Well Intervention and Productivity

Hoanh Pham
Well Operations Coordinator
SPE Certified Petroleum Engineer

1
 Course Content
1. Economic Important of Well Productivity
2. Well Completion
3. Well Inflow Performance
4. Formation Damage
5. Sand Control
6. Artificial Lift
7. Perforation
8. Matrix Acidizing
9. Hydraulic Fracturing
10. Cement Evaluation
11. Workover, Eline, Coiled Tubing, HWU

2
 Part 1
Economic Importance of Well Productivity

3
Economic Importance of Well Productivity

4
Economic Importance of Well Productivity

Skin = 0

Skin = 8.5

23 MMbbl Oil increased

4.5% increase of the Recovery factor

5
 Part 2
Well Completion

6
Casing Configuration

7
 Open hole completion

Application:
• Low cost/multi well developments
• Deep consolidated wells.
• Naturally Fractured reservoirs.

8
 Cased hole cemented and perforated completion

Application:
• High quality sand
• Deep consolidated wells.

9
 Open Hole with Slotted, Perforated or Screen Liner

Application:
• Sandy wells (stable formation)
• Horizontal wells completion.

10
 Open hole Gravel pack

Application:
• Unconsolidated sand
• High quality

11
 Cased hole Gravel pack

Application:
• Unconsolidated sand
• High quality

12
 Frac and Pack Completion

Application:
• Unconsolidated sand
• High quality
• By pass near wellbore damage

13
 Cased hole and Hydraulic Fracturing Completion

Application:
• Consolidated sand
• Low quality sand (oil < 1 md, gas < 0.1 md)
• Enhance well productivity for tight reservoir)

14
 Selective Completion

Application:
• Can be combine with sand control
completion
• Selective completion required
• Shut off water, gas
• Prevent cross flow

15
 Horizontal Completion

Application:
• Max well PI for thin reservoir
• Prevent water, gas cusping
• Tight sand with multistage hydraulic fracturing
• Tight sand: long horizontal well  vertical HF well
• Basement well to cross multiple vertical natural fractures

16
Horizontal Completion vs Vertical, HF Completion

17
Completion String, Equipment

18
 Completion String, Equipment
Tubing Hanger

Flow pup
DHSV

4-1/2" Tubing

Gaslift Valve

Gaslift Valve

Gaslift Valve

P-T Downhole Gauge

9-5/8" Production Packer

3.688" No-go Landing Nipple

4-1/2 Perforated Joint
3.312" No-go Landing Nipple
Self aligning Shoe
9-5/8" Packer, Lower Completion
Fluid Loss Control Device
9-5/8" Casing Shoe

Upper Circulating Assembly

Constrictor #1
Constrictor #2

4-1/2 Swell packer

4-1/2" Sand Screen

Bottom Circulating Assembly

4-1/2" Liner Shoe
6" Open Hole

19
 Completion String, Equipment
Guide Shoe/ Mule shoe
• Guide shoe/ Tubing shoe is installed in the end of
liner/tubing string.
• The guide shoe/tubing shoe will guide liner/tubing
string when run in hole (completion).
• The bevel in the outer will help tubing string running in
hole easier. The inner bevel will help slickline/eline
tool string easier go back to tubing string
Landing nipple
• Create a place to set the flow control equipment
(lock/plug…) in the tubing string for multipurpose
likes: setting packer, test tubing leaks, gauge hanging.
• There are No-go and Selective types of nipple
• Lock plug/ FCE will be run by (slickline/CT) in the
nipple depth and locate in the nipple. Lock’s keys will
be expanded in the nipple recess while lock’s V-
packing will be sealed in the nipple seal bore area.
20
 Completion String, Equipment
Perforated joint:
• Locate above the nipple where to set
the memory gauge
• Providing bypass flow if bottom hole
pressure and temperature gauges are
used for reservoir monitoring
Sliding Side Door (SSD)
• Communicate (open)/isolate (close)
the reservoir to completion
• Facility to set plug in for zone
isolation
• Shift the inner sleeve by shifting
tool (Slickline/CT) up or down to
seal /open the holes in the housing
body.
21
 Completion String, Equipment
Side Pocket Mandrel:
• SPMs are places for installing gaslift
valves (gaslift producing), chemical
valve (Chemical injection), kill valve
(Well killing purpose) or dummy valves
as temporary isolating.
• With the pocket (seal bore assembly,
recess, holes communicating to annulus
side) integrated in, the SPM allow
capacity to install/retrieve valves by
slickline/CT with out pulling tubing
string
Gaslift Valves:
• The gaslift valves can be installed in
SPM in advance (before running
completion) or by slickline (after
completion)
• The gaslift valves gas to go from
annulus side to the tubing to keep the
well producing when the well can not
naturally flow.
• The gaslift valves can be used for kick
off purpose
22
 Completion String, Equipment

Downhole Gauge: Flow coupling:

• Down hole gauge ( gauge carrier and • Thick wall thickness to prevent inside
gauges) is installed as close the reservoir erosion
as possible.
• The gauges captured data is useful for
reservoir management
• Gauges sensors (temperature/pressure) in
the gauge capture reservoir
temperature/pressure continuously and
transfer to surface via the cable
(electronic/fiber )

