PRE BN. OER ARP HA celsius = 5 * (fahr-32) / 9; ee FAP eS gi ae i EA A EH, FSS WIAA Hikcelsius, EKIB DH, ZAREK S ICTS YA FE PRLA 9h E ES RS /9, ICAL TE CIES RFS SIS HP, RERCBR DER HN TT 48, AEE (Al RCRD 27 MB 2s Be TE. HPS AO ABE HERE,(0) 6 HIF 5/9 Ne EEA PATE RAO, PREC ER EDT a HE Ek BE ABA AO, JZ OIF PTA print £ AAI — SETHE. print fe — Pi A Hest a Be, BST REARS BEBE A IT 28 . AB — 7S BOE AT MSE TE, SES (%) RAMS (BF EK, PSTSK, HET RRC, FEAT EDK. PMN, SATE —T BSR, ALIA AD print£("X%d\txd\n", fahr, celsius); JFAPATEN MEM Eahr Scelsiushli, HEM Z inl B—P HATA IA (\t). printiA@RNA—-TERHNET 8 MMM FBOTER, PSTSM, SA MAG LAY ACR, GML RMR. MUAH, print tM AACE RASA — Ma, CIEL AE ABA / DTT. prime £ (Q 1 AE biai eB — Ar FD BP ECE RE ABT Fl. (HAE, ANSIbRHEGE X Tprint£ BATT A, BE, RENE A eb A aE Bh BE Uh, eB Cy HEA A A AY. Fy TASB VER CHE SA be, BUA LESE REZ va TS a HA A / aH HE FOSTER, FEEL, BPRS AEBS 7A ERE. RA TA, Te Baie 744i Ft tscant ARTA. scant MARU Fprint tm ee, (EPA BATT 705 ti HBB. 8 Pk BEB FF FE TD SG YO, BAA A PUA HH RISER ACE RE, GT RAR AE RU: MUR eprint fie OB —- TEM Uses ET ENE BE, MUFTENN RE SEAT IRA. Bild, ATLAS Ay printé("%3d %6d\n", fahr, celsius); iTFlfahrcelsiusii{fi, iH, fahri(ih3 MER, celsius hOTRER, th HASSE SRA B Ba: EME oo -17 20 -6 . 40 4 60 15 80 26 100 37 Fa 7986 a FACET ad RA: PAT AE AA, ELAR AC, ald, GO" P IE 7A NAHE ER itt IE IZ I)—17.8°C, TAAL -ITC, TAS SOE TL, ATP RAS OE LN REY A CR AE EM RL GY BC PE AREF — BERRA #include /* “Mfahr=0,20, -, 300RF, FEN ei MS Mei MET RAE PRAM / main() { float fahr, celsius;int lower, upper, step; lower = 0; (+ ae FRE +/ upper = 300; /* leak ERE */ step = 20; BK fahr = lower; while (fahr <= upper) { celsius = (5.0/9.0) * (fahr-32.0); print£("%3.0f %6.1£\n", fahr, celsius); fahr = fahr + step; , REE STP ARUEMAHI IA], AlaIL, EAB Eanr celsius ytloat sem, Hie As AY AR Ty NUE ET RH ETRE, 2 EARTHS / 9A, AAI PRMOUBR AAS HUAI, ACME A HOES DEER, AL, “AERC AN A ec RUL—/MP AM, HUE, 5.0/9. OFA TTRARCATBR, AIRE AR te Arte, SIA HAE ALR TAT AERIS i Me, URES UE, RM iA EIEAT FF AO 7 UR RULES AZ AUS, ld, CEPR Eame—32Kh, 322A AEE A ONENESS Sie, A seh, HIME Ae RCE MEOH, CESS SIM AE I CISA, RETR ICAHN, FIR, EDTA ATT ROMERO TE AONE UN, HERE, BUILD fahr = lower; 15 Ate 49 while (fahr <= upper) Hai AE He I A TY, AN ES EZ AE ts Ae HE Lot 38 fF. print sq Ay HRW eS . Of AMAT EINER AM (Bfahr) BSE, HA Nit AL BOMBS 86. LEP — AP FPAT ENR (celsius) Bb HOP EAB, Hee AURA ike. Seman PF Bia: 0 -17.8 20. -6.7 40° 4.4 HLT TAME SHE. Bin, FO ERAT EDT BED HOT EIM, &.2E ARTS AAT EU ROER i B 1 Bie 8 DAL ARE A 5 MO BER He AE RT Niza fidb ia eves ED ERATED, BONER eA BAT ED KATE MAT EN, BDO PEPER8 