BOÄ MOÂN TOAÙN ÖÙNG DUÏNG - ÑHBK

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PHÖÔNG PHAÙP TÍNH – CHÖÔNG 6

GIAÛI XAÁP XÆ PHÖÔNG TRÌNH ÑAÏO
HAØM RIEÂNG

• TS. NGUYEÃN QUOÁC LAÂN (05/2006)

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 NOÄI DUNG
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1- BA DAÏNG PHÖÔNG TRÌNH ÑAÏO HAØM RIEÂNG CÔ BAÛN

2 –PHÖÔNG TRÌNH ELLIPTIC. BAØI TOAÙN LAPLACE

3– PHÖÔNG TRÌNH PARABOLIC. BAØI TOAÙN TRUYEÀN

NHIEÄT. SÔ ÑOÀ HIEÄN – AÅN

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 BA DAÏNG PHÖÔNG TRÌNH ÑAÏO HAØM RIEÂNG CÔ BAÛN
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2 2

Phöông trình elliptic (tónh – static): u

2
u
2
f x, y
x y
2
Phöông trình parabolic (truyeàn nhieät): u
a
2 u
0
2
t x
2 2
Phöông trình hyperbolic (truyeàn soùng): u
a
2 u
0
2 2
t x

x,t t
Xaáp xæ ñaïo haøm rieâng: u
x,t
u x,t t u x,t
t
t t
x,t
2 x
u u x x, y 2u x, y u x x, y
2
x, y 2
x x x x x x x
2 2
P4
u u u P1 u P2 u P3 u P4 4u P P1 P P3
2 2 2
x y x
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 BAØI TOAÙN ELLIPTIC
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Ptrình Poisson (f 0: Laplace) & ñieàu kieän bieân Dirichlet

2 2
u u 2
u (x, y) (x, y) f ( x , y ), x, y R
2 2
x y

u (x, y) g ( x , y ), (x, y)

2 2

Toaùn töû Laplace: u u x, y u

u
2
u
2
x y

Giaûi baèng sai phaân höõu

: u f x, y
haïn: Chia nhoû . Tính
xaáp xæ giaù trò nghieäm u
:u g x, y taïi caùc ñieåm chia
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 MINH HOÏA YÙ TÖÔÛNG
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Tính giaù trò nghieäm u(x, y) cuûa baøi toaùn sau:

2 2
u u
u 2 2
2y 4 x, 1 x 4, 1 y 3
x y

Ñieàu Kieän Bieân :

2
u x ,1 x 2 x, 1 x 4 *
2
u 4, y 8y 16 y , 1 y 3
2
u x ,3 3x 18 x , 1 x 4
2
u 1, y 2y y, 1 y 3

taïi caùc ñieåm chia beân trong mieàn ñang xeùt vôùi böôùc
chia caùch ñeàu x = y = 1

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 GIAÛI GAÀN ÑUÙNG BAØI TOAÙN ELLIPTIC
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Phaân hoaïch : Chia nhoû bôûi caùc ñöôøng thaúng // Ox, Oy
x = y = h: Taïo löôùi böôùc chia
P2 caùch ñeàu h. Kyù hieäu: P1, P2, P3, P4
P1 P P3 4 ñieåm keà P
y
Coâng thöùc xaáp xæ Laplacian u
P4

(coâng thöùc ñaïo haøm höôùng taâm!)

x

u ( P1 ) u ( P2 ) u ( P3 ) u ( P4 ) 4u (P )
u(P ) 2
*
h

Laàn löôït thay Pk(x, y) vaøo phöông trình elliptic, duøng (*) & ñieàu
kieän bieân (giaù trò u treân bieân)
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Heä phöông trình aån uk= u(Pk)
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 VÍ DUÏ
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2 2 2 2
u x u y 0, 0 x 1, 0 y 1
Giaûi baøi toaùn u ( x ,0 ) 0 , u ( x ,1 ) x 0 x 1

u (0, y ) 0 , u (1 , y ) y, 0 y 1

bôûi löôùi böôùc chia caùch ñeàu h = 1/3 treân 2 truïc Ox vaø Oy

Löôùi 4 nuùt aån 4 giaù trò caàn tìm. Ñaùnh soá, tính giaù trò bieân:
1 3 2 3
Nuùt 1: 1 3 u3 u2 4 u1 0
P1 P2
0 2 3 Nuùt 2: 2 3 u4 u1 2 3 4u 2 0