23
 Completion String, Equipment

Gaslift Valves: Pb
• Annulus pressure (Pc) and Tubing pressure (Pt) creates up- Dome

force on under side of the bellows. When the up-force

overcomes the down-force created by N2 inside bellow, the Chevron
Packing
Stack
ball will be lifted off the seat (valve open), allow gas goes
Bellows
through the check valve to the tubing to lift well fluid to
surface
Pc

Stem Tip (Ball)

Square Edged
Seat

Chevron
Packing P
Stack t

Check Valve

Nitrogen Charged Bellows Type

Injection Pressure (Casing) Operated Gas Lift Valve

24
 Completion String, Equipment
Swell Packer
• To isolate fractures for WSO in the future
• To fix /centralize lower part the well bore
• The element/rubber will be swelled
when contact with water/oil and sealed
with the well bore/casing
Sand Screen
• To prevent sand entering the tubing
string.
• The sand screen will be run along
Reservoir section and prevented sands
entering the tubing by screen with
sufficient mesh size.
25
 Completion String, Equipment

Packer: Polish Bore Receptacle (PBR):

• Packer is key completion down hole • Compensate the tubing movement during
equipment. production/ injection
• Packer creates Annulus volume for
clean/circulating well, gaslift producing,
protect casing above packer
• Packer is considered as safety barrier
• Diff type of packers (permanent,
retrievable)
• Diff setting/ retrieving

26
 Part 3
Well Inflow Performance

27
 Well Performance

Two basic factors:

• Inflow Performance - the capacity of a reservoir to pass fluids against down-
hole conditions
• Vertical or Outflow Performance - the ability of the produced fluids to flow
through the well conduit to surface

The two factors are closely linked, because the final condition of the inflow
performance, is the starting point of the vertical flow performance.

28
 Well Completion Productivity
EPS Well C: F-Sand , Multi Layer Production Evaluation
K*H total= (0.118md*653ft)+(0.877md*80ft)+(4.528md*8ft),Kh/Kv=1.6,A=640 acres,rmf/rw=5,rw=0.354ft for all cases

9000 CHF: Total Layer, SPF6,Dp=0.35",60deg phasing,Xf=100ft, Kf*wf=50,000md*0.2"

CHGP: Totaal Layer, SPF=18, Dp=1.15", Kpt/Kr=5and Incl=0 deg
CHFPack: Total Layer, SPF=18, Dp=1.75", Kpt/Kr=10, Xf=100ft and Incl=0 deg
8000 CHP: SPF=6, Dp=0.35", Phasing=60, Lp=16", UB: Kc/K=0.4, Kmf/Kr=0.5, rmf/rw=5, Incl=0 deg,
CHP: SPF=4, Dp=0.35", Phasing=180, Lp=16", UB: Kc/K=0.4, Kmf/Kr=0.5, rmf/rw=5, Incl=0 deg
CHP: SPF=4, Dp=0.35", Phasing=180, Lp=16", UB: Kc/K=0.4, Kmf/Kr=0.5, rmf/rw=5, Incl=60 degk=83.68,h=7
7000 Tubing Outflow:WHP=440psia,5-1/2"Tubing,LGR=4.5bbl/MMSCFD
Tubing Outflow:WHP=1300psi,5-1/2" Tubing, LGR=4.5bbl/MMSCFD

6000
Reservoir Pressure, psi

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Flow Rste, MMSCFD

29
Well Completion Productivity

30
 Well Completion Productivity
Corrected Log Permeability Vs. Depth
EPS Well A~ Analog ST1X: E and F Sand
11600
mid. Perm Layer Hi Perm Layer
Low Perm Layer KH=808md-ft KH=3363md-ft
KH=113md-ft K=18.3md K=115md
11800 K=1.18md H=44ft H=29ft
Very Low Perm H=95ft

E-Sand
12000
Depth in ft

12200 Hi Perm Layer

KH=6925 md-ft
mid Perm Layer K=107md
Very Low Perm Low Perm Layer KH=1296 md-ft H=65ft
12400 KH=113md-ft K=17.18md
K=1.19md H=75ft
H=101ft
F-Sand
12600

12800

13000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Permeability,md

31
 Well Completion Productivity
EPS Well A: E-Sand, Multi-Layer Production Evaluation
K*Htotal=(1.2md*95ft)+(18.3md*44ft)+(115.1md*29 ft),Kh/Kv=1.6,A=640 acres,Kmf/Kr=0.5,rmf/rw=5,rw=0.354 for all cases

9000

8000

7000

6000
Reservoir Pressure, Psi

5000

4000
CHP: SPF=6, Dp=0.6", Phasing=60, Lp=16", UB: Kc/K=0.4, Kmf/Kr=0.5, rmf/rw=5, Incl=0 deg,Kh=1.6, sum of all layers

CHP: SPF=4, Dp=0.35", Phasing=180, Lp=16", UB: Kc/K=0.4, Kmf/Kr=0.5, rmf/rw=5, Incl=0 deg