RIF s.2e ARATE, bic eer fit $6.26 RATER RITE, BDOPEAR, Na APL UES, print £ ARGS LF PAA: sods /GUEHIR. SHA TAREE, 8048 MEM tSRRETR, SRR S (%) A, 511-3 UCAS, (EZ AE TERA ABH EI — a. RSI1-4 ii — RR FPAT ETRE ECHR EB A BE CH I HH 1.3. fori=®] AEE SEA AGE LES BATT ARS HG PE SB TP i ACH tT A OY ‘i BEER FF IDA « #include /* FTE CH MEIER ERE main() int fahr; for (fahr = 0; fahr <= 300; fahr = fahr + 20) print£("%3d %6.1£\n", fahr, (5.0/9.0)*(fahr-32)); ) TEES LA ENE P TERA, AEA AAAS Te]. BE EEE LE PE JM TAM Ait, HAM TP inte wwe iteahr, EMSAM Loris yd, mae DBR, EBRANA Ke ABE TH ik TH FE Gi EY Ze iS AE EMT print £ aM = TSH, EARLE — 7 AIS 0. DALE JL RRC Hs FSi Fei CE — 7 FE PD 9 = ZC a 9 PSEA, MATAR A SAAR. A bprint tmRNA =P SRCAE AGR6 LEDC ACAITP RAL, PLA ATLA PED h OE HE (ATP A PETAR. forlkWE—MAMIE HY, Ee Mwhilelé iis”. wR foris ty Sit mi TaN whileifHt, RA RM Loris HME AM—H, MSPS, MZ (ALG SRMIF. SB —BBay fahr = 0 FENCED, REEMA DEAT T— tk. BBS fahr <= 300 FETE HOE AMR FEBS. RTE HAE AR REL, AURA (true), ERAT TAK RAR AS —Pprints AAI AE). IRR = Moy fahr = fahr + 20 DAR RE abr —T EK, IFOAM RAL. MUR BI A PHI (false), PAA LUT. Swhileisty—t, toriMis MAb IAA -AiBw, HATE AEE SRR ROA). MMs (BAe). Ae CBMs) Sines BY (BAM) WALL MAI.x 2 9 EXRRBLE, Wkwhile Stork MEME HD, ERRHE AB ALAM. Lorik WEE A Wet AIS AE MAIS OH ROE, Ae TEE SE, HEewhi lei ye ie, BAI1-5 Sic ii MEPARAE. SEORDLMAE (HIARE FR MA 300 8 SIO NRE MY MLE) IT Elia FE RE, 14 See TEPER UTE ERLE AT, BUTERA — DAES HR. TERRE BE F300, 205 (0109 “AIRC FARE TR, EMULE CR RR RR Af, TE AMEE AME, ARM EMT ENE LWA. defines > TL) TASS (REARS EE) TENET fdefine £F ami # CRELL, BP PMSA edefinehE LHS (BRANT SR, wb RESALE TASER) ABE AAD BAR TA. So, Ae ER AIS Fas EAB AL DAS: AE IE SAY REARS AP AL ABARAT EE A EE, it A ar. Je, LOWER, UPPERSSTEPHMETE SH Mk, HAR, ULARLY. TES Sk Ai AS FARES RE TARA SA ADS DES 19 2 Hk HA. PER HdefinetRSiMABRHD ST. 1.5 SR PEP RRA ALS FFE OE RPE, RAE OL, VES REAP Rh AI FLATT HOARY BEF RR FORA TGC. . PRE PEE BEATA A / Smit BORE A AL. FEHR AS aren A, EH (aT, HA TESA PRES HG EE» SAGES TET RE TEE IM, TREAT ETE HOT BI EREAIK, FAME RAT FE 5 BiH i EAE A / He ABE OP — BE FAN ie EMI CHES BRIE BAAS Kal CE RR F Z b E Hf EAT be EET RR / SPER, He eget charfiputchari +A10 #1 He. AI, get char HM CAREIRA FT — Mit FAP, TSE LE 28 REG Fl. BRET, CERT © = getchar() Zia, Bac AEA BPE FE. RAE A a A. KP ACE APF, BUTTER PHT. exci put charm RTE — FEF. Gan, ity putchar(c) HERES CHIVAS AEST EUR, A MAE EAE |. putcharSprintf£ik FA BCT Ae, LH AE ST Nc Be 1.5.1 SES Hl fi) FgetcharSputchar me, MTLALEA TESA A / Si HH SASH LP eS CRRA FACS 5 Hie FB ALS FR Ae HE A te SH, SEE A mr: RAZA while (AF