Introduction ( Magnetism) Bon Megnet Magnetic Fielol +4 Field Lines Mognake Dipole Bea a" Strength ata point iy On axial Line of ban megnet Gi On equatorial tine of bor Mognet Cuwunt Loop as a Mogrutic Dipde fee age ao" Meynatic. lipole Geaurms's Law fer Megnetism Megnetic field of Earth M netic Element OF | Eoxth Gi Mapiote wpegination £2 C8) Gii> Herizental amponant CH) “Impoatomt terms used in magnetism Relotion b/s magnetic Permeability (Mr) anc Megnete ‘Susceptibility Diamegnete Subs fences Ponamogncic Sulastances Ferrvomesgnite Substemces Curie Laws in Magnetism Hystentsis Cwwe Use ef Ferromegnatics Very Important Questions5. Magnetism 4 Matter Introduction - ———————_ A Greek philosopher Thales hacl observed thot a nat occuring ove of iron attracted Small pieces of iron Fowards Wf This ove was found in an tsland tn Greece called Mognesia. Hence that ore was named mognetite- Magnetism - The phenomena of attraction ob small bits of ivon, Steel, Cobalt, nickel ete. towards “the ore is cablecl magnetism. The Structural formula of this natural ore “war Fegdy- The Chinese cliscoverecl that a piece of; mametite when suspended freely, it auaauys points out row in the north South direction. Thus! a natin meg) attractive anol clivective properter. A mognetic Compass based on clivective pro- perty of mets wos wed by navigators 4 find their nee in stain the Ships. rt Js “why om tte War alsS catld 'L Stone’ in the Sense duadling stone- Artificial Magnets - The naturel m ts have often irregular. Shape. and they are weak. It ss founcl that a piece of gon ov Steel can acquire magnetic ties on rubemg with a m » Such magnets maocle Out of ivon ond steel ard Called ortificiod magnets. A bow net, Q horse shoe net, magnetic needle etc. all a artificial magnets. ranges meg a Ga elBar Magnet - I+ 4s the most commonly used form of an artificial magnet which have no&th pole. ond south pole of same strength at some clastance- When we hole a sheet of glass over a Short beer magnet and sprinkle sand tron Sidings on the Sheet then the tron filings rearren them- Selves ab Ahown in figure. The p vo suggests that attraction Js maximum Yet +he dwo ends of the bar megnet. These encls ort caltecl poles of the magnet. Gasic properties of Bar Magnet - (1) Every magnet attracts small piece of mognetic Subs- tances™ Like” ivon, cobalh, nickel and steel owarcds it. The. attraction is maximum at the 4wo ends of the magnet. These. ends art calted poles. @) When a magnet la suspended freely with the ae thread ,~thern it comes to Aus along the north South, ctirsction. . The pole. Sh the -mognet which points towards geogrphic north i Caltech north pole and the pole which peints towards geographic south Js called south Po.(3) The Stak ine. Porsing through neath and South pole. of magnet is Collec! axial Line. and the Line pedsing “tho certre ef the magnet in a recHon endifitar to the Lin ef the. mognet JA cc equatorial Line aly the nage: lequedoaial Une | -— — Ge F--—- N-——- axial Li < /) axial Line (4) Like poles repel and unlike poles attract each other. Repulsion . ee . Attraction Repulsion se (5) Inoluctive prsperty- when a plece of a magnete matertal Like soft iron, Cobalt, nickel etc. ie Placed near a ban magnet, ut aequives mognetism. The magnetism So acquires! is callecl induced “magnetism and” this property. of magnetism is Catleol inductive, property - (6) The magnate poles ator exist in pairs. The poles am Con newer be seporotes| Le. magmete Lea do a ” = maMagnetic Field - Tt us the space. around a magnet or a Cunrent comin, conductor in which ats “magnetic effect Can YbeS felt. In order to visualise a magnetic field Wicol Foracl introcducecl the Concept of the Ione “fla ‘Tneat Magnetic Field Lines- Tt ws an a pra Magra the tangent to which at any point sives olixection o nedic. fild @ ot tat po. nme = ee There are basically tuso types of magnehe field - Ci) Uniform Magnetic Field - x x x oe es ae x x x . . . eo! x x x . . . a x x x . . . ——_—_—_ x KK soe Examples- Earth's magnetic Fielol, Magnetic fiell insicle @ Solenoid Cawyging © ete. Gi) Non- Uniform Magnetic Field - Se awe ~SS— ZS Example- Magnebe Field due 4o a baa MagnetProperties of Magnetic Field Lines - (1) The magnebic field Lines of a magnet Cor of a selenoid) form a rs Continuous Loops. The Pragmatic fielel ints extencin through the body of the “m Solenoid “eth ole +o north Oa ong / Selenei pom Pp 0 (2) Outsickh the b ob he mogred Hye clivection of magnetic field Lines us pom north pole to South eo , @) The magnitude of magnet fell at ott is veprese ntent b we mabbex. £ magnetic! field Aints passin Soxinaliy theongh unrt ara around that peink Weak Magnetic Field Strong Mognete field (4) Two magnetic fielel Lines Cannot huersect each othr. Because at the point ef intersection we. tuso clivections of meagnetic fietel which is no ible. possible z 5 NN ae field Lirus exists insicle every magnetisedNote - 5... eclectic field Lins continuous curves which are not Closecly whuucs magnetic +ield hivtS x2 closed ConPinunus cWuves. $ Magnetic Dipole - A eg outic clipole Consist of two unlike. poles of equal Strength and separates by a Small ctistance - Examples- Bar magnet, a Compors needle ete, The olistance between the due poles of a metic. clipole iA calle! the magnetic dengan of the magnet It is @ vector Aivectes! dyom isowth pele to” north pele of the magnetic Atpole . Te 4a Arparserdect by 2k. Magnetic Dipele Moment (M)- le (m> a a the. prostuct’ of Strength either ele Cm? any eM! c we magnet Ot is vepasentect by? M. nate C24) of he meg M = m(2t) x Magnetic cUpsle moment iu a vector quantity and ats civecHoryy a fom south 40 north pol the magnet. ww pas on m fs fe xm ——— 24 ————4 * ST uit of M da Tue Testa * ST unit of pole. strength m is Am. Note grate pele strength clepenal on nature and nm jah Cross section area of the materiyyes— Te 4 = Fo gre re ale. = 8x10 ater Note - G) When we cut a bar ma akong the ten in two equed pants ten its pole strength becomes holy - éToaw /if 92 ™ fn > om! = mark <—2L—> aig “EET 92 Ma>mxak —_—a—_ Gid Whan we cut a bor Magner perpenclicular to its Jength im two equal parts, then its Pole. Strength yemains the same- ~~) > “Er “oat A ‘ =< 2L—> te mem > aie M=mx2h me =Magnetic Field Stvength cue tp bar Magnet Th tee nh ledoh at « peint 4a Siig o ai Fra ee poe A a ge tastee) unit north pele placed at that? point. Tt da a vector quantity: The rection of magnetic field is along which hypo thetical unit nor. pole would tend “+o move - () When _a@ point Lies on axial Line of bar megnet - le# 92t be the magne lengtt, of & bar mages with contre 0- M Ga the magnetic olipole moment of qnet maha ee] Here