CHP: SPF=4, Dp=0.35", Phasing=180, Lp=16", UB: Kc/K=0.4, Kmf/Kr=0.5, rmf/rw=5, Incl=60 deg
3000
CHP+Frac: SPF=6, Dp=0.6", Phasing=60, Lp=6", Xf=100 ft, Kf*Wf=50,000 md*0.2", Kmf/Kr=0.5, rmf/rw=5, Incl=0 deg

CHFP: SPF=18, Dp=1.15", Xf=25 ft, Kf*Wf=50,000 md*0.5", Kpt/Kr=5, Kmf/Kr=0.5, rmf/rw=5, Incl=0 deg

2000 CHGP: SPF=18, Dp=1.15", Kpt/Kr=5, Kmf/Kr=0.5, rmf/rw=5, Incl=0 deg

OHSAS: Kann/Kr=0.2, Mud Cake Removal=20%, Kmf/Kr=0.5, rmf/rw=5, Incl=0 deg

Tubing Outflow: WHP=4400psia,5-1/2" Tubing,LGR=4.5bbl/MMSCFD

1000
Tubing Outflow: WHP=1300psia,5-1/2" Tubing,LGR=4.5 bbl/MMSCFD

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Flow Rate, MMSCFD

32
Pressure drawdown in the Wellbore

33
 Pressure drawdown in the Wellbore
Well re
rw
Pe

P̄ P̄
PDD
Pwf

Pwf

34
 Reservoir Pressure Profile

2,000

Negative skin
(s = -2)
Pressure,
psi Unsteady-state pressure
(s=0)

Positive (damage) skin (s = +5)

500
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Distance from center of wellbore, ft

35
 Darcy’s Law

L
Area A

q q

p1 p p2
k dp kAdp
v q  vA  
 dx dx
 = fluid viscosity
36
 Radial Flow

re
r
dr
h

pe pwf pe

h
rw re
37

37
 The Radial Diffusivity Equation

General equation

Oil Equation Gas Equation

• Radial flow
• Constant and small fluid compressibility
(density)
• Constant permeability, porosity and viscosity
• Darcy law (no turbulent flow)
• Gravitational force is negligible
• Radial flow
• No assumptions on gas compressibility (density)
and viscosity
• Constant permeability, porosity
• Gravitational force is negligible
p p

38
 Different Flow Regimes

Transient flow Pseudo steady flow Steady flow

P
tpss

time

39
 Reservoir – Well Flow Regimes
3 common conditions of flow
Transient state ( or the infinite acting radial flow period)
• No outer boundary
• Reservoir appear infinite acting
• Pressure decline with time, changes
• Solution in field units
162.6qo Bo o
pi  pwf  {log t  log  kc0 r 2  3.23  0.87 s }
ko h o t w

ko ho ( pi  pwf ) 1
q0  {log t  log  c r 2  3.23  0.87 s}
k0

162.6 Bo  o t w

40
 Reservoir – Well Flow Regimes
3 common conditions of flow

Semi-steady State flow

• No flow across outer boundary
• Reservoir is finite
• Pressure decline with time is constant
 p
 const , for rw  r  re
t
• Solution in field units
ko h
ko h( pR  pwf ) PI 
qo  0.472re
0.472re 141.2 Bo o [ln( )  s]
141.2 Bo o [ln( )  s] rw
rw
41 41
 Reservoir – Well Flow Regimes
3 common conditions of flow

Steady State flow

• flow in = flow out (at outer boundary)
• reservoir is finite
• constant pressure at all points in the drainage volume
 p
 0, for rw  r  re
t
• solution in field units
ko h( pe  pwf ) ko h
qo  PI 
re re
141.2 Bo o [ln( )  s] 141.2 Bo o [ln( )  s]
rw rw
42 42
 Darcy’s law for noncircular drainage area
Exact for Tda >: at t so that tDA >
(PSEUDO STEADY STATE FLOW) this value, using the pss equation
ko h( pR  pwf ) is exact (0% error)
qo  Less than 1% error for Tda >: at t
1 4A
141.2 Bo o [ ln(  s] so that tDA > this value, using the
2 C A rw 2 pss equation gives the result with
1% error

Time tpss pseudosteady state begins Use infinite system solution wwith

ct A less than 1% error for Tda >: at t

t pss  t DApss so that tDA > this value, using the
infinite (transient) equation gives
0.000264k the result with 1% error
In the case of a circle shape (t DApss  1)
c r 2
t pss  1200 t e
k
43
 Productivity Index and Completion Efficiency (PSSF)

kh
J
1 4A
141.2 Bo o [ ln(  s]
2 C A rw
2

44
 Oil Inflow Performance for Two-phase Reservoir

Semi-steady State flow

pR
kh k ro
qo 
0.472re p Bo o
141.2[ln( )  s] wf
rw

Semi-steady State flow – Empirical relationship

qo pwf pwf
 1  0.2( )  0.8( ) 2

qo (max) pR pR

45
 Effect of Turburlence

Analyzes effects of turbulence or Non Darcy Flow on well performance

Jones,p Blount
p
and Glaze Method for IPR determination
 A  Bqo 
r wf

qo
Coefficients:
   re  
141.2o * Bo * Ln 0.472*   S

   rw  
A
ko *h

VELOCITY COEFFICIENT
2.310 14 * b * Bo * ro
 2
B
h2 *rw
POROSITY

β : high velocity coeficient depending

on reservoir rock PERMEABILITY

46
 Inflow Performance for Gas (Transient)

Transient state ( or the infinite acting radial flow period)

 
kh  p( p )  p( pwf )
q( Mscf / d )   i  {log t  log  (  c ) r 2  3.23  0.87 s}
k0 1