HRA LA RATE A) MRA EAE RENE A EGR IE AS CIB BE #include 1° HbA SLMS. AL #7 main() { int ¢; © = getchar(); while (c t= EOF) { putchar(c); © = getchar(); ; y TOP, KARIRF = 8A REF”. PREC REAL FRE REMMI EE MTA AERA ARAL, ECE L SE A AB AE iB ete, chara Rel AF Fix ETE BE, PRE (R A! (int) wee fee FERS. FAP SAC EN UR, FRAT CEE inte, 5 Hg SEPP De ff 3) CE BAS A RY CHS RY EE TG TA = (EREATMART, getchar ca SCHEiE l—“P ARI, 1X PRA SEE RETA A], A {HPKAEOF (end of file, KHAH). REAR Rc PR, BRIE EAR LATE ie getchar BGR MINE. XBZ HLA CMU echarkM, RAHELAERBA, BR TARE Fk EE C91 FT HEI FPG SE BE AEE TFEOP, AL. Fee cH AY int 2M,FF il BOF LEK KF 2 qos \ /* HA ANSE, AR */ main() { int ¢; while ((c = getchar()) 1= EOF) : putchar(c) ; TERRE PD, whilegi is DAR —-TET ILC, AG WIRIAE TEE WEE HARE. WRAL AE EE RR, WMPTwhileiswh, IHTMATY. Mia Mtl fiwhileifty, 4BIAMAMEA EU RIN, while tiois 4 itthi7, Mili +main me eeth TR. DUR RR RHE, getcharmAcfERU TP ASL T —ik, i RRR TRE SERRE ATR ERE. ASP VAH IE, BRERL ES BLA AG TT aS AY SS BR RMB AB AL. (AL, MR PAL Hh OE AL A A), RE HESS TESLA, BERRI BAO) Atwhileis DMA MBAKE, WUE AGS LAT SARE. NES AE | =n FB HUIS AF = AIEEE, CEA A BLT SASH OL FE AR = HE CE = EZ HAT. Aulkisty © = getchar() != EOP 1 SOr Piety ¢ = (getchar() \= EOF) iB WAT. CRUEL ORL CR UR-F IA get char ba Bei Je 2 EB CPA pas). IFAT A IE CRANIAL, TASS LOHR BBY ) 1-6 WiEikgetchar () !=EOPHILZODA1. 431-7 45 —P4ATEDEOF AEE. 15.2 Pte OP SIREFE Pte OEUE FT ER, EAS EASE RASA,12, #1* #include T* SEALER, WAL / main() { long ne; ne = 0; while (getchar() != EOF) tne; printé("X1d\n", nc); ? Sth, iB Ay +ene} HATTA ++, SPRATT IRE. PTL nc=nc+1 tHE, (iA) sence, AUER A, Sie RAMA BiB, ++ 5-—ik IRE EA MSR Cait+nc), WATE Wasa (hinc++). FRE RIA HOB, PME EAA AA AA, +enc Snc++Hitinc titi. Aa, BUNA GAM BTEK. TERE BREF AU Long 3s 945 BEC BIA, TEAL int AeA ae. Long tt WR (KM) BSR AAS RTC. CE AERLA bint 5long MAE Hel, {EAE ~SEPLER Lime Ae YAY TART HEA LOLI HE TERI IE CRA 32 767), IEE, HI Zh foi ABT REG ne UN CE A. HMMS La teiipr int £ Rt BM SBOE long fé #, fEidouble (AURETF AB) FMT ABE. PLE AME whi let iB), HAE OL GRE HK RA Ba S He OI DS BPG TS: #include 1 SARE ER MARZ */ main() { double ne; for (nc = 0; getchar() != EOF; ++nc) printé("%.0f\n", nc); y A FEloat HdoublexM, print SRB MMEASEUET HAM, &. Of FRAT A NBR AV BORA, A Bch ay Afi AO. ERE, fori Ps DWH RKES, KARA OMA LE RBEMIR (AE) BPM BS TERT « ACE AVIA TE ALI SER E oF FEA ALA — PE, AE RMN SE. PRIN So Si 4), CIE RPRETME foris WMI BOR, WEA FETE TIME CBRE BARE ZA, RTE TR: MRAP SET, WA, TE — ii fiiget char ARAN, whi leis toris Hi RMR — Ire WI, BE$$ ¢ 2B FRO TERA AN, TEMA, X—ARBB, while 5foris eA z— RAE EDT AZ RAE EET AR, MURA EA, WATT OI, RR AT AE EAB KADAD THR. EM SLOK EAI, RFE ARIE —He, FEM LD, FAM, whileist) Storif tH WT wR FETT OBA BETE. 15.3 Tite PEP RAT REAP SEA MIFT Re. BUTTE LSE BIL, HRM EARLE A AEA FPPC RL, ATR ER A, EET TE TERT ET f#include 1 Sib mAM tT */ main() { int c, nl; nl = 0; while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) if (c == ‘\n’) +enl; ; printé("Xd\n", nl); CERREH, whilefi Mis DN GAKE— Tifa, EHD MIAy++n1, ifiaty FKMRAES POA, MRA A, WTI) GRR CEES I), SE LPL FSR DE Dy A AZ A HER REP S=-RCHAPRA “SP” KAMAE (MF Pascal HH STS = Fortran} ffJ.EQ.). HPC AAS TS=(F ORS A, AUS == sea WMA, Dike st. KAURMRER, Texas “ST” BR AAI (R==), Cie AOECAMAHRMS RMSE S-. CRRA, UGH T, Sea BEAEMNPAK, AILRATA SAB. SSIS IE FR — 7PM, AA PPE LR Ft RL, ATR ZAFRRE. Wi, CAREER AM STC. PRN, ARSE Hk, ZEASCHE RP IMA W6S (BIETAM AMAA 65S). “MMR, FATA SELL MOSHE, a A UE AE, ASME TRICK. SPER HE Be AIRE EP ME PE A, Ee, ne HRT PAULL, FEASCUE FEE PFA 10, BAI ERS, '\n ATE, eA ERLE TS MOST Ls MI \ a —PRAE— AEST HH. RETR SEZ MK A BUTTE BMH — FTE. BI1-8 SPHERE SATE TEE 1-9 BS — A HB EE, FECES ha — hE BS1-10 BS — A SL BI OB, HRS Ze Pb \ tH SE FEA \D, HER RAL RE \\. OPE AT LAA HZ FF A ELA BY SL ADT SA ASH I4 #1 1.5.4 Sia ey BATHE ST LAYS Pe FL BRITE FT Be, TD SEB i EE Te BE, HS, ERLISTE EP, FTIR BE ARIF AL UNIX ASE we PFI FMB #include #define IN 1 c* tesa +/ #define OUT 0 J+ tah /* SeitmAMTTE, Min SEM t/ main() { int c, nl, nw, nc, state; state = OUT; nl = nw = nc = 0; while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) { tone; if (c == ‘\n’) ten]; if (ee? * flees ‘\n tlc ae Nt) state = OUT; else if (state == OUT) ( state = IN; +enw; , } Print€("Xd Nd %d\n", nl, nw, nc); , BM, BAAR ANB—TEH, Cottey Te MMR. state ht RSE A EFT, EMME “ACEMIMh”, ANIA ML HOUT. H VTE BARAT FES RIN-GOUT, HIRE EA IER AIRC 50, REE BIR. HEAR NYRR AEH, SOBRE EBA AT tt ZO ALPERT RAF ae PA, PAU ee ii A — ak ESS RET EO AP EE. DRM RL, A BEE AISI SABLE SATIS BL, RRIF ETT A MERE AES PoE AD nl = nw = ne = 0; FHS Blin], nwHncHiL AO, AML, ERAT: HEF ANA SRT RENI A, WU AP ATE Ae. ELA bai AA A nl = (nw = (ne = 0)); JBBTE 1 AOR GEA), HLA PRED if (c= * $1 cee ‘Xn’ He we Nt") FORE MUR CALS HE, CARTE, RecA HIATT” (HITT, PEER ARI Ce Hee “FEAT ARIER). HN, GERM eeRAAND GBMG), EAE BPO.HSE $Y EPEAT ZEUS oi Ac RAL, PRUE TE RMAC Pe HR SE RE OS PUI HCE DEER Hy ST, HE, ARIAL SLED PEI, AUR CALA, MUA BER IWIR EE BAT THAT, RRR AS MPTP TOMI, FEL, RRA UE SE, AEE SHE OS ARTE Pk RRR BET, BARNES HB AT. REALE PR LH — Pel semhsy, Cai Mi £18 yh HA HERD BI TA TAD PE HME: if (RRA) #4), else #4 Sth, if-else MMA WALI Ais ATT. RAK AMO, WATT IEA, EMT. RAIA ARETE AIR), HATE A TE TEI