SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND NATURAL

SCIENCES
Introduction to EE\COE

Engineering

Pre-Lab Report

Name, Surname: Aleksandr Nevzorov

Department, Student ID: EEE, 61230014

Date: 10.11.2023
Answers to Questions
Q1) Using of motors, which are required to rotate in a reverse direction, has a huge
sphere of application in our life.In my opinion, two most important applications of
motors are used to facilitate uniform ingredient mixing, blending and grinding of food
and used in elevators, escalators and elevators to move objects up and down safely.
Q2) Depending on the type of motor and its control system, there are different ways
how to reverse a motor's rotational direction. For simple motors, which have two wires,
the easiest way to change rotational direction is just to swap the polarity. In most
modern and complex motors, this is provided, that is, you can you can simply press a
certain button without interfering with the gear itself in the motor.
Q3) Potentiometers are not the only option for regulating motor speed and rotation.
Below there are other circuit elements, which can be used for such regulating:
Variable resistor: A variable resistor works similarly to a potentiometer in that it may
be used to change the resistance in the circuit, which in turn controls the motor speed.
Unlike a potentiometer, which has wipers, this one has permanent terminals.
Solid-state Relays: These electronic switches have the ability to quickly turn on and
off electricity, regulating the motor voltage. To modify the motor speed, one can alter
the switching speed.
Motor Speed Controller: Motor speed controllers are specialized devices used to
regulate the rotational speed and force of motors. They frequently have functions
including braking, direction control, and speed limitation. They are available for a
variety of motor types and can be either digital or analog.
Frequency Drives: The input power supply's voltage and frequency are changed by
these devices to regulate the speed of the motor. In AC motors, they are frequently
utilized.
Q4) The washing machine normally starts the cycle at a low speed and gradually
increases it to the desired level for the selected program. This guarantees gradual and
regulated acceleration, avoiding any unexpected shocks or harm to the apparatus.
I would employ a similar strategy if I had to regulate the robot's motion. It is best to
start slowly and increase the speed gradually to avoid abrupt jerks that could cause
damage or destabilize the robot. This guarantees accurate control and prevents any
abrupt speed variations that can jeopardize the robot's stability.
The direction of rotation of a washing machine's motor is typically changed when it
needs to spin in the opposite direction. The clothing within can now shift positions as it
begins to rotate in the opposite direction. But the method of returning might be
different when it comes to a robot.
Q5) An electronic signal and electrical power can be amplified or switched using a
transistor, a semiconductor device. Three layers of semiconductor material, either p-
type (positive charge carriers) or n-type (negative charge carriers), make up this
structure. Three terminals on transistors—the base, collector, and emitter—manage the
current and voltage flow.Because they can control and amplify electrical signals,
2
transistors are widely used in many different types of electronic devices and
applications. Three instances of how they are used are:
1)Computer chips: The core element of computer processors is the transistor. They
carry out a variety of computations and tasks by switching and boosting signals inside
the processor. Processor power is frequently determined by counting the transistors
inside the processor.
2) Technologies of Information and Communication: Electrical equipment like
computers, cellphones, and televisions require transistors as essential parts. The control
and processing of electrical impulses is done by them in logic gates, memory chips, and
microprocessors. Complex computations and data storage are made feasible by
transistors in integrated circuits, which is what empowers modern technology.
3) Switching and Controlling of Power: Power control devices, such voltage
regulators and power switches, use transistors. They can function as switches to
regulate the flow of power in electrical circuits and can withstand large electrical
currents. In a variety of commercial and domestic applications, transistors in power
devices aid in the effective regulation and distribution of electrical energy.
Q6)
Vs (stop)

3
Vd+ (Clockwise)

4
Vd- ( Counterclockwise)