Poetry c.

meter - stress, duration, or number of syllables per line, fixed metrical

pattern, or a verse form: quantitative, syllabic, accentual and accentual
● Poetry is derived from a Greek word poesis meaning "making or creating." syllabic.
d. rhyme scheme - formal arrangement of rhymes in stanza or the whole poem.
● Apparently, we have to remember five things about poetry. (Baritugo, 2004, p.1) 3. Structure- refers to (1) arrangement of words, and lines to fit together, and (2)
a. Poetry is a concentrated thought. the organization of the parts to form a whole.
b. Poetry is a kind of word-music. a. word order - natural and unnatural arrangement of words
c. Poetry expresses all the senses. b. ellipsis - omitting some words for economy and effect
d. Poetry answers our demand for rhythm. c. punctuation - abundance or lack of punctuation marks
e. Poetry is observation plus imagination. d. shape - contextual and visual designs: jumps, omission of spaces,
capitalization, lower case.
● Poetry is as varied as the nature of man-unique in some sense along with man's
eccentricities, yet clings if appreciated or if deeply imbibed by the reader.
(Aguilar, 1997, p.1)
Types of Poetry
Some of the best definitions of poetry:
1. Narrative Poetry
a. Gemino Abad contends that "A poem is a meaningful organization of words."
b. T.S. Eliot categorized poetry as "The fusion of two poles of mind, emotion and a. Epic - a long narrative poem of the largest proportions. about a hero concerning
thought." the beginning, continuance. A tale centering and the end of events of great
c. Manuel Viray states that "Poetry is the union of thoughts and feelings." significance - war, conquest, strife among men who are in such a position that
d. William Wadsworth says, "Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful their struggles take on tribal or national significance.
feelings recorded in tranquility." Example: BIAG-Ni-Lam-Ang by Pedro Bukaneg
e. Edgar Allan Poe thinks, "It is the rhythmic creation of beauty."
f. Percy B. Shelly states, "It is the record of the best and happiest moments of the b. Metrical Romance - a narrative poem that tells a story of adventure, love and
happiest and best minds." chivalry. The typical hero is a knight on a quest.
g. Jaime G. Ang posits, "Poetry is the 'essence' of the creative imagination of man." c. Metrical Tale - a narrative poem consisting usually of a single series of connective
events that are simple idylls or home tales, love tales, tales of the supernatural or
tales written for a strong moral purpose in verse form.
Elements of Poetry: d. Ballad - the simplest type of narrative poetry. It is a short narrative poem telling a
single incident in simple meter and stanzas. It is intended to be sung.
1. Sense-is revealed through the meaning of words, images and symbols. e. Popular Ballad - a ballad of wide workmanship telling some simple incidents of
a. diction - denotative and connotative meanings/symbols. adventure, cruelty, passion, or superstition, an incident that shows the primary
b. images and sense impression - sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, motion, and instincts of man influenced by the restraint of modern civilization.
emotion. f. Modern or Artistic - created by a poet imitation of the folk ballad, makes use
c. figure of speech - simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, metonymy, (sometimes with considerable freedom) of many of its devices and conventions.
synecdoche, hyperbole, irony, allusion, antithesis, paradox, litotes, g. Metrical Allegory - an extended narrative that carries a second meaning along
oxymoron, onomatopoeia. with the surface story. Things and actions are symbolic.
2. Sound - is the result of a combination of elements.
a. tone color - alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, repetition, 2. Lyric Poetry
anaphora.
b. rhythm - ordered recurrent alteration of strong and weak elements in the ● Ode-a lyric poem of some length serious in subject and dignified in style. It is the
flow of the sound and silence: duple, triple, running or common rhyme. most majestic of the lyric poems. It is written in a spirit of praise of some persons
or things.
 Example: Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" (Lines from Communion
by Gerson M. Mallillin)
● Elegy - a poem written on the death of a friend of the poet. The ostensible d. Apostrophe-is a direct address to someone absent, dead, or inanimate.
purpose is to praise the friend, but the death prompts the writer to ask, "If death Example: Little sampaguita
can intervene, so cruelly in life, what is the point of living?" By the end of the With the wandering eye
poem, however, we can expect that poet will have come to terms with his grief. Did a tiny fairy
Example: The Lover's Death by Ricardo Demetillo Drop you where you lie?
(Lines from The Sampaguita
● Song a lyric poem in a regular metrical pattern set to music. These have twelve by Natividad Marquez)
e. Metonymy - substitutes a word that closely relates to a person or a thing.
syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or
banduria. Examples: The pen is mightier than the sword.
He lives through the bottle.
Example: Florante at Laura by Franciso Balagtas
I have read all of Shakespeare.
By the sweat of our brow, you will earn your food.
● Corridos (kuridos) - these have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and f. Synecdoche - uses a part to represent the whole.
recited to a material beat.
Example: No busy hand provoke a tear.
Example: Ibong Adarna by Jose Dela Cruz (Huseng Sisiw) No roving foot shall crush thee here.
g. Hyberbole- makes use of exaggeration.
● Sonnet- a lyric poem containing fourteen iambic lines, and a complicated rhyme.
Example:
Example: Santang Abad by Alfonso P. Santos I know not what to name thy charms,
Thou art half human, half divine;
And if I could hold thee in my arms,
I know both heaven and earth were mine.
Literary Devices in Poetry
(Lines from The Rural Maid
1. Figures of Speech by Fernando M. Maramang)
h. Irony-says the opposite of what is meant.
a. Simile - consists of comparing two things using the words like or as.
Example: If all these men whose heads are with the stars,
Example: Your face is as big as a seed, Who dream unceasingly of blazing royalty,
But you do not bear fruit... Will only strive to be like you.
(Lines from A Secret by Carlos Bulosan) A dweller of the sod with the heart of loyalty!
(Lines from To A Dog
b. Metaphor-uses direct comparison of two unlike things or ideas. by Florizel Diaz)
Example: Dear Lord: i. Allusion - refers to any literary, biblical, historical, mythological, scientific event,
Let thou be the street-cleaner character or place.
Whilst I be the read Example: The pendulum
(Prayer by NVM Gonzales) Is a thing of thread
c. Personification - gives human traits to inanimate objects or ideas. To nervous persons like me
It reminds one of swaying Iscariot-
Example: The bullet said to the heart: Suspended from a tree.
From now on we shall never part (Lines from After Palanan
 by Rene A. Iturralde)
j. Antithesis - involves a contrast of words or ideas.