SAUTE OP. CE WRF H, else nik Mii —Titinn, Witiimieil TOS EER SAHA iia. BSI1-11 sit ee mT AT RE? MRE TEER, ABZ A RHA FCAT HE BELG AS ARIE? BN-12 STE, Litt — 7 TEST ESHA 16 A TEA, BADR S — PRE, GE TRE TE CELESTE tilde TE BARAT IE) VARIA SEL TF BLAS Be. GRRE IEA AC, AAT AT At ZARFTECiAS 2m SHAT VASE FE TL 5 23, LE RT 7 BT PE LA, REL (EF LO“ Si 9 5 Bk EG EF TRA #include RUBE. SAT RSE HLA */ main() { int c, i, nwhite, nother; int ndigit(10]; nwhite = nother = 0; for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) ndigit(i} = 0; while ((c = getchar()) |= EOF) if (c >= ‘0’ && c <= 9") sendigit(c-0°); else if (c a=’ * $1 cee ‘\n’ {1c ss ‘\t") +enwhite; else ++nother; print£("digits ="); for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) 216 #1 SORELAEREA HIG AM, SEERA HER Eindigh t A A ry 107M Bey WA, ZECIR ET, HHL FE MOE, Pale: RAN OP TCH BM ndigit [0], ndigit(1], “+, ndigit(9], KTM mete FET ED BERIT 1 £ OF FAIRE a) WEEE I. BELT RPTL AE (al MEM AEH, LANE IA Ci) DA EA, a eta ia aes filin, BURA PRBO', 1, 19 FRESE IMATE, Re RRA TTT. spate, AIEEE Ree. HIE LAT, chars MN FEE bie, PA eicha x 3s (nya AL ER AGI BOP int OHS AH. MEA IH, Ban, c-1 OE PEMA, fn SABLE CHASE FE | 0" » SUE 0~-9, FA LA MeAindigi t Ais Ptr. eee) eee at ae ce BEE EE i A PAR a SPE if (ef,) #4), else if (#f,) #4, else 4, HRMGAT, EAGT ROORI, BRT RH, Rat RANGE o BBO, BBB UAT 5c UG» MEDD ATE RE (HEH MEE (DE 6) BMT CAR CE TEA SP FRA). AORTA AE. WIDUTLE RG —Telsez anit) (ARATE).ale 12 JSAP HTS Ped REE, MURA Ha — Pel se BNE 4), AI DEAT EE AAT BE. EB — Pit Sie — else Zh TLL HOTRS TE AERIS EA else if(##) #4) BERRI AGT, BCAA Dea RAL GT ARE R CLA B BLAEG HIY KER « Bill, MRA if aBLL AT — hel se fy AoE — HERE BS, ABZ BAe EP AT ER HO WR. BIA HC switchs HET WS SD LE HK, CRBLEAT HE FEA MEMES FE REIS HE BA SR Ao HP SEP TERA HL. BRAT ES 4 Aswitchia ya SARE A— Ta, SIU TTECR. 1-13 SPE, STEN A aT EAI, OP DG DL Dy PE BEE Seetill, SEACH PY 7s PRL SS PE B1-14 BS RE, FTE A He PE IT EA 7 1.7 BR CHE iy Me Sot FFortranis HF ER, ph FPascalis a HA RA Bic. ERB Ht STS REE OT AOE 22s BBO As ag BE A AB EE Af SLAY. (EAI Tt EONS Be, FEE AFCA AG EEE fo SLAY, Ag BE Es BE Ha, BT. CECA AP ATLA. F718, PURSE AaB, PAE HS tee a AT tk AFL ER Be, SRBC A 4S BR SE OT SIA AIL, RAPHE (Mprintf, getcharfilputchar$) MR AMWEP eee. SUE, LANA Ca PRS He, CIA AREA tkPortranis REPEL POR AS HT, BBL AEA aS —/POR ANY Fa Bepower (m,n) ACBLH ABC MMT TK. power (m,n) SCH Fira se Remind, HALE RRL. HABA power (2,5) kik, FERAL A32. BBE —F SAMAR OR, “ERE A ME AY TE EB AE, {HL OPP CLS Tbs PE HEA Ti Bo A ea epow (x,y) .) Pil FA Bower (m,n) (HE MRA EMRE, RRA BI— 7 se HE EE aK. #include int power(int m, int