1638T o t i w

47
 Inflow Performance for Gas (pss)
qg = surface gas rate, scf/d
pR
0.703kh
k = permeability, md
2  P h = total thickness, ft
qg   dp
lnre rw   0.75  s  Dqg TR  Z
re = external radius, ft
rw = wellbore radius, ft
pwf s = steady-state total skin
D = rate-dependent skin coefficient, 1/(scf/d)
0.703kh
 
TR = reservoir temperature, deg R
1
qg  pR  pwf
2 2 pwf = wellbore flowing pressure, psi
ln re rw   0.75  s  Dqg ZTR pR

= volumetric average reservoir pressure, psi
= gas viscosity, cp
Z = gas Z factor
Bg = gas formation volume factor, res.bbl/scf

pR

0.001127 2kh  1
qg   dp
ln re rw   0.75  s  Dq g  Bg
pwf

48
 Inflow Performance for Gas (pss)
200000
180000
Pseudopressure integral
160000

p/uZ, psi/cp
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
Gas rate is proportional to
area under curve
20000
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Pwf pressure (psia) Pr

49
 Inflow Performance for Gas Condensate (pss)
qg = surface gas rate, scf/d
k = permeability, md
PR h = total thickness, ft
re = external radius, ft
2kh   krg k 
qg     ro Rs dP
rw = wellbore radius, ft

lnre rw   0.75  s    g Bg o Bo  s = steady-state total skin

  D = rate-dependent skin coefficient, 1/(scf/d)
Pwf TR = reservoir temperature, deg R
pwf = wellbore flowing pressure, psi
Region 1. Region 2. Region 3. pR = volumetric average reservoir pressure, psi
 = gas viscosity, cp
40
Z = gas Z factor
Bg = gas formation volume factor, res.bbl/scf
liquid saturation, %

30

krg kro krg

20  Rs 
 g Bg o Bo  g Bg

krg  f ( krg / kro )

10

0
0.1 1 10 100
radius, feet
1000 10000
krg / kro  f ( p ,rp )

50
 From Well Test to Well Productivity

Well test analysis is a tool for reservoir evaluation and characterization, provides estimates
of
1. permeability * thickness, permeability
2. Skin factor
3. Average reservoir pressure
4. Estimate reservoir pore volume, original oil in place, drainage area, and productivity
index from data during pseudosteady-state flow.
5. Distances to boundaries
Data from 1 to 3 used to estimate Well Productivity

51
 Part 4
Formation Damage

52
 Classification of Damage mechanism

• Physical reduction in pore/ pore throat size • Relative permeability reduction

• Drilling mud solids invasion into the formation • Water production
• Drilling mud filtrate invasion into the formation • Condensate banking
• Cement filtrate invasion • Wettability change
• Completion/ Workover solids invasion into the formation • Emulsion formation
• Completion/ Workover fluid invasion into the formation • Fluid saturation change or fluid
• Perforation damages blocking
• Plugging of formation with clays
• Asphaltene or paraffin precipitation in
formation/perforation
• Scale precipitation in the formation, perforation
• Creation or injection of emulsion in/into the formation
• Growth or Injection of bacteria
• Compaction of reservoir with production

53
 Diagnosis of Formation Damage

• It is possible to determine whether formation damage or ‘skin effect’

exists in a particular well.

• This can be done through well tests such as infectivity or productivity

test.

• From pressure build-up or pressure draw-down tests, the magnitude

of damage or ‘skin effect’ can be determined.

• Production logging surveys may show zones which are not

contributing to the total flow stream.

54
 Total Skin & Formation Damage Skin

• Well geometry: Due to the well design such as limited entry, well not at the center, well orientation
(slanted)

• Completion skin
• Insufficient perforation (density, penetration depth, incorrect phasing)
• Fractures – either naturally occurring or (artificially) created propped hydraulic fractures

• Production skins
• A rate dependent skin is often observed in high rate gas well (and very high rate oil wells). This
is due to non-Darcy or turbulent flow.

• The formation damage skin

• Most forms of formation damage reduce the rock permeability to a certain depth away from
the well
55
Typical Skin Factors

56
Skin Factor

57
Example of Skin to Production Rate

58
Damages - Solid invasion

59
Damages – Saturation changes

60
Damages due to Clays

61
Diagnosis of formation damage during special well operations
1. Damage during drilling of oil and gas zones in wildcat or development wells
a. mud solids may block pores and natural fractures.
b. mud filtrate invasion into pay zones may cause water or emulsion blocks.
c. pores or fractures near well-bore may be sealed by the trowelling action of
bit, drill collar, and drill pipe.