Example: "Love is so short.... Forgetting is so long."

"You may be through ith the past but the past isn't through
with you."
Man proposes, God disposes. They promised freedom and
provided slavery.
k. Paradox-uses a phrase or statement that on surface seems contradictor, but
makes some kind of emotional sense.
Contemporary Forms of Literature
Example: My dear, canst thou resolve for me
This paradox of love concerning thee Besides Creative Non-Fiction Literature, there are other contemporary
Mine eyes, when opened, with thy beauty fill- literary forms that came about because of the developments in technology. The use of the
But when they're closed, they see thee better still. internet as a medium to showcase literature has helped create different literary types
(Lines from Paradox involving web sharing and reading. The context of the fast changing period of the 21st
century has also contributed to the creation of shorter but detail-filled literary texts.
By A.E. Litiatco)
l. Litotes-makes a deliberate understatement used to affirm by negating its ● Hyperpoetry, or sometimes called “Cyberpoetry,” presents poems that include
opposite. verses or lines linked through hyperlink mark-ups. This type of poetry is very
visual, as it oftentimes uses graphics to further convey the meaning. The links in
Example: War is not healthy for children this type of poem suggest that the reading of the poem is highly dependent on
And other living things the readers, as they are the ones clicking the links in the mark-up.
m. Oxymoron - puts together in one statement two contradictory terms. ● Blog, from the words “web log,” is a website created to contain and manage user-
made articles or posts that are updated regularly. This is a good medium for
Examples: resident - alien writers to share their opinions and experiences to a bigger audience, and, at the
silent scream same, is a good channel to read others' ideas as well.
living dead ● Text Tula is a poem produced and shared through the use of a mobile phone’s
clearly misunderstood messaging application. Usually, these poems are either in the form of a “tanaga,”
butt head a Filipino poem consisting of four lines with seven syllables each with a rhyme
scheme of AABB. The developed Text Tula freely uses other dual rhyme schemes
or freestyle rhyme scheme forms.
● Chick Lit is a genre of fiction that was made popular in the late 1990s. It generally
talks about women and their struggles, specifically staged in modern times.
Themes in this writing genre are treated humorously and lightly.
● Speculative Fiction is a fiction genre that dwells on issues of alternate imagined
scenarios. It uses the appeal of conspiracy themes, fantasy science fiction and
dystopian societies to create imaginative stories.
● Flash Fiction is a fiction genre that presents one-sitting-long-of-reading texts. The
longest text in the genre of Flash Fiction is only said to be 1000-words.