n); 7* iiikpowersa& */ main() { int i; for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) print£("Xd %d %d\n", i, power(2,i), power(-3,i))5 return 0; ) /* power: RMR, Ken a= 0 */ int power(int base, int n) B 2a for (i = 1; i <= nj +41) P= p* base; return p; , ees PRE A — RETO ROERD BRE (OAS ARMA MA) t ASR A BOR ) PR BLE SCAT LADLE BU PE BLE — Pa SC EBS CE HAE Ds] — BA AS BE HC TEST SEE, MRED WES TOE, WBA, TERA, pha ERE SY fH, (EERE RSE EN, JRA TARDE EY, BATA HBG ma in Alpowerik Hi A> BCBCEE SCE, RTT TPA i FCI a ES A RAG maine Sete PoE PT itkpower AR: print£("%d ¥4 Xd\n", i, power(2,i), power(-3,1)); BKM, mainwk power ARE CATSK, CIT eR, power tA Ril main ga BGR ll — 7 HCA MEAT EN. Cex, power (2, i) [al2 Ali — FP ABE HEME RAREST BEE RABE EL, BUTTE ARCH THE). power tA BAI — F718 ty) int power(int base, int n) FRY RAIA KFA T Ya BR RAIA, power Fh BAY SB HE NY BF AE power HABLA ABA. ASE AE A Be MBE AS PT LAY «SG ft BB CY A JE S52 A Dd A BS Be FMRAS MR, Bi Spit. power MR Hii Gmainwmpwi LK. PRATT A HE BC ALS SP le Hh LS A BH AS AA TT AA BAL SI REBAR REY F FAA, power Rit Hi ss Rist returnif Wik AlAmainwme. Ki PFreturny jah ATLA EA AEIESK, FEKA: return AKA; AEA EDR, PHARM returnif WHHUs HBAS, (AGBELA AV. XGA F BGA RRM AACS, ABR BA TR". Ea Beth Ta BRGE MAIL. RH VECSERH, mainmkMAeA—Treturnift), hh fmainky he aw, Pave tb BY DA eH D/L, ee Sc ER RA TL, AR, lel {HAO ARTE WHE AL, RELA AR ORe as tH LSE A OE HR AR AE. TAIL, TTA main Spams freturnifty, REE atmainn sh a Greturnif iy, LEEKR AEF IDE A AT ABE LARS HBL tema in pa Be 2 A 7 int power(int m, int n)j RUlpower MRAM Tint KMS, RE —PintA MAL, MWR A wh BRM, “EXB Spower MME LAMAR — Be, MARAE L.A SRR AB HE BIR. EBC DEM BF fs BS Be AERA, HED L,I AT EAD, PEE TAS ea SD ATLAS A EK: int power(int, int); ALAR, Arik 9 BS Be FH Ob a TR ED, Dd AT i Bh & ANSI Clr} $57 RASCH FZ 15] AYIA BILE FB BAS FB 5 az SL GRID Ud JEMCIE SME L, power MR MiZS MR PAK: /* power: -RicsttinAw, n> = 0 4/7 7* (GOUICIE ARCA SERIE) */ power(base, n) int base, nj f int i, p; pets for (i = 1; i <= nj +i) p= p+ base; return p3 d StH, SRALDUE SAE, SHRM ERIS ZAHA, MIE MET SR 7, WRU inte, ea BK GANS] CHIESA . TECHIE SNE SL, ATLA PE RAPP AIFF AA AMP i PEC power AR: int power(); PBIB fe AS FCP GL BS Ze, ARE AE RR ICH: CEI #8 Pep Owe r ce BUN JAY AP HE BIL, power ABER PAG ME EIB it YA, PA a A PTL AH TEANSI CrP SCA eB DR ER, MAE BS TARA He BF 2 BOR AAS AUP AMIR. ANST COPS H5 IATA ea BY SEL, RT — ET. A PATEL RUE TS: TET RE RL BRR (ET CY BA PB SK, S115 HREM ERY, Ue aL MEHR 18 $8%—fe(aiaA SHARIR (FFI Fortran 4, ECT, TARE RABE * AOR FF BABY BESS ACR a A Be Bo Be GIB Hy SR SLE” (eH, HBR AS, F880 TP Bc) BB 5]