2. Damage during Casing and Cementing

a. Cement or mud solids may plug large pores and natural fractures.
b. Chemical flushes may cause changes in clays in the producing formation.
c. Filtrate from high fluid loss cement slurries may bring about changes in
producing formation

62
Diagnosis of formation damage during special well operations
3. Damage during Completions
a. Damage during perforating
1. Perforations may be plugged with shaped charged debris and solids from
perforating fluids.
2. Formation around the perforation is crushed and compacted by perforating
process.
b. Damage while running tubing and packer
1. If returns are lost while running tubing, solids in the well fluid may plug any
fractures
2. Perforation may be plugged if solids are forced into perforations by the hydrostatic
differential / pressure into the formation.
c. Damage during production initiation
1. Damage may caused by incompatible circulation fluids
2. Damage may result from deposition of scales.
3. Completion fluids may cause damage to perforations and formation.
4. Clean-up of a well at high rates may plug the formation by particles.

63
Diagnosis of formation damage during special well operations
4. Damage caused by cleaning of paraffin
a. When cleaning paraffin from a well with hot oil or hot water,
formation and perforations will be plugged unless melted
paraffin are swabbed
b. While cutting paraffin from the tubing and circulated down the
tubing and up the annulus, some particles may be pumped into
perforations and into pores

64
Diagnosis of formation damage during special well operations
5. Damage during well servicing and work-over
a. When killing or circulating a well, perforations or pores or
fractures may be plugged.
b. Filtrate invasion by incompatible water, oil, or chemicals may
cause water blocks, emulsion blocks, or changes in formation
clays.
c. Previously propped hydraulic fracturing or acid-fracturing may
have been made formations plugged.

65
Diagnosis of formation damage during special well operations
6. Damage during production phase
a. Corrosion inhibitors or paraffin inhibitors, if contacted to the formation
zones, may reduce permeability.
b. Precipitated scales may plug the well bore, perforations, and formation.
c. Previously propped hydraulic fracturing or acid-fracturing may have been
made formations plugged.
d. Well bore opposite the producing interval in both carbonate and sandstone
wells may become plugged with silt, shale, mud or fracturing sand.
e. Screens or gravel packs may become plugged with silts, mud, or other
debris.
f. Precipitated scales may plug the well bore, perforations, and formation.
g. Previously propped hydraulic fracturing or acid-fracturing may have been
made formations plugged.
h. Well bore opposite the producing interval in both carbonate and sandstone
wells may become plugged with silt, shale, mud or frac sand.

66
Diagnosis of formation damage during special well operations
7. Damage during Water Injection
a. While injecting water, emulsion may occur in the formation
adjacent to the well
b. The tubing, casing, perforations, screen, gravel packs, and
formation fractures may be plugged with mud, silt, clay, paraffin,
emulsions, and corrosion inhibitors.

67
Diagnosis of formation damage during special well operations
8. Damage during Gas Injection
a. Well bore, perforations, formation fractures, and pores may be
plugged with solids scoured by injection gas.
b. Lubrication oil from the gas compressors may cause emulsion to
form in the formation.
c. The injection of corrosion inhibitors into gas zones will reduce
well injectivity of productivity.

68
 Formation damage caused by matrix stimulation fluids

9. Potential formation damage caused by matrix stimulation fluids

a. Perforations, formation fractures, and pores may be plugged with solids while
killing or circulating a well with mud, oil, or water..Even filtered fluids may
result in plugging due to solids scoured from tubing, open hole, or casing.
b. Filtrates from circulating fluids may cause damage.
c. Acidizing sandstone with hydrofluoric acid may leave
insoluble precipitates in formation.

69
 Formation damage caused by matrix stimulation fluids

10. Hydraulic Fracturing

a. Propped fractures may be plugged with frac fluids, solids, or frac sand fines.
b. Inadequate breakers for high viscosity frac fluids may cause blocking of
propped fractures
c. Fluid loss or diverting agents may cause plugging of the perforations, formation
pores, or propped fractures.

70
 Remove Formation damage
• Stimulation treatments are designed to increase the well
productivity, either by:
• Reducing or completely removing the formation damage by
chemical matrix treatment (e.g. acidizing) or
• Bypassing the formation damage by creation of a high
permeability channel by hydraulic fracturing treatment or deep
penetration guns

71
 Part 5
Sand Control

72
Sand control design

73
Sand erosion: ESP Impeller

74
Governing Sand Failure Equation

75
Log Predicted UCS, TWC

76
Geomechanics, Sanding Log

77
 Sand Management Strategy
• Produce Sand – Handle at Surface
• Sand Failure Prevention
• Restrict Rate

• Oriented Perforating

• Downhole Retention
• Openhole Screen Only

• Openhole Gravel Pack

• Cased-Hole Frac Pack

• Cased-Hole Gravel Pack

• Resin Consolidation

• Resin-Coated Gravel Packing

78
 Recommendation for successful sand control
1. Characterize reservoir wrt permeability, UCS, and PSD variation. Focus on sands
with high probability of failure (low UCS/high K).

