INDEX 1. Introduction 2. Objective 3. Requirements 4. Chemistry in the nitrogen test 5. Observation 6. Conclusion 7. Precautions 8. BibliographyINTRODUCTION Pesticide is a substance, which is poison and used to eliminate organisms which are being considered as pests by humans. In fact, pesticide is the general name. These pests can be killed by pesticides which are of three types. They are ----- *INSECTICIDES-----Substance which can kill insects. * HERBICL Substance which can remove or kill unwanted plants. * *FUNGICIDES----Substance that can eliminate fungus. The production of pesticides has increased tremendously after WORLD WAR II. This trend can be attributed partly to the increased needs of growing population and partly to the change in the way of living. For example DDT saved lives of many people after WORLD WAR II from diseases caused by pests. Pesticide also help in increase of crops from pests and unwanted plants. But indiseriminate use of these has become a health hazard for human being. Moreover, these pass from one organism to another through all the links of food chain and can ultimately bé accumulated in the fats of human body causing serous health problem. This can be checked by checking the presence of pesticides in vegetables,OBJECTIVE The study the presence of Insecticide and Pesticide (containing nitrogen) in various vegetables. Since the Insecticide and Pesticide are present in the vegetables presence of them in vegetables can be detected by testing of the presence of the nitrogen in the vegetables.REQUIREMENT: © Apparatus:- Monar, funnel, beakers, pestle, china-dish, glass rod, tripod stands, fusion tubes, (est tube stands, water bath, knife, filter paper ete * Chemicals:- Sample of various vegetables, ethy! alcohol, sodium ferrous sulphate, distilled water and dilute sulphuric acid * Procedure:-, > Tuke one vegetable cut into small pieces with the help of a knife > Put these pieces into a clean mortar and crush them well with a clean pestle. > Add about 10 mi ethyl alcohol into mortar stirr well the contents with the help of a glass rod, > Filter this erushed mass suspension in alcohol and collect the filtrate in china dish. > [vaporate the alcohol carefully by heating the china dish over water bath. | > Now support a small soft glass test tube called fusion tube, in a clamp. Cut a piece of sodium metal about the size of a rice grain with a knife or a blade. Dry it by pressing it between the folds of er paper and place it in the fusion tube > Heat the fusion tube gently: when sodium melts and forms a shining globule then add about 0.05 gm residue of the china dish and allows the reaction to proceed » Now remove the fusion tube from the clamp and hold it by means ofv 4 pair of tongs. Heat the tube first gently and then strongly until the entire lower end of the tube is red hot Plunge the tube, while still hot, into a beaker containing about 10 ml of distilled water and cover the beaker immediately with a wire gauge. Generally the fusion tube itself breaks and if it don't breaks then break it with the help of a glass rod. Heat the contents of the beaker. Then cool and filter it and then collect it in a big test tube. Take about 2 ml of above filtrate in a test tube. Add into it a pinch of Ferrous Sulphate and warm the mixture. Add sufficient amount of dilute sulphuric acid into test tube to dissolve previous by precipitating iron hydroxide and add 2-3 drops of Ferrie Chloride solution, A Prussian blue precipitation or colorizations indicates the presence of insecticides and pesticides in vegetables. Repeat the whole process with other vegetables, Take clean pestle and mortar for every sample.CONCLUSIO The following amount of vegetables contain appreciable amount of insecticides and pesticides and hence not fit for our food.PRECAUTIONS > Use clean and dry apparatus for every sample. > Crush the mix the vegetable pieces well with Ethyl Alcohol. v Evaporate the alcohol on water bath and carefully. Vv Handle the sodium metal carefully. » Fusion extract should be clean and alkaline in nature. Vv Never take large amount of sodium.CHEMISTRY IN THE NITROGEN DETECTION TES Fusion with sodium converts the nitrogen of the nitrogen of insecticide and pesticide of the sample into Sodium Cyanide. 2Na(s)+2C+N, —2NaCN(aq) (heat) (Sodium Cyanide) Sodium Cyanide reacts with Ferrous Sulphate to form Ferrous Cyanide FeSO,(aq)+2Na(CN) (aq) ——> Fe(CN)(aq)* NapSO,(aq) (Ferrous Cyanide) Ferrous Cyanide, thus formed, reacts most of Sodium Cyanide to form Sodium Ferrocyanide. Fe(C 'N)2(aq)+4NaCN(aq) NayFe(CN)«(aq) {Sodium Ferrocyanide) Sodium Ferrocyanide reacts with Ferric ions to form Prussian blue Ferric Ferrocyanide. 3Nay[Fe(CN )}(aq)+2Fe2($0,)3(aq)+FeCl;(aq) —_ Fes[Fe(CN)o]3(s)+6Na2SO,(aq) OBSERVATIONSS.NO, Peas Potato Lady Finger Presence of insecticides or pesticides Confirmed Confirmed ConfirmedBIBLIOGRAPHY Lab Manual in ¢ hethistry *B.Bhushan Pradeep's Chemistry *S.N.Dhawan ABC of Chemistry *S.PJauhar Lab Manual in Chemistry *RS.Mittal