0 1 3 Nuùt 3: u1 u4 4u3 0
P3 P4
Nuùt 4: u2 u3 1 3 4u 4 0
u 0 u 0
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 KEÁT QUAÛ
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Heä phöông trình Au = b vôùi
4 1 1 0 0 . 33 0 . 2208

1 4 0 1 1 . 33 0 . 4429
Ab u
1 0 4 1 0 0 . 1104

0 1 1 4 0 . 33 0 . 2208

Chuù yù: Phöông trình Poisson u = f(x, y) ( Laplace: u = 0)

1 3 2 3 2 2
u u
u 2 2
x y u P1 f P1
P1 P2 x y
0 2 3
1
0 u2 u3 4u1
0 1 3 3 1 2
P3 P4 f , 1
1 3 3
9
u 0 u 0
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 PHÖÔNG TRÌNH PARABOLIC
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Baøi toaùn truyeàn nhieät 1 chieàu (ñkieän bieân + ñk ban ñaàu)
2
u 2 u
(x,t) a 2
(x,t) f ( x , t ), 0 x 1, t 0
t x

u (0, t ) u (1 , t ) 0, t 0 u ( x ,0 ) u 0 ( x ), 0 x 1

t
u 0 u 0 Mieàn = (x,t) 0 x 1,t 0

Phaân hoaïch : Löôùi theo x ñoä

t daøi x, theo t ñoä daøi t Caùc
x ñöôøng thaúng x = i x, t = k t
u0 x 1 x

Xaáp xæ u/ t, u/ x & ÑK bieân, ñaàu Giaù trò u taïi ñieåm chia

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 MINH HOAÏ YÙ TÖÔÛNG: SAI PHAÂN TIEÁN
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2
u u
(x,t) 2
(x,t) xt , 0 x 1 .5 , t 0
t x
u (0, t ) u (1 . 5 , t ) 0, t 0 ; u ( x ,0 ) x 1 .5 x , 0 x 1 .5
                    
Ñieàu Kieän Bieân : x 0 & x 1 .5 Ñieàu Kieän Ñaàu : t 0

Xaây döïng coâng thöùc tính u(1) (möùc thôøi gian 1) theo u(0) vôùi t
= 0.2, x = 0.5 bôûi: Sai phaân tieán theo t töø moác thôøi gian 0

t 1

Tieán:
1 1
0 u1 u2 0 u u1 0 .5
0 .2 0 .5 ,0
t 0 .2
0 2
u 0 0 .5 0 .5 0 u 0 .5 2 0 .5 0
2
0 .5 ,0 2
x 0 x 0 .5 x 1 .0 x 1 .5 x 0 .5
2 1
u u u1 0 .5 0 .5 1
( 0 .5 ,0 ) 2
( 0 .5 ,0 ) 0 .5 0 2
0 u1 0 .1
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x 0 .2 0 .5
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 MINH HOAÏ YÙ TÖÔÛNG: SAI PHAÂN LUØI
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2
u u
(x,t) 2
(x,t) xt , 0 x 1 .5 , t 0
t x
u (0, t ) u (1 . 5 , t ) 0, t 0 ; u ( x ,0 ) x 1 .5 x , 0 x 1 .5
                    
Ñieàu Kieän Bieân : x 0 & x 1 .5 Ñieàu Kieän Ñaàu : t 0

Xaây döïng coâng thöùc tính u(1) (möùc thôøi gian 1) theo u(0) vôùi t
= 0.2, x = 0.5 bôûi: Sai phaân luøi theo t töø moác thôøi gian 1

t 1

Luøi:
1 1
0 u1 u2 0 u 0 .5 u1
0 .2 0 .5 ,0 .2
t 0 .2
0 2 1 1 1
u 0 0 .5 0 .5 0 u u2 2u1 u0
2
0 .5 ,0 .2 2
x 0 x 0 .5 x 1 .0 x 1 .5 x 0 .5
2 1 1 1
u u 0 .5 u1 u2 2u1
( 0 .5 ,0 .2 ) 2
( 0 .5 ,0 .2 ) 0 .5 0 .2 2
0 .1
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x 0 .2 0 .5
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