2. Perform screen and/or proppant testing with formation sand samples. Select
samples to capture range of PSD variation.

3. Perform lab testing to confirm final sand control design. Tests should include
pressure surges, increasing net stress, and variation in flow velocity.

4. Integrate screen selection process with drilling fluid selection (OH Completions)
and proppant / frac fluid (Frac Pack Completions).

79
 Part 6
Artificial Lift

80
Artificial Lift vs Time

81
Artificial Lift Comparison

82
Electrical Submersible Pump

83
Gaslift System

84
Artificial Lift Comparison

85
Artificial Lift Comparison

86
Artificial Lift Comparison

87
Artificial Lift Comparison

88
Artificial Lift Comparison

89
 Part 7
Perforation

90
Perforation Methods

91
Charges

92
 Perforation Parameters
 Parameters:

 Penetration Depth

 Effective Shot Density

 Clerance

 Gun Phasing

 Entry Hole Diameter

 Penetration must be beyond the damage zone into fresh formation

 Typically 4, 6, 12 SPF

 Phasing should be 45° to 90°

 Simulation to estimate actual reservoir penetration.

93
Perforation Parameter - Penetration

94
Perforation Parameter - Phasing

95
 Perforation Parameter - clearance

0.1” - ENT. HOLE

0.18” - ENT. HOLE
2.5” - PENE.
3.7” - PENE.

SIMULATED
FORMATION -
BEREA
SANDSTONE CEMENT

0.3” - ENT. HOLE

6.0” - PENE. 7” CASING

0.3” - ENT. HOLE

BORE 6.0” - PENE.
HOLE

96
Perf parameters

97
 Perf parameters
Total Skin Vs. Lp for EPS Well A: E-Sand

KH=26 md, H=165ft TVT Kh/Kv=1.6, Incl=0 deg, Kmf/Kr=0.5, rmf/rw=5, UB Conditions: Kc/K=0.4 and rw=0.354 ft for all cases

50
48
46
44 Stress Oriented Perfs: SPF4,Dp=0.35", 180deg phasing
42
40
38 Non-Stress Oriented: SPF6,Dp=0.35", 60 deg phasing
Total Skin=S+DQ at Q=50 MMSCFD

36
34
32 Non-Oriented Perfs: SPF=12, Dp=0.35" and 30 deg phasing
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Perforation Length, Lp in inches

98
 Part 8
Matrix Acidizing

99
 Well Stimulation

Group of well treatments which objective is to remove the formation damage and, depending on each case, to restore
the natural production capacity (matrix stimulation), or bring it above this value (Hydraulic Fracturing or Acid Frac).

 Matrix stimulation (remove near wellbore formation damage)

 Reactive (acidizing)
 Non reactive (solvents/surfactants)
Acid fracturing (low k carbonates or remove damage in high k sandstones)
Hydraulic fracturing (low k sandstones)

100
Well Stimulation

101
 Matrix Stimulation
SELECTION OF TYPE OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT

SOURCE OF DAMAGE TYPE OF DAMAGE MATRIX

TREATMENT___________

DRILLING, COMPLETION AND CHANGE IN WETTABILITY SOLVENT/SURFACTANT

STIMULATION FLUIDS
EMULSIONS SOLVENT/ SURFACTANT

INORGANIC DEPOSITS ACID / /INHIBITOR /MECHANIC

WATER BLOCKAGE SURFACTANT / SOLVENT

FINES MIGRATION ACIDIZING

PRODUCTION CLAY MIGRATION / SWELLING ACIDIZING

INORGANIC DEPOSITS ACID / /INHIBITOR /MECHANIC

ORGANIC DEPOSITS SOLVENT / THERMAL /

MECHANIC

INVASION OF SOLIDS FROM PLUGGING BY SOLIDS ACIDIZING

DRILLLING MUD, COMPLETION
FLUIDS OR STIMULATION FLUIDS

102
 Matrix Stimulation
Non Reactive Treatments

 Combination of aromatic solvents, mutual solvents and surfactants

to remove damage due to asphaltene or paraffine deposition

 Sequential treatments with oxidants and Na(OH) to eliminate

plugging by bacterias in water injection wells.

 Specific treatments with surfactants for special damages, such as

those produced by inverted muds (emulsions and changes in rock
wettability)

 Mixture of acetic acid, mutual solvents and aromatic solvents,

specially for gravel pack clean out.