op= ol ds the clistance ob the pot Po om the oudad Ama pom the Centre of the magnet. eZ Liven moo "Zn 1 a P e, k——— 2. ——+4 a——— Tym we the strength of each pole, then mages Fel Strength a+ point P clus do S pole of mag 4s - B, = MO xmx) = Mom qt sp ait @laly= Magnetic file] Shength at Plus do N pole of magnet. = 4 1 = Mom Ba aS at G1 a. pied Strength at P clue do the bar B= B,-ByBa = Hem — MoM _ 4m (ay an (at )® " an” [ we a] Mom [aeu"= apy 4It (ae " B= Homi4atd Mo 2M Zu tee = an Gry when the magnet ia short ( dee< dt) so- = ad B Mo 2) N ¥ At any point on axial Line of a clipole , magnetic fielo} strength By Lb along Mm (@) When point Lies on equatorial Lime of bar Let hire oP =A amd point P Lies on equatorial dine ob the bar magnet Magnetic. field strength at P Aus so North pole of megnet— = MM x) = M % soe Fat GE) Magnetic fiolel strength at P due Ao south lea Thagmed — @, - Moxmxl = Ae 4m sp? 4m (a4e) ————_ 2L—_ As B, = 82 in magnituol,So Huy vertical Compenends B,SiInD ema Bz Sind Cance each oth. However. Components a Px (which Ls parallel do NS) acd up: “9Dee ts gaat fied strength ad P dur do the B= GB Corp + B5Co48 = 2 Bi Cod (almg Px) so Bs We m L an (PRY “ICED [cos = Tees B= Ae _M an (eee Th the magnet is short ¢ Ceca’) then = Me M @ =-Ae Mt ee «EE * An on int uedorial Ling, m ic, Hebel strengitd Cn ie pr sear opposite. mogaek 8 Nate” reagnetic field cha dv a Shoat Magnet ac om on axiol Ling ‘ok m dd dusice the: pied 'at a point at the” sa distonce om Phe. Castors dine, of the magnet.Curvent Loop as a Megnehe Dipele - Conidtr a plane Loop wire. cassying Curent in anticlockwise olivection- Thelen ot hos @ Cah Curent polauty. — Lenk at the lower face the Loop cache HBlifore ot hos oust polaaity. "te upper face CN) Lower face (S$) Thus the Cusunt Carrying dow behaves as a meagneti fe. clépole - g P The me-gneie clipole moment the cwrent Loo (M) Js obirtetty propecnional to *b (i) Seren: Curent theough the lnp (1) Gi) elt ae enclosed by the Joop: Met + Maa So M = KIA (Hae K=l M= LA for Wy funn SI Unit - ampere mete’ ( Am*) 2 L ampere meter - Tt oy the mognetic moment of ons turn Jusp oh area one square meter Canrying & Curent of one ampere.Torque on a Bar Magnet in a Magnetic field - Let Ns is a bar mags ep garg tht lied i of each pole m ‘ds placed I 0 bier “ z. The magnet ud fog at angle e om ple Force on north pole= mB Cedong B Force. on South pole = mB ( opposite do B) Thue forces are equal and tends dv rotate the pili Loo Torque, sei a on the baw magnet is - Torque (T) = Force x perpenciadar distance = mBxXKNA Tm ANAS sino = 44 = 4 = A NS a Naz 2Lsin® So T = mex a2lsin® (ema) T= Wee The tivechon by § Us perpendicular sto the plane CondniningWhen 6B = 1 ard B= 30 +h T= MxixSinss > Megrnetic olipole moment Js the torque acting on a Aiple hil ech to ‘ jo are arent cular @ umifpren ia +$ ok SI Unit of Me Towle per tesla (TT) THM Potential Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in 4 Magnetic Field 17 t “I The energy possessesl by the clipole due to “45 particular positin in the Held 43 the potential eng fa magnate cUpole. ¥ pe When a magnetic clipole of moment M Ss halel ot an ongie © Lah the direction of & uxiiform magacde. jeld By “So the magnitucle of tRe fue actingYon the Aiple wu - , TKS tosque tend to align the cUpele in thi clivection ob the field. Work