103
 Matrix Stimulation
Reactive Treatments (Acid/Rock Interactions):
1.- Fundamentals
• Hydrochloric acid, HCl (Carbonates)
• Hydrofluoric acid , HF (Silicate minerals: Clays and Feldspars)
• Acetic acid, CH3- COOH (carbonates dissolution at high temperatures)
• Formic acid HCOOH (carbonates dissolution at very high temperatures)
2.- Special combinations and formulations
• Mud-Acid: Mixture of HCl and HF (Clays)
• Sequential Mud Acid: Alternative stages of HCl and NH4F (Clay-Sol) (in situ HF Generation)
• Alcoholic acids (water block in gas wells) (Lower surface tension)
• Mud acid retarded with aluminium chloride (excessive clay content)
• Dispersed Acids (in aromatic hydrocarbons to remove organic deposits in the minerals and
allow contact of acid with rock –higher penetration).
• Acid to remove debris from perforations during shooting.
• Fluoboric acid (Clay Acid: alternative to mud acid (slow generation of HF), stabilizes clay
fines, specially Kaolinite)
• Organic acid + HF (high temp, HCl clay sensitive)

104
 Additives in Matrix Stimulation

Any other additive is optional and the necessity to use it, must be demonstrated by doing
compatibility tests with formation fluids.

DO NOT EVER USE UNNECESSARY ADDITIVES

105
Sandstone Main treatment Notes

106
 Formation Lithology - Example

Well X-1 X-2 X-3 X-4 X-5 X-6

Quartz 29.8 26.4 21.2 15.0 25.6 43.6
K-Feldspar 23.4 24.3 17.0 9.1 23.5 20.0
Plagioclase 19.5 23.5 21.1 20.4 21.9 5.8
Calcite 7.8 2.2 2.5 1.1 2.9 6.7
Riebeckite 0.0 7.4 11.0 21.7 0.0 0.0
Laumontite/Heulandite 11.1 6.4 5.1 2.9 0.0 0.0
Zeolite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.7 0.0
Pyrite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0
Hornblende 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0
Dolomite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5
Siderite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4
Kaolinite 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 10.1
Chlorite 0.8 3.2 8.0 13.6 2.0 4.6
Illite 5.3 6.7 13.9 16.2 1.8 4.2
CLAYS Smectite 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mixed Layer Clays
1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.0
(Chlorite-Smectite,Illite-Smectite)
Total 8.7 9.9 21.9 29.8 8.7 19.9

107
Sandstone Acid Selection - Example

108
 Carbonate Acid Selection - Example

Perforating Fluid 5% acetic acid

Damaged Perforations 9% formic acid
10% acetic acid
15% HCl
Deep Wellbore damage 15% HCl
28% HCl
Emulsified HCl

109
 Part 9
Hydraulic Fracturing

110
 Introduction

• Hydraulic Fracturing:
the application of pressure
through a fluid column to a
formation face which is
greater than the least
principle stress acting upon
the formation in order to
fracture (crack open) the
formation rock.

111
HF Process

112
Fracture Orientation

113
FOI Pseudo Steady Flow

114
FOI Pseudo Steady Flow

115
 Data Set required for HF Design
Reservoir/Rock (Fixed) Parameter Inputs:
• Reservoir effective permeability and porosity
• Reservoir net set thickness and areal extent
• Reservoir in-situ stress (3 principle stresses, fracture gradient)
• Reservoir fluid properties (density, viscosity, compressibility) and saturation
• Rock mechanical properties (Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio)
• Adjacent stress barrier characteristics (thickness, areal extent, magnitude)

Design (Controllable) Parameters Inputs:

• Well design: wellbore casing, tubing, wellhead, downhole equipment
• Perforation: location, type, hole size and quantity
• Fracturing materials: Fracturing fluid and proppant
• Fracturing treatment: Rate, pressure, pumping schedule

116
 Post HF well performance
kh
qg  [ p p ( pR )  p p ( pwf )]
lnre rw   0.75  s  Dqg

1. kh and skin (s+Dq) are the most important variables defining a well’s
reservoir deliverability.

2. For low-rate (low-kh) wells, Dq is usually small . For high-rate (high-

kh) wells, Dq can be significant.

3. FCD and Xf => Skin

4. HF to increase (s+Dq) but not kh unless for multiage HF

117
Post HF Analysis

118
 Part 10
Cement Evaluation

119
Type of Acoustic Waves & Slowness
• Compressional (Longitudinal)
• Primary or ‘P’ waves
• Movement forward and backward in the direction of wave travel.
• Shear (Transverse)
• Secondary or ‘S’ waves
• Movement perpendicular to the direction of wave travel.
• Slower than compressional waves: typically travel at 1/2 to 2/3 the
velocity.
• Typically are 15 to 20 times larger than compressional waves in
most rock.
• Surface
• Rayleigh, Love, Coupled, hydrodynamic, and Stoneley
• Movement in a circular, diagonal, or eliptical paths
• Travel on the surface interface between two mediums.
• Travel at a rate of about 90% of shear waves in the same medium.
• Compressional Waves travel faster than Shear waves
• Travel Time measurements are taken from two receivers.
• The difference is the formation “Slowness”

120
Roles of CBL

• The cement performs two functions

• It provides mechanical support for the casing
• It restricts fluid and gas movement longitudinally along
the casing
• Acoustic Bond Logs are used to determine the quality of the
cement job.
• It is important to know if there is “Hydraulic Isolation”
between the zones of interest and the rest of the well. Rule
of Thumb for required good cement for isolation in ft: (Casing
OD” x 2)-5. eg for 7” casing you need 9ft of good cement.

121
Amplitude Measurement

• The amplitude measurement is made within a

specific window in time known as a “Gate”.
• The highest point within the “Gate” is the
amplitude measurement.