heat +o. be cone in roteding the olipole i the torque. agolnst the acton o Tas peas lee ee nm the. magnetic. olipole. ab pote evsrgy oh pale. / Now, smal amount of work come in rotating — through a small angle ad against the nr Bie, wah q Aorque a dw = tTd@ = mB sine deTotal wok done in rotating the clipole frm 8; do Or is Or wos f masine de = meE cose ]> fo e W = =~ MBL CAO. = Coro] Se the potential energy of the ouUpéle wu - AU = -MB (Co4 Oa - Cos8,) When 81590 oma G2 =e then- U = W = - MBC48 U=-Mo Special Cases - Gi) When 8 = 90 Hen U =-MBCcesse" = O When the clipele vis perpendicular to magnetic ped ats pohentiol energy ib zarc. g Ls Gi) When 6 = 0 then Us- MBCoo = - MB Tt 4s minimum. This 33 the position of stable pais oo So When metic Upole Ja ali metic pred , Ee in stable. equilGrium “Kaling minima PE. Uti) When © = 180° then U= -MBCo418s = MB T+ 2s maximum. This ds the position of unstable equilibrium.le. m Wi each ot, wy Ste n= pele’ of ona. Hout hong “he, S- pole. of the other. Finel the “magnetic moment of the Ss . ©) two, identical Hin bar magnets 1 tach 5) lergth Sol; Here the Syster behaves as A magnet whose pole Stength i m and lengthy va LIZ So the megnedic Moment the syftent aa 4 M = Pole Shength x LVZ M = fime Whod Ja the magnitude of the equatral ane axial Held clue 4o 2% bas magnet of ben: 5 ¢m at a Yolistance of 50 cm- Lets mal por ?.TRe megnehic moment “of the dg e0'4 Am* Sol. om axniaf Line the magneHe piel jd B, = Mo om = Ate om ' oe tose an a3 (L << ) (a0) B = Io? x2 Kou = 6Y XI? T (os) on equatorial Mine the magmete pfreld a. B = Ho yM - M > 4m (ae Cle ee a3 (t s<4) Bo = 10 Xo = 82X07 T lows }*wa A ban magnet of magnetic moment Is rT! dies aligned with the olirection of & unilorm magnatic. fied of o-22T. (4) Wheat +4 the amount of work cone ato stan the Magnet $5 a5 40 align its magneHe mement G) Nevmal 40 the field olirection (ii) Opposite 40 the field clirection ? (&) whet Js the torque on the magrut in Cases G) and (ii) 9 4 Sol Hene Me ps gtt , Bs ont (a) (i) Here 8 = 0 (tong the fied ) 6, = 90° ( L do the field) As Ww o= ~MB (CosB,- Cos 8,) Wy = =hS xa+22 (Cos 96 ~ Conc’) = - 0:33 (o-1) > 0-33 7 Gil) Here 820 @, = 180 > Wot = LS x0:22 ( Cosas ~ Coro) = $023 (-1-1) = 0-66 7 (b) Torque T = mMBSimOd (L) Hee OF Bo" So Ts 185X022 Singe = 0.3aNm Gi) Here © = 180° so T= 1S x022 SiNlBs = OoA clreulan coi) of 16 tuans and raclius lo Cem. Comrie aA current of o-7SA vests with ots plane novmal sto om extetnal field of magnitude SA1* TT. The Coil ud free to turn “abot an axis in its plane perpendicuhr to the field civectorl. When +he Coil is. tuned SHigitly” ancl releated, it oscillates about sts Stable equilibrium with a frequency of 2 5% Whed Js the momert of tnirtia ef He col abeud tks axis of rotation ? Sol: Here N= 16 5 Te 100m sol m. I= ots A Bs sxis* 7 -1 , > ve2s Seo thet Mz NTA = NZ rh M = 16 KTS x B44 xCot)™ Mo = 03717 srt As v= 4. [MS whare I it the moment an S$ af imextia of the cei. aa T =_MB 0-377 «5x10 > an y* 4 x Huy x 2 To bo xis pgm, ei A megnetic clipole is under the influence of twe mognetic fidlels. Tre angle beboeen the jel clirections is 60° ancl one of tw fields hos a magnitude of 12x10%T. If the olipole Comes to “Stable uUibrium at of is® with this pies» daha aa the magni tud Me = Sel Here @ = 60° B= 2 x10°* 7 6, = IS°, = ce-Is < 45°