122
Amplitude Curve

• The presence of cement attenuates the sonic

signal (reduces the amplitude)
• The amplitude measurement is presented on the
log as shown.
• The left margin is 0 amplitude or complete bond.
• The right margin is no bond or “Free Pipe”

123
 Bond Index

• Bond Index is a ratio of the attenuation at

the zone of interest to the Attenuation
rate in a well cemented zone.
• BI = Attnzi / Attnwc
Bond Index above 0.8 (or 80% attenuation) is good.

• Annular Fill vs. Compressive Strength

• Bond Index cannot distinguish between
problems with reduced annular fill (eg a
channel) and lowered compressive strength.

124
Travel Time

• Travel time is the time between the firing of the transmitter

and the first point that the signal meets a fixed detection
level.
• The travel time measurement will increase or “Stretch” as
the amplitude of the E1 decreases.
• If the amplitude of E1 decreases below the threshold level,
the reading will “Cycle Skip” and trigger on the E3.

125
Travel Time Curve

• The travel time is expressed in µSec with the

right margin 150 µSec and the left is 650 µSec.
• When the amplitude is very low, the travel time
will be very high.
• When the amplitude is high, the travel time will
be low and consistent.
• In the partially bonded section, you will note
that the travel time “Skips” to the E3 arrival.

126
Variable Density Log
• The Variable Density Log (VDL) is a top-down (Z-
axis) display of the sonic waveform
• Normally 200 to 1200µSec is displayed from left
to right
• High amplitude is displayed in black, gradually
lightening as the amplitude decreases.
• The VDL is a qualitative display that allows for a
continuous panoramic view of the borehole.
• Features such as formation and mud returns can
be viewed in the VDL

127
VDL Views

128
CBL Presentation

129
CBL Presentation

AMPLITUDE OF
EACH
SECTOR

130
 CBL Presentation

Partial bond

Tool start moving GOOD BOND

131
CBL Presentation

Free pipe

132
 CBL Presentation

Free pipe

Good bond

133
 Part 11
Workover, Wireline,
Coiled Tubing, HWU

134
 Workover

• During the conceptual design stage it is important to identify any

potential reasons for workovers and the applicable techniques.

• When reviewing the impact of well problems and Workover

techniques on the initial completion design, it is important to
recognize the risk associated with that problem and the potential
consequences.

• Optimising the completion design around potential well problems and

Workover techniques is, like many other issues, a question of
balancing risk against likely consequence

135
 Workover
• During the conceptual design stage it is important to identify any
potential reasons for workovers and the applicable techniques.

• When reviewing the impact of well problems and Workover

techniques on the initial completion design, it is important to
recognize the risk associated with that problem and the potential
consequences.

• Optimising the completion design around potential well problems

and Workover techniques is, like many other issues, a question of
balancing risk against likely consequence

136
Potential Well Problems

137
Potential Well Problems

138
Potential Well Problems

139
Potential Well Problems

140
Potential Well Problems

141
Potential Well Problems

142
Potential Well Problems

143
Potential Well Problems

144
Wireline Operations

145
 Slickline, Braided line Operations

Slicklines are non-electric cables lowered into oil and gas wells from the surface
Application:
• Tagging T.D
• Gauge Ring run to check min ID, Hang up depth
• Bailing sand and debris
• Shifting sleeves
• Setting / Pulling plugs
• Setting / Pulling gas lift valves
• Take downhole samples
• Bottom hole pressure and temperature surveys
• Running production logging tools
• Kinley perforator
• Fishing operations
• Paraffin cutting

Braided line is generally used when the strength of slickline is insufficient for the
task.

146
 Eline Operations
Elines (Wirelines) are electric cables that transmit data about the well, used for both
well intervention and formation evaluation operations

Application:
• Gamma Ray/CCL
• Wireline perforation
• Set wireline plug, packer
• Tubbing caliper, casing inspection
• Cut tubing, casing
• Camera Services
• Opened hole loggings
• Cased hole logging

147
Wireline Operations

148
 Coiled Tubing Unit (CTU)
• Continuous length non-upset pipe ranging in OD from 0.75” to 4” that can be spooled on a drum and

reeled in and out of live wells using hydraulic power rather than relying on gravity

• Circulation clean-outs, pumping acid, N2 lift, run logging tools, perforating, setting/retrieving plugs,

fishing, shifting sleeves, milling, drilling, velocity strings.

149
 Hydraulic Workover Unit

HWU Capability
• Completions / Workover
• Plug & Abandonment
• ESP Completion
• Sand Screen Installation
• Tubing Perforations
• Liners & Tailpipe Installation
• Repair of Down Hole Safety Valves
• Well Deepening
• Fishing / Well Cleanouts
• Casing Window Milling
• Casing Repairs
• Packer / Plug Milling
• Cementing

150
 Hydraulic Workover Unit

HWU Advantages:
• Cost efficiencies
• Smaller & more flexible footprint
• Decreased environmental impact
• Optimised for offshore use
• Modular design
• Rapid mobilisation